01 - XML - Introduction To XML

<?xml version=1.
0> <course startdate=February 06, 2006> <title> eXtensible Markup Language </title> <lecturer>Phan Vo Minh Thang</lecturer> </course>
eXtensible Markup Language

Foundation, Technologies & Applications
Lecturer: Phan Vo Minh Thang MSc.
XML is an Acronym standing for: eXtensible Markup Language XML is fast becoming the new Internet standard for information exchange. For complex information reuse, XML is the technology of choice
<?xml version=1.0> <material> XML Lectures Notes
<section id=01> Introduction to XML </section> </material>
Markup Language
Whats a markup language?
Markup is a collection of characters that group, organize, and label the pieces of content in a document
In XML, markup is primarily meta content -information about information
Markup Language is a set of rules for representing data and encoding structures

3
Types of markup
Procedural markup specifies what to do with data
How to process the data
Presentational markup defines how to display data

Example: Make this BOLD, center this text
Descriptive markup describes what the different data elements are

Especially in relationship to other data elements
4
Markup: HTML vs. XML

HTML designed to
display data focus on how data looks
Markup includes structural and presentational tags
XML designed to
describe data focus on what data is
Markup is primarily descriptive or declarative

5
HTML vs. XML example
HTML
<html> <body> <p>333 MHz Pentium II with 256K internal cache, 512K external cache, 32MB standard RAM, 512MB max. RAM </p> </body> </html>
XML
<pcinfo> <processor> <type>Pentium II</type> <speed>333</speed> <intcache>256</intcache> </processor> <extcache>512</exctache> <ram> <standard>32</standard> <max>512</max> </ram> </pcinfo>
XML replaces HTML?

No, XML is not a replacement for HTML XML and HTML were designed with different goals
HTML is about displaying information XML is about describing information

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XML doesnt do anything

XML is created as a way to structure, store and send information in plain text files It is just pure information wrapped in XML tags
<note> <to>Kelly</to> <from>Jim</from> <heading>Reminder</heading> <body>Don't forget class tonight!</body> </note>
You need other software to send, receive or display XML

8 Lecturer: Phan Vo Minh Thang MSc.
Format vs. content

XML separates presentation from content
In fact, XML requires a stylesheet or conversion to HTML in order to be displayed
The advantages are significant

Easy to create multiple views of the same content Content is independent of any application Data can be queried and manipulated much like a database application

9
Why use XML?

It is a universally accepted standard way of structuring data (syntax). It is a W3C recommendation (W3C = World Wide Web Consortium) The marketplace supports it with a lot of free/inexpensive tools. The alternative to using XML is to define your own proprietary data syntax, and then build your own proprietary tools to support the proprietary syntax (Not a very appealing idea).
Alphabet Soup
Whats with all the different markup languages?
SGML HTML XML XHTML

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A Brief History of XML

First SGML (Standard Generalized Markup Language)
The grandfather of all markup languages An ISO standard for markup of text, Adopted in1986 SGML describes the logical structure of a document, its components, and their relationship to each other, not how the document should be formatted (Separates content from presentation and format) Conform to a formal model DTD (Data Type Definition)
Documents are regarded as having types defined by DTD
Disadvantages of SGML
Comprehensive but very complex and is difficult to learn and apply. SGML tools have traditionally been very expensive. SGML has been primarily a technology for print publishing
Developed at IBM by Goldfarb, Mosher & Lorie in 1969

A Brief History of XML (Cont.)

Then HTML, language of Web an simplified application of SGML
HTML is a fixed tag set. You cannot add your own tags to HTML. HTML is designed for display (in Web browser). It is not effective for print or other formats. HTML is static. Its display is fixed, so providing information in different ways based on user request is difficult. HTML is not structural (with the exception of lists and tables). It's primarily a linear presentation markup HTML is not really a standard. Browser vendors have created their own proprietary codes, which impedes standardization

13
XML, HTML, and SGML

HTML is a specific application of SGML
HTML is defined by a DTD written in SGML
XML is a abbreviated version of SGML
SGML
DTD for HTML
XML is a abbreviated version of SGML HTML Documents

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XML, HTML, and SGML

XML is an abbreviated version of SGML
Omit more complex and less-used parts of SGML Easier to define new document types Easier to write program to handle XML documents More suited to delivery and interoperability over WWW XML is more SGML-- rather than HTML++

