I HC QUC GIA THNH PH H CH MINH TRNG I HC KINH T - LUT

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NGUYN TIN DNG

PHT TRIN XUT KHU LAO NG VIT NAM TRONG HI NHP KINH T QUC T

Chuyn ngnh: KINH T HC M s: 62.31.03.01

LUN N TIN S KINH T

Ngi hng dn: PGS-TS. NGUYN VN LUN

Thnh ph H Ch Minh Nm 2010

LI CAM OAN
Ti xin cam oan y l cng trnh nghin cu ca ring ti, Cc s liu v kt qu nu trong lun n l trung thc.

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MC LC
Trang LI CAM OAN MC LC DANH MC CC CH VIT TT DANH MC CC BNG DANH MC CC BIU M U .01 Chng 1. C S L LUN V PHT TRIN XUT KHU LAO NG TRONG HI NHP KINH T QUC T......................................... 08 1.1. XUT KHU LAO NG... 08 1.1.1. Khi nim... 08 1.1.2. Mt s quan nim khc v xut khu lao ng...... 10 1.1.3. Cc hnh thc xut khu lao ng .. 12 1.1.4. Vai tr v tc ng ca xut khu lao ng trong nn kinh t th trng.. 13 1.1.4.1. Cc tc ng tch cc i vi nc xut khu lao ng 14 1.1.4.2. Cc tc ng tiu cc i vi nc xut khu lao ng. 17 1.1.4.3. Cc tc ng tch cc i vi nc nhp khu lao ng 18 1.1.4.4. Cc tc ng tiu cc i vi nc nhp khu lao ng.. 18 1.1.5. Cc ch tiu nh gi hiu qu xut khu lao ng... 19 1.2. PHT TRIN XUT KHU LAO NG TRONG HI NHP KINH T QUC T. 24 1.2.1. Khi nim.....24 1.2.2. Pht trin xut khu lao ng v hi nhp kinh t quc t.... 25

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1.2.3. Qun l trong pht trin xut khu lao ng. 28 1.2.3.1. Qun l nh nc v xut khu lao ng.. 30 1.2.3.2. Qun tr pht trin xut khu lao ng ca doanh nghip. 32 1.2.3.3. Qun l ngi lao ng lm vic nc ngoi.. 36 1.2.3.4. Hp ng trong xut khu lao ng... 38 1.2.4. Cc yu t tc ng n pht trin xut khu lao ng..40 1.2.4.1. Nhm cc yu t v cu trong xut khu lao ng.. 40 1.2.4.2. Nhm cc yu t v cung trong xut khu lao ng... 41 1.2.4.3. Nhm cc yu t v ti chnh v hiu qu kinh t ca xut khu lao ng. 43 1.2.4.4. Nhm cc yu t v c ch t chc v qun l xut khu lao ng.. 44 1.2.5. Mt s m hnh c lin quan n pht trin xut khu lao ng 46 1.2.5.1. M hnh lc y lc ht Ravenstien..46 1.2.5.2. M hnh chi ph Stouffer v Lowsy. 47 1.2.5.3. M hnh chi ph - li ch kinh t Sjaastad.. 48 1.2.6. M hnh nghin cu mc tc ng ca cc yu t n s pht trin xut khu lao ng Vit Nam 49 1.3. KINH NGHIM XUT KHU LAO NG CA MT S NC.......... 52 1.3.1. Kinh nghim ca Philipin................................................................................... 52 1.3.2. Kinh nghim ca Thi Lan................................................................................. 54 1.3.3. Kinh nghim ca Indonesia................................................................................ 56 1.3.4. Kinh nghim ca Trung Quc............................................................................ 58 1.3.5. Bi hc kinh nghim t xut khu lao ng ca cc nc................................. 59 Tm tt chng 1...................................................................................................................... 62

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Chng 2. TNH HNH PHT TRIN XUT KHU LAO NG VIT NAM TRONG THI K HI NHP KINH T QUC T VA QUA......... 63 2.1. TH TRNG LAO NG VIT NAM TRONG NHNG NM QUA.63 2.1.1. Cung lao ng 63 2.1.2. Cu lao ng....................................................................................................... 66 2.1.3. Quan h cung - cu lao ng.............................................................................. 68 2.2. NG LI, CH TRNG, CHNH SCH CA NG V NH NC V XUT KHU LAO NG........................................................... 69 2.3. TNH HNH PHT TRIN XUT KHU LAO NG VIT NAM T NM 1991 N NAY.............................................................71 2.3.1. S lng lao ng xut khu.......71 2.3.2. Th trng xut khu lao ng73 2.3.3. Tnh hnh lao ng xut khu ti mt s th trng trng im.....74 2.3.3.1. Th trng Malaysia..75 2.1.3.2. Th trng i Loan.77 2.1.3.3. Th trng Hn Quc. 78 2.1.3.4. Th trng Nht Bn.... 82 2.1.3.5. Th trng Trung ng..83 2.3.4. Hnh thc xut khu lao ng.84 2.3.5. C cu lao ng xut khu..... 86 2.3.6. Tnh hnh doanh nghip xut khu lao ng .. 89 2.3.7. Tnh hnh to ngun lao ng xut khu.. 90 2.4. HIU QU KINH T - X HI CA XUT KHU LAO NG91 2.4.1. Hiu qu kinh t ca xut khu lao ng.. 91

2.4.1.1. i vi ngi lao ng 92 2.4.1.2. i vi doanh nghip xut khu lao ng. 95 2.4.1.3. i vi Nh nc v x hi 95 2.4.2. Hiu qu x hi ca xut khu lao ng... 97 2.5. NH GI MC TC NG CA CC YU T N S PHT TRIN XUT KHU LAO NG VIT NAM QUA M HNH L THUYT THC NGHIM..... 98 2.5.1. M t c trng mu iu tra. 98 2.5.1.1. Gii tnh 98 2.5.1.2. Trnh hc vn. 99 2.5.1.3. Ngh nghip v ni cng tc 99 2.5.1.4. Thnh phn kinh t v hnh thc s hu ca doanh nghip xut khu lao ng... 100 2.5.1.5. Quy m doanh nghip xut khu lao ng101 2.5.2. Mc tc ng ca cc yu t n s pht trin xut khu lao ng Vit Nam trong thi gian qua... 102 2.5.2.1. Mc pht trin xut khu lao ng Vit Nam...102 2.5.2.2. Mc tc ng ca cc yu t n s pht trin xut khu lao ng Vit Nam trong thi gian qua...103 3.5.3. So snh tm quan trng v mc tc ng ca cc yu t n s pht trin xut khu lao ng Vit Nam........108 2.6. NHNG HN CH V NGUYN NHN YU KM CA PHT TRIN XUT KHU LAO NG VIT NAM THI GIAN QUA.... 110

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2.6.1. Nhng hn ch ca pht trin xut khu lao ng thi gian qua.110 2.6.1.1. Hn ch t th trng xut khu lao ng.. 111 2.6.1.2. Hn ch t qun l nh nc v xut khu lao ng.112 2.6.1.3. Hn ch t qun l lao ng lm vic nc ngoi 113 2.6.1.4. Hn ch t ngun lao ng xut khu. 114 2.6.1.5. Hn ch t doanh nghip xut khu lao ng 115 2.6.1.6. Hn ch t hiu qu kinh t - x hi ca xut khu lao ng...117 2.6.2. Nguyn nhn ca yu km v hn ch trong thi gian qua...118 Tm tt chng 2.122 Chng 3. NH HNG V CC GII PHP PHT TRIN XUT KHU LAO NG VIT NAM TRONG HI NHP KINH T QUC T 123 3.1. C IM TNH HNH TH TRNG LAO NG QUC T V TH TRNG LAO NG VIT NAM TRONG THI GIAN TI...123 3.1.1. Th trng lao ng quc t trong thi gian ti...123 3.1.2. Th trng lao ng Vit Nam trong thi gian ti...125 3.2. NHNG C HI V THCH THC I VI PHT TRIN XUT KHU LAO NG VIT NAM TRONG THI GIAN TI........ 127 3.2.1. C hi128 3.2.2. Thch thc130 3.3. QUAN IM, PHNG HNG, MC TIU PHT TRIN XUT KHU LAO NG VIT NAM TRONG HI NHP QUC T..............131 3.3.1. Quan im pht trin xut khu lao ng Vit Nam thi gian ti.................... 131

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3.3.2. Phng hng v mc tiu pht trin xut khu lao ng Vit Nam n nm 2020 v tm nhn nhng nm tip theo.............................................. 132 3.3.2.1. Th trng xut khu lao ng.......................................................................132 3.3.2.2. S lng lao ng xut khu..........................................................................144 3.3.2.3. C cu lao ng xut khu............................................................................ 146 3.3.2.4. C ch v b my qun l xut khu lao ng 148 3.3.2.5. Hiu qu kinh t x hi............................................................................... 150 3.4. CC GII PHP PHT TRIN XUT KHU LAO NG VIT NAM TRONG HI NHP KINH T QUC T ..151 3.4.1. Gii php v th trng xut khu lao ng..151 3.4.2. Gii php v ngun lao ng xut khu.... 152 3.4.3. Gii php qun l v h tr ca nh nc v xut khu lao ng..156 3.4.3.1. Qun l nh nc v xut khu lao ng..156 3.4.3.2. Tng cng vai tr ca Hip hi Xut khu lao ng Vit Nam.158 3.4.4. Gii php v qun l ngi lao ng lm vic nc ngoi159 3.4.5. Gii php v doanh nghip xut khu lao ng. 161 3.4.6. Gii php v cng tc thng tin, tuyn truyn v xut khu lao ng.....163 3.4.7. Gii php v ti chnh cho xut khu lao ng.164 3.4.7.1. Tin dch v.....164 3.4.7.2.Tin mi gii... 164 3.4.7.3. Tin k qy165 3.4.7.4. Chnh sch h tr v cho ngi lao ng vay vn.166 3.4.7.5. Thnh lp Qu ri ro xut khu lao ng.168

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3.4.7.6. Pht huy hiu qu hot ng Qu h tr vic lm ngoi nc...168 3.4.8. Gii php v hnh thc xut khu lao ng.. 169 3.4.9. Gii php v hu xut khu lao ng......170 3.5. KIN NGH171 3.5.1. Kin ngh i vi cc c quan qun l nh nc .. 171 3.5.1.1. Quc hi 171 3.5.1.2. Chnh ph. 171 3.5.1.3. B Lao ng, Thng binh v X hi. 172 3.5.1.4. Cc B, Ngnh v y ban nhn dn cc cp c lin quan....174 3.5.2. i vi cc doanh nghip xut khu lao ng..175 3.5.3. i vi ngi lao ng...177 Tm tt chng 3178 KT LUN....... 179 DANH MC CNG TRNH CNG B CA TC GI DANH MC TI LIU THAM KHO PH LC

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DANH MC CC CH VIT TT
ASEAN CNH-HH DN-T-GD DN FDI KTN KT-XH L L,TB v XH T chc cc nc ng Nam Cng nghip ha hin i ha Dy ngh o to Gio dc Doanh nghip u t trc tip t nc ngoi Kinh t i ngoi Kinh t - x hi Lao ng Lao ng, Thng binh v X hi T chc Lao ng Quc t T chc Di c Quc t Qun l nh nc Tu nghip sinh Thc tp sinh X hi ch ngha Xut khu Xut khu lao ng Tiu Vng quc rp Thng nht T chc Thng mi Th gii

- ILO - IOM QLNN TNS TTS XHCN XK XKL UAE WTO

3 D (difficult, dirty, dangerous) Nng nhc, bn, nguy him

DANH MC CC BNG
Trang Bng 2.1: Quy m dn s v lc lng lao ng Vit Nam........................................ 64 Bng 2.2: Quy m v c cu lao ng c vic lm Vit Nam .................................... 66 Bng 2.3: S lng lao ng Vit Nam i lm vic nc ngoi............................... 72 Bng 2.4: C cu ngnh ngh ca lao ng xut khu............................................................ 87 Bng 2.5: Thu nhp bnh qun hng thng ca ngi lao ng ti mt s th trng... 92 Bng 2.6: Hiu qu kinh t ca ngi lao ng ti mt s th trng ........................ 93 Bng 2.7: Ngun thu thu t doanh nghip xut khu lao ng ... 96 Bng 2.8: Thng k tng th (One-Sample Statistics)...............................................102 Bng 2.9: Kim nh trung bnh tng th ( One-Sample Test )......103 Bng 2.10: H s tng quan (Coefficientsa).............105 Bng 2.11: So snh tm quan trng v mc tc ng n xut khu lao ng Vit Nam...109 Bng 3.1: Mt s d bo v lc lng lao ng Vit Nam.126 Bng 3.2: D bo s lng lao ng xut khu Vit Nam thi gian ti....145 Bng 3.3: Tng hp ngnh ngh ca th trng xut khu lao ng Vit Nam ....147

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DANH MC CC HNH V S
Trang S 1.1: Di chuyn lao ng quc t v xut khu lao ng .....9 S 1.2: Quy trnh qun tr xut khu lao ng ti doanh nghip ........32 S 1.3: Chin lc pht trin th trng xut khu lao ng ......33 S 1.4: M hnh qun l lao ng lm vic nc ngoi........36 S 1.5: Cc yu t tc ng n s pht trin xut khu lao ng Vit Nam.....50 Hnh 2.1: S lng lao ng Vit Nam i lm vic mt s th trng trng im..75 Hnh 2.2: Hnh thc xut khu lao ng ... 85 Hnh 2.3: C cu lao ng xut khu theo chuyn mn k thut.. 86 Hnh 2.4: Gii tnh... 99 Hnh 2.5: Trnh hc vn....... 99 Hnh 2.6: Ngh nghip v ni lm vic..... 100 Hnh 2.7: Thnh phn kinh t v hnh thc s hu.....100 Hnh 2.8: S lng CB-CNV lm vic trong lnh vc xut khu lao ng.....101 Hnh 3.1: D bo dn s th gii trong tui lao ng....125 S 3.2: M hnh qun l lao ng Vit Nam lm vic nc ngoi . 160 .

M U
1. L do chn ti Vit Nam l nc ang pht trin, c dn s hn 86 triu ngi, ng th 14 trn th gii v th 7 ti Chu , hng nm vi mc tng dn s trung bnh khong 1 triu ngi, l nc c nhiu li th v sc lao ng. Sau hn 20 nm i mi, m ca, hi nhp v pht trin theo kinh t th trng nh hng x hi ch ngha (XHCN), nn kinh t nc ta t c nhng thnh tu to ln trn nhiu lnh vc. Tuy nhin, do tnh trng gia tng nhanh v dn s v lao ng (L), dn n nhu cu vic lm lun l vn gay gt, bc xc i vi ng, Nh nc v ton x hi. Chng trnh gii quyt vic lm quc gia hng nm vn khng p ng ht nhu cu vic lm ca ngi lao ng. Trong qu trnh hi nhp kinh t quc t v xu hng ton cu ha, Vit Nam ang c nhiu c hi pht huy li th v ngun nhn lc, trao i hng ho Sc lao ng. Mt khc, trong iu kin t nc ta hin nay, hn 70 % lao ng sng nng thn, trnh chuyn mn tay ngh thp, tin cng sc lao ng r, sc p vic lm ln, mi nm c khong 1,6 triu ngi cn vic lm. Chnh v vy, xut khu lao ng (XKL) khng nhng l ch trng ln ca ng v Nh nc, m cn l mt chin lc quan trng lu di gp phn gii quyt vic lm, pht trin ngun nhn lc, tng thu nhp cho ngi lao ng, tng cng quan h kinh t i ngoi, thc hin tng trng v pht trin kinh t bn vng gn lin vi cng bng x hi. XKL ca nc ta bt u t nhng nm 1980 thng qua hnh thc a L sang cc nc XHCN lm vic theo Hip nh hp tc quc t v lao ng. T nm 1991 n nay, XKL c chuyn dn theo c ch th trng c s qun l ca nh nc theo nh hng XHCN. Gn 30 nm a lao ng ra nc ngoi lm vic, XKL ca nc ta c nhng bc pht trin r rt, s L a i hng nm v hiu qu nm sau u t cao hn nm trc, Hin nay c khong 500 ngn L lm vic 41 nc v vng lnh th. Tuy nhin phi khng nh rng nhng kt qu t c cho n nay cha tng xng vi tim nng ca t nc. XKL tuy c nhng quan im ch trng ch o ng n nhng cch lm cn mang nng tnh sn xut nh, manh mn, n sn m thiu

i tnh khoa hc, cch t chc bi bn, cch lm c chiu su v di hn, thiu s nh hng mang tnh chin lc v lu di. Vic duy tr v pht trin XKL ca nc ta ang ng trc nhng thch thc to ln bi th trng hn hp v lun bin ng kh lng, cht lng L thp, kh nng cnh tranh yu, tnh hnh lao ng nc ngoi phc tp, h thng DN XKL cn non tr. Pht trin XKL ca nc ta kh li cng kh khn hn khi th trng lao ng quc t ngy cng cnh tranh gay gt, cc nc XKL trong khu vc c iu kin tng ng ang ra sc dnh git th trng, gim gi sc lao ng, cng c v nng cao cht lng ngun nhn lc, t chc XKL v qun l lao ng nc ngoi bi bn, c s nh hng v h tr ti a ca nh nc, trong khi cc nc tip nhn L li c xu hng gim dn nhp khu L ph thng, tng L k thut cao, L lnh ngh, ngoi ra cc nc ny ang chu tc ng bi cuc khng hong ti chnh quc t v suy gim kinh t ton cu nh hng trc tip n vic lm, thu nhp, i sng ca ngi L. Chnh v vy, mun y mnh v pht trin bn vng XKL trong thi gian ti chng ta cn c mt cch lm bi bn, c nh hng chin lc lu di, cn c nhng bc i thch hp, khng nng vi vi cc gii php hp l v ng b. Xut pht t nhng l do trn, tc gi chn ti nghin cu "Pht trin xut khu lao ng Vit Nam trong hi nhp kinh t quc t" lm lun n tin s thuc chuyn ngnh kinh t hc. 2. Tnh hnh nghin cu ca ti T trc n nay, c nhiu cng trnh nghin cu khoa hc, lun vn thc s, lun n tin s nghin cu cc kha cnh khc nhau lin quan n hot ng XKL, Cc cng trnh tiu biu m tc gi lun n tip cn: (1) Lun n ph tin s ca nghin cu sinh Trn Vn Hng nm 1996 Cc gii php nhm i mi qun l nh nc v xut khu lao ng Vit Nam trong giai on 1995-2010. Lun n thuc chuyn ngnh kinh t, qun l v k hoch ha quc dn nhm lm r vn lin quan n qun l nh nc (QLNN) v XKL theo c ch th trng, phn tch thc trng QLNN v XKL v nhng bi hc kinh nghim t thc tin ca XKL Vit Nam ng thi xut quan im, gii php i mi QLNN v XKL.

