Chapter 1 Force, Work, Power, and Energy

Push When an object moves away from the applier of the force Pull When an object moves towards the applier of the force Force applied in the same direction Addition Force applied in the opposite direction Substation Contact forces 1. Muscular force It involves the action of muscles. 2. Friction When one object moves or tries to move over the other, it produces friction. None-contact forces 1. Magnetic force Force active between two magnets or one magnet and one nonmagnet 2. Electrostatic force Force acting between electric charges 3. Gravitational force Force due to earths gravity Linear Momentum Momentum = Mass Velocity Unit kg m s1 or N s1 Newtons Second Law of Motion The rate of change of momentum of an object is directly proportional to the unbalanced force acting on it. The direction of the unbalanced force is the same as the direction of the change of momentum. Force acting on a body is equal to the product of its mass and acceleration. F = ma Torque
Torque () = Force (F) Perpendicular distance (d)

S.I. Unit of torque is Nm. Principle of moments Clockwise moment = Anticlockwise moment

Uniform Circular Motion

An object is said to be in uniform circular motion if the object travels with constant speed along a circular path.

Centripetal Force All objects in circular motion require a force, which is directed towards the centre of the path. This is called centripetal force. Centrifugal Force Objects in circular motion feel an apparent force in a direction away from the centre of the circular path. This force is known as centrifugal force.

Work force.

Work is said to be done when force produces displacement in the direction of Work = Force Displacement SI unit of work is joule (J). 1 J = 1 Nm Work done against gravity = Weight Height Zero-work ForceWhen a body moves through a distance at right angle to the direction of force, the work done by the force on the body is zero.

Power Rate of doing work

Power Work done Time taken

The SI unit of power is watt (W) in the honour of physicist James Watt. Energy Ability of a body to do work Mechanical energy Form of energy possessed by a body by virtue of its motion or position and configuration Types Kinetic energy (caused by motion of the object) Potential energy (caused by position and configuration of the object) SI unit of energy is joule (J).

Kinetic energy A body possesses kinetic energy by virtue of its motion. Kinetic energy, Ek mv 2 Potential energy A body possesses potential energy by virtue of its configuration or position. Potential energy possessed by a body by virtue of its configuration is known as elastic potential energy. Potential energy possessed by a body by virtue of its position with respect to the ground is known as gravitational potential energy. Potential energy stored in a body is directly proportional to its height with respect to zero level. Potential energy = Weight Height Conservation of energy Energy cannot be created or destroyed. It can only be transformed from one form to another. A good fuel/source of energy 1. That would do a large amount of work per unit volume or mass 2. Easily accessible 3. Easy to store and transport 4. Economical Factors to be considered for choosing fuel 1. How much heat it produces 2. Less smoke generation 3. Easy availability Conventional sources 1. Fossil fuels Coal, petroleum and natural gas Advantages (i) Easy availability (ii) Generate heat that is easily converted into electricity Disadvantages (i) Non-renewable (ii) Limited reserve (iii) Cause air pollution
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2. Thermal power plant Coal and petroleum are burned to produce heat 3. Hydro power plant (Renewable source) Problems Limited places for construction (only hilly areas) Technological improvement 1. Bio-mass Charcoal, cow-dung, vegetable waste, sewage 2. Wind energy Environment friendly, renewable Non-conventional 1. Solar energy Solar cooker, solar water heater (very efficient for small scale electricity production) 2. Tidal energy, wave energy, ocean thermal energy 3. Geothermal energy Heat energy inside the earth 4. Nuclear energy Not dependent on solar energy, never-ending source, very efficient source, more environment friendly

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