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Diploma project ME 111

Lecture 2
Instructor: Akram Ahmed Habib
Content
 What is AC and DC
 Building a Power Supply
 The Parts of a Power Supply
 The Transformer
 The Rectifier
 Smoothing
 The Regulator
 A simple 5V DC regulated power supply system
 Power supply with 5V & 12V
 Negative volt supply +5V & -5V
 Variable voltage power supply 0V TO 24 V
 Ammeters
 Voltmeters
 Fuse
What is AC and DC
 A representation of an Alternating Current (AC) supply is shown
in figure. The voltage (and current) alternates between positive
and negative over time and the resulting waveform shape is a
sine wave. the frequency of this sine wave is 50 or 60 Hz,50 or
60 cycles per second.
What is AC and DC
 A Direct Current (DC) supply, shown in figure, stays at a fixed,
regular, voltage all of the time, like the voltage from a battery.
A DC supply is needed by most circuits as a constant reference
voltage. Also, some components would be damaged by the
negative half-cycles of an AC supply.
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Building a Power Supply

 Most of the circuits need a smooth DC power


supply in order to function correctly. Some
other circuits, particularly those using digital
ICs, also need their power supply to be
regulated. In this article and the articles that
follow in this series you will learn the meaning
of terms such as 'smoothing' and 'regulation'
and find out how to build a simple power
supply for your circuits.
The P arts o f a P ower Supply
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 The Transformer
 The Rectifier
 Smoothing
 The Regulator
A simple 5V DC regulated power
supply system
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The Tra ns fo rme r
 How Transformers Work
A transformer consists of two coils (often called 'windings')
linked by an iron core, as shown in figure. There is no electrical
connection between the coils, instead they are linked by a
magnetic field created in the core.
Transformers are used to convert
electricity from one voltage to another
with minimal loss of power.
They only work with AC (alternating current)
because they require a changing magnetic
field to be created in their core.
Transformers can increase voltage
(step-up) as well as reduce voltage (step-down).
Transformers have two great
advantages over other methods of
changing voltage

 They provide total electrical isolation


between the input and output, so they
can be safely used to reduce the high
voltage of the mains supply.
 Almost no power is wasted in a
transformer. They have a high efficiency
(power out / power in) of 95% or more.
The Rectifier

 The purpose of a rectifier is to convert an AC


waveform into a DC waveform. There are two
different rectification circuits, known as 'half-wave'
and 'full-wave' rectifiers. Both use components
called diodes to convert AC into DC.
The Ha lf-wav e R ec tifie r

 Figure shows the AC input waveform to this circuit and the


resulting output. As you can see,
when the AC input is positive,
the diode is forward-biased and
lets the current through. When
the AC input is negative,
the diode is reverse-biased
and the diode does not
let any current through,
meaning the output is 0V.
Because there is a 0.7V voltage
loss across the diode, the peak
output voltage will be 0.7V less than Vs.
The F ull-w ave Re ctifie r

 the circuit in figure addresses the second of these problems


since at no time is the output voltage 0V. This time four diodes
are arranged so that both the positive and negative parts of the
AC waveform are converted to DC.
Smoo th in g

 Most circuits will require 'smoothing' of the DC output of a


rectifier, and this is a simple matter since it involves only one
capacitor, as shown in figure
Smoothing waveform
 The output in figure shows how smoothing works.
During the first half of the voltage peaks from the
rectifier, when the voltage increases, the capacitor
charges up. Then, while the voltage decreases to
zero in the second half of the peaks, the capacitor
releases its stored energy to keep the output voltage
as constant as possible. Such a capacitor is called
a 'smoothing' or 'reservoir' capacitor
Rip ple

 If the voltage peaks from the rectifier were


not continually charging up the capacitor, it
would eventually discharge and the output
voltage would decrease all the way down to
0V. The discharging that does occur
between peaks gives rise to a small 'ripple'
voltage. The amount of ripple is affected by
a combination of three factors:
Three factors effect on the
ripple
 The value of the capacitor. The larger the capacitor value,
the more charge it can store, and the slower it will discharge.
Therefore, smoothing capacitors are normally electrolytic
capacitors with values over 470μF.
 The amount of current used by the circuit. If the circuit
connected to the power supply takes a lot of current, the
capacitor will discharge more quickly and there will be a higher
ripple voltage.
 The frequency of the peaks. The more frequent the voltage
peaks from the rectifier, the more often the capacitor will be
charged, and the lower the ripple voltage will be.
 If you want to calculate the ripple voltage, you can use this
formula...
The Regulator
 While there are many circuits that will tolerate a smoothed
power supply, some must have a completely regular supply
with no ripple voltage. This article discusses regulator ICs
which can provide this regular power supply
He ats ink s

 In use, a regulator IC will get quite hot, so a heatsink will need


to be attached to it to dissipate the heat. The type of heatsink
you choose depends on the regulator's case style, the amount
of heat it must dissipate, and the way in which you wish to
mount it.
 The examples shown below all suit the 78xx, 78Mxx, and
78Sxx regulator series TO-220 case style. The first two are the
simplest and are clip-on types. The third has a hole so it can
be bolted to the regulator, and two legs that can be soldered to
a piece of stripboard or PCB. The fourth again has a mounting
hole for the regulator, and also has a mounting hole for fixing to
a board. To be sure of good heat transfer from the regulator to
the heatsink, you can sandwich heat transfer compound
between them.
Th e 7 8xx S erie s of
Re gula tors

 There are many types


of regulator IC and each
type will have different
pin-outs and will need to
be connected up slightly
differently. Therefore,
this article will only look
at one of the common
ranges of regulator, the
78xx series.
A simple 5V DC regulated power
supply system
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Power supply with 5V & 12V
Negative volt supply +5V & -5V
Variable voltage power supply
Ammeters
 Ammeters measure current.
 Current is measured in amps (amperes), A.
 Ammeters are connected in series.
To connect in series you must break the circuit
and put the ammeter across the gap, as shown
in the diagram.

Ammeters have a very low resistance.
Voltmeters
 Voltmeters measure voltage.
 Voltage is measured in volts, V.
 Voltmeters are connected in parallel across components.
 Voltmeters have a very high resistance
Fuse
 Fuse is a very thin wire, which either melts or vaporizes when
current flow through it exceeded the fuse rating. The thin wire
of fuse may be made of aluminum, tin-coated copper or nickel.
The resulting open in the circuit stops current to flow. In
electronic equipment, most fuses are cylindrical glass or
ceramic type with a metal cap at each end! The current rating
and voltage also can be seen in one of the two metal end caps.
Wait us in L3
in practical work in
Buildin g a P ower S upp ly

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