(2) Lun n tin s ca NCS Nguyn th Phng Linh nm 2004 Mt s gii php i mi qun l ti chnh v XKL Vit Nam theo c ch th trng. Lun n thuc chuyn ngnh ti chnh-lu thng tin t v tn dng vi mc ch tp trung lm r vn qun l ti chnh trong XKL, phn tch hin trng qun l ti chnh XKL ca nc ta tm v m, nu ra nhng tn ti v hn ch cng vi nguyn nhn ca n v xut mt s gii php i mi cng tc qun l ti chnh v XKL Vit Nam theo c ch th trng. (3) Cng trnh nghin cu ca TS.Trn Th Thu nm 2006 Nng cao hiu qu qun l xut khu lao ng ca cc doanh nghip trong iu kin hin nay. Cng trnh nghin cu c TS. Trn Th Thu tin hnh trn c s thc tin XKL ti Cng ty Cung ng nhn lc quc t v Thng mi (SONA) vi mc ch lm r khi nim v s cn thit nng cao hiu qu qun l XKL ti cc doanh nghip XKL ca Vit Nam, nh gi hiu qu qun l XKL ca cc doanh nghip XKL Vit Nam v a ra cc gii php nng cao hiu qu qun l XKL ca cc doanh nghip XKL n nm 2010. (4) n Dy ngh cho lao ng i lm vic nc ngoi n nm 2015 c Th tng Chnh ph ph duyt ngy 07/02/2006 quyt nh s 33/2006/Q-TTg. n nhm mc ch pht trin ngun lao ng p ng yu cu v s lng, cht lng, c cu ngnh ngh cho th trng lao ng nc ngoi, Th tng Chnh ph ph duyt n ny vi nhng mc tiu c th v cc bc i ph hp vi tng giai on pht trin xut khu lao ng phn u n nm 2015 100% lao ng xut khu qua o to trong c 40% chuyn mn k thut cao. (5) ti nghin cu khoa hc cp thnh ph Nhng gii php nng cao s lng v cht lng lao ng xut khu lao ng ca TP. H Ch Minh ca Cng ty Dch v xut khu Lao ng v Chuyn gia (SULECO) lm ch nhim ti (nghim thu thng 5/2007). Trn c s hin trng xut khu lao ng ca TP. H Ch Minh nhng nm qua v kt qu iu tra ngi lao ng xut khu ca Cng ty SULECO, ti a ra c mt s gii php nng cao s lng v cht lng lao ng xut khu TP. H

Ch Minh , gp phn vo vic thc hin thnh cng chin lc pht trin kinh t-x hi 2001-2010 ca thnh ph. Tuy vy hn ch ca ti l mi dng li trong vic nghin cu i vi lao ng xut khu ca TP. H Ch Minh nh l mt trung tm kinh t - vn ha ln, nhng khng mang tnh c trng cho xut khu lao ng c nc, do y khng phi l ni cung cp ngun lao ng xut khu ln trong nhng nm qua, v bn thn cng ty SULECO vi c cu lao ng xut khu hin c khng c trng cho c cu v thc trng xut khu lao ng Vit Nam trong giai on hin nay. Tm li, cc cng trnh nghin cu v n trn c nhng vn lin quan n ti ca lun n m tc gi la chn. Th nhng, vn cha c cng trnh no nghin cu mt cch h thng v ton din c v mt l lun v thc tin v pht trin xut khu lao ng Vit Nam trong hi nhp kinh t quc t. y l mt vn cn kh mi m v cha c mt nghin cu khoa hc no cng b trng vi tn v ni dung ca ti lun n la chn. 3. i tng, mc ch, nhim v v phm vi nghin cu 3.1. i tng nghin cu i tng nghin cu ca ti lun n l XKL v pht trin bn vng xut khu lao ng Vit Nam trong hi nhp kinh t quc t bao gm pht trin th trng XKL, pht trin ngun nhn lc trong xut khu lao ng, pht trin h thng doanh nghip, c s php l, c ch, chnh sch v c s h tng phc v xut khu lao ng. 3.2. Mc ch ca lun n Mc ch nghin cu ca ti lun n gm: - Nghin cu v c kt nhng vn v c s l lun ca pht trin xut khu lao ng trong hi nhp kinh t quc t, ng thi a ra mt s kinh nghim pht trin xut khu lao ng ca mt s nc c iu kin v c cu lao ng tng ng vi nc ta c th vn dng vo pht trin xut khu lao ng Vit Nam. - Phn tch v nh gi ton din tnh hnh pht trin xut khu lao ng Vit Nam t nm 1991 n nay khi m xut khu lao ng chuyn sang hot ng theo c ch th

trng c s qun l ca Nh nc theo nh hng x hi ch ngha. Ch ra nhng u im, tn ti, hn ch cng vi nhng nguyn nhn ca n. - Trn c s quan im, ch trng ca ng v Nh nc v xut khu lao ng, a ra nh hng chin lc, phng hng, mc tiu pht trin xut khu lao ng Vit Nam t lm c s xut cc gii php c bn c tnh ng b nhm pht trin bn vng xut khu lao ng trong thi gian ti. 3.3. Nhim v ca lun n Lun n lm sng t c s l lun v XKL, phn tch nhng tc ng ca XKL n pht trin kinh t - x hi ca nc xut khu cng nh nhp khu lao ng, ng thi phn tch cc yu t tc ng n pht trin XKL Vit Nam trong iu kin hi nhp kinh t quc t. Trn c s s liu s cp v th cp, kt qu iu tra x hi hc, minh chng v trao i thc t, lun n phn tch v nh gi thc trng XKL ca nc ta trong thi gian va qua, hiu qu kinh t-x hi m XKL mang li ng thi ch ra tn ti, hn ch v nguyn nhn ca chng lm c s cho vic nh hng sau ny. Trn c s bi cnh kinh t th gii, tnh hnh th trng lao ng trong v ngoi nc, quan im, phng hng v mc tiu XKL Vit Nam trong thi gian ti lun n a ra cc gii php ng b cng h thng kin ngh c tnh thc tin cao nhm pht trin XKL Vit Nam trong hi nhp kinh t quc t. 3.4. Phm vi nghin cu Phm vi vn nghin cu: Cc vn c nghin cu c lin quan n pht trin XKL ca Vit Nam trong hi nhp kinh t quc t. Song y l vn ln, phc tp nn lun n ch nghin cu v XKL trc tip, l loi hnh dch v a ngi lao ng bao gm c chuyn gia v tu nghip sinh, thc tp sinh i lm vic c thi hn nc ngoi c t chc, hp php thng qua cc hip nh chnh ph, cc t chc chnh ph, phi chnh ph, cc hp ng ca t chc dch v c cp giy php xut khu lao ng, hoc theo cc hp ng nhn thu khon cng trnh, cc d n u t ra nc ngoi, cc hp ng nng cao tay ngh hoc theo cc hp

ng c nhn. Lun n khng c iu kin nghin cu v xut khu lao ng ti ch, xut khu lao ng gip ranh, xut khu lao ng phi chnh thc. Phm vi khng gian nghin cu: Lao ng Vit Nam lm vic nc ngoi nht l nhng th trng trng im nh: Nht Bn, Hn Quc, i Loan, Malaysia, Trung ng v mt s th trng khc. Phm vi thi gian nghin cu: XKL ca nc ta bt u t nhng nm 1980 thng qua hnh thc a L n cc nc XHCN lm vic theo hip nh hp tc quc t v L, tuy vy vic nghin cu XKL trong giai on ny ch mang ngha lch s. V vy, lun n ch i su nghin cu giai on t nm 1991 n nay, khi m XKL chuyn sang hot ng theo c ch th trng c s qun l ca nh nc. 4. Phng php nghin cu Lun n s dng nhiu phng php nghin cu thc hin mc ch ra: - Phng php phn tch, tng hp, thng k, nh tnh, nh lng kt hp vi t duy khoa hc v duy vt bin chng h thng ho cc c s l lun v XKL, vai tr v hiu qu ca XKL trong nn kinh t th trng, thc trng XKL Vit Nam v cc gii php pht trin bn vng XKL trong hi nhp kinh t quc t thi gian ti. - Phng php nh tnh v phng php nh lng nhm xc nh cc yu t tc ng v mt l thuyt, xy dng m hnh nghin cu mc tc ng ca cc yu t ny n pht trin xut khu lao ng Vit Nam theo hm hi quy tuyn tnh bi, kt hp vi phng php chuyn gia tin hnh kho st v phng vn trc tip cc chuyn gia v nh qun l v xut khu lao ng v nh gi kt qu thu c bng chng trnh SPSS nhm xc nh h s hi quy ca tng yu t cng nh s dng Excell nh gi tm quan trng ca cc yu t ny n s pht trin xut khu lao ng Vit Nam. Trn c s kt hp vi cc phng php phn tch, tng hp, nh gi cc yu t tc ng n xut khu lao ng Vit Nam trong thi gian qua, so snh vi tm quan trng ca cc yu t ny n s pht trin bn vng xut khu lao ng Vit Nam nhm cng c thm nhng nhn nh v hn ch v yu km ca xut khu lao ng Vit Nam trong thi gian qua cng nh nhng nguyn nhn ca n ng thi lm c s cho vic a ra cc gii

php v kin ngh pht trin bn vng xut khu lao ng Vit Nam trong hi nhp kinh t quc t thi gian ti. 5. Nhng ng gp mi ca lun n Vi mc ch v nhim v ra, khi lun n hon thnh s c nhng ng gp mi v mt l lun v thc tin sau: - B sung v lm phong ph c s l lun v thc tin v xut khu lao ng, pht trin xut khu lao ng trong hi nhp kinh t quc t, nh gi vai tr ca xut khu lao ng trong nn kinh t th trng, xc nh cc yu t tc ng v xy dng m hnh nh gi tc ng ca cc yu t ny n s pht trin ca xut khu lao ng Vit Nam trong hi nhp kinh t quc t. - nh gi mt cch ton din tnh hnh pht trin xut khu lao ng ca nc ta t nm 1991 n nay, ch ra nhng kt qu t c v cha t c, ng thi a ra cc tn ti v hn ch cng vi nhng nguyn nhn ca n. - a ra cc nh hng chin lc, cc mc tiu pht trin xut khu lao ng, nh gi kh nng hon thnh cc mc tiu , t xut h thng cc gii php c bn, ng b, c tnh kh thi kt hp vi cc kin ngh i vi c quan qun l nh nc, doanh nghip xut khu lao ng v ngi lao ng nhm y mnh v nng cao hiu qu hot ng xut khu lao ng trong iu kin hi nhp kinh t quc t. 6. Kt cu ca lun n Ngoi phn m u, kt lun, bng biu, mc lc, danh mc ti liu tham kho, ph lc, ni dung lun n bao gm 3 chng: Chng 1: C s l lun v pht trin xut khu lao ng trong hi nhp kinh t quc t Chng 2: Tnh hnh pht trin xut khu lao ng Vit Nam trong thi k hi nhp kinh t quc t va qua Chng 3: nh hng v cc gii php pht trin xut khu lao ng Vit Nam trong hi nhp kinh t quc t

Chng 1 C S L LUN V PHT TRIN XUT KHU LAO NG TRONG HI NHP KINH T QUC T
Xut khu lao ng, mt loi hnh hot ng kinh t i ngoi, ngy cng tr thnh xu hng tt yu v c tnh bc thit i vi nhiu nc trn th gii trong tin trnh hi nhp v tham gia vo phn cng lao ng quc t. 1.1. XUT KHU LAO NG 1.1.1. Khi nim Nhm pht huy ti a cc mt tch cc v hn ch cc tc ng tiu cc do di chuyn L quc t mang li, nc xut khu tin hnh qun l, h tr v cho php cc t chc a L hoc cho php c nhn ngi L ra nc ngoi lm vic, y chnh l hot ng XKL. XKL l hot ng mang tnh KT-XH, em li li ch khng ch cho quc gia xut khu m c quc gia nhp khu cng nh cc bn tham gia nh: t chc dch v XKL, ngi L v ch s dng L. Vy, XKL l s di chuyn L quc t c thi hn, c t chc, v mc ch kinh t, c php lut cho php, di s qun l v h tr ca nh nc. Hay hiu theo Lut ngi lao ng Vit Nam i lm vic nc ngoi theo hp ng Xut khu lao ng l qu trnh a ngi lao ng i lm vic c thi hn nc ngoi hp php c qun l v h tr ca nh nc theo hp ng ca cc doanh nghip hot ng dch v, cc t chc s nghip, cc doanh nghip trng thu, nhn thu, cc t chc, c nhn u t ra nc ngoi, hp ng nng cao tay ngh, hoc theo hp ng c nhn gia ngi lao ng v ch s dng lao ng[16]. Ngi L khi ra nc ngoi lm vic th gi l ngi L xut c, Nc m h ra i c gi l nc xut c. Ngi L khi n nc khc gi l ngi L nhp c v nc tip nhn gi l nc nhp c. Xut khu lao ng l mt loi hnh dch v c bit, tnh cht c bit th hin ch y l hot ng xut khu Sc lao ng. Sc lao ng ca con

ngi l mt hng ho c bit, do con ngi l ch s hu v c con ngi ton quyn s dng v nh ot trong mua bn trn th trng trong nc v quc t. Mt khc, cng vi ngi lao ng, cc t chc XKL va l i tng b qun l ca Nh nc, li va l ch th ca hot ng XKL, a ngi lao ng i lm vic nc ngoi v qun l ngi lao ng, chu s iu chnh an xen ca nhiu lnh vc php lut. Do , XKL l hot ng lin quan n con ngi, n cc DN, chu tc ng ca nhiu yu t ch quan, khch quan phc tp. Ni mt cch khc, XKL l hot ng KT-XH phc tp v nhy cm. T hin tng di chuyn lao ng quc t t do n xut khu lao ng phn nh mt qu trnh pht trin kinh t-x hi, quan h lao ng ca mi quc gia. l qu trnh nhn thc vai tr ca ngi lao ng, li th ngun nhn lc trong mi nc v s phn cng lao ng quc t. Mi quan h gia xut khu lao ng v di chuyn lao ng quc t c th hin trong s 1.1.

S 1.1: Di chuyn lao ng quc t v xut khu lao ng

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Di chuyn lao ng quc t v xut khu lao ng tuy cng c ni hm ging nhau, l di c lao ng t quc gia ny n quc gia khc lm vic v mc ch kinh t , nhng gia chng c s khc nhau v cht. Vic di chuyn lao ng ngoi xut khu lao ng mang tnh t php, t do, c khi l bt hp php cn di chuyn lao ng trong XKL mang tnh t gic, c t chc, c mc ch, c thi hn, c s cho php v di s qun l v h tr ca nh nc. Khi ni n XKL, phi c hiu l xut khu Sc lao ng ca con ngi, do ngi lao ng s dng sc lao ng ca mnh bn cho ch s dng lao ng nc ngoi, sng v lm vic nc ngoi theo hp ng lao ng k kt. Nn quan h mua - bn sc lao ng trong XKL l quan h lao ng c yu t nc ngoi, c bit phc tp, c th hin 3 c im sau: V kinh t: Sc lao ng ni y phi l sc lao ng c gi tr v gi tr s dng, v phi c xem l hng ha. Bn c sc lao ng cn c tr ngang gi, ph hp vi gi c th trng v khng tri vi php lut. Cn bn mua sc lao ng phi tnh ton lm sao sau khi mua sc lao ng v s dng n phi c hiu qu. V x hi: Sc lao ng ni y c ni hm rng, bao gm cc nhn t th lc, tr lc v tm lc ca ngi lao ng. ng thi n cng l vn ca con ngi, phn nh trnh dn tr, cht lng v tnh nng ng x hi ca ngun nhn lc t nc. V quan h lao ng c yu t nc ngoi: Th hin sau khi ngi lao ng xut cnh, sng v lm vic nc ngoi, th ngoi vic chu s iu chnh ca php lut nc xut khu, ngi lao ng cn chu s chi phi bi php lut, cc quan h kinh t, vn ho, x hi v phong tp qun ca nc s ti v cc iu c quc t m nc xut khu v nc nhp khu cng tham gia. 1.1.2. Mt s quan nim khc v xut khu lao ng C th ni, xut khu lao ng c ni hm a ngha, n cha ng s di c v vic lm hay s di chuyn lao ng quc t, s trao i quc t sc lao

11

ng, to cng n vic lm ngoi nc hay a ngi lao ng i lm vic nc ngoi. V vy, hin nay trn th gii trong cc vn kin, ti liu, cng trnh nghin cu s dng rt nhiu khi nim ng ngha vi xut khu lao ng. - Trao i quc t v sc lao ng: L hin tng ngi lao ng i lm thu, di chuyn ra nc ngoi nhm mc ch kim vic lm sinh sng. y ni ln s trao i, mua bn sc lao ng c tnh quc t hay trn phm vi quc t. Tuy vy li khng ch ra c vic trao i c ngang gi hay khng, c s qun l v h tr ca nc xut c v nhp c hay khng, ngi lao ng ra nc ngoi lm vic c thi hn hay khng. Do vy thut ng ny khng phn nh y bn cht v ni dung ca xut khu lao ng theo c ch th trng. - Hp tc quc t v lao ng: Cc ti liu quc t v T chc Lao ng Quc t (ILO) hu nh khng s dng thut ng ny. Hp tc quc t v lao ng nhm ch vic trao i sc lao ng khng ngang gi v khng phn nh ng quan h cung cu v sc lao ng v cc quy lut ca th trng lao ng quc t, n ch c s dng trong mt khong thi gian nht nh ch s trao i lao ng gia mt s nc x hi ch ngha trc y trn tinh thn gip v tng tr ln nhau. - To vic lm ngoi nc: Hin nay mt s nc nh Philippin, Malaysia, Singapore... ang s dng thut ng ny. y ta c th thy dng To vic lm ngoi nc phn bit vi To vic lm trong nc, nhng khng ni ln c ngi L ra nc ngoi lm vic c thi hn hay khng. Do vy thut ng ny khng c tnh khi qut cao v di chuyn lao ng quc t v khng phn nh y bn cht v ni dung ca XKL theo c ch th trng. - a ngi i lm vic nc ngoi theo hp ng: Vit Nam t nm 1991 n nay, khi nim ny c s dng trong cc ngh nh ca Chnh ph, B Lut lao ng hoc nhiu vn bn php lut khc. Ti Lut sa i B Lut lao ng (hiu lc t 1/1/2003), Khi nim a ngi i lm vic nc ngoi v Xut khu lao ng c s dng ng thi. Thng 11 Nm 2006 B Lut ngi lao ng Vit Nam i lm vic nc ngoi theo hp ng c Quc Hi kha 10

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thng qua v c hiu lc t ngy 01/7/2007, khi nim a ngi i lm vic nc ngoi c lut ha. V vy, cng vi Xut khu lao ng, a ngi i lm vic nc ngoi l cch gi hp php, tuy nhin thut ng ny cha phn nh ht bn cht v ni dung ca xut khu lao ng. Xut khu lao ng thc cht l trao i quc t yu t sn xut Sc lao ng, thut ng ny c s dng ti nhiu gio trnh, ti liu nghin cu ca cc trng i hc v vin nghin cu vi ngha , n va th hin li th so snh sc lao ng ca ngun nhn lc nc xut khu, va th hin mc tiu gii quyt vic lm, con ng ngn nht tng thu nhp, pht trin ngun nhn lc, tng kim ngch xut khu, tng trng, pht trin bn vng v hi nhp, l thut ng hin nay c quc t tha nhn v c tnh khi qut cao. Do , vic s dng ng thi thut ng Xut khu lao ng, v thut ng a ngi i lm vic nc ngoi theo hp ng c th chp nhn c. 1.1.3. Cc hnh thc xut khu lao ng Hin nay xut khu lao ng c thc hin theo nhiu hnh thc sau: Cn c vo hp ng a lao ng ra nc ngoi: XKL c thc hin thng qua hip nh gia cc Chnh ph; Theo hp ng gia cc doanh nghip XKL; Hnh thc thu bao cng trnh, u t nc ngoi; Hp ng nng cao tay ngh v theo hp ng n l ca ngi lao ng vi ch s dng lao ng. Cn c vo khng gian di chuyn ca ngi lao ng: XKL trc tip l vic di chuyn lao ng c t chc, c thi hn, t nc ny n nc khc lm vic km theo thay i ch , l hnh thc ch yu trong trao i quc t sc lao ng hin nay; XLK gip ranh l hin tng ngi lao ng ca cc nc c chung bin gii qua li kim vic lm, nhng khng km thay i ch tm thi hay vnh vin; XKL ti ch l ngi lao ng lm vic ngay trn nc mnh trong cc khu ch xut, khu cng nghip c vn u t nc ngoi; XKL phi chnh thc l ngi lao ng ra nc ngoi tm vic lm bt hp php, hnh thc ny chim t l nh, nhng ri ro cho ngi lao ng rt cao.

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Cn c vo cht lng lao ng xut khu: XKL c tay ngh hay cn gi l xut khu chuyn gia, k thut vin, lao ng lnh ngh; Xut khu lao ng tay ngh thp hoc khng c tay ngh hay cn gi l XKL ph thng. Hng di chuyn ca hai loi lao ng ny cng khc nhau. Trong khi lao ng c tay ngh thng di chuyn song hnh vi lung vn u t t nc pht trin n nhng nc km pht trin hn th lao ng ph thng li c hng di chuyn ngc li t nhng nc km pht trin n nhng nc pht trin hn. Cc hnh thc xut khu lao ng ca Vit Nam Hin nay, XKL ca Vit Nam c tin hnh theo cc hnh thc sau: - Thng qua cc doanh nghip dch v, t chc s nghip c php hot ng a ngi lao ng i lm vic nc ngoi. - Thng qua cc doanh nghip trng thu, nhn thu hoc t chc, c nhn u t ra nc ngoi c php a ngi lao ng i lm vic nc ngoi. - Thng qua hnh thc a tu nghip sinh, thc tp sinh i thc tp nng cao tay ngh nc ngoi. - Theo hp ng c nhn L trc tip k kt vi ch s dng L nc ngoi. Xut khu lao ng c nghin cu trong lun n ny l xut khu lao ng trc tip, l loi hnh dch v a ngi lao ng bao gm c chuyn gia v tu nghip sinh, thc tp sinh i lm vic c thi hn nc ngoi c t chc, hp php thng qua cc hip nh chnh ph, cc t chc chnh ph, phi chnh ph, cc hp ng ca t chc dch v c cp giy php xut khu lao ng, hoc theo cc hp ng nhn thu khon cng trnh, cc d n u t ra nc ngoi, cc hp ng nng cao tay ngh hoc theo cc hp ng c nhn. 1.2.4. Vai tr v tc ng ca xut khu lao ng Xut khu lao ng ng mt vai tr quan trng trong qu trnh pht trin kinh t-x hi v m rng quan h kinh t i ngoi, n c tc ng khng ch tch cc m c tiu cc khng ch i vi nc xut c m c nc nhp c.

