Escherichia coli (thng c vit tt l E.

coli) hay cn c gi l vi khun i trng[1] l mt trong nhng loi vi khun chnh k sinh trong ng rut ca ng vt mu nng (bao gm chim v ng vt c v). Vi khun ny cn thit trong qu trnh tiu ha thc n v l thnh phn ca khun lc rut. S c mt ca E. coli trong nc ngm l mt ch th thng gp cho nhim phn. Th no l coliforms chu nhit? Vi khun coliforms chu nhit l nhng coliforms c kh nng ln men ng lactose 44-45 C; nhm ny bao gm Escherichia v loi Kiebsiella, Enterobacter, Citrobacter. Khc vi E.Coli, coliforms chu nhit c th xut x t ngun nc giu cht hu c nh nc thi cng nghip t xc thc vt thi ra hoc t. V l do thut ng coliforms "phn" d vn c s dng, l khng ng v khng nn tip tc s dng na. Coliforms chu nhit khng ti pht trin trong h thng phn phi nc ngoi tr khi nc cha cht dinh dng, cht bn tip xc vi nc x l, nhit ca nc cao hn 13 C v nc khng c clo tha. Trong i a s cc trng hp, m ca coliforms chu nhit c lin quan trc tip n m ca E.Coli. V vy, vic s dng loi vi khun ny nh gi cht lng nc c xem l chp nhn cho cng vic hng ngy. V coliforms chu nhit c th nh lng c nn chng c mt vai tr quan trng th hai na l ch im v hiu qu ca cc qu trnh x l nc loi tr vi khun. V vy c th s dng chng nh gi mc cn thit phi x l i vi cc loi nc c cht lng khc nhau v a ra quyt nh v cc mc tiu loi tr vi khun phi thc hin. Th no l coliforms tng s? coliforms c xem nh mt ch im vi sinh vt thch hp v cht lng nc ung, chng c s dng rng ri v d pht hin v nh lng. V vy c th dng xt nghim coliforms nh gi hiu qu x l ln tnh cht ton vn ca h thng phn phi. Tuy rng khng phi lc no coliforms cng lin quan hoc trc tip n s hin din ca nhim phn hay vi khun gy bnh trong nc ung. Coliforms vn tip tc c s dng theo di cht lng vi sinh vt ca nc my sau khi x l. Trong trng hp c nghi vn, nht l khi tm thy coliforms trong nc khng c coliforms chu nhit v E.Coli th phi tin hnh phn lp cc vi sinh vt ch im khc hoc xc nh m ca chng iu tra bn cht ca s nhim. Ngoi ra, cng cn thit phi tin hnh thanh tra v sinh. Nh vy, vic cc c quan chc nng s dng coliforms tng s hay coliforms chu nhit nh gi s nhim ca ngun nc, thc phm c ngun gc l t phn lin quan n vi khun ng rut l ng.