15
What is XML?
XML is NOT a set of tags that you can apply to documents
XML is a specification that set rules for the creation of tag sets that you can apply to document (eXtensible) XML does not define the tag names you do
XML is NOT a programming language like C++ XML is NOT a network transport protocol like HTTP, FTP XML is NOT a database
A database can contain XML data, but the database itself is not an XML document You can store XML data into a database or retrieve XML data from a database, but you need to run software written in a real programming language such as C and Java
Design Goals of XML

XML will be designed for use on the Internet, but shall support a wide variety of applications (such as Web-based publishing and e-commerce) XML will be based on and compatible with SGML
XML keeps the best of SGML and reduces the complexity
It will be easy to write programs that processes XML documents XML documents will be easy to create, readable without specialized tools, and reasonably clear
XML is in ASCII (or text) format
The design of XML will be formal and concise

XML is a precise standard
New Computing Model

Networking - TCP/IP network-independent
transport
Web client - Removes the platform dependency Java - Write code not specific to an OS XML - Makes data independent of SW
XML is best viewed as the new ASCII of the Internet

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XML can be used to

Manage meta content Provide rich document descriptions Publish and exchange database contents Provide a messaging format for communication between applications

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HTML has limited structure

Restricted to a fixed set of tags Isnt extensible for specific applications Presents barriers for
Reuse in multiple formats Interchange between applications or programs Automation or ability to process programmatically

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Revert to using SGML?

SGML overcomes HTMLs drawbacks
Information model of freedom and extensibility Write once, reuse many times Future-proof, platform-proof Validation for completeness and correctness Infinite possibilities for expressing information (infinite tag set) SGML has its problems: Its complex and difficult to learn and use
Theres no mainstream browser support
Plus SGML only standardizes structure

Includes no support for styles
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XML to the Rescue

XML was invented in 1997 to enable the delivery of SGML information over the Web Well-behaved subset of SGML
Stricter rules drive consistency Enables machine-to-machine communications
SGML --, not HTML ++

Retains the power and flexibility of SGML without the complexity
A World Wide Web Consortium (W3C) standard Has overwhelming vendor support

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Introduction to World Wide Web Consortium

W3C is responsible for the development of Web specifications (recommendations) that describe communication protocols and the technologies for the Web. Role of W3C in defining XML related specifications
W3C has laid down certain rules that need to be followed by all XML applications. Listed below are some of these rules:
XML must be directly usable over the Internet. XML must support a wide variety of applications. XML must be compatible with SGML.
Offical website is at http://www.w3c.org

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Introduction to World Wide Web Consortium (Contd.)

The number of optional features in XML needs to be kept to the absolute minimum, ideally zero. XML documents must be human-legible and clear. XML design must be formal and concise.

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XML Specification
XML 1.0 specification released
By W3C consortium on Feb. 10, 1998 As a recommendation - the highest level of endorsement possible
Cross-platform, vendor neutral standard

Developed by XML Working Group Many vertical industry initiatives

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XML working group

Consists of 14 companies and organizations
Adobe, ArborText, DataChannel, FujiXerox, HP, Inso, Isogen, Microsoft, Netscape, SoftQuad, Sun Microsystems, University of Chicago Along with a W3C representative and James Clark
Yes, Sun and Microsoft can work together!

26
XML 1.0 spec has 2 parts

One for XML documents
How to use tagged markup to indicate the meaning of data
One for XML Document Type Definitions (DTDs)

How to indicate the allowable structure for a class of XML documents Can constrain the pieces of data that might occur, the hierarchy of data and the number of times each piece of data might occur

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Summary: XML Advantages

Over SGML
Faster download Supported by mainstream browsers Standard linking Standard stylesheet
Over HTML
Interchangeable Reusable Enables automation Searchable

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What about XHTML?

EXtensible HyperText Markup Language
An XML application Stricter and cleaner version of HTML Almost identical to HTML 4.01
Is aimed to replace HTML
Better support for multimedia, wireless devices An official W3C Recommendation - January 26, 2000

29
Using XHTML
Some dont recommend XHTML because
You have all the pain of XML without any of the gain Markup is still structural and presentational
But, your pages can be validated

And work without a hitch (or youll receive error messages)
Theres a tool to convert HTML to XHTML

HTMLTidy www.w3.org/People/Raggett/tidy/

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Exercise A
1. Metadata is information about information 2. XML is a programming language
FALSE TRUE
3. XML assumes that a document is structured TRUE hierarchically 4. XML is platform and language independent 5. You can use any text editor to create XML TRUE documents 6. XHTML lets you define your own tags
FALSE TRUE

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Exercise A (continued)
7. XML content can be in any language of the world 8. Internet Explorer 5 and Netscape 6 support XML
TRUE
9. XML is about adding procedural markup code to TRUE documents 10. XML provides 50% of the capabilities of SGML 11. XML is a good solution to achieve data independence 12. A parser checks to see if your markup tags are spelled correctly
FALSE FALSE TRUE
FALSE
A Look at XML
A Sample HTML Document

Sample HTML document For pure display, HTML is very effective
Simple code, workable output, clear delineation of content elements and their nesting by tags
HTML is a good example of a simple markup language

There are start tags and end tags (<h2></h2>) The end tag is differentiated from the start tag by the forward slash The procedure file shows nesting of the elements of the document
HTML is concerned solely with presentation

It does nothing to help you understand what the information is
Need interpret the content, not through the HTML tags
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A Sample HTML Document Illustration

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A Sample XML Document

Tagging for XML is similar to HTML, with start and end tags enclosing content. Butno predefined tags (you can define the tags you need) Specific rules for XML tagging stricter than HTML
You must have closing tags for all elements Tags must be nested, never overlapping Tag names must match case
The tag names identify what they contain

You define the tag names to suit the information that you are marking up Instead of generic tags, you get semantic tags Ideally, the names should come from the semantic model for your information
A Sample XML Document Illustration

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Benefits to Defining Your Own Tag Names

Tag names have meaning for you and your authors Names can reflect the content Tag names have nothing to do with formatting
Formatting can be defined later, when you know the exact purposes of the document. Nothing in the markup will limit the formats to which you can output
You can have as many or as few tags as you need

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A First Look at XML

XML makes essentially two changes to HTML
No predefined tags Stricter

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No Predefined Tags
<price currency=usd>499.00</price> <toc xlink:href=/pineapple>Pineapplesoft</toc>
<P> The Price is $499.00 <TABLE> <TR> <TD> <A HREF=/pineapple><B>Pineapplesoft</B></A> </TD> <TR> </TABLE>
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No Predefined Tags (Cont.)

XML is extensible -- predefine no tags
Authors create tags that are needed for their applications
Issues
How to look at XML documents
WWW browsers?
How to map XML to HTML?
Can you do operation on XML data?

Can you compare different prices?
How does XML simplify Web site maintenance

Stricter
HTML has a very forgiving syntax
Difficult to develop software (like browsers) to process HTML Software size is large
XML adopts a very strict syntax

Result in smaller, faster, and lighter processing software (like browsers)

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Document Structure
Simple E-mail Document

Receiver: John Sender: Harry Subject: Harry
Dear John, Hello .. This is the document for you! Harry April 12, 2000
Structure Content Display

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The Structure of a Letter

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Structure, Content, Display

A document includes
Structure Content Display (presentation)
HTML: define structure and display XML: only define structure

But it relies on special browsers and/or XSL for displaying it

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Benefits of XML
XML is a text-based format that lets developer describe, deliver, and exchange structured data between a range of applications to clients for local display and manipulation Information will be more accessible and reusable XML brings power and flexibility to Web-based applications for exchanging structure data XML offers the tantalizing possibility of truly cross-platform, long-term data formats

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Operation Model of XML
Schema Language
Structure
LP XM
ser ar
XML Document Content
Processing
Documents with Special Format (HTML, WML)
XSL
Display

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Related XML Standards

XML Schema - offers more extensive rules than
DTDs
Extensible Stylesheet Language (XSL) - used
for displaying XML

XSL Transformations (XSLT) - used to
transform from one data format to another

XML Namespaces - used to distinguish one XML
vocabulary from another and prevent overlaps in names

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Related XML Standards

XPath is a querying language for addressing
parts of an XML document

XLink and XPointer are languages used to link
XML documents to each other

Xlink describes how to associate two or more resources XPointer describes how to address a resource SAX (simple API for XML) is a simple Java
interface

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What About DOM?

Document Object Model (DOM)
is an application programming interface (API) for HTML and XML documents Allows for content to be accessed and manipulated even AFTER it has become part of an HTML or XML document Published as a Recommendation by W3C

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DOM and XML

One of earliest uses of DOM was Dynamic HTML
Client-side scripts manipulate, display (redisplay) an HTML document based on user actions
The DOM provides a common way of accessing data structures from structured documents
Opens the door for XML as the lingua franca of data interchange on the Internet

52
XML Software
XML Browser
View and print XML documents Microsoft Internet Explorer
XML Editor
Microsoft XML notepad
XML Parser
Shield programmers from the XML syntax IBMs XML for Java
XSL Processor
Transform XML to HTML LotusXSL
Applications of XML
Document-oriented applications
Intended for human consumption Document publishing
Data-oriented applications
Intended for software consumption Data Exchange
Data Exchange in Digital Libraries

54
Document Applications
XML concentrates on the document structure, and this makes it independent of the delivery medium Possible to edit and maintain documents in XML and automatically publish them on different media
Many publications are available online and in print Web sites are optimized for specific viewers versions and one optimized for some users
If done manually very costly
one generic
Make sense to maintain a common version of the documentation in a media-independent format (XML), and to automatically convert it into publishing formats such as HTML, PostScript, RTF, PDF

55
Document Structure in XML

56

57
Example RDBMS Table

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Database Structure in XML

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Write XML
printf(<? xml version=\1.0\ ?>); SELECT IDENTIFIER, NAME, PRICE FROM TABLE1 INTO :IDENTIFIER, :NAME, :PRICE printf(<Record>); printf(<Identifier> :IDENTIFIER </Identifier> <Name> :NAME </Name> <Price> :PRICE </Price>); printf(</Record>);

60
XML Result
<?xml version=1.0 ?> <Records> <Record> <Identifier>p1</Identifier> <Name>XML Editor</Name> <Price>$499.00</Price> </Record> <Record> </Record> </Records>
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Applications Exchanging Data Over the Web

62
Characteristics of XML
Structured Content
Book chapter title -- section summary When you examine similar information product, structures are not consistent from product to product
Big problem for reuse
In XML, structure can be defined in a Document Type Definition (DTD) or Schema. DTD
Defines all the elements (XML tags) that can be used in a document. Defines the relationship of those elements to other elements Define the hierarchy of elements ("a chapter contains"), the order of elements, the number of elements Maintain structural consistency
Separation of Content and Format

Tradition tools like Word, HTML editor: WYSIWYG
Not good for reuse Formatting is specific to the output the tool is designed to support
XML makes documents transportable across systems and applications XML focuses on the structure of a document, not the presentation. XML maintains the presentation information (style) in separate files that are associated with the document when it is published or used.

65
Separation of Content and Format Example

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Built-in Metadata
XML is a set of rules for creating markup tags The tag names themselves offer additional detail about the information.
The tag names become metadata Attributes can be used to further define metadata
Example
Using attributes identifies the audience for each specific step, option, or even word

67

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Database Orientation
XML makes you look at information in the way of data XML DTD designers are not interested in the actual data values in design. They are concerned with the type of information, the hierarchy of information, and the relationship of the pieces of information
The result is a structural format that can be stored very easily in DB Each element can become a field of a table

69
Use of XML
How to format XML information for presentation? XSL is a powerful mechanism for both transforming and formatting XML documents
XSL is an XML markup language itself and can
Format content for online display or for paper-based delivery Add constant text or graphics Filter content Sort or reorder text
Three parts of XSL

XPath XSL transformations XSL-FO (formatting objects)

70
Use of XML (Cont.)

XPath identify and format specific elements in an XML doc
Can specify and apply specific formatting or transformation to elements, such as a title following a chapter, the first paragraph in a section, and every other bullet in a list
XSLT
Can manipulate the information to reorder, repeat, filter out information, or even add information based on details in the file Can transform an XML document into another markup language
XSL-FO
Provide style sheet capabilities for converting XML to paper-based format such as PDF Include page layouts, headers, footers
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Personalization
Personalization is information that can be manipulated to serve the needs of a specific user Personalization can be user defined, or can managed by software, based on a user's login information Personalization that is managed by software may be controlled by observing user behavior, and/or combined with preferences to create a personalized experience With XML, documents can be broken down, stored as separate physical pieces in a database, and then assembled in any order to meet user demands

73
HTML Document
<html> <head> <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=utf-8"> <title>Phn ni dung tiu </title> </head> <body> <p align=center> Ni dung bn trong phn thn <br/> ca mt ti liu HTML </p> </body> </html>
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Tags used in HTML pages are predefined
Element Attribute Text
HTML Document (Cont.)

Displayed result while the HTML document is browsed in IE 6.0

75
XML Document
<?xml version="1.0" <noidung> <phandau> <tieude>Phn ni dung tiu </tieude> </phandau> <phanthan> <gioithieu>Ni dung bn trong phn thn ca mt element XML</gioithieu> </phanthan> </noidung>
encoding="UTF-8" standalone="yes"?>
Tags used in XML documents are defined by users
Element Attribute Text
XML Document (Cont.)

XML document is display in Grid format by using the XMLSpy Altova Application

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XML Document (Cont.)

Displayed result while the XML document is browsed in IE 6.0

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Problem Statement 1.D.1

CyberShoppe requires a centralized repository of data about the products sold through its e-commerce site. It has three branches, which maintain data on their local computer systems. Data from all the three branches must be collated and housed in a centralized location. This data must be made available to the Accounts and Sales sections of these branches, regardless of the hardware and software platforms being used at the branches. The sales personnel also require access to the data using equipment, such as palmtops and cellular phones.

79
Problem Statement 1.D.1 (Contd.)

The product details of CyberShoppe consist of the name of the product, a brief description of the product, the price, and the available quantity on hand. Each product is uniquely identified by a product ID.

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Task List
Identify the method to store data in a device-independent format. Identify the structure of the document in which data is to be stored. Create an XML document to store data. View the XML document in a browser.

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Task 1: Identify the method to store data in a device-independent format.

Result
XML provides a way to store structured data that is capable of being recognized by different kinds of devices. In other words, it enables device-independence.

82
Task 2: Identify the structure of the document in which data is to be stored.
Before you store data in an XML document, you need to organize it. An XML document is composed of a number of components that can be used for representing information. These components are:
Processing Instruction
An XML document usually begins with the XML declaration statement or the Processing Instruction (PI). The PI provides information regarding the way in which the XML file should be processed.

83
Task 2: Identify the structure (Contd.)

The PI statement can be written as:
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8" ?>
In the above example, the PI states that version 1.0 is used. The PI uses the encoding property to specify information about the encoding scheme that is used to create the XML file.

84

Tag
Tags are used to specify a name for a given piece of information. Tags usually occur in pairs. Each pair consists of a start tag and an end tag. The start tag only contains the name of the tag while the end tag includes a forward slash (/) before the name of the tag.

85

Elements
Elements are the basic units that are used to identify and describe data in XML. They are the building blocks of an XML document. Elements are represented using tags. An XML document must always have a root element. All other elements are specified within the opening and closing tags of the root element.

86

Content
The information that is represented by the elements of an XML document is referred to as the content of that element.
An element can contain any of the following:

Character or Data Content
Elements can contain only textual information.
Element Content
Elements can contain other elements. The elements contained in another element are called child elements. The containing element is called the eXtensible Markup Language parent element.

Element Content
A parent element can contain many child elements. All the child elements of a parent element are siblings and are thus related to one another.
Combination
Elements can contain textual information as well as other elements.

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Attributes
Attributes provide additional information about the elements for which they are declared. An attribute consists of a name-value pair. Elements can have one or more attributes. Attributes or attribute values can be either mandatory or optional.

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Attributes
While deciding whether to represent information as an element or an attribute, you can follow the guidelines given below:
If the data must be displayed, you can represent it as an element. In general, element attributes are used for intangible, abstract properties such as ID. If the data must be updated frequently, it is better represented as an element because it is easier to edit elements than attributes with XML editing tools. If the value of a piece of information must be checked frequently, it may be represented as an attribute.

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Entities
An entity can be described as a short cut to a set of information. It is a name that is associated with a block of data. This data can be a chunk of text or a reference to an external file that contains textual or binary information. XML supports the use of three kinds of entities: internal, general, and parameter entities.

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Internal Entities
An internal entity consists of a name that is associated with a block of information. This can be identified easily as it is always preceded by an ampersand (&) symbol and terminated with a semicolon.

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Comments
Comments are statements that are used to explain the code. When the code is executed, comment entries are ignored by the parser. Comments are not essential in an XML file.

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Result Structure of the XML document to be used for storing products data:
PRODUCTDATA PRODUCTDATA PRODUCT PRODUCT PRODUCTNAME PRODUCTNAME DESCRIPTION DESCRIPTION PRICE PRICE QUANTITY QUANTITY

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Task 3: Create an XML document to store data.
Rules for Creating Well-formed XML Documents

Every start tag must have an end tag. Empty tags must be closed using a forward slash (/). All attribute values must be given in double quotation marks. Tags must nest correctly. XML tags are case-sensitive. They must match each other in every implementation.

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Task 4:View the XML document in a browser.

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Problem Statement 1.P.1

The details of books sold by CyberShoppe need to be stored at a centralized location. This data needs to be made available to the various branches of CyberShoppe, regardless of the platforms used at various branches. The book details consist of the title of the book, the first and last names of the author of the book and the price of the book. Each book is uniquely identified by a book ID.

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Summary (Contd.)
An XML document consists of:
Processing Instructions Elements Attributes Entities Comments Content

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Summary (Contd.)
The rules that govern the creation of a well-formed XML document are as follows:
Every start tag must have an end tag. Empty tags must be closed using a forward slash (/). All attribute values must be given in double quotation marks. Tags must nest correctly. XML tags are case-sensitive. They must match each other in every implementation.

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Info
Course name:
Special Selected Topic in Information System

Section: Introduction to XML Number of slides: 100 Updated date: 12/02/2006 Contact: Mr.Phan Vo Minh Thang
(minhthangpv@hcmuaf.edu.vn)
10 0 Lecturer: Phan Vo Minh Thang MSc.

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<?xml version=1.

eXtensible Markup Language

eXtensible Markup Language

Lecturer: Phan Vo Minh Thang MSc.

eXtensible Markup Language

Lecturer: Phan Vo Minh Thang MSc.

<?xml version=1.0> <material> XML Lectures Notes

<section id=01> Introduction to XML </section> </material>

eXtensible Markup Language

Lecturer: Phan Vo Minh Thang MSc.

<?xml version=1.0> <material> XML Lectures Notes

<section id=01> Introduction to XML </section> </material>

Presentational markup defines how to display data

Descriptive markup describes what the different data elements are

Lecturer: Phan Vo Minh Thang MSc.

<?xml version=1.0> <material> XML Lectures Notes

<section id=01> Introduction to XML </section> </material>

Markup: HTML vs. XML

eXtensible Markup Language

Lecturer: Phan Vo Minh Thang MSc.

<?xml version=1.0> <material> XML Lectures Notes

<section id=01> Introduction to XML </section> </material>

HTML vs. XML example

Lecturer: Phan Vo Minh Thang MSc.

<?xml version=1.0> <material> XML Lectures Notes

<section id=01> Introduction to XML </section> </material>

XML replaces HTML?

eXtensible Markup Language

Lecturer: Phan Vo Minh Thang MSc.

<?xml version=1.0> <material> XML Lectures Notes

<section id=01> Introduction to XML </section> </material>

XML doesnt do anything

You need other software to send, receive or display XML

<?xml version=1.0> <material> XML Lectures Notes

<section id=01> Introduction to XML </section> </material>

Format vs. content

The advantages are significant

eXtensible Markup Language

Lecturer: Phan Vo Minh Thang MSc.

<?xml version=1.0> <material> XML Lectures Notes

<section id=01> Introduction to XML </section> </material>

Why use XML?

<?xml version=1.0> <material> XML Lectures Notes

<section id=01> Introduction to XML </section> </material>

eXtensible Markup Language

Lecturer: Phan Vo Minh Thang MSc.

<?xml version=1.0> <material> XML Lectures Notes

<section id=01> Introduction to XML </section> </material>

A Brief History of XML

Developed at IBM by Goldfarb, Mosher & Lorie in 1969

<?xml version=1.0> <material> XML Lectures Notes

<section id=01> Introduction to XML </section> </material>

A Brief History of XML (Cont.)

eXtensible Markup Language

Lecturer: Phan Vo Minh Thang MSc.

<?xml version=1.0> <material> XML Lectures Notes

<section id=01> Introduction to XML </section> </material>

XML, HTML, and SGML

XML is a abbreviated version of SGML

DTD for HTML

XML is a abbreviated version of SGML HTML Documents

eXtensible Markup Language