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1.1.4.1. Cc tc ng tch cc i vi nc xut khu lao ng Xut khu lao ng c nhiu tc ng tch cc i vi s pht trin ca nc xut khu lao ng nh: ng gp vo tng trng v chuyn dch c cu kinh t; To cng n vic lm; Pht trin ngun nhn lc; Gp phn vo n nh x hi, an ninh quc phng; Thc hin chnh sch x hi; M rng quan h kinh t i ngoi; Tng cng giao lu vn ha v hiu bit ln nhau gia cc dn tc. - ng gp vo tng trng v pht trin kinh t- x hi XKL gp phn vo tng trng kinh t t nc c phn nh trn hai phng din: Mt l, ton dng ngun nhn lc t nc lm tng thu nhp quc gia, XKL to c hi cho mt b phn lao ng tht nghip hoc thiu vic lm c c hi sn xut ra hng ha v dch v nc khc lm tng thu nhp cho ngi lao ng, gia nh h, tng doanh thu cho DN XKL, to chuyn bin mi v phn cng L x hi c v chiu rng, tng bc theo chiu su; Hai l, nng cao tim lc ca nn kinh t th hin c s vt cht, kh nng tch lu ni b ca nn kinh t thng qua cc khon thu ngn sch t ngi lao ng, DN XKL v cc t chc h tr khc. Xut khu lao ng lm tng cu lao ng trn th trng lao ng nc xut khu dn n lm gim s cng thng quan h cung, cu lao ng to p lc tng thu nhp cho ngi lao ng a n mt bng thu nhp ca ngi lao ng nc xut c tin gn hn mt bng thu nhp ngoi nc, t lm tng thu nhp cho ngi lao ng v x hi, gp phn tng sc mua, tng cu, m rng th trng hng ha v to iu kin cho sn xut hng ha v dch v pht trin. - Gp phn vo vic chuyn dch c cu kinh t Di tc ng ca cc quy lut kinh t v vai tr ch ng qun l, iu tit, nh hng kinh t v m ca Nh nc, XKL c sc lan ta nhanh trong nn kinh t, gp phn chuyn dch c cu L v kinh t theo ngnh, theo vng, theo hng m. + Theo c cu ngh: Thng qua XKL tay ngh ca mt b phn ngi lao ng c nng ln nh c o to, o to li khi lm vic nc ngoi, t gp phn hnh thnh i ng cng nhn c chuyn mn k thut hin i, c trnh

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ngoi ng v tc phong cng nghip p ng mt phn nhu cu i hi ca cc nh u t theo chiu su to nn s chuyn dch kinh t theo c cu ngh. + Theo c cu ngh: Thng qua XKL tay ngh ca mt b phn ngi lao ng c nng ln nh c o to, o to li khi lm vic nc ngoi, t gp phn hnh thnh i ng cng nhn c chuyn mn k thut hin i, c trnh ngoi ng v tc phong cng nghip p ng mt phn nhu cu i hi ca cc nh u t theo chiu su to nn s chuyn dch kinh t theo c cu ngh. - To vic lm, gp phn n nh x hi, an ninh-quc phng Hng nm xut khu lao ng gii quyt cng n vic lm cho hng triu lao ng, khng nhng lao ng i lm vic nc ngoi theo chng trnh xut khu lao ng m c lao ng ca doanh nghip, cc trung tm gii thiu vic lm, cc trng o to khi tham gia thc hin chng trnh xut khu lao ng. S lao ng c a ra nc ngai lm vic hin nay phn ln l nng thn, ang tht nghip hoc bn tht nghip. Chnh lc lng ny khi c a i lm nc ngoi vi mc thu nhp hp l gp phn lm n nh tnh hnh, lm thay i b mt nng thn, n nh x hi, gi vng an ninh - quc phng. - Gp phn gii quyt chnh sch x hi Nh nc s dng XKL nh l cng c gii quyt cc vn x hi nh gii quyt cng n vic lm, nng cao dn tr, xa i gim ngho, chnh sch vi gia nh c cng vi cch mng, con em gia nh thng binh lit s. nhm u tin con em cc i tng ny c tham gia XKL, nht l nhng th trng c thu nhp tt, tuyn dng vi s lng hn ch. Ngoi ra ngi lao ng khi trng tuyn i lm vic nc ngoi cn c i th mt phn tin o to ngh, hc ngoi ng v gio dc nh hng, c cc ngn hng thng mi, nht l Ngn hng Chnh sch-X hi cho vay u i vi mc li sut thp lo chi ph trc khi xut cnh. - Gp phn pht trin ngun nhn lc t nc Nh XKL m nh nc quan tm v c chnh sch o to, o to li cho mt b phn L lm cho cht lng ngun nhn lc tng bc c ci thin.

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i a s ngi L khi i lm vic nc ngoi c iu kin nng cao kh nng chuyn mn, tay ngh. Thng qua XKL ngi lao ng n lm vic ti cc nh my x nghip vi cng ngh tin tin, tc phong cng nghip hin i, qun l sn xut khoa hc, c iu kin tip xc vi th gii bn ngoi. V vy, sau khi kt thc thi gian lm vic nc ngoi trnh tay ngh, tc phong, k lut lao ng, ngoi ng, hiu bit ca ngi lao ng c nng ln r rt, to nn mt lc lng lao ng cht lng cao, gp phn nng cao cht lng ngun nhn lc t nc. Thc t cho thy, mt lng ln lao ng trc khi i xut khu lao ng l nhng nng dn, sau khi i lm vic nc ngoi h tr thnh nhng ngi cng nhn hin i c tay ngh, ngoi ng, tc phong cng nghip p ng tt nhu cu ca cc nh u t, nht l u t nc ngoi. - a nhanh tin b - khoa hc k thut mi vo sn xut kinh doanh Ngi lao ng khi lm vic nc ngoi c tip cn vi cc cng ngh hin i, cc tin b khoa hc v k thut mi, h c th hc hi, bt trc v khi v nc p dng cc kin thc, kinh nghim ca mnh vo sn xut kinh doanh ti qu nh. y chnh l lc lng chuyn giao cng ngh, khoa hc k thut nhanh nht v hiu qu nht gp phn vo qu trnh a nhanh cng ngh mi vo sn xut v qun l thc y nhanh qu trnh CNH, HH t nc. - Gp phn m rng quan h kinh t i ngoi Xut khu lao ng ngy cng ng vai tr quan trng trong hot ng kinh t i ngoi, thc y qu trnh hi nhp kinh t th gii v phn cng lao ng quc t, thc y cc quan h tn dng, ti chnh, quan h hp tc gia cc quc gia, y mnh xut khu hng ha, nng cao nng lc cnh tranh ca sc lao ng trn th trng quc t. n lt n, chnh cc quan h kinh t i ngoi li to iu kin cho vic m rng xut khu lao ng. Vic gia nhp v tham gia vo cc t chc quc t khu vc v th gii to iu kin m rng v pht trin bn vng xut khu lao ng. XKL cn l cu ni giao lu vn ha, tng cng hiu bit ln nhau gia cc dn tc, nng cao v tr chnh tr v uy tn nc XKL trn trng quc t.

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1.1.4.2. Cc tc ng tiu cc i vi nc xut khu lao ng Ngoi nhng tc ng tch cc l ch yu, xut khu lao ng c nhng tc ng tiu cc n i sng, x hi v kinh t ca nc XKL nh: - C th gy khan him cc b lao ng ni a mt s nc XKL, trong mt s lc, mt s ni c th gy khan him cc b lao ng trong cc lnh vc cn lao ng gin n cng nh lao ng i hi tay ngh cao, nht l nhng nc v khu vc c tc pht trin kinh t nhanh, phong tro XKL tng cao nhng li thiu k hoch pht trin ngun nhn lc bn vng. Ngoi ra hin tng chy mu cht xm ra nc ngoi cng gy nhiu kh khn cho nc xut khu lao ng ch yu l cc nc ang pht trin trong qu trnh cng nghip ha hin i ha t nc. - nh hng xu n trt t an ton-x hi Khi ngi L ra nc ngoi lm vic ngoi nhng kin thc, tay ngh tip thu t nc ngoi h cn tip nhn c nhng thi h, tt xu ca x hi nc nhp c, nht l L c trnh thp. Khi v nc h mang theo nhng thi xu v n c tc ng tiu cc n i sng x hi ti qu nh. Ngoi ra ngoi t ngi lao ng gi v gia nh trong mt s trng hp khng c s dng hiu qu, b tiu xi hoang ph nh n chi, c bc, nghin ht. dn n li bing lao ng gy mt trt t x hi. Mt khc khi ngi lao ng ra nc ngoi lm vic lm thiu vng tr ct gia nh gy tm l khng tt n ngi thn qu nh c th dn n nhng bi kch gia nh nh con ci h hng,v chng khng tin tng nhau, ly d, m au, bnh tt. - Lm gia tng ti phm hnh s Do thng tin khng y , cc t chc XKL yu km, qun l XKL bung lng, ch tiu xut khu lao ng thp trong khi s lng lao ng mun i lm vic nc ngoi cao, ngi lao ng nng vi mun c ra nc ngoi lm vic nn xy ra tnh trng tiu cc nh t lt, hi l, la o hoc ngi lao ng phi tr cc mc ph qu cao, nht l nhng th trng thu nhp cao. iu ny lm tng ti phm hnh s, gy phc tp v nh hng n an ninh v trt t x hi.

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1.1.4.3. Cc tc ng tch cc i vi nc nhp khu lao ng Xut khu lao ng khng ch tc ng tch cc n nc xut c m cn c nc nhp c thng qua cc ni dung sau: - Gii quyt nhu cu thiu ht lao ng Vic nhp khu lao ng gp phn ci thin tnh hnh kham him lao ng ti nc tip nhn, lm tng cung lao ng, gim cng thng cung cu trn th trng lao ng, nht l nhng cng vic m lao ng bn x khng mun lm hoc khng quen lm nh cng vic nng nhc, bn thu, c hi, n iu v nhng cng vic c mc thu nhp thp hoc nhng cng vic m th trng L trong nc thiu ht. - Tit kim cc chi ph u t ban u cho ngi lao ng Vic nhp khu L tit kim cho nc nhp c mt khon chi ph u t ban u ng k. Nu khng nhp khu L, nc tip nhn phi b mt khon chi ph nui dng o to cng dn nc mnh n tui L. Trong khi , i vi lao ng nhp c nc tip nhn hu nh khng phi b mt khon chi ph no cho vic trong vic nui dy ngi L n tui trng thnh. Mt khc nu nhp khu L c tay ngh cn tit kim cho nc nhp c mt khon chi ph o to khng nh. - Gp phn pht trin kinh t v tch ly cho x hi Lao ng nhp c khi tham gia vo qu trnh sn xut, tiu dng ti nc nhp khu s gp phn nh b ca mnh vo pht trin KT-XH nc tip nhn L v ng thi qua cc khon ng gp ca mnh nh thu thu nhp, ph bo him x hi, bo him y t v cc loi ph khc lm gia tng phn tch ly cho x hi nc tip nhn. 1.1.4.4. Cc tc ng tiu cc i vi nc nhp khu lao ng Ngoi cc tc ng tch cc m xut khu lao ng mang li cho nc nhp khu lao ng cn c nhng tc ng tiu cc nh: - Gy tr tr trong vic p dng tin b khoa hc v i mi cng ngh Ch s dng lao ng da vo vic nhp khu lao ng khng lnh ngh vi gi r nn t quan tm n vic p dng cc tin b khoa hc k thut vo sn xut

19

cng nh vic i mi cc trang thit b, cng ngh hin i, gy kh khn cho vic pht trin kinh t v bo v mi trng bn vng. - Mt s ngnh qu ph thuc vo lao ng nhp c Mt s ngnh kinh t nh khai khong, xy dng, sn xut theo dy chuyn, chm sc sc khe, khi s dng nhiu lao ng nhp c, s l thuc vo ngun lao ng nc ngoi v nh hng n s pht trin bn vng, lao ng nhp c ch n lm vic thi gian ngn thng l 3 n 5 nm nn lun khng n nh v s lng v trnh chuyn mn, cha k n vic nhp khu lao ng cn ph thuc vo chnh sch nhp c ca chnh ph v tnh hnh kinh t chnh tr, quan h kinh t i ngoi gy th ng cho ch s dng lao ng trong qu trnh hoch nh chnh sch pht trin sn xut kinh doanh ca mnh. - To ra cng ng lao ng nhp c Vic tip nhn vi khi lng ln lao ng nc ngoi to ra cc cng ng nhp c t cc nc khc nhau, h mang n khng ch nhng iu tt m c nhng thi h tt xu trong li sng, sinh hot lm nh hng n an ninh trt t x hi, gy mt on kt cng ng, gy nn nhng phn ng bi xch dn tc c th lm xu quan h hu ngh gia cc nc. cc nc nhp c u c h thng php lut tip nhn lao ng nc ngoi theo hng bo h quyn li cho cng dn nc mnh lm cho ngi lao ng nc ngoi khng c hng cc quyn li nh cng dn nc s ti. Mt khc do hn ch v ngoi ng nn vic chp hnh php lut gp kh khn lm cho ngi lao ng nc ngoi t ti, sng khp kn, d vi phm php lut hoc khng bit vn dng kin thc php lut bo v quyn li chnh ng ca mnh. 1.1.5. Cc ch tiu nh gi hiu qu xut khu lao ng Khi cp n hiu qu XKL l ni n hiu qu KT-XH m hot ng ny mang li cho nc xut c bao gm c DN XKL v ngi L, l s th hin quan h gia kt qu kinh t v x hi ca XKL vi cc ngun lc to ra n, c xem xt trn 3 mt l : (i) Hiu qu v mt kinh t. (ii) Gii quyt cc vn ca x hi. (iii) Hiu qu v o to nhn lc v tip nhn khoa hc k thut. Khi nh gi hiu

20

qu XKL cn xc nh hiu qu ngn hn, hiu qu di hn, phi t hiu qu ngn hn trong hiu qu di hn, ly hiu qu ngn hn pht trin hiu qu di hn, ly hiu qu di hn lm mc tiu nh hng cho hiu qu ngn hn. Trn c s nhm ra cc nh hng, chin lc, mc tiu v cc sch lc, cc bc i v gii php thch hp cho tng giai on thu c hiu qu KT-XH cao nht. nh gi hiu qu pht trin XKL c thc hin thng qua cc thc o c bn sau: [41, tr.6] - S lng lao ng thng xuyn lm vic nc ngoi S lng L lm vic nc ngoi trong mt thi k c xc nh theo: Ltx = Ltxj-1 + Lj Lvj Tr. : + Ltx: S lng lao ng lm vic nc ngoi trong thi k j (1.1)

+ Ltxj-1: S lng lao ng lm vic nc ngoi cui thi k j-1 + Lj: + Lvj: + j: S lng lao ng a i lm vic nc ngoi trong thi k j S lng lao ng v nc trong thi k j L thi k nghin cu, thng c tnh 1 nm, 2 nm, 5 nm

Ch tiu ny phn nh s lng L thng xuyn lm vic nc ngoi v c th tnh cho tng DN XKL, tng th trng tip nhn L v cho c nn kinh t nc XKL, l ch tiu cn bn lm c s tnh ton cc chi tiu khc trong XKL. - T trng lao ng xut khu c tay ngh trong tng s lao ng xut khu T trng lao ng c tay ngh trong tng s L xut khu c tnh theo: Lcnj Rcn = ------------- x 100 (%) Lj Tr. : + Rcn: T trng lao ng xut khu c tay ngh trong tng s lao ng xut khu trong thi k j + Lcnj: S lao ng c tay ngh i lm vic nc ngoi trong thi k j + Lj: S lng lao ng i lm vic nc ngoi trong thi k j (1.2)

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+ j:

L thi k nghin cu, thng c tnh 1 nm, 2 nm, 5 nm

Ch tiu ny phn nh cht lng lao ng xut khu i lm vic nc ngoi. iu ny ni ln mt cht ca xut khu lao ng, thng qua nh nc c k hach v cc bin php nhm nng cao cht lng ngun nhn lc XKL. - T trng lao ng xut khu trong tng s lao ng cn vic lm T trng L xut khu trong tng s lao ng cn vic lm c tnh nh sau: Lj Rl = ------------- x 100 (%) Lfj Tr. :+ Rl: T trng L xut khu trong tng s L cn vic lm ca thi k j + Lj: S lng lao ng i lm vic nc ngoi trong thi k j + Lfj: S lng lao ng cn vic lm trong thi k j + j: L thi k nghin cu, thng c tnh 1 nm, 2 nm, 5 nm (1.3)

T trng lao ng xut khu trong tng s lao ng cn vic lm phn nh kh nng gii quyt vic lm ngoi nc ca xut khu lao ng trong tng s lao ng cn vic lm ca x hi, lm gim bt s cng thng trong gii quyt vic lm ca nc xut c, gp phn gim bt t l tht nghip. - Mc tit kim vn u t to vic lm do xut khu lao ng mang li Mc tit kim vn u t to vic lm do XKL to nn c tnh nh sau: Mtk = St x Lj (1.4)

Tr. : + Mtk: Mc tit kim u t to vic lm trong nc trong thi k j + St: Sut u t trung bnh cho mt vic lm mi trong nuc trong thi k j

+ Lj: S lng lao ng i lm vic nc ngoi trong thi k j + j: L thi k nghin cu, thng c tnh 1 nm, 2 nm, 5 nm

Chi tiu ny cho bit, xut khu lao ng trong thi k j tit kim c bao nhiu vn i vi nc xut c cho u t to vic lm trong nc.

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- Th phn lao ng xut khu ti mt th trng ngoi nc Th phn L xut khu ti mt th trng ngoi nc c tnh nh sau: Ltxj Rl = ------------- x 100 (%) Lnnj Tr. + Rl: Th phn L XK ti th trng ngoi nc nht nh trong thi k j + Ltxj: S lao ng lm vic nc ngoi trong thi k j + Lnnj:S lng L nc ngoi lm vic ti th trng nht nh trong thi kj + j: L thi k nghin cu, thng c tnh 1 nm, 2 nm, 5 nm (1.5)

Chi tiu ny phn nh t l lao ng xut khu ca mt nc trong tng s lao ng nc ngoi ti mt th trng xut khu lao ng nht nh, l kh nng chim lnh th trng lao ng nc ngoi ca xut khu lao ng mt nc. Da vo ch tiu ny Chnh ph nc xut khu lao ng c gii php tng cng hay hn ch lao ng nc mnh n th trng xut khu lao ng c th ph hp vi chin lc pht trin xut khu lao ng ca nc mnh. - T l lao ng xut khu hon thnh hp ng T l lao ng hon thnh hp ng c tnh theo cng thc sau: Lhtj Rht = ------------- x 100 (%) Ltxj Tr. : + Rht: T l lao ng hon thnh hp ng trong thi k j + Lhtj: S lao ng hon thnh hp ng trong thi k j + Ltxj: S lng lao ng lm vic nc ngoi theo hp ng trong thi k j + j: L thi k nghin cu, thng c tnh 1 nm, 2 nm, 5 nm (1.6)

T l ny phn nh mc hon thnh hp ng lin quan n mt th trng vi mt loi hnh L c th, t l ny cng cao th s thnh cng ca th trng ny cng cao v l mt trong cc ch tiu phn nh hiu qu pht trin th trng XKL.