BI TRNG CHIN - Vin trng Vin Pasteur Nha Trang E.Coli c mt rt nhiu trong phn ngi v ng vt. Trong phn ti, m ca chng c th n 109/g. Chng c tm thy trong nc cng rnh, trong cc cng on x l v trong tt c cc ngun nc v t va mi b nhim phn t ngi, ng vt hoc do sn xut nng nghip. Gn y ngi ta ngh n E.Coli c th tn ti hoc thm ch pht trin trong nhng ngun nc vng nhit i khng phi l i tng b nhim phn. Tuy nhin, ngay c nhng vng su, vng xa cng khng bao gi c php loi tr kh nng nhim phn do ng vt hoang di, k c chim. Bi l ng vt c th lan truyn vi khun gy bnh cho ngi nn khng c qun s hin din ca E.Coli hoc coliforms chu nhit, v s c mt ca chng chng t nc c th b nhim phn hoc x l khng hiu qu. 2. - nh lng E.coli bng phng php m khun lc - nh lng Coliforms, Coliforms chu nhit, Coliforms phn v E. coli bng phng php MPN. Nguyn tc : S lng Coliforms, Coliforms chu nhit, Coliforms phn v E. coli trong mu nc, thc phm cha mt thp ca nhm vi khun ny c th c xc nh bng phng php MPN (Most Probale Number). Phng php ny da vo nguyn tc mu c pha long thnh mt dy thp phn (hai nng k tip nhau khc nhau 10 ln); 3 hoc 5 mu c pha long thp phn lin tip c trong ng nghim cha mi trng thch hp c ng by kh Durham. Mi nng pha long c t 3 n 5 ng lp li. Theo di s sinh hi v i mu nh tnh s hin din trong tng ng th nghim ; y l cc ng dng tnh. Ghi nhn s ng nghim cho phn ng dng tnh mi nng pha long v da vo bng MPN suy ra s lng vi sinh vt tng ng hin din trong 1g (hoc 1ml) mu ban u. - Thit b quan trc E.coli/ Coliforms t ng (COLIGUARD) - Cc xt nghim E. coli trong nc thi gm hai phng php l lc mng (MF, s vi khun/100mL) v ln men ng nghim nhn i (MTF, s MPN/100 mL) Quy trnh phn tch theo MTF c cha cht nhim sc OPNG gip pht hin ng thi E. coli v tng coliforms. Phng php MF bao gm s dng mi trng nui cy ci tin m-TEC, do EPA pht trin v m-ColiBlue24, do Hach pht trin. Xt nghim MTF (Tiu chun 9223B v AOAC 991.15) l cc phng php tiu chun nht tr t

nguyn (Voluntary Consensus Standards - VCS). VCS c cc thnh vin VCS chp nhn v pht trin. C hai phng php MF v MTF u c sn phm thng mi l cc mi trng nui cy c chun b sn s dng tc th. 3. Phn tch cc ch tiu vi sinh ch th v vi sinh gy bnh trong nc ung, nc sinh hot, nc thi,nhm nh gi mc nhim ngun nc v mt vi sinh nh: tng s vi sinh vt, Coliforms, Coliform phn, E.Coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Clostridium perfringens, Vi sinh vt ch th trong nc 5.2.3. Cc loi vi sinh vt ch th - Thc vt c ln: nh bo, lau, sy, thng c mt vng nc t hm. Thng dng ch th cho thc vt ph dng (ngun thi cha N, P), kim loi nng. C nhiu u im khi s dng i tng ny: d ly mu, d phn bit, s lng nhiu, phn b rng, c kh nng chng chu vi mc nhim cao. - ng vt nguyn sinh (Protozoa - ting Hy Lp proto=u tin v zoa=ng vt): l cc loi ng vt trong nc ch c 1 t bo v sinh sn theo c ch phn bo. Kch thc rt nh (ln nht cng ch vi centimt). Chng c kh nng thc hin y cc hot ng sng nh mt c th a bo hon chnh, chng c th thu ly thc n, tiu ha, tng hp, h hp, bi tit, iu ha ion v iu ha p sut thm thu, chuyn ng v sinh sn. ng vt nguyn sinh c khong 20.000 n 25.000 loi, trong mt s cng c c kh nng quang hp. - C: l ch th rt tt cho kim loi nng trong nc. C c th hp th kim loi nng v nhiu cht nhim khc. Tuy nhin, c l loi di ng nn khng d dng xc nh mi quan h gia hm lng cht nhim trong c th chng v ngun thi nhim. - ng vt hai mnh v: ng vt hai mnh v thng c s dng nh gi nhim kim loi nng v chng c nh loi r rng, d nhn dng, c kch thc va phi, s lng nhiu, d tch t cht nhim, c thi gian sng di v c i sng tnh ti. - Sinh vt nhim do phn. - Cc thng s thy sinh. Trong trng hp nh gi tc ng nhim sinh thi nc, cn quan trc b sung cc thng s: ng vt y khng xng sng (a, giun dp, ...), thc vt ni. Bng 26. Cc vi sinh vt ch th (dng qun l cho cc ngun nc) Mc ch s dng ca ngun nc Vi sinh vt ch th

Nc ung Coliform tng s (Total coliform) Ngun nc ngt cho cc dch v gii tr Fecal coliform; E. Coli; Enterococci Khu vc sinh trng ca cc loi c, s... Fecal coliform Coliform tng s (Total coliform) Ti tiu trong nng nghip Coliform tng s (Total coliform) cho nc thi x l Nc thi sau khi kh trng Fecal coliform Coliform tng s (Total coliform) Vi khun nhm Coliform (Coliform, Fecal coliform, Fecal streptococci, Escherichia coli ...) c mt trong rut non v phn ca ng vt mu nng, qua con ng tiu ho m chng xm nhp vo mi trng v pht trin mnh nu c iu kin nhit thun li. S liu Coliform cung cp cho chng ta thng tin v mc v sinh ca nc v iu kin v sinh mi trng xung quanh i khi chng ta cn phi xc nh l ngun nc b nhim bn bi phn ngi hay phn gia sc c nhng bin php qun l thch hp. Khi ngi ta thng s dng t l Fecal coliform trn Fecal streptococci 4. cloriform chiu nhiet - Vi khun coliforms chu nhit l nhng coliforms c kh nng ln men ng lactose 44-45oC; nhm ny bao gm Escherichia v loi Kiebsiella, Enterobacter, Citrobacter. Khc vi E.Coli, coliforms chu nhit c th xut x t ngun nc giu cht hu c nh nc thi cng nghip t xc thc vt thi ra hoc t. V l do thut ng coliforms "phn" d vn c s dng, l khng ng v khng nn tip tc s dng na. Coliforms chu nhit khng ti pht trin trong h thng phn phi nc ngoi tr khi nc cha cht dinh dng, cht bn tip xc vi nc x l, nhit ca nc cao hn 13oC v nc khng c clo tha. Trong i a s cc trng hp, m ca coliforms chu nhit c lin quan trc tip n m ca E.Coli. V vy, vic s dng loi vi khun ny nh gi cht lng nc c xem l chp nhn cho cng vic hng ngy. Khi l gii v s liu, lun lun phi nh n ngha gii hn ca ch tiu ny. Nu tm thy nhiu coliforms chu nhit khi vng mt cc yu t mt v sinh c th pht hin c, th phi tin hnh cc xt nghim c hiu khng nh s c mt ca E.Coli. Cc phng th nghim chun thc

quc gia ang xy dng cc phng php tiu chun hy th nghim tnh c hiu ca test coliforms chu nhit cho E.Coli trong cc iu kin a phng xem th kt qu ra sao. V coliforms chu nhit c th nh lng c nn chng c mt vai tr quan trng th hai na l ch im v hiu qu ca cc qu trnh x l nc loi tr vi khun. V vy c th s dng chng nh gi mc cn thit phi x l i vi cc loi nc c cht lng khc nhau v a ra quyt nh v cc mc tiu loi tr vi khun phi thc hin. 7. c trng coliform - Coliforms v Fecal Coliforms: Coliform l cc vi khun hnh que gram m c kh nng ln men lactose sinh ga nhit 35 0.5oC, coliform c kh nng sng ngoi ng rut ca ng vt (t nhin), t bit trong mi trng kh hu nng. Nhm vi khun coliform ch yu bao gm cc ging nh Citrobacter, Enterobacter, Escherichia, Klebsiella v c Fecal coliforms (trong E. Coli l loi thng dng ch nh vic nhim ngun nc bi phn). Ch tiu tng coliform khng thch hp lm ch tiu ch th cho vic nhim bn ngun nc bi phn. Tuy nhin vic xc nh s lng Fecal coliform c th sai lch do c mt s vi sinh vt (khng c ngun gc t phn) c th pht trin nhit 44oC. Do s lng E. coli c coi l mt ch tiu thch hp nht cho vic qun l ngun nc. 6. moi truong nuoi cay e.coli - N pht trin nhit 44-45oC trn mi trng tng hp, ln men ng lactose v mannitol c sinh hi v sinh axit, sinh endol t triptophan. - dia thach agar