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- T sut hiu qu kinh t ca xut khu lao ng Ch tiu ny c tnh da trn mc thu nhp rng ca 1 ngi lao ng lm vic nc ngoi v 1 ngi lao ng lm vic trong nc. Pnj K = ------------- x 100 (%) Ptj Tr. :+ K: L t sut hiu qu kinh t xut khu lao ng thi k j + Pnj: L mc thu nhp rng ca lao ng lm vic nc ngoi, thi k j + Ptj: L mc thu nhp rng ca lao ng lm vic trong nc, thi k j + j: L thi k nghin cu, thng c tnh 1 nm, 2 nm, 5 nm (1.7)

Chi tiu ny cho bit, ngi L lm vic nc ngoi c hiu qu bng bao nhiu % so vi ngi L lm vic trong nc trong cng mt thi k. Chi tiu ny cng c th dng nh gi hiu qu L ca 2 th trng khc nhau. - Mc sinh li xut khu lao ng Mc sinh li xut khu lao ng c tnh nh sau:

F=

( Pnj Ptj)
j =1

(1 + r ) j

(1.8)

Tr. :+ F: Mc sinh li ca xut khu lao ng + Pnj: L mc thu nhp rng ca lao ng lm vic ngoi nc nm j + Ptj: L mc thu nhp rng ca lao ng lm vic trong nc nm j + j: S nm lao ng lm vic nc ngoi (j = 1 n k )

+T: Tng s tin lao ng phi b ra trc khi i lm vic nc ngoi + r: Li sut ngn hng ti nc xut khu lao ng Mc sinh li XKL phn nh s chnh lch thu nhp thun k vng khi i lm nc ngoi so vi lm vic trong nc ca ngi L ti mt th trng

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nht nh, mc sinh li ny c th tnh cho tng L, cho mt th trng ngoi nc hoc cho c nn kinh t ca nc XKL. - Mc thu nhp quc dn cho t nc t xut khu lao ng Mc thu nhp quc dn bao gm thu nhp ca ngi lao ng, thu nhp cho ngn sch nh nc, thu nhp doanh nghip c lin quan xut khu lao ng do ngi lao ng ng gp. n,m Qj = l,k Tr. : + Qj: Thu nhp quc dn t XKL trong thi k j. + Pj: Thu nhp rng ca ngi L chuyn v nc trong thi k j. + Pjc: Thu nhp cho ngn sch nh nc do doanh nghip xut khu lao ng ng gp trong thi k j. + Pjq: Thu nhp cho ngn sch nh nc do L ng gp trong thi k j + Exj: H s quy i ngoi t + l,n: Bin s lao ng lm vic nc ngoi. + k,m: Bin s th trng xut khu lao ng. + j: Thi k nghin cu, thng thng l 1 nm, 2 nm, 5 nm . (Pj + Pjq +Pjc ) x Exj (1.9)

Ch tiu ny ni ln kh nng ng gp ca ngi lao ng xut khu vo thu nhp quc dn ca nc XKL thng qua s tin lao ng chuyn v nc, doanh thu ca DN XKL, v ng gp ca ngi L vo ngn sch nh nc. 1.2. PHT TRIN XUT KHU LAO NG TRONG HI NHP KINH T QUC T 1.2.1. Khi nim Pht trin XKL l mt qu trnh tng trng c phn nh thng qua s gia tng v mt s lng cng nh s thay i v c cu, cht lng, t trng cc

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thnh phn tham gia v cc cu thnh to nn XKL. S pht trin XKL phi cha ng yu t bn vng, c nn tng, hiu qu v n nh, pht huy cc mt tch cc ng thi hn ch cc mt tiu cc tc ng n nc xut c cng nh nc nhp c khng ch thi gian trc mt m c lu di. Pht trin XKL phi ph hp vi mc tiu pht trin ngun nhn lc v pht trin KT-XH theo tng giai on ca nc xut c trong hi nhp kinh t quc t, trn c s nhu cu th trng ngoi nc v kh nng p ng ngun lc nc XKL. S pht trin XKL c o lng thng qua vic so snh cc kt qu m XKL t c vi cc ch tiu ca k hoch ra hoc so snh vi cc kt qu t c trong qu kh c tnh n tc pht trin, quy m, c cu, t trng, cht lnglin quan n th trng XKL, ngun nhn lc xut khu hng nm v thng xuyn lm vic nc ngoi, thu nhp, iu kin sng v lm vic ca ngi L, Kim ngch XKL, hnh thc a i, i ng cc t chc XKL, c s h tng v php l XKL, qun l nh nc v XKL. T c th hiu Pht trin xut khu lao ng l vic y mnh v nng cao hiu qu hot ng xut khu lao ng gn lin vi yu t bn vng ph hp vi mc tiu pht trin ngun nhn lc v pht trin kinh t - x hi ca nc xut c theo tng giai on trn c s nhu cu lao ng ca nc nhp c bao gm pht trin th trng, pht trin ngun nhn lc, pht trin cc t chc xut khu lao ng, pht trin hnh thc a lao ng ra nc ngoi, pht trin c ch qun l v c s h tng phc v xut khu lao ng v pht trin qun l nh nc v xut khu lao ng. 1.2.2. Pht trin xut khu lao ng v hi nhp kinh t quc t Pht trin XKL ngy nay gn lin vi qu trnh hi nhp kinh t quc t v tham gia vo phn cng L quc t. Qu trnh hi nhp to iu kin cho XKL pht trin, ng thi thng qua XKL cc nc ngy cng hi nhp su rng vo th trng L quc t. Hi nhp kinh t quc t thc y s pht trin ca th trng L v ngun nhn lc t nc. Cc nc tham gia c nhiu iu kin khai thc mi tim nng, ngun lc trong v ngoi nc pht trin v s dng hiu qu ngun nhn lc. Xu hng ton cu ha ang to ra cc dng chy v

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vn, cng ngh, khoa hc k thut v dch v. Nc no bit tn dng nhng c hi thu ht vn u t nc ngoi s c iu kin pht trin kinh t t nc. Mun s dng hiu qu ngun lc ny cn c s chun b v nng cao trnh v mi mt t ci tin phng thc qun l, i mi cng ngh, tng nng sut Ldn n s pht trin mnh m ngun nhn lc v m rng th trng L. Trong qu trnh hi nhp, s cnh tranh trn mi lnh vc, c bit trong lnh vc kinh t ngy cng quyt lit v gay gt, li th v ti nguyn, v tr a l khng cn c ngha nh trc m v kh cnh tranh c hiu qu nht chnh l cht lng v vic s dng hiu qu ngun nhn lc. V vy, cc nc ngy cng ch trng u t nhm pht trin v nng cao cht lng ngun nhn lc. n nay, cc nh kinh t khng nh rng u t cho con ngi l u t c hiu qu nht, n quyt nh kh nng tng trng v pht trin bn vng ca mi quc gia. Chnh v vy, cc quc gia u xem vn pht trin ngun nhn lc l mt b phn quan trng trong chin lc pht trin kinh t x hi t nc, thng qua cc chnh sch gio dc v o to, chm sc sc khe, vic lm, an sinh x hi nng cao cht lng ngun nhn lc. Thc tin cho thy nc no bit tn dng v chun b tt ngun nhn lc s chim lnh c th trng L th gii v c v tr quan trng trong phn cng L quc t, ch c tng cng u t pht trin ngun nhn lc c v s lng v cht lng ph hp vi nhu cu i hi ca th trng L trong v ngoi nc mi tn dng hiu qu cc c hi ca hi nhp kinh t quc t pht trin kinh t t nc. Xu hng ton cu ha v hi nhp kinh t quc t to ra nhiu c hi v iu kin cho cc nc ang pht trin c li th v ngun nhn lc y mnh XKL v tham gia tch cc vo phn cng lao ng quc t, iu l do: Th nht: Tham gia hi nhp kinh t quc t to iu kin cho cc nc c iu kin m rng quan h kinh t, chnh tr, ngoi giao. l c hi xm nhp vo th trng lao ng cc nc nhm m rng th trng xut khu lao ng, to nhiu c hi lm vic nc ngoi cho ngi lao ng.

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Th hai: Qu trnh ton cu ha v khu vc ha dn n vic hnh thnh cc t chc lin kt quc t khu vc v lin khu vc, cc nc thnh vin loi b dn cc ro cn trong vic i li, c tr ca cng dn cc nc, ng thi cng nhn ln nhau v bng cp, tay ngh ca ngi lao ng, tin ti to nn th trng lao ng chung trong khu vc v trn th gii, to iu kin cho vic t do di chuyn sc lao ng gia cc nc thnh vin a n pht trin xut khu lao ng ca cc nc. Th ba: Cng vi tin b khoa hc k thut, h thng thng tin lin lc pht trin, doanh nghip v ngi lao ng d dng hn trong vic tip cn cc thng tin v nhu cu L ca cc nc, cc iu kin tuyn chn, lm vic, iu kin n , php lut lm cho cung v cu trong XKL xch li gn nhau hn. Th t: Cng vi hi nhp kinh t quc t nhiu DN u t ra nc ngoi hoc nhn thu, trng thu nc ngoi ko theo kh nng a L n cc nh my, cng trng nc ngoi lm vic, iu ny lm tng cu trong XKL. Th nm: Qu trnh hi nhp to iu kin y mnh u t nc ngoi, mt mt lm tng nhu cu v i hi cao v cht lng lao ng trong nc, nhng mt khc li to iu kin cho ngi L c c hi nng cao tay ngh ca mnh nc ngoi thng qua cc chng trnh TNS, TTS trao i chuyn gia v lm cho L an tm hn sau khi v nc s c c hi c lm vic ti cc nh my c vn u t nc ngoi, ph hp vi kinh nghim v tay ngh ca mnh. Th su: Qu trnh hi nhp to nhiu iu kin cho vic nng cao cht lng ngun nhn lc thng qua nhiu hnh thc hp tc khoa hc k thut, chuyn giao cng ngh, hp tc trong o to, gio dc to nn ngun lao ng cht lng cao nhm y mnh xut khu lao ng. Hin nay, theo T chc Di c Quc t (IOM), trn th gii c khong 60 nc vi hn 200 triu lao ng bnh qun 34 ngi trn th gii th c 1 ngi sng v lm vic ngoi nc ca h, trong chu chim khong 50%, s lao ng ny di c ti 200 nc, ch yu Chu u khong 33%, Bc M 20%,

28

15% Chu Phi v 12% cc nc rp, 10 % ng Bc v ng Nam . Theo Ngn hng Th gii cng b trong bo co v cc ngun ti tr pht trin ton cu nm 2008 th s ngoi t m ngi L gi v qu nh t 328 t USD, n tr thnh ngun ti chnh ln th 2 cho cc nc ang pht trin sau ngun vn u t trc tip nc ngoi v gp gn 3 ln ngun vin tr pht trin chnh thc (ODA) ca cc nc giu [89]. Cng theo Ngn hng Th gii, nu cc nc ang pht trin gia tng trung bnh xut khu lao ng hng nm 10% so vi hin nay th s ngi ngho ti nhng nc ny s gim i 2% [17, tr.140]. 1.2.3. Qun l trong pht trin xut khu lao ng Qun l trong pht trin XKL l mt loi hnh qun l kinh t-x hi gn lin vi yu t con ngi, ng vai tr quyt nh n s thnh cng ca hot ng a ngi lao ng ra nc ngoi lm vic. C th hiu Qun l l s tc ng c k hoch, sp xp t chc,ch huy, iu khin, hng dn, kim tra ca ch th qun l (c nhn hay t chc) i vi cc qu trnh x hi v hot ng ca con ngi, chng pht trin ph hp vi quy lut, t ti mc ch ra ca t chc v ng ch ca nh qun l, vi chi ph thp nht [42, tr.341]. Cc ch th, i tng ca qun l pht trin XKL bao gm: - Ngi lao ng lm vic nc ngoi: Bao gm tu nghip sinh, thc tp sinh, chuyn gia v ngi lao ng gi chung l lao ng xut khu, l cng dn ca nc xut c, c iu kin tham gia vo cc chng trnh XKL theo quy nh ca nc xut khu v nc nhp khu lao ng v c t chc xut khu lao ng tuyn chn. Ngi lao ng c cc quyn li v ngha v nh c tha thun trong hp ng lao ng vi ch s dng lao ng hoc t chc xut khu lao ng, ngi lao ng phi tun th php lut ca nc xut khu v nc nhp khu lao ng. Ngi lao ng l i tng qun l trong xut khu lao ng, chu s qun l ca t chc xut khu lao ng, ch s dng lao ng khi lm vic nc ngoi v c bo h quyn li hp php bi c quan QLNN nc xut c, nhp c v cc t chc phi chnh ph, t chc quc t c lin quan n xut khu lao ng.

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- T chc xut khu lao ng: Bao gm cc doanh nghip dch v xut khu lao ng, cc t chc nghip on, cc t chc chnh ph hoc phi chnh ph, cc t chc s nghip, cc doanh nghip trng thu, nhn thu, cc t chc, c nhn u t ra nc ngoi, cc nh mi gii, cc i l c cp php xut khu lao ng. T chc XKL va l ch th trong qun l lao ng xut khu ng thi l i tng ca qun l nh nc v XKL. T chc XKL thc hin qun l XKL trong phm vi quyn hn ca mnh trn c s tun th lut php nc xut c v nhp c. - Ngi s dng lao ng: L cc c nhn hoc t chc thu mn ngi lao ng nc ngoi theo hp ng L c k vi ngi L hoc vi t chc XKL, hoc cc DN trng thu, nhn thu nc ngoi hoc cc t chc, c nhn u t ra nc ngoi c s dng L nhp khu. Cc chnh ph, cc t chc, c quan nh nc cng u c th l nhng ngi s dng lao ng. Ngi s dng lao ng trc tip qun l v s dng lao ng theo hp ng k vi ngi lao ng. - Cc t chc gii thiu vic lm, cung ng lao ng xut khu: L cc t chc trung gian khng thc hin chc nng xut khu lao ng, hot ng theo lut php ca nc xut c, c quan h v di s y quyn ca t chc xut khu lao ng tin hnh cc hot ng h tr, tuyn truyn, tm kim, o to, to ngun lao ng xut khu. Vic tuyn dng lao ng xut khu c cc t chc XKL thc hin trc tip v chu trch nhim trc tip khi ngi L ra nc ngoi lm vic. - Ngi mi gii nc ngoi: L cc DN, cc t chc dch v vic lm, cc cng ty thu cng (outssourcing), cc c nhn lm dch v mi gii vic lm v thu khon lao ng. Ngi mi gii thng thng tho th trng, th tc, c kinh nghim v trnh nghip v cao. Chnh v vy, ngi s dng lao ng thng thng qua ngi mi gii nhp khu L khi c nhu cu cn t chc XKL thng qua ngi mi gii c nhng n hng vi cc iu kin ph hp vi trnh L ca mnh. - Nh nc: Bao gm nc xut c v nhp c, l ch th, ng vai tr B trong hot ng qun l XKL, thc hin quyn qun l nh nc i vi hot ng XKL thng qua ng li, ch trng, chnh sch v php lut

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ph hp vi iu kin v mc tiu pht trin KT-XH ca nc xut c hoc nhp c ng thi bo v quyn li chnh ng ca ngi L, DN v ton x hi. Qun l trong pht trin XKL bao gm qun l nh nc v xut khu lao ng, qun tr XKL ca cc doanh nghip v t chc XKL v qun l ngi lao ng lm vic nc ngoi hay cn gi l qun l lao ng xut khu. 1.2.3.1. Qun l nh nc v xut khu lao ng Hot ng qun l ca nh nc trong xut khu lao ng c gi l qun l nh nc v xut khu lao ng, L ton th quan im, t tng, mc tiu, cch thc, cc gii php nhm t chc b my, thc hin hot ng qun l nh nc v lao ng, vic lm, pht trin ngun nhn lc trong xut khu lao ng, gm xy dng chin lc, ban hnh php lut, chnh sch, kim tra, thanh tra nh nc trong xut khu lao ng thc hin chc nng, nhim v, quyn hn trong vic t chc v iu hnh hot ng xut khu lao ng theo php lut[39, tr. 24]. Xut khu lao ng l loi hng ha t c bit c chi phi ca cc qui lut kinh t th trng, nhng hot ng ny cng khng th tha ni cho th trng t n quyt nh m phi c s qun l ca nh nc cng vi s h tr t nhiu pha ca x hi cho xut khu lao ng c hiu qu v phc v mc ch pht trin kinh t-x hi t nc. Nh nc vi vai tr v chc nng ca mnh trong nn kinh t thc hin vic qun l xut khu lao ng thng qua cc ni dung c bn sau: Nh nc thit k, xy dng b my qun l nh nc v xut khu lao ng, c quan quyn lc nh nc cao nht trong qun l nh nc v xut khu lao ng l Quc hi; Chnh ph l c quan hnh php nh nc cao nht, thc hin thng nht qun l nh nc v xut khu lao ng trong phm vi c nc; Cc c quan bo v php lut gm Vin Kim st v Ta n. Thay mt Chnh ph thc hin chc nng qun l nh nc v xut khu lao ng l B Lao ng trn c s phi hp vi cc B, ngnh lin quan (B Ngoi giao, B Ti chnh, B Cng an, B Y t, Ngn hng nh nc); Gip vic cho B Lao ng l Cc qun l Lao ng xut

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c, Vit Nam l Cc Qun l Lao ng Ngoi nc thuc B L, TB v XH. Chnh quyn cp a phng thc hin qun l nh nc v xut khu lao ng trong phm vi a phng ca mnh. Ngoi ra cn mng li cc C quan i din ngoi giao ti nc ngoi vi Ban qun l lao ng trc thuc. Nh nc to lp h thng php lut, chnh sch, ch cho xut khu lao ng, thng qua xy dng chin lc pht trin XKL, chin lc pht trin th trng, to ngun lao ng, i ng doanh nghip, chnh sch ti chnh, chnh sch h tr doanh nghip v ngi lao ng tham gia XKL. cng vi vic ban hnh cc b lut, vn bn di lut, cc quy phm, quy nh lin quan n XKL, Nh nc thng nht qun l XKL v to s thng thong cho cc doanh nghip v ngi lao ng pht huy ti a kh nng ca mnh khi tham gia chng trnh XKL quc gia. Thc hin ch ti chnh v XKL thng nht i vi ngi lao ng v doanh nghip XKL, Nh nc qun l thng qua cc ngha v ti chnh nh tin t cc, tin dch v, tin mi gii, cc loi l ph, hc ph o to gio dc nh hng, tin bo him x hi, ph qun l cho nh nc, ph khm sc khenhm bo v mt cch hp php, hi ho cc li ch gia cc bn tham gia trong XKL. Thc hin vic cp, nh ch v thu hi giy php xut khu lao ng, XKL l loi hnh hot ng c th, cc t chc c thnh lp theo php lut mun thc hin dch v xut khu lao ng phi c thm cc iu kin c quy nh bi php lut, Nh nc quy nh iu kin, trnh t, th tc, h s xin giy php XKL, thc hin vic cp, gia hn giy php XKL, ng thi kim tra, ra quyt nh chm dt hiu lc, thu hi giy php XKL ca cc doanh nghip hot ng khng c hiu qu hoc ht hn hot ng hoc vi phm php lut. Qun l thng nht mi hot ng xut khu lao ng ca cc t chc, c nhn tham gia xut khu lao ng, mi hot ng ca cc t chc, c nhn tham gia XKL u phi c thc hin theo ng quy nh ca php lut. Nh nc gim st mi hot ng sn xut, kinh doanh ca cc t chc, c nhn tham gia XKL, t khu tm kim th trng; k kt hp ng cung ng lao ng; thng tin, tuyn truyn;

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tuyn chn lao ng; o to ngh, dy ngoi ng, gio dc nh hng; thu cc loi ph v lm th tc xut cnh lao ng; qun l lao ng nc ngoi; h tr v thanh l hp ng cho ngi lao ng khi v nc. Tin hnh kim tra, thanh tra hot ng xut khu lao ng, y l hot ng thng xuyn ca cc c quan qun l nh nc v xut khu lao ng nhm pht hin, ngn chn kp thi cc tiu cc pht sinh lm nh hng n li ch ca cc bn tham gia. Kim tra, thanh tra l hot ng quan trng, tt yu song hnh vi cc chc nng, nhim v ca qun l nh nc v xut khu lao ng i vi i tng b qun l l cc t chc xut khu lao ng; Ngi lao ng i lm vic nc ngoi; n v, t chc gii thiu vic lm v cung ng lao lao ng xut khu; Ngi s dng lao ng, cc t chc v c nhn khc tham gia trong chng trnh xut khu lao ng. 1.2.3.2. Qun tr pht trin xut khu lao ng ti cc doanh nghip Qun tr XKL l hot ng chnh ca cc t chc XKL theo chc nng v nhim v c ghi trong giy php XKL, l hot ng sn xut kinh doanh ca DN hng ti li nhun v hiu qu trong khun kh cho php ca php lut.
K hoch pht trin XKL Ch ti chnh trong XKL

Tm kim, k kt v thm nh hp ng

To ngun v tuyn chn lao ng XK

Dy ngh, ngoi ng v gio dc nh hng

Qun l lao ng lm vic NN

Thanh l hp ng vi ngi lao ng

Cng tc thng tin, tuyn tuyn v xut khu lao ng S 1.2: Quy trnh qun tr pht trin xut khu lao ng ti doanh nghip Trn c s chin lc pht trin XKL, cc t chc ra k hoch di hn v ngn hn v thc hin quy trnh qun tr hiu qu hot ng XKL.

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- Tm kim, k kt v thm nh hp ng cung ng lao ng, l hot ng pht trin th trng XKL ca DN, l khu u tin ng thi cng l khu quan trng nht trong quy trnh qun tr XKL ti cc t chc XKL. pht trin th trng XKL bn vng cn c nhng buc i thch hp trn c s ngun L xut khu, iu kin c th ca th trng tip nhn v nng lc cnh tranh, kh nng tip cn th trng ca cc DN XKL.

Chin luc pht trin th trng XKL

Ngun lao ng xut khu

iu kin th trng tip nhn

Nng lc cnh tranh ca DN

Phn tn th trng XKL

Tp trung th trng XKL

S 1.3: Chin lc pht trin th trng xut khu lao ng Hin nay c 2 chin lc pht trin th trng XKL l: chin lc phn tn th trng v chin luc tp trung th trng. Phn tn th trng l chin lc pht trin th trng theo b rng, nhm a c lao ng i cng nhiu th trng cng tt cn tp trung th trng l chin lc pht trin th trng theo b su, nhm tp trung a L n mt s th trng nht nh. La chn chin lc no cc DN cn phi xem xt n cc yu t sau: + Ngun lao ng xut khu: c phn nh thng qua s lng v cht lng lao ng sn sng tham gia xut khu lao ng. Nu lao ng ph thng, lao ng tay ngh thp vi s lng ln th chn chin lc phn tn th trng, nu lao ng tay ngh cao, chuyn gia vi s lng khng nhiu th chn chin lc tp trung th trng.

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+ iu kin th trng tip nhn: Gm cc c im phn nh tin nng th trng (nhu cu lao ng, thu nhp, iu kin sng, quy m, chnh sch tip nhn lao ng ). Nu tim nng th trng tip nhn nh th nn chn chin lc phn tn th trng, nu tim nng th trng tip nhn ln th chn chin lc tp trung th trng. + Nng lc cnh tranh ca DN XKL: L kh nng tip cn, xm nhp v gi vng th trng. Nu nng lc cnh tranh mnh, c kh nng cng mt lc tip cn v xm nhp nhiu th trng th chn chin lc phn tn th trng, nu nng lc cnh tranh yu th chn chin lc tp trung th trng. Chn chin lc no l ph thuc vo nng lc v trnh qun l ca lnh o v iu kin ca tng DN XKL, mi DN c th p dng tng chin luc hoc kt hp cc chin lc pht trin th trng XKL vi nhau. DN cn xy dng cc pht trin cho tng th trng XKL ca ring mnh. Thng thng cc doanh nghip thng qua cc quan h tip cn n cc nghip on, cc hip hi s dng lao ng nc ngoi, cc cng ty mi gii hoc ch s dng lao ng nc ngoi nhm tm kim cc hp ng cung ng lao ng. Tuy vy, hin nay rt t doanh nghip XKL k c hp ng trc tip vi ch s dng lao ng, m phn ln phi qua cc cng ty hoc c nhn mi gii. iu ny lm cho ri ro trong XKL tng cao, doanh nghip va phi tm hiu v mi gii, ng thi va phi tm hiu k cc iu khon hp ng, kh nng ti chnh, kh nng sn xut kinh doanh, phng hng pht trin, nhu cu s dng lao ng, iu kin n , i li ca ngi lao ng, quan h ch th, thc chp hnh php lut ca ch s dng lao ng . y l nhng cng vic v cng kh khn i vi DN XKL va v nh hoc mi tham gia th trng. - To ngun v tuyn chn lao ng xut khu, DN phi thng bo cng khai cc ch tiu, iu kin tuyn chn, quyn li v ngha v ngi d tuyn ngi L nm bt c cc thng tin chnh xc v chng trnh XKL, vic tuyn chn c th thc hin qua nhiu bc v bng nhiu cch nhng phi m

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bo tuyn c ng ngi, ng i tng p ng nhu cu ca th trng L nc ngoi, kt qu tuyn chn phi c cng b kp thi v cng khai n ngi trng tuyn. Vic to ngun c th thc hin trc tip ti DN hoc c s lin kt vi cc t chc, c nhn trung gian theo quy nh ca php lut, tuy vy vic phng vn ngi L phi c tin hnh trc tip bi DN XKL. - Dy ngh, ngoi ng v gio dc nh hng l cng vic bt buc i vi lao ng trng tuyn. Theo nhu cu ca ch s dng nc ngoi ty kh nng ca ngi lao ng m tin hnh o to hoc ti o to ngh, dy hoc b tc ngoi ng v gio dc nh hng cho ngi L trc khi i lm vic nc ngoi nhm nng cao cht lng ngun lao ng xut khu. Trong qu trnh o to v ging dy ng thi tin hnh theo di, sng lc i vi cc L km v nng lc, v t chc k lut, khng t cc iu kin theo yu cu ca n hng m bo nhng ngi i lm vic nc ngoi l nhng L t cht lng, p ng nhu cu i hi ca ch s dng L. Cui tng kha hc tin hnh thi v cp bng hoc chng ch ca doanh nghip hoc quc gia cho ngi L. - Qun l lao ng lm vic nc ngoi l cng vic phc tp nhng bt buc i vi cc DN XKL theo qui nh ca php lut. Ty hnh thc XKL m cc DN XKL c cch t chc qun l L khc nhau trn c s m bo quyn li hp php cho ngi L khi sng v lm vic nc ngoi. - Thanh l hp ng vi ngi lao ng l khu cui cng trong qu trnh qun tr XKL ca DN. Khi L v nc vi bt c l do g DN XKL phi tin hnh thanh l hp ng k vi ngi L trc khi i lm vic nc ngoi, vic thanh l phi tin hnh theo quy nh ca php lut m bo cng khai, cng bng v minh bch, trong trng hp c th cn c cc gii php h tr cho ngi L ti ha nhp cng ng trnh tnh trng ti ngho, ti tht nghip i vi L v nc trc hn hoc L v nc t th trng thu nhp thp. - Cng tc thng tin, tuyn truyn v XKL c thc hin xuyn sut qu trnh qun tr XKL, y l cng vic phi c cc DN lm thng xuyn,

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su rng, khoa hc nhm a thng tin v mi kha cnh lin quan n XKL n c ngi L. Cc thng tin phi chnh xc, d hiu, y , kp thi nht l nhng thng tin c lin quan trc tip n quyn li v ngha v ca ngi L khi tham gia chng trnh XKL ca DN. Cch thng tin, tuyn truyn c lm theo nhiu knh khc nhau, trc tip hoc gin tip, li ni hay hnh nh, chnh thc hoc khng chnh thc ngi L d nm bt v tip th tt nht. 1.2.3.3. Qun l ngi lao ng lm vic nc ngoi Hot ng qun l ngi L lm vic nc ngoi hay cn gi l qun l L xut khu ng vai tr quan trng trong s thnh cng chng trnh XKL ca mi quc gia. Qun l L xut khu khng phi l hot ng ring bit v ch thc hin khi ngi lao ng ra nc ngoi lm vic m hiu qu ca n ph thuc vo ton b qu trnh qun l ca cc bn tham gia xut khu lao ng.

S 1.4: M hnh qun l lao ng lm vic nc ngoi Trong m hnh qun l trn, ngi lao ng lm vic nc ngoi l i tng b qun l v l trung tm ca qu trnh qun l lao ng xut khu. Ngi L

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phi t qun l v chu trch nhim v hnh vi ca mnh khi lm vic nc ngoi, ch ng tm hiu v chnh sch, php lut, phong tc tp qun nc tip nhn, quyn v ngha v ca bn khi i lm vic nc ngoi. T bo v mnh trong qu trnh lm vic v sinh sng nc ngoi trn c s tun thu lut php nc tip nhn v thc hin nghim tc hp ng k vi ch s dng lao ng. Khi c tranh chp mt mt gii quyt trn c s ni quy, quy nh ca ni lm vic, cc hp ng k, php lut ca nc s ti ng thi kp thi thng bo cho i din t chc XKL, mi gii XKL, hoc c quan i din ngoi giao trong trng hp vt qu kh nng gii quyt ca bn thn. Ngi lao ng phi chu hon ton trch nhim i vi nhng thit hi do vi phm hp ng, vi phm php lut nc s ti v nc xut c. Vic qun l v h tr ngi lao ng lm vic nc ngoi trc ht thuc trch nhim ca t chc xut khu lao ng, bao gm: Cung cp cho ngi lao ng a ch, s in thoi ca c quan i din ngoi giao, vn phng i din ca t chc xut khu lao ng, mi gii v ch s dng lao ng nc tip nhn. Phi hp vi i tc nc ngoi tip nhn ngi lao ng, hng dn v gip ngi lao ng nhanh chng ha nhp vi iu kin sng v lm vic mi. Thng bo ngay danh sch lao ng xut cnh cho i din ngoi giao nc mnh nc tip nhn. Phi c cn b qun l n nhng th trng c th, th trng c nhiu lao ng nhm t chc qun l, h tr, bo v quyn li hp php ca ngi lao ng lm vic nc ngoi, phi hp vi i tc nc ngoi gii quyt kp thi cc pht sinh vt qu kh nng ca ngi lao ng. Bo co v phi hp vi c quan i din ngoi giao nc tip nhn bo v quyn, li ch hp php ca ngi lao ng khi vt qu kh nng ca mnh. Trong trng hp ngi lao ng b trn phi hp vi i tc nc ngoi, gia nh v ngi bo lnh vn ng thuyt phc ngi lao ng tr li ni lm vic theo hp ng, nu ngi lao ng khng thc hin th bo ngay vi C quan i din ngoi giao nc s ti x l theo quy nh ca php lut. Trch nhim ca ngi ch s dng lao ng l phi hp vi t chc XKL tin hnh tuyn dng lao ng v lm th tc nhp cnh, n tip v trc tip qun l v s dng lao ng theo hp ng k vi ngi lao ng, gii quyt cc pht sinh

38

lin quan n ngi lao ng theo ni quy, quy nh ti ni sng v lm vic trn c s cc tha thun, hp ng k gia cc bn, php lut nc tip nhn, iu c, cng c quc t nc a i v nc tip nhn ngi lao ng l thnh vin, tha thun, hip nh c k gia chnh ph hai bn. Ngi mi gii nc ngoi v cng ty thu cng c trch nhim cng vi ch s dng lao ng ng tip v lm th tc nhp cnh cho ngi lao ng, h tr ngi lao ng n nh, ha nhp nhanh vi mi trng sng v lm vic mi, m bo quyn li hp php ca ngi lao ng, cng ch s dng lao ng v t chc XKL tin hnh qun l, h tr v gii quyt kp thi cc tranh chp php sinh lin quan n ngi L trn c s php lut nc s ti v cc c s php l lin quan. Chnh ph cc nc xut c v nhp c qun l lao ng xut khu theo php lut ca mnh, hip nh hp tc lao ng gia cc nc v theo cc cng c, iu c lin quan n vic lm v lao ng m cc nc tham gia. 1.2.3.4. Hp ng trong xut khu lao ng Qun l pht trin xut khu lao ng c thc hin thng qua quan h lao ng, l Quan h gia con ngi vi con ngi trong lao ng nhm to ra nhng gi tr vt cht, tinh thn phc v chnh bn thn v x hi[15]. Quan h lao ng trong xut khu lao ng l giao kt v ni dung, hnh thc, thi hn hp ng lao ng. l quan h pht sinh gia ngi lao ng, ngi s dng lao ng, t chc xut khu lao ng, cc t chc mi gii trong qu trnh xut khu lao ng, y l quan h lao ng phc tp c yu t nc ngoi ph hp vi cng c, iu c quc t, lut php ca nc a v tip nhn ngi lao ng cng nh cc tha thun, cc hip nh m chnh ph cc nc k vi nhau. B hp ng trong XKL gm c hp ng cung ng lao ng, hp ng a ngi lao ng i lm vic nc ngoi, hp ng lao ng. Hp ng cung ng lao ng: L s tha thun bng vn bn gia t chc xut khu lao ng v t chc nc ngoi (ngi mi gii hoc ngi s dng ) v iu kin, ngha v ca cc bn khi tham gia xut khu lao ng. Hp ng cung ng

39

lao ng phi ph hp vi php lut Vit Nam v php lut nc tip nhn lao ng v phi cha ng cc ni dung c bn c quy nh ca C quan nh nc qun l xut khu lao ng. Hp ng a ngi lao ng i lm vic nc ngoi: L s tha thun bng vn bn gia t chc xut khu lao ng v ngi lao ng v quyn v ngha v ca cc bn khi tham gia xut khu lao ng. Hp ng a ngi lao ng i lm vic nc ngoi c ni dung c th, ph hp vi ni dung ca hp ng cung ng lao ng, cc ni dung v tin mi gii, tin dch v, tin k qy ca ngi lao ng phi c ghi trong hp ng ny. Hp ng lao ng: L s tha thun bng vn bn gia ngi lao ng v ngi s dng lao ng v vic lm c tr cng, iu kin lao ng, quyn v ngha v mi bn trong quan h lao ng [15]. Hp ng lao ng l cn c php l ch yu, lm pht sinh, thay i v chm dt quan h php lut lao ng. Ni dung ca hp ng lao ng lin quan n hu ht cc ch nh ca Lut Lao ng, Lut XKL v l c s php l quan trng gii quyt tranh chp lao ng. Hp ng lao ng l mt trong nhng ch nh ch yu, quan trng v in hnh nht ca php lut L trong iu kin kinh t th trng. Hp ng c nhn: L s tha thun trc tip bng vn bn gia ngi lao ng vi t chc nc ngoi v vic ngi lao ng i lm vic nc ngoi. D hp ng c k theo hnh thc no cng phi ph hp vi php lut ca nc xut c v nc tip nhn lao ng, cha ng v thng nht vi nhau v cc iu kin v tin lng, thu nhp, thi gian lm vic, thi gian ngh ngi, thi gian lm thm gi, iu kin n, , lm vic, i li, bo him y t, bo him x hi, chi ph i t nc xut khu n ni lm vic, trch nhim v quyn hn ca cc bn tham gia, cch gii quyt khi c tranh chp lao ng xy ra. Hp ng trong XKL l c s php l c bn m bo quyn v ngha v hp php cc bn tham gia, bo h php l cho ngi L ph hp vi php lut nc xut c v nc nhp c cng nh iu c, cng c quc t m cc nc tham gia.

40

1.2.4. Cc yu t tc ng n pht trin xut khu lao ng Trong nn kinh t th trng c nhiu yu t tc ng n s pht trin XKL, cc yu t ny khng ch xut pht t nc xut khu m c nc nhp khu L, khng ch mang tnh khch quan m c tnh ch quan. Cn c vo tnh cht th trng cc yu t tc ng n pht trin XKL c chia theo cc nhm sau: Nhm cc yu t v pha cu trong XKL; Nhm cc yu t v pha cung trong XKL; Nhm cc yu t v ti chnh v hiu qu kinh t ca ngi L khi i XKL; Nhm cc yu t v c ch t chc v qun l XKL. 1.2.4.1. Nhm cc yu t v cu trong xut khu lao ng Cu trong XKL chnh l u ra, l th trng ca XKL, c hnh thnh trn c s cu L cha c thc hin v cu L tim nng ca th trng L nc tip nhn. Cu trong XKL ca mt nc ph thuc vo nhu cu tip nhn L ca th trng XKL, thu nhp, iu kin sng v lm vic ca ngi L lm vic nc ngoi v chnh sch nhp khu L ca nc tip nhn L. - Nhu cu tip nhn lao ng nc ngoi ca th trng xut khu lao ng l mt phn cu lao ng cha c cung lao ng tha mn v cu lao ng tim nng ca th trng lao ng nc tip nhn. Cu lao ng cng ln trong khi kh nng cung lao ng ca th trng lao ng trong nc khng p ng c buc cc ch s dng lao ng phi hng ra nc ngoi tm kim cc ngun lao ng mi p ng nhu cu lao ng ca mnh. Nhu cu lao ng ny c th hin theo c cu ngnh ngh, gii tnh, khu vc a l, cht lng v s lng lao ng. Nhu cu lao ng khng th tch ri khi chu k pht trin kinh t v b tc ng bi iu kin kinh t v trnh cng ngh ca nc tip nhn. Tng trng hay suy thoi, khng hong hay hi phc u tc ng n nhu cu lao ng. Nhu cu tip nhn lao ng ca th trng nc ngoi l yu t c bn to nn cu trong xut khu lao ng. - Thu nhp, iu kin sng v lm vic ca ngi lao ng nc ngoi l gi c sc lao ng nhp khu, l khon chi ph m ngi ch s dng

41

L v x hi nc tip nhn lao ng tr cho ngi lao ng nc ngoi khi n lm vic. Cng vic nh nhau ng vi mc thu nhp khc nhau s to ra mc cu lao ng khc nhau, thu nhp cng gim cu L cng tng v ngc li. Ngi L khi tham gia XKL tc l chp nhn sng xa gia nh v t quc, h cn mt mi trng an ninh trt t, mt iu kin sng v lm vic tt m bo cng vic v i sng ca mnh. Cng cng vic nu thu nhp cng cao, iu kin sng v lm vic cng tt s l c hi tt tm kim lao ng c cht lng t nc ngoi nhm p ng nhu cu lao ng trong nc. Ngi lao ng khi tham gia XKL s chn nhng ni c thu nhp cao, iu kin sng v lm vic tt. - Chnh sch tip nhn lao ng ca nc nhp khu lao ng quyt nh n hng nhp khu L t th trng L c th. Chnh ph nc tip nhn cn c vo tnh hnh c th ca th trng L, iu kin kinh t, ngn ng, cht lng L a ra cc chnh sch nhp khu L c th cho tng nc XKL. Mc quan h ngoi giao v tng ng vn ha gia nc xut khu v nc nhp khu L nhm to cho ngi L s an tm v ha ng khi i lm vic nc ngoi v ngn chn s lai cng vn ha t nc ngoi, chnh sch nhp khu L ca quc gia tip nhn lun hm cha s bo tn v gn gi bn sc vn ha dn tc. V vy, nc tip nhn L lun c ch trng u i i vi L n t cc quc gia c quan h ngoi giao tt v nn vn ha tng ng trnh tnh trng xung t v vn ha c th dn n nhng phc tp trong x hi. Vi nhng cng vic nht nh nc nhp khu c th cho php lao ng lm vic, hn ch lao ng nc khc hoc thng qua hnh thc hn ngch, giy php, cc hng ro k thut trong nhp khu lao ng phn bit i x vi cc nc xut khu lao ng khc nhau, nh hng trc tip n cu trong xut khu lao ng ca tng nc. 1.2.4.2. Nhm cc yu t v cung trong xut khu lao ng Ngy nay, mt s nc ang pht trin c dn s v lao ng tng nhanh, t l tht nghip cao, thu nhp thp, rt cn a lao ng ra nc ngoi lm vic.

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y l ngun cung lao ng di do p ng nhu cu ca th trng lao ng quc t. Cung trong xut khu lao ng ph thuc vo s lng v cht lng lao ng sn sng tham gia XKL v chnh sch xut khu lao ng ca tng nc. - S lng lao ng sn sng tham gia xut khu lao ng ph thuc vo cung lao ng ca th trng lao ng ni a, t l tht nghip, s lao ng nhn ri nng thn, c cu v phn b lao ng, cch thc chun b ngun nhn lc tham gia XKL. ngi lao ng c th tham gia XKL cn cung cp y cc thng tin lin quan vic lm ngoi nc ngi lao ng c iu kin chn la v to mt c ch ch ng to ngun lao ng xut khu iu kin sn sng p ng nhu cu th trng lao ng quc t. S lng lao ng sn sng tham gia XKL mi ch phn nh mt lng ca cung trong XKL, iu quan trng l cht lng ngun lao ng ny nh th no, kh nng p ng nhu cu i hi ca th trng lao ng ngoi nc n u. - Cht lng lao ng tham gia xut khu lao ng quyt nh n cung trong XKL, cht lng lao ng tc l th lc, tm lc, tay ngh, ngoi ng, thc k lut, tc phong cng nghip ca ngi lao ng. Cht lng lao ng cng cao, lm tng kh nng cnh tranh ca lao ng trn th trng lao ng quc t, to nn nhiu c hi ngi lao ng tham gia xut khu lao ng. Cc nc nhp khu lao ng hin nay ang i mi u t v hin i ha cng ngh sn xut, c nhu cu tip nhn lao ng nc ngoi c trnh chuyn mn, k thut cao, tng dn t trng lao ng lnh ngh, chuyn gia. Chnh v vy, cht lng ngun lao ng l yu t quan trng, nh hng trc tip n s lng v thu nhp cng nh chi ph ca lao ng khi i lm vic nc ngoi. - Chnh sch xut khu lao ng l chnh sch ca nc xut c nhm pht trin XKL bn vng trong tng hon cnh v iu kin pht trin kinh t ca nc mnh. Chnh sch XKL ng vai tr ht sc quan trng, to nn cung trong XKL. Cn c vo nhu cu lao ng trong nc, kh nng p ng ca th trng ni a, ngnh ngh, cng vic, thu nhp, hnh thc XKL, mc quan h

43

ngoi giao vi nc tip nhn, kh nng qun l v m bo quyn li cho ngi lao ng xut khu. Nc xut c a ra chnh sch XKL ph hp vi mc tiu pht trin kinh t-x hi ca mnh v nhu cu L ca nc tip nhn. T cc ch trng, chnh sch ng n, trn c s cu trong XKL Chnh ph s c cc gii php y mnh v pht trin cung lao ng gii quyt nhu cu vic lm trong nc v p ng nhu cu L ca th trng nc ngoi. y l yu t phn nh s can thip ca chnh ph cc nc xut c thng qua vic cho php, qun l, h tr hot ng xut khu lao ng. 1.2.4.3. Nhm cc yu t v ti chnh v hiu qu kinh t ca XKL Vn ti chnh v hiu qu kinh t ca XKL quyt nh n vic i lm nc ngoi ca ngi L, H ch tham gia XKL khi thy c s m bo v cuc sng v hiu qu hn so vi lm vic trong nc. Nhm cc yu t bao gm: chnh lch thu nhp ca ngi lao ng, thi gian lm vic nc ngoi, chi ph b ra trc khi i xut cnh, kh nng ti chnh ca ngi lao ng. - Chnh lch gia thu nhp ca ngi lao ng ti nc xut khu lao ng v nc nhp khu lao ng phn nh kh nng sinh li nu ngi lao ng ra nc ngoi lm vic, ph thuc vo thu nhp khi i lm vic nc ngoi v thu nhp khi ngi lao ng lm vic trong nc. Nu cng cng vic, iu kin vic lm, mc i hi tay ngh nh nhu m mc chnh lch thu nhp gia nc ngoi v trong nc cng ln cng hp dn ngi lao ng,cng tng hiu qu kinh t ca XKL, lm tng lng cung trong XKL. - Thi gian lm vic ca ngi lao ng nc ngoi c tnh t khi ngi L xut cnh cho n khi hon thnh hp ng v nc k c thi gian gia hn hp ng, n bao gm thi gian thc s lm vic v thi gian ngh ngi ti to sc L. Ngi L khi ra nc ngoi lm vic bao gi cng mong mun c lm nhiu k c lm thm gi c thu nhp cao. Tuy vy thi gian lm vic hng ngy v thi gian lm thm gi thng thng c quy nh trong hp ng v tun theo php lut ca nc tip nhn. Chnh v vy, yu t thi gian lm vic

44

cng l vn m ngi L xem xt khi i XKL v n nh hng trc tip n hiu qu kinh t ca ngi L ni ring v hot ng XKL ni chung. - Tng chi ph ngi lao ng phi ng khi i xut khu lao ng bao gm cc loi ph m ngi L phi tr trc v trong qu trnh tham gia XKL nh: ph mi gii, ph qun l, v tu xe, ph th tc, ph bo him l yu t rt quan trng nh hng n hiu qu kinh t v kh nng i lm vic nc ngoi ca ngi L, mc chi ph cng cao cng hn ch kh nng tham gia XKL ca ngi L, lm gim hiu qu kinh t v km hm s pht trin ca XKL. V vy, cc DN XKL cn p dng cc bin php gim chi ph hoc gin thi gian ng ph cho ngi L h c iu kin tham gia chng trnh XKL. - Kh nng ti chnh ca ngi lao ng trc khi tham gia xut khu lao ng s a n quyt nh ngi lao ng c iu kin i lm vic nc ngoi c hay khng v cng trn c s ngi lao ng s tnh ton tnh hiu qu ca vic i lm vic nc ngoi quyt nh vic tham gia chng trnh XKL. Trong trng hp vic lm hp l, thu nhp tt, hiu qu cao nhng do ngi lao ng khng kh nng ti chnh th s c c s h tr ca gia nh v ngi thn hoc s c cc t chc tn dng cho vay theo quy nh ca chnh sch nh nc v h tr ngi lao ng i lm vic nc ngoi. 1.2.4.4. Nhm cc yu t v c ch t chc, qun l xut khu lao ng y l nhm yu t c th gn lin vi hot ng XKL, l c tnh ca di chuyn lao ng quc t hin i. Mun pht trin XKL, cung v cu L gp c nhau, i hi phi c ch th v c ch hot ng trong XKL. chnh l cc bn tham gia XKL nh DN, nh mi gii, ch s dng L, cc t chc h tr ngi L, Nh nc, cng vi h thng c ch, chnh sch, php lut, quan h L trong XKL. - S lng doanh nghip v t chc xut khu lao ng bao gm cc doanh nghip dch v XKL, cc t chc nghip on, cc t chc chnh ph hoc phi chnh ph, cc t chc s nghip, cc doanh nghip trng thu, nhn thu, cc t

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chc, c nhn u t ra nc ngoi, cc i l c cp php XKL. y l cc u mi kt ni th trng lao ng trong nc vi th trng lao ng nc ngoi. S lng DN XKL cng ln cng c nhiu u mi ngi L c c hi la chn, tuy vy s lng DN XKL cha phn nh ht kh nng ni kt th trng trong nc v nc ngoi, m mu cht nng lc cnh tranh quc t ca cc DN XKL. - Nng lc ca doanh nghip v t chc xut khu lao ng l yu t quan trng tc ng n s pht trin ca xut khu lao ng. Trong iu kin ngy nay khi m trn th trng XKL ang c tnh trng tha cung v thiu cu L lm cho s cnh tranh gay gt khng ch trong lnh vc lao ng gin n m ngay c lao ng cht lng cao, cnh tranh xy ra khng ch gia cc quc gia xut khu lao ng m ngay c trong mi quc gia gia cc t chc xut khu lao ng v gia ngi lao ng vi nhau. Ngy cng c nhiu DN, nhiu nc tham gia vo lnh vc xut khu lao ng. Cc nc xut khu lao ng ch yu l cc nc ang pht trin, d tha L, nht l L ph thng hoc L c tay ngh thp, v vy u c c cu v cht lng L tng ng, trong khi kh nng tip nhn L ca cc nc nhp khu c hn, mt khc hin nay cc nc tip nhn ang c xu hng hn ch tip nhn L ph thng, L tay ngh thp v khuyn khch tip nhn L c k nng cao, thch ng vi cng ngh mi. kh nng cnh tranh ca DN XKL cng cao th hiu qu hot ng trn th trng L quc t cng cao, cng c nhiu c hi nhn c cc n hng tt vi chi ph hp l, cng tc ng mnh n s pht trin xut khu lao ng. - C ch t chc, qun l v iu hnh xut khu lao ng c xy dng da trn ch trng, ng li, chnh sch, php lut ca nc a i v nc tip nhn lao ng. C ch XKL chu tc ng mnh m ca mi trng chnh tr v php lut ca cc nc xut, nhp khu lao ng v lut php quc t. XKL khng cn l vic ca mt c nhn, m lin quan n nhiu ngi, nhiu t chc cung ng lao ng, n cc nc xut khu lao ng, nc nhp khu lao ng, cc t chc quc t nh IOM, ILO v WTO V vy, xut khu lao ng ngoi vic phi tun th php lut, nhng quy nh, nhng chnh sch, nhng

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hnh thc, quy lut ca qun l kinh t ca c nc xut khu v nhp khu, cn phi tun th nhng quy nh trong cc hip nh, cc cng c, iu c, cc tha thun m cc nc tham gia v k kt. Mun c c ch XKL hp l pht huy li th ngun nhn lc t nc, to iu kin cho cc t chc XKL hot ng hiu qu, to c hi cho ngi L i lm vic nc ngoi trn c s php lut ca nc xut khu v nhp khu L, th bn thn cc chnh sch, php lut phi cng khai, minh bch v cng bng. S minh bch cng cao cng to nn s tin tng vo kh nng thc thi ca chnh sch v php lut, n c tc dng mnh n pht trin XKL, lm gim chi ph x hi v tng hiu qu kinh t x hi ca XKL. 1.2.5. Mt s m hnh c lin quan n pht trin xut khu lao ng Trn c s nghin cu cc hin tng di dn quc t cc nh khoa hc a ra mt s m hnh c lin quan n XKL m c th hn l lin quan n di chuyn lao ng quc t vi iu kin c th ca th trng lao ng quc t. 1.2.5.1. M hnh Lc y lc ht Ravenstien Ravenstien mt nh kinh t hc ngi Anh l ngi u tin a ra m hnh di chuyn lao ng quc t Lc y lc ht nm 1889 trong khi nghin cu v phn tch cc dng di c t Ailen qua Anh u th k th XIX [52, tr.8]. Khi phn tch cc yu t tc ng v thc y cc dng nng dn b tc ot ht rung t ti Ailen v phi di c sang Anh tm kim cc cng vic ti cc nh my, x nghip cng nghip, ng ch ra mc thu nhp ca cng nhn trong cc ngnh cng nghip ti Anh cao hn mc thu nhp ca nng dn ti Ailen, thu ht lng lao ng t Ailen sang Anh lm vic trong khng ring lao ng khng c rung t m c lao ng ang c vic lm ti Ailen cng tham gia vo lc lng di dn n Anh. Khi xem xt n cc yu t tc ng n vic di c ng khi qut cc yu t ti nc xut c (tht nghip, ngho i, thu nhp thp, iu kin sng v lm vic khng m bo, cuc sng bp bnh) gi l yu t lc y v cc yu t ti nc nhp c (c hi vic lm, thu nhp cao, iu

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kin sng v lm vic m bo, c iu kin thng tin) gi l yu t lc ht. T ng a ra l thuyt di chuyn lao ng quc t Lc ht lc y v cho rng chnh cc yu t lc ht l nguyn nhn quan trng quyt nh vic di c ca ngi lao ng t Ailen n Anh lm vic. iu ny n nay vn cn nguyn gi tr khi xem xt cc nguyn nhn ca xut khu lao ng trong iu kin hi nhp kinh t, khi m nhu cu tip nhn lao ng nc ngoi, thu nhp v iu kin sng v lm vic ca ngi lao ng nhp c l yu t lc ht, l iu kin quyt nh n vic xut c ca ngi lao ng. 1.2.5.2. M hnh chi ph Stouffer v Lowsy Nhm a ra phng php nh gi nguyn nhn v kt qu ca di chuyn L quc t, nh khoa hc Stouffer (1944) a ra m hnh chi ph hay cn gi l m hnh li ch sau hc tr ca ng l Iva S. Lowry (1966) khi qut ha v a ra hm th hin quan h gia s L di c t vng ny qua vng khc v cc bin tht nghip v vic lm, thu nhp, khong cch nh sau [66, tr.28]:

Mij
Trong : + Mij:

= K

Ui Uj

Wj Wi

Li . Lj Dij

(1.10)

S lng ngi di chuyn t i n j

+ Ui,Uj: T l tht nghip ti i v j + Wi,Wj: Thu nhp theo lng bnh qun ti i v j + Li, Lj: S lng lao ng phi nng nghip ti i v j + Dij: + K: + i, j: L khang cch t i n j L hng s L ni ngi lao ng xut c v nhp c

M hnh cho thy quy m di chuyn lao ng t vng ny n vng khc ph thuc vo nhiu yu t trong c c cu dn s, phn b dn c, tng trng dn s, t l tht nghip to nn sc p vic lm khc nhau gia cc vng l nguyn nhn u tin ca xut c, c th hin qua bin Ui, Uj, Li, Lj. Tip

48

theo l nguyn nhn kinh t do s chnh lch thu nhp ca ngi lao ng gia cc vng thng qua bin Wi, Wj v khong cch t ni xut c n ni nhp c cng tc ng n di c ca ngi lao ng c th hin bi bin Dij. Vic di chuyn lao ng ph thuc vo th trng lao ng nc xut c v nhp c, nhu cu lao ng nc nhp c cng ln, s d tha lao ng ti nc xut c cng cao, mc chnh lch thu nhp cng ln s thc y di chuyn lao ng gia cc nc.Tnh hiu qu ca di chuyn lao ng c th hin thng qua s lng lao ng xut c. M hnh chi ph Stouffer v Lowsy tuy a ra phng php lng ha s lng lao ng xut c ph thuc vo cc bin Ui, Uj, Wi, Wj, Li, Lj, Dij trong iu kin t do di c, tuy vy ngoi cc yu t trn xut khu lao ng ngy nay cn ph thuc vo nhiu yu t khc nh chnh sch xut c ca nc gi i, chnh sch nhp c ca nc tip nhn, cht lng lao ng xut khu, kh nng ti chnh ca ngi lao ng khi i lm vic nc ngoi, thi gian lm vic nc ngoi c ch v cc t chc tham gia th trng lao ng quc t. 1.2.5.3. M hnh chi ph - li ch kinh t Sjaastad Nhm hon thin m hnh ca Stouffer v Lowsy, nh kinh t hc Sjaastad L.A. (1962) a ra m hnh chi ph v li ch kinh t ca di chuyn lao ng quc t. ng cho rng lao ng xut c c xem nh l mt loi chi ph u vo ca qu trnh sn xut v ngi s dng phi xem xt kh nng hon vn khi s dng loi lao ng ny, mt khc ngi lao ng khi xut c u mong mun thu c li ch kinh t cao hn so vi lm vic ti trong nc sau khi tr chi ph ban u cn b ra c xut c, m hnh c dng sau [66, tr.29]:
n

B=
Trong :

(Ydj Yoj)
j =1

(1 + r)

(1.11)

+ B: Li ch kinh t k vng khi xut c lao ng

49

+ n:

S nm lao ng nc ngoi

+ Ydj: Thu nhp nm j ca lao ng lm vic nc ngoi + Yoj: Thu nhp nm j ca lao ng lm vic trong nc + T: Chi ph xut c ca ngi lao ng + r: Li sut ngn hng

Theo ng yu t quyt nh n vic ngi L xut c l hiu qu kinh t m vic xut c mang li, n lin quan n thu nhp, thi gian, iu kin sng v lm vic nc ngoi, thu nhp trong nc, chi ph m ngi xut c phi b ra c th ra nc ngoi lm vic v li sut ngn hng. Theo m hnh ny cho php tnh ton c hiu qu kinh t cho tng ngi hoc mt nhm ngi xut c v hiu qu kinh t do ngi xut c mang li cho nn kinh t. Ngy nay, m hnh chi ph - li ch kinh t Sjaastad c s dng tnh ch tiu mc sinh li k vng (xem 1.8) khi ngi L ra nc ngoi lm vic so vi cng vic trong nc, c tnh n cc chi ph m ngi lao ng phi b ra c ra nc ngoi lm vic v thi hn lm vic ca ngi L nc ngoi. 1.2.6. M hnh nghin cu mc tc ng ca cc yu t n s pht trin xut khu lao ng Vit Nam Do khng mt m hnh no nn trn thch hp cho vic nh gi s pht trin ca xut khu lao ng Vit Nam trong iu kin hin nay, nn tc gi vn dng mt s ng dng ca cc m hnh trn xy dng m hnh nghin cu ring nhm xc nh mc tc ng ca cc yu t n s pht trin xut khu lao ng Vit Nam. Cc bc tin hnh gm: Xc nh li cc yu t tc ng trong iu kin Vit Nam; Lp bng hi thc nghim: Tin hnh iu tra, thu thp s liu; X l s liu v phn tch kt qu thu c. Trn c s cc yu t tc ng n s pht trin xut khu lao ng, ta c th khng nh cc yu t ny u tc ng n pht trin xut khu lao ng ca nc ta v c th hin theo s 1.5 sau:

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Cc yu t v pha cu trong XKL

- Nhu cu tip nhn L Vit Nam ca th trng nc ngoi (NC TNLD) - Thu nhp, iu kin sng v lm vic ca ngi L Vit Nam nc ngoi (TN LDXK) - Chnh sch tip nhn L Vit Nam ca nc nhp khu L (CS NKLD)

Mc pht trin xut khu lao ng Vit Nam

Cc yu t v pha cung trong XKL

- S lng lao ng sn sng tham gia xut khu lao ng Vit Nam (SL LDXK) - Cht lng lao ng tham gia xut khu lao ng Vit Nam (CL LDXK) - Chnh sch xut khu lao ng ca Vit Nam (CS XKLD)

Cc yu t v ti chnh v hiu qu kinh t

- Chnh lch gia thu nhp ca ngi lao ng ti Vit Nam v nc nhp khu lao ng (CLTN LD) - Thi gian ca ngi lao ng lm vic nc ngoi (TG XKLD) - Tng chi ph ngi lao ng phi ng khi i XKL (CP XKLD) - Kh nng ti chnh ca ngi L trc khi tham gia XKL (KNTC LD)

Cc yu t v c ch qun l XKL
- S lng doanh nghip v t chc xut khu lao ng (SL DNXK) - Nng lc ca doanh nghip v t chc xut khu lao ng (NL DNXK) - C ch t chc, qun l v iu hnh xut khu lao ng (CCTC QL)

S 1.5:Cc yu t tc ng n s pht trin xut khu lao ngVit Nam c th xc nh mc tc ng ca tng yu t trn n s pht trin xut khu lao ng Vit Nam trong thi gian qua, Ta c th xem xt mi quan h ny thng qua hm m hnh hi quy tuyn tnh bi sau:
13

Y = Bo +
i=1

Bi Xi

(1.12)

Trong : -Y: L gi tr bin ph thuc mc pht trin xut khu lao ng ca Vit Nam - MDPT XKL -Bo: L hng s

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-Bi: L h s hi quy ring phn (i = 1 n 13) gm B9 c du m l do bin c lp CP XKLD t l nghch vi bin ph thuc MDPT XKLD, cc bin c lp cn li u t l thun vi bin ph thuc nn h s hi quy c du dng trong hm tng qut (1.12) -Xi: L gi tr ca cc bin c lp yu t tc ng (i =1 n 13) ngha ca m hnh c th hin thng qua cc h s hi quy ring phn vi ni dung nh sau: Nu mc tc ng ca mt bin c lp Xi no tng thm 1 n v trong khi mc tc ng ca cc bin c lp cn li khng thay i th gi tr bin ph thuc Y s tng hoc gim mt gi tr tng ng bng vi h s hi quy ring phn ca bin c lp Xi . Hay c th suy ra Bin c lp no c h s hi quy ring phn dng cng ln th mc tc ng t l thun ln s pht trin xut khu lao ng cng cao v bin no c h s hi quy ring phn m cng ln th mc tc ng t l nghch n s pht trin xut khu lao ng cng cao. Bn cu hi c lp (xem ph lc 6) v tin hnh kho st bng hnh thc phng vn trc tip cc chuyn gia v nh qun l ti cc t chc XKL, cc Trung tm gii thiu vic lm, B L, TB v XH, Cc Ban Qun l Lao ng Vit Nam nc ngoi, Hip hi Xut khu lao ng Vit Nam, cc S L, TB v XH, cc Ta bo, cc Vin nghin cu v Trng i hc c lin quan n lnh vc xut khu lao ng Bn tr li thu c tin hnh kim tra k, m ha, nhp d liu, phn tch, kim nh m hnh bng chng trnh SPSS v kt hp m t thng qua Excel nhm a ra 3 kt qu, l: Th nht, xem xt mc pht trin xut khu lao ng ca Vit Nam thi gian qua thng qua vic xc nh gi tr bnh qun ca bin MDPT XKL t bn tr li v a ra nhn nh ban u v mc pht trin . Sau tin hnh thm nh li nhn nh bng cch kim nh gi thit v gi tr trung bnh ca mt tng th theo One-Sample T-Test ca chng trnh SPSS.

52

Th hai, nh gi mi tng quan ca cc yu t tc ng, loi b yu t khng c s tng quan vi cc bin cn li tm ra cc bin ph hp vi m hnh nghin cu. Tin hnh kim nh b s liu iu tra v m hnh nghin cu tm ra s ph hp gia chng. Xc nh cc h s hi quy ring phn ca m hnh tuyn tnh bi gia bin ph thuc MDPT XKLD v cc yu t tc ng v a ra nhn xt i vi tng yu t trn c s thc trng xut khu lao ng Vit Nam trong thi gian qua. Th ba, trn c s cc cu tr li ca chuyn gia, tnh ton gi tr trung bnh ca tm quan trng tng yu t i vi s pht trin bn vng XKL Vit Nam t so snh vi mc tc ng ca cc yu t n pht trin XKL Vit Nam thi gian qua c s nh gi khch quan v nhng hn ch v nguyn nhn ca n i vi thc trng XKL Vit Nam t lm c s cho vic a ra cc gii php nhm pht trin XKL Vit Nam trong thi gian ti. 1.3. KINH NGHIM XUT KHU LAO NG CA MT S NC Cc nc Chu - Thi Bnh Dng quan tm c bit n XKL. Hin c nhiu quc gia trong khu vc a lao ng i lm vic nc ngoi. Trong Philippin, Thi Lan, Trung Quc, Indonesia l i th cnh tranh trc tip trn th trng L quc t v c nhng im tng ng vi nuc ta. V vy, kinh nghim ca cc nc ny l nhng bi hc b ch cho s pht trin XKL ca Vit Nam. 1.3.1. Kinh nghim ca Philippin Philippin l nc trong khu vc thnh cng nht v xut khu lao ng. Philippin xem XKL l ngnh kinh t mi nhn ca t nc, c nhiu ng gp cho s pht trin kinh t. H xem mnh nh mt Cng ty ton cu v cho thu, cho mn L, theo lun n lc xy dng mt K hoch kinh doanh ph hp vi mc ch chnh tr v kinh t ca mnh. Mc tiu to vic lm c xy dng trong chin lc KT - XH thng nin v chin lc o to nhn cng c trnh cao. Hin nay c hn 5 triu lao ng Philippin ang sng v lm vic ti gn 100 quc gia v vng lnh th. Bnh qun mi nm c gn 1 triu ngi Philippin ra nc

53

ngoi lm vic. Trong s cc lao ng ra nc ngoi lm vic c gn 85% l thanh nin bt u tham gia vo lc lng lao ng v vy tit kim cho t nc hng t USD u t gii quyt vic lm, ngoi ra s tin lao ng hng nm gi v cho t nc chim hn 12 % GDP (nm 2008 l 19 t USD), gp 5 ln vn u t nc ngoi v bng 25% ngun thu t xut khu hng ha v dch v, l lng ngoi t ng k pht trin kinh t t nc [89]. Philippin khuyn khch XKL hp php, c thi hn ng thi hn ch ti a vic ngi L i lm vic nc ngoi bt hp php. Chnh ph Philippin ban hnh o lut v lao ng di c v ngi Philippin nc ngoi (nm 1995). Ph chun Cng c quc t v bo v quyn li ca ngi L v di c v ng thi k kt c 60 vn bn tha thun v hip nh L vi 50 nc v vng lnh th trn th gii. Philippin XKL do nh nc qun l thng nht thng qua Cc Vic lm ngoi nc Thuc B Lao ng v Vic lm (POEA), vic tuyn dng v a L ra nc ngoi lm vic c c cc c quan nh nc v cc t chc t nhn m trch, ngi lao ng mun i XKL phi c mt trong cc t chc ny tuyn m hoc phi c hp ng lao ng c nhn v c Cc Vic lm ngoi nc duyt. Nh nc to iu kin cho cng dn t do la chn vic lm ngoi nc ph hp vi bn thn mnh v li ch quc gia. Philippin ch chp nhn cho lao ng ca mnh n lm vic cc nc c Lut Bo v quyn li ca ngi lao ng nc ngoi. Ti Philippin nh nc bt buc v khuyn khch DN lp qu o to v khng c thu l ph ca ngi L nhm nng cao cht lng L xut khu. Cc trung tm o to ln thuc Cc qun l L v vic lm c thnh lp nhm o to li, b tc ngoi ng, kin thc php lut cho ngi L. Nh nc cho php cc DN, cc trung tm o to lin kt vi nc ngoi, nht l nc tip nhn L o to ngi L. C th ni o to-gio dc nh hng l nhn t c bn lm cho XKL ca Philippin trong nhiu nm qua t kt qu cao nht so vi cc nc trong khu vc. Mc d giao quyn t ch v trch nhim tuyn m L cho cc DN nhng Chnh ph vn duy tr vai tr qun l v kim sot nhm bo v ngi L khi lm

54

vic nc ngoi, hin nay Philippin c hn 80 vn phng i din ti cc nc ng u l ty vin lao ng, ngoi ra ngi L cn c tr gip bi cc t chc chnh ph v phi chnh ph khc nh: Cc Phc li lao ng di c, Ban pht trin vic lm ngoi nc, Vn phng dch v vic lm, T chc Ch Thp , Cc Hip hi XKL, Ban bo tr x hi v bo v ngi L nc ngoi vi 27 chi nhnh lm vic ti 30 nc, chu trch nhim gii quyt mi lin quan n ngi L. ngoi ra cn c B Ngoi giao,Vn phng nhp c, Cc t chc nghip on cng h tr ngi lao ng. Lao ng xut khu c qun l theo h thng thng tin d liu ti i s qun Philippin mi nc nm bt y cc thng tin lin quan n ngi L nhm h tr kp thi khi cn thit, c Vn phng hi ngoi hay cn gi l Trung tm mt im dng (b tr trong mt ta nh) bao gm y cc i din ca tt c cc c quan lin quan gip ngi lao ng trong cc lnh vc chm sc sc khe, cha bnh, dch v t vn min ph, th tc hnh chnh, th tc chuyn tin v nc Lao ng sau khi hon thnh hp ng v nc cng c nh nc quan tm mt cch tha ng bng nhiu chnh sch khc nhau nh: ngi lao ng c cp giy chng nhn Batik Manggagawa m bo vic lm trc y khi v nc, chnh sch tn dng ti ha nhp, chnh sch u i thu v ti chnh, chnh sch u i t ai cho cc c s sn xut kinh doanh do ngi lao ng lp, chnh sch ch , chnh sch gio dc v o to li cho gia nh v bn thn ngi lao ng. 1.3.2. Kinh nghim ca Thi Lan Lao ng ca Thi Lan bt u ra nc ngoi lm vic t gia thp nin 1970, v im n ch yu l cc nc Trung ng, sau l Singapore v cc nc Ty u. Tuy nhin hot ng ny ch yu mang tnh t pht, hoc do cc t chc t nhn v cc c nhn t t chc, cha c s iu hnh v qun l ca nh nc. Cho n cuc khng hong ti chnh thp nin 1990 kinh t Thi Lan pht trin mnh m, Thi Lan tr thnh nc nhp khu L, c nhng thi im L nc ngoi lm vic ti Thi Lan ln n gn 2 triu ngi, ch yu l L khng thng xuyn. K t sau cuc khng hong ti chnh, c bit l nhng nm gn y, XKL ca Thi Lan

55

c nhng thay i mnh m, Chnh ph a ra nhiu chng trnh nhm y mnh XKL, gii quyt vic lm, gim t l tht nghip, tng thu ngoi t cho t nc. Nm 1985, Thi Lan ban hnh B Lut tuyn m v bo v lao ng. B Lao ng v Phc li x hi Thi Lan l c quan ca Chnh ph, thng nht QLNN v XKL. Trc tip gip vic cho B l Vn phng qun l L ngoi nc thuc Cc Vic lm vi 2 chc nng: xc tin v pht trin th trng, qun l v bo v ngi L. Lut ny cng cho php cc cng ty t nhn tuyn m L i lm vic nc ngoi v ngi L c php t tm kim vic lm ngoi nc. Lao ng Thi Lan i ra nc ngoi lm vic thng qua 5 hnh thc c bn :i/ Thng qua cc t chc XKL ca Cc vic lm ii/ Thng qua cc cng ty tuyn dng t nhn c cp php XKL iii/ Theo hp ng c nhn; iv/ Do cc ch s dng L trc tip tuyn m v/ TNS v hc ngh. Tuy nhin ngi L s dng rt t cc dch v ca Cc Vic lm, m ch yu i theo dch v tuyn m ca cc cng ty t nhn v theo con ng c nhn t tm vic lm. Ch trng ca B Lao ng Thi Lan l duy tr v pht trin cc hnh thc dch v mang n cho ngi L nhng kh nng la chn tt nht nhm ti a li ch ca ngi L theo c ch th trng. Ngi L khi mun tham gia XKL phi ng ph tuyn chn cho doanh nghip, DN phi hon tr li nu khng b tr c vic lm cho ngi L. Nh nc quy nh cc mc ph XKL c th cho tng th trng v cc loi hnh cng vic. Nh nc khuyn kch DN lp qu phc li XKL tr gip ngi lao ng khi gp ri ro. H thng Ngn hng to thun li cho ngi L c vay vn vi li sut thp, trnh c nhng nguy c la o, chn p, cho vay nng li bi cc ngun vay khng chnh thc. Thi Lan cng tc tuyn m v o to c giao ch yu cho cc t chc t nhn thc hin, Nh nc ch kim tra tnh hp php ca cc hot ng nay v h tr a im khi cc t chc t nhn yu cu. Cc t chc nh nc khng cnh tranh vi cc t chc t nhn trong vic a L ra nc ngoi lm vic m ch phc v mt s i tng c u tin nh L n, L thuc cc h ngho, kh khn, lao ng cc vng nng thn ho lnh, cc vng kinh t km pht trin. Cc i tng ny s c

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nh nc h tr cho vay vn bng tn chp, th chp hoc bo lnh ti cc ngn hng vi iu kin ngi lao ng phi chuyn tin v nc thng qua cc ngn hng ny. Hin nay, Thi Lan c hn 350 Cng ty cung ng ngun XKL, c c giy php XKL cc cng ty ny phi do ngi Thi Lan chim gi t nht s hu, c i ng nhn vin, c th trng XKL v phi c cc tin mt hoc tri phiu chnh ph. Giy php XKL c gi tr trong 2 nm. Mun c tuyn dng lao ng cc doanh nghip phi c n hng c thm nh bi Ty vin lao ng Thi lan nc ngoi. Hng nm Thi Lan a khong 200 ngn lao ng ra nc ngoi lm vic, ch yu l cc lao ng nam, tay ngh thp hoc lao ng ph thng vi thi hn lm vic nc ngoi t 1 n 2 nm. Doanh thu do ngi lao ng chuyn v khong 1.9 t USD/ nm [89]. 1.3.3. Kinh nghim ca Indonesia So vi cc nc trong khu vc Indonesia l nc c nhiu tim nng v xut khu lao ng. Ngy nay XKL tr thnh mt ngnh cng nghip khng du v c mt v tr quan trng trong chin lc pht trin KT XH t nc. XKL c Chnh ph quan tm t cui thp nin 1970 khi m s L lm vic nc ngoi ln ti hn 400 ngn ngi, tuy vy cho n nay cc vn bn php lut iu chnh hot ng ny ch dng li cp B v ngh nh Chnh ph, cng vi h thng t chc v qun l nh nc v XKL yu km ang nh hng khng nh n hiu qu ca XKL mang li. Chnh ph qun l v ch o chng trnh XKL thng qua B Nhn lc vi h thng cc c quan i din trong v ngoi nc nhm xc tin th trng, gip ngi lao ng tm kim vic lm ph hp, v qun l ngi L khi lm vic nc ngoi. m bo quyn li cho ngi L Chnh ph ban hnh ngh nh PER-02/MEN nm 1994 quy nh cc th tc v t chc, iu kin, quy trnh tuyn m, a L i lm vic nc ngoi cng nh cc vn php l v gii quyt tranh chp. Ngoi ra Chnh ph cn xy dng k hoch XKL nhm mc tiu gim dn L ph thng, tng lao ng c tay ngh, hn ch L bt hp

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php phn u duy tr s lao ng lm vic nc ngoi thng xuyn khong 5 triu lao ng vi s ngoi t chuyn v nc hng nm gn 7 t USD [89]. Ngi L mun i lm vic nc ngoi hp php phi trc tip lin h vi vn phng c quan lao ng Indonesia PJTKI, y l c quan duy nht c chc nng XKL, c quan ny sau khi lin h vi nc nhp c v c c giy php tip nhn lao ng th s k hp ng vi ngi L. Sau , ngi L phi ng k vi vn phng AKAN thuc B Nhn lc c hun luyn k nng ngh nghip, ngoi ng v kin tra tay ngh khi kt thc kha hc. Chnh v th tc hnh chnh phc tp, l ph cao, thi gian ch i lu, v iu kin i hi cao cng vi chnh sch khng ng b, t quan liu ca b my XKL y ngi L n vi nhng vn phng tuyn m L bt hp php c mt mi ni trn t nc Indonesia v chp nhn ra nc ngoi lm vic bt hp php gy rt nhiu kh khn cho cng tc qun l v bo v quyn li ca ngi L khi nc ngoi. Thng k cho thy c 1 ngi i XKL hp php th c 1 ngi i ra nc ngoi lm vic bt hp php v s tin h gi v cho t nc l tng ng nhau, nhng ri ro v kh khn ca L bt hp php th gp bi. L i lm vic bt hp php ti nc ngoi bng nhiu con ng nh: Hnh hng, du lch, thm ving thn nhn, vt bin, giy t gi, li khi ht hn hp ng Lao ng Indonesia tham gia xut khu lao ng c tui t 15 n 40 vi trnh hc vn thp, kin thc v k nng ngh nghip hn ch h chp nhn cng vic nng nhc, nguy him vi ng lng r mt, thi gian lm vic di. Indonesia l nc hi gio duy nht c n tham gia xut khu lao ng vi s lng ngy cng tng c bit cc nc Trung ng. Th trng XKL chnh l Malaysia, rp X t, i Loan, Nht Bn, Hn Quc, Hng Kng. Vic bo v quyn li L khi lm vic nc ngoi cha c chnh ph quan tm ng mc, cc vn phng i din nc ngoi hot ng khng hiu qu, ngi L ch cn cch t bo v ln nhau hoc nh s tr gip ca cc hip hi L, cc t chc x hi dn s, cc t chc tn gio mi khi c kh khn.

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1.3.4. Kinh nghim ca Trung Quc Cng vi Philippin v Thi Lan, Trung Quc l mt trong nhng nc thnh cng trong XKL nht l trong nhng nm gn y. Trung Quc bt u XKL t cui nhng nm 1970, n nm 1996 c hn 1,27 triu L lm vic nc ngoi v pht trin mnh trong nhng nm gn y, t hn 3 triu ngi nm 2008. Kim ngch XKL mi nm ca Trung Quc gn 10 t USD. Hin nay, Trung Quc tng cng chim lnh th trng ng v Chu Phi. n cui nm 2008 c gn 1.000 DN c cp php XKL trong lnh vc xy dng, c hn 500 cng ty XKL tng hp v khong 60 i l dch v vic lm c B L v m bo x hi cp php. Trung Quc ang hy vng y mnh hot ng XKL trong thi gian ti [89]. Ti Trung Quc, B Lao ng v m bo x hi chu trch nhim v vic to lp mi trng php lut, chnh sch v cc quy ch lin quan v xut khu lao ng. Theo quy ch qun l cc i l xut khu nm 1992, vic thnh lp cc cng ty, i l ny phi c s ng bng vn bn ca B Lao ng v m bo x hi, thc hin chc nng XKL ra nc ngoi theo trnh t: o to ngh, ngoi ng, nh hng, qun l v tr gip x hi, bo v quyn li ca ngi lao ng nc ngoi. Trung Quc a lao ng ra nc ngoi lm vic thng qua cc hnh thc sau: qua d n xy dng nc ngoi, hnh thc ny c xu th pht trin trong thi gian gn y; qua cc i l, cng ty c hp ng cung ng lao ng. y l hnh thc xut khu lao ng ch yu ca Trung Quc hin nay. Thnh cng ca XKL Trung Quc mt phn l do bn cht con ngi Trung Quc chu thng, chu kh, cn c, thng minh, on kt, tng tr ln nhau v chp hnh tt php lut ca nc s ti mt phn do chnh sch XKL v qun l L nc ngoi cht ch v ph hp. Ngi L Trung Quc mun i nc ngoi lm vic phi qua mt quy trnh chn la, o to bi bn. Trc khi i xut cnh phi c s cam kt v c ngi trong nc hoc t chc bo lnh trnh tnh trng vi phm hp ng, thu nhp khi lm vic nc ngoi ch c lnh mt phn duy tr cuc sng phn cn li c cc t chc a i gi v chuyn v cho thn nhn qu nh.

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1.3.5. Bi hc kinh nghim t xut khu lao ng ca cc nc Qua vic t chc, thc hin v kt qu t uc ca cc nc XKL trn, chng ta rt ra mt s bi hc kinh nghim qi bu cho XKL Vit Nam nh sau: Th nht: Cc nuc u xem xut khu lao ng l mt ni dung quan trng trong chin lc pht trin KT-XH, l nhng bc i quan trng trong CNH, HH, gim t l tht nghip, o to ngun nhn lc, tng thu ngn sch t nc nn u c chng trnh quc gia v xut khu lao ng. Th hai: Mun cho XKL thc s c hiu qu th Nh nc phi ng vai tr quyt nh trong tt c cc khu, t vic thit lp mi trng php l, khai m th trng, nh hng v iu hnh hot ng XKL cho n qun l lao ng xut khu, to iu kin cho lao ng ha nhp tr li vi x hi . cc nc m XKL mang li hiu qu cao nh Philippin, Trung Quc, h thng php lut v cc quy nh cht ch, minh bch nhng cng rt thng thong v ng b, to quyn ch ng cho DN v ngi lao ng. Nh nc thng nht qun l XKL. Th ba: Nng cao nng lc cnh tranh v to thng hiu ca L xut khu c Chnh ph cc nc quan tm hng u, nht l trong giai on hin nay, khi m cnh tranh trn th trng L quc t ngy cng gay gt. V vy, Chnh ph cc nc rt quan tm v ch o cht ch, nht l khu cht lng L, chuyn mn nghip v, tnh k lut, trong ngoi ng ng mt vai tr quan trng ngi lao ng ha nhp nhanh ti nc s ti. mt s nc, ngoi chng trnh bt buc c chun ha, quc t ha cn c s hp tc o to gia cc c s o to ca nc xut c v nc nhp c. Ngoi ra cc nc cn tin hnh qung b hnh nh L ca nc mnh cho cc nh tuyn dng quc t thng qua cc din n, cc hi ngh, hi tho, hi ch quc t nhm xy dng v bo v thng hiu L ca t nc mnh. Th t: cc nc, vic to ngun, tuyn m, a lao ng ra nc ngoi lm vic c Chnh ph c bit quan tm v qun l cht ch. Nhm gim thiu ri ro v hn ch thp nht ph tn pht sinh cho ngi lao ng, Chnh ph cc nc p dng nhiu bin php qun l trong khu tuyn m nh: (i) Cung cp thng tin chnh

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xc v y cho ngi lao ng v cc chi ph, thu nhp, cc iu kin sng v lm vic, quy nh php lut lao ng.... (ii) Kim sot cht ch hot ng ca cc t chc v c nhn xut khu lao ng trong tt c cc khu c lin quan. (iii) n gin ha cc th tc hnh chnh v p dng nhiu hnh thc tuyn dng ngi lao ng c iu kin tip xc trc tip vi t chc xut khu lao ng hoc ngi s dng lao ng (iv) Trong mt s trng hp chnh ph h tr v ti chnh, gip ngi lao ng gii quyt mt phn kh khn v chi ph trc khi xut cnh. Th nm: Qun l v bo v ngi L khi lm vic nc ngoi l nhim v v cng kh khn khng ch i vi cc t chc a i, cc t chc h tr m c vi Chnh ph cc nc. Chnh v vy lm tt cng vic ny cc nc phi: (i) Xy dng mt mng li i din ca B Lao ng nc ngoi nhm qun l v kp thi tr gip ngi L khi c nhu cu, ngoi chc nng qun l lao ng i din cn c thm chc nng m rng th trng v tm kim n hng tt; (ii) Thit lp cc qy phc li, qy h tr, trung tm tr gip lao ng xut khu. Thng qua cc t chc ny ngi lao ng c th c chm sc sc khe, t vn v h tr php lut, vay tin;(iii) Xy dng mng li thng tin v lao ng, trao i thng tin gia nc xut c v nhp c, cc nc XKL phi ch ng kt hp vi nc nhp khu lao ng bo v quyn li cho ngi lao ng trn c s lut php cc nc, cc tha thun, cc hip nh song phng hoc a phng, cc iu c cng c quc t. Th su: Nh nc l c quan qun l v thng qua h thng php lut to mi trng bnh ng cho cc t chc, doanh nghip hot ng. Bn cnh , cc nc u ch trng pht trin cc doanh nghip t nhn; Doanh nghip va v nh; cc i l XKL. Ngoi ra cn c s tham gia ca cc nghip on ngnh ngh, cc hip hi doanh nghip XKL h tr hot ng cho cc thnh vin. Nh nc quy nh quyn v ngha v ca ngi lao ng v Cng ty tuyn m trong vic a ngi i lm vic nc ngoi. Chnh ph bt buc cc cng ty khi tham gia XKL phi c mt s vn php nh ti thiu, phi t cc, k qy hoc bo lnh ti chnh m bo cho ngi lao ng, khuyn khch lp Qu bo him, Qu phc li v Qu ti chnh h tr cho ngi lao ng khi gp tai nn, ri ro.

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Th by: Nhm khuyn khch ngi L chuyn thu nhp bng con ng chnh thc, a s cc nc u xy dng c ch v thit lp h thng ngn hng thng mi, cc t chc tn dng c quan h vi cc ngn hng ti nc nhp c. Nh nc thc hin cc chnh sch cho vay, bo lnh, u i v ph chuyn tin v t gi cho ngi L. Vic s dng tin gi v nc cng c quan tm thch ng, ngoi vic ci thin i sng gia nh h, cn c khuyn khch u t vo pht trin kinh t, to cng n vic lm gip h sm ti ha nhp x hi sau khi v nc. Th tm: Vn thiu ht L cc b v chy mu cht xm l thch thc i vi chnh ph cc nc trong qun l v iu hnh XKL. Do khng c k hoch chu o, tnh ton cha hp l nhu cu L trong nc nn tng lc tng ni xy ra hin tng thiu ht L nht l L c tay ngh, cc chuyn gia k thut. Trong iu kin hin nay khi trn th trng quc t ang c nhu cu cao v cng nhn lnh ngh v cc chuyn gia k thut th i hi cc nc XKL phi c chnh sch hp l m bo ngun nhn lc cn thit cho s pht trin bn vng t nc. Kinh nghim ca Philippin l mt in hnh, do XKL t c nhng ngi c chuyn mn, k thut cao nn hin nay Philippin ang i mt vi tnh trng thiu ht trm trng nhn lc cht lng cao, nhiu bnh vin khng c bc s, mt s bc s do b hp dn bi mc thu nhp cao nc ngoi nn sn sng i o to li tr thnh iu dng ra nc ngoi lm vic. Th chn: Cc nc c chnh sch chm lo n gia nh, thn nhn ngi lao ng v bo v quyn li ngi lao ng khi ra nc ngoi lm vic, nht l trong nhng trng hp lao ng b ch s dng lao ng bc i, i x khng cng bng, chm dt hp ng khng l do.cng nh cc bin php nhm hn ch tc ng xu ca XKL mang li nh, gia tng t nn x hi, bt n gia nh, tm l snh ngoi, tro lu mun ra nc ngoi lm thu. Ngoi ra mt s nc cn c chnh sch h tr ngi lao ng khi kt thc hp ng tr v nc pht huy nhng kinh nghim v tay ngh thu c khi lm vic nc ngoi, gii thiu lm vic ti cc c s sn xut kinh doanh, cng nh m bo cho ngi lao ng c cng n vic lm, sm ti ha nhp x hi trnh tnh trng ti tht nghip v ti ngho.

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TM TT CHNG 1 Trn c s khng nh XKL l mt phn ca di chuyn lao ng quc t, chng 1 h thng ha mt cch ton din c s l lun v xut khu lao ng v pht trin xut khu lao ng trong hi nhp kinh t quc t vi cc ni dung ch yu: Khi nim xut khu lao ng; vai tr ca xut khu lao ng trong nn kinh t th trng nht l i vi nc xut khu v nc nhp khu lao ng; Khi nim v pht trin xut khu lao ng trong hi nhp kinh t quc t, qua khng nh tnh khch quan ca pht trin xut khu lao ng trong iu kin kinh t th trng v hi nhp kinh t quc t nht l i vi nhng nc ang pht trin c ngun nhn lc di do nh nc ta, cc tiu ch nh gi hiu qu pht trin xut khu lao ng, qun l pht trin XKL bao gm qun l nh nc v xut khu lao ng, qun tr pht trin xut khu lao ng ca cc doanh nghip, t chc lm dch v XKL, qun l ngi lao ng lm vic nc ngoi. ng thi chng 1 cng xc nh cc yu t tc ng n s pht trin ca xut khu lao ng trong hi nhp kinh t quc t v c bit l xy dng m hnh nhm xc nh mc tc ng ca cc yu t n s pht trin XKL Vit Nam lm c s cho vic iu tra, nh gi v phn tch thc trng XKL ca nc ta trong thi gian qua v a ra cc gii php y mnh v pht trin bn vng XKL trong thi gian ti. Chng 1 cng nghin cu nhng kinh nghim ca cc nc thnh cng v xut khu lao ng v c cc iu kin tng ng vi Vit Nam nh Philippin, Thi Lan, Indonesia, Trung Quc t rt ra 9 bi hc kinh nghim chung v ch trng, ng li v vai tr ca Nh nc trong hot ng xut khu lao ng, c ch t chc v qun l XKL, chnh sch th trng, cng tc chun b ngun lao ng xut khu v qun l lao ng lm vic nc ngoi, chnh sch ti chnh trong XKL, chnh sch hu XKL c th vn dng vo iu kin pht trin XKL Vit Nam trong thi gian ti. Ni dung ca chng 1 l c s l lun quan trng v cn thit cho vic phn tch thc trng xut khu lao ng Vit Nam thi gian qua v xut cc gii php c bn v ng b nhm pht trin bn vng xut khu lao ng ca nc ta trong qu trnh hi nhp kinh t quc t.

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Chng 2 TNH HNH PHT TRIN XUT KHU LAO NG VIT NAM TRONG THI K HI NHP KINH T QUC T VA QUA
c c s nh gi ng v tnh hnh pht trin xut khu lao ng, mt c th ca th trng lao ng Vit Nam trong hi nhp kinh t quc t, trc ht chng ta hy xem xt tnh hnh th trng lao ng Vit Nam trong nhng nm qua. 2.1. TH TRNG LAO NG VIT NAM TRONG NHNG NM QUA Th trng L Vit Nam c hnh thnh v pht trin k t khi t nc m ca, pht trin kinh t theo c ch th trng c s nh hng x hi ch ngha. Th trng L Vit Nam c phn nh thng qua quan h cung, cu L. 2.1.1. Cung lao ng Vit Nam l nc ang pht trin, c dn s ng th 14 trn th gii, th 7 ti Chu . Ti thi im 1/4/2009 dn s quc gia 85,79 triu ngi, trong n c 43,32 triu ngi chim 50,50%, dn s thnh th l 25,37 triu ngi, chim 29,57 % dn s c nc [64]. Trong nhng nm gn y, nh thc hin hiu qu chng trnh dn s-k hoch ha gia nh nn tc tng trng dn s bnh qun gim dn vi mc tng 1,2 %/nm, hng nm dn s Vit Nam tng thm khong 1 triu ngi. Vi kt qu trn, dn s nc ta ang chuyn dn t m hnh dn s tr sang m hnh dn s n nh v bc vo thi k c cu dn s vng. Theo iu tra Lao ng-Vic lm ca B L,TB v XH, lc lng lao ng tnh n thi im 1/7/2008 l 48,34 triu ngi, chim 56,74% dn s, trong lc lung lao ng trong tui L c 44,17 triu ngi chim 91,37%, l ngun nhn lc tr c b sung khong 0,8 n 1 triu ngi hng nm v c xu hng tng, nhng tc dn chm li t 2,26% nm 2005 xung 1,65% nm 2008. Lc lng lao ng nam tng nhanh hn lc lng L n, vi tc tng bnh qun hng nm trong giai on 2000-2008 l 2,91% i vi nam, 2,15% i vi n, iu ny lm cho s L nam chim t l 50,75%, L n

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chim 49,25%. L thnh th tng nhanh hn lao ng nng thn t 22,54 % nm 2000 tng ln 26,56% nm 2008, lc lng lao ng ny s tip tc tng nhanh trong thi gian ti. Mc d tc tng ca lc lng lao ng khu vc thnh th nhanh hn 2,3 ln so vi tc tng L khu vc nng thn nhng lc lng lao ng nng thn vn chim t l cao, to nn sc p ln v gii quyt vic lm. Tuy vy s phn b ny ang din ra theo hng tch cc [28]. Bng 2.1: Quy m dn s v lc lng lao ng Vit Nam n v tnh: Triu ngi Dn s v c cu L Tng dn s Lc lng lao ng * Chia theo gii tnh Nam N * Chia theo thnh th, nng thn Thnh th Nng thn * Chia theo trnh chuyn mn k thut Cha qua o to qua o to Nm 2000 77,64 38,64 Tr. ng % 19,63 50,80 19,01 49,20 Tr.ng 22,75 21,63 Nm 2005 83,12 44,38 % 51,26 48,74 Tr. ng 24,53 23,81 Nm 2008 85,19 48,34 % 50,75 49,25

8,71 29,93

22,54 77,46

11,07 33,31

24,94 75,01

12,84 35.50

26,56 73,43

30,05 62,97 84,52 33,38 75,21 18,29 37,03 15,48 11,00 24,79 Ngun : iu tra Lao ng-vic lm nm 2000,2005,2008 ca B L-TB v XH Cng vi nhng n lc ca Nh nc trong vic u t cho gio dc o to to ra nhng thay i ng k n trnh hc vn ca lc lng L. V c bn Vit Nam ph cp xong bc tiu hc v ang trin khai ph cp bc trung hc c s. Nm 2008 s L m ch v cha tt nghip tiu hc l 7,74 triu ngi chim 16,01% lc lng L, s lao ng tt nghip tiu hc l 13,70 triu ngi chim 28,35 %, tt nghip trung hc c s l 15,51 triu ngi chim 32,08% v ph thng trung hc l 11,39 triu ngi chim 23,56% [28].

32,66 6,42

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C th thy, trnh hc vn ca L nc ta cao hn so vi mt s nc c cng mc pht trin, c th gii nh gi vo loi kh. Ngi Vit Nam thng minh, cn c, hiu hc, sng to, tin cng sc L r. y l c im quan trng v hc vn l mt trong nhng iu kin tin quyt gip ngi L tip cn vi tin b khoa hc k thut v tip thu cc k nng L mi. Tuy vy L Vit Nam cn hn ch v th lc, sc bn, do dai v ch mc trung bnh. o to ngh nghip cho ngi lao ng ang tng nhanh. Trong nhng nm qua s hc sinh c o to ti cc trng cng nhn k thut, cao ng, i hc, sau i hc, tng t 1.154,9 ngn ngi nm 2000 ln 2.851,5 ngn nm 2008 bnh qun mi nm tng 11,96 %. c bit, dy ngh c bc pht trin quan trng, tng bc p ng yu cu chuyn dch c cu kinh t theo hng phc v pht trin cng nghip hin i v hi nhp quc t. T l L qua o to nm 2008 t 37,03%, trong o to ngh t khong 26%. Tuy nhin, so vi yu cu ca s nghip CNH, HH th L ca nc ta vn cn ng trc nhng thch thc to ln v khong cch kh xa so vi cc nc pht trin [28]. S phn b lc lng L theo cc vng khng ng u, tp trung ch yu nng thn, vng ng bng sng Hng (22,29%), ng bng sng Cu Long (21,49%), tip theo l Min ng Nam B chim 15%, y l nhng vng c lc lng L di do v l nhng vng kinh t trng im ca c nc c th mnh v ngun nhn lc. Trong khi Ty Bc v Ty Nguyn c t trng thp v lc lng lao ng khong 3-5% nhng li c u th v t ai v ti nguyn. Ngun cung lao ng hng nm cn c b sung bi mt lc lng lao ng c chuyn mn k thut cao n t nc ngoi. Theo s liu chnh thc ca B L, TB v XH cui nm 2008 c khong 53 ngn ngi lao ng nc ngoi ang lm vic ti Vit Nam. Vi quy m L hin nay Vit Nam ang bc vo thi k c cu dn s vng. y chnh l li th ca mt nn kinh t th trng trong thi k chuyn i nh nc ta khi tham gia vo phn cng L quc t v hi nhp kinh t quc t.

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2.1.2. Cu lao ng Thi k 2000-2007, kinh t nc ta phc hi nhanh sau thi gian suy gim, GDP tng bnh qun 7,9% vi nm sau cao hn nm trc. Nm 2008 v 2009 do b nh hng ca suy thoi kinh t ton cu, GDP tuy c gim nhng vn duy tr mc 6,18% v 5,32%, dn n nn kinh t vn pht trin tng i n nh nn duy tr c vic lm cho i b phn L. Nm 2000 s L c lm vic trong nn kinh t quc dn l 37,61 triu ngi, tng ln 47,25 triu ngi nm 2008. Trong 8 nm to thm vic lm mi cho 9,64 triu L ngoi ra cn hn 2,5 triu L thay i vic lm v 0,5 triu lao ng c a i lm vic nc ngoi, bnh qun mi nm c 1,58 triu ngi c gii quyt vic lm. Trong tng trng vic lm hng nm, khong 75% t k hoch pht trin kinh t x hi v 25% t chng trnh mc tiu quc gia h tr vic lm v XKL. Bng 2.2: Quy m v c cu lao ng c vic lm Vit Nam n v tnh: Triu ngi Quy m v c cu L 1/ Lc lng lao ng 2/ Lao ng c vic lm *Chia theo nhm ngnh -Nng, lm, thy sn (KV I) -Cng nghip,X dng(KVII) -Dch v ( KV III ) * Chia theo loi hnh K.t -Khu vc kinh t nh nc -Khu vc kinh t ngoi NN - Khu vc c vn TNN * Chia theo quan h L -Lm cng, n lng -Khng lm cng, n lng T l tht nghip T.Th (%) Nm 2000 38,64 37,61 Tr.ng % 24,48 4,93 8,20 3,50 33,88 0,23 65,09 13,11 21,80 9,31 90,08 0,61 Nm 2005 44,38 43,46 Tr. % Ng 24,78 57,02 7,77 17,88 11,01 25,10 4,41 38,36 0,69 11,11 32,35 10,16 88,26 1,58 25,56 74,44 5,31 Nm 2008 48,34 47,25 Tr. ng % 22,55 10,15 14,55 4,96 41,25 1,04 14,85 32,40 47,72 21,48 30,80 10,50 87,30 2,20 31,43 68,57 4,65

11,24 29.89 26,37 70,11 6,42

Ngun : iu tra Lao ng-Vic lm nm 2000,2005,2008 ca B L, TB v XH

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Hin nay, c nc c trn 4,14 triu c s kinh t, hnh chnh, s nghip, trong c gn 3,93 triu c s thuc khu vc sn xut kinh doanh, chim t trng 94,9%. S DN hin ng k kinh doanh c 300 ngn vi s lao ng bnh qun 50 ngi v hn mt na DN c s lao ng lm vic di 10 ngi. So vi nm 2000, s lng c s tng nhanh tt c cc loi hnh, cc vng v ngnh kinh t. Tuy vy vic phn b c s sn xut khng u gia cc vng, ch yu tp trung th ln, mt dn s ng. a s DN c qui m nh c v vn v s lao ng, phn tn v trnh k thut cng ngh thp. Xu hng chung v tng lao ng c vic lm gp phn lm thay i c cu lao ng theo hng tch cc phc v CNH, HH t nc iu ny c th hin qua t l lao ng lm vic khu vc I gim t 65,09% nm 2000 xung 47,72% nm 2008, bnh qun hng nm gim 2,17 %. T trng lao ng lm vic khu vc II tng t 13,11% nm 2000 ln 21,48 % nm 2008, bnh qun hng nm tng gn 1,04%. T trng lao ng lm vic khu vc III tng t 21,8% nm 2000 ln 30,80% nm 2008 bnh qun tng hn 1,1%. C cu L c vic lm trong khu vc kinh t nh nc v kinh t ngoi nh nc khng c nhiu thay i, nm 2008 chim t l tng ng l 9,1% v 87,2%, kinh t c vn u t nc ngoi c xu hng tng, chim t l 3,7%. T l L lm cng n lng (c quan h L) trong tng lc lng L c vic lm ngy cng gia tng tt c cc vng lnh th, c bit l cc vng kinh t trng im, nm 2008 chim 31,43% (14,85 triu ngi). Tin lng v thu nhp ca ngi L c xu hng tng (10-20%)/ nm t 2,5 triu VN/thng nm 2008, i sng ca ngi L c tng bc ci thin v ngy cng c quan h cht ch vi cht lng L. Tuy vy tin lng v thu nhp ca ngi L cha m bo hp l trong mt s ngnh v khu vc, c bit l khu vc ngoi quc doanh vi mc lng ch bng 56,6% khu vc DN nh nc. Ngoi lng cu lao ng trong nc, hng nm cu lao ng cn c m rng thng qua hot ng XKL vi t l t 5-6% tng ng vi 80 n 90 ngn lao ng i lm vic nc ngoi trong nhng nm gn y.

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2.1.3. Quan h cung - cu lao ng Nhn tng th th trng L Vit Nam vn l th trng d tha L, pht trin khng ng u, lun trong tnh trng mt cn i ln gia cung v cu L c v s lng, cht lng cng nh c cu theo khu vc thnh th, nng thn, vng lnh th, trnh chuyn mn k thut v k nng, ngnh ngh o to. Mt cn i cung, cu lao ng ang l tr ngi ln trong s pht trin kinh t -x hi t nc. Cung lao ng nhiu v s lng nhng km v cht lng, trong khi cu lao ng thp v s lng nhng li i hi cht lng ngy cng cao. Gii quyt vn ny i hi cn c nhng gii php thch hp, mt mt khng ngng tng cht lng L ng thi tng ch lm trong nn kinh t quc dn. Quy m lao ng ln v tc tng dn s trong tui lao ng cao l nguyn nhn gy sc p mnh i vi th trng lao ng, trc ht l sc p v cng n vic lm. Vi quy m khong 1,2 triu vic lm c to ra trong nm, cc ngnh kinh t khng sc thu ht ht s lao ng khong 1,6 triu ngi ang tm vic lm hoc mun thay i ch lm vic. Trong khi , nhiu cng ngh mi hin ang c a vo s dng ti cc c s cng nghip, dch v li l cc cng ngh khng cn nhiu lao ng. Xt v c cu, s mt cn bng th hin ch i b phn L nc ta l L gin n, cha qua o to v k nng v tay ngh, s L qua o to li ch yu tp trung cc khu th ln v cc vng kinh t trng im v cn nhiu bt cp so vi nhu cu ca th trng L c v cht lng cng nh c cu ngnh ngh. Thm vo , th trng L cha tht s thng sut, cn nng tnh cc b, ngi L chuyn t tnh ny n tnh khc mu cu c cng n vic lm ph hp thng gp nhiu kh khn v iu kin n, , v s cch bit trong thu nhp cng nh phn bit i x trong vic th hng cc dch v x hi.... Vic chp ni cung - cu lao ng c trong v ngoi nc cha c tch cc thc hin khai thc ngun v cung ng lao ng nhm p ng nhu cu ca th trng. Giao dch trn th trng L trong nc ch yu vn l hnh thc trc tip gia ngi L v ngi s dng L, cc dch v t vn, hng nghip,

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gii thiu vic lm,... ca cc Trung tm gii thiu vic lm cha a dng v hnh thc, cn nng tnh bao cp cha thu ht c ngi L v ngi s dng L. V vy, th trng lao ng Vit Nam hin vn cha gii quyt c nghch l l mc d ngun cung ng lao ng ln, cc c s sn xut kinh doanh vn ang phi i mt vi nn thiu lao ng c trnh chuyn mn hoc tay ngh ph hp, c bit l trong cc khu vc sn xut c gi tr gia tng cao. Thu nhp ca lao ng lm cng n lng vn mang nng tnh bnh qun ha. Tin lng, tin cng vn cha tht s ng vai tr l cng c tch cc trong iu chnh cung cu th trng lao ng. 2.2. NG LI, CH TRNG, CHNH SCH CA NG V NH NC V XUT KHU LAO NG u nhng nm 1990 sau khi h thng cc nc XHCN tan r, k tha nhng kt qu v mt s kinh nghim t c trong thi k hp tc quc t v L vi cc nc XHCN giai on 1980-1990, ng v Nh nc ta nhn thy ngha v hiu qu ca XKL i vi s pht trin t nc. V vy, c nhng thay i v nhn thc v ch o hot ng XKL. iu ny c khng nh qua cc vn kin i hi ng v cc vn bn php lut ca Nh nc. Ngy 9/11/1991 Chnh ph ban hnh Ngh nh s 370/ HBT, nu r :a ngi L i lm vic c thi hn nc ngoi l mt hng gii quyt vic lm, to thu nhp cho ngi L v tng ngun thu ngoi t cho t nc; gp phn tng cng quan h hp tc kinh t - vn ho khoa hc k thut gia Vit Nam vi nhng nc s dng lao ng theo nguyn tc bnh ng, hai bn cng c li, tn trng php lut v truyn thng dn tc ca nhau [45]. Ti i hi ng ton quc ln th VIII nm 1996 v nht l Ch th s 41CT/ TW ngy 22/9/1998 ca B Chnh tr xc inh r: Xut khu lao ng v chuyn gia l mt hot ng KT-XH gp phn pht trin ngun nhn lc, gii quyt vic lm, to thu nhp v nng cao trnh tay ngh cho ngi lao ng, tng ngun thu ngoi t cho t nc v tng cng quan h hp tc quc t gia nc ta vi cc nc. Cng vi gii quyt vic lm trong nc l chnh th xut khu lao ng v

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chuyn gia l mt chin lc quan trng, lu di, gp phn xy dng i ng L cho cng cuc xy dng t nuc trong thi k cng nghip ha, hin i ha; l mt b phn ca hp tc quc t, gp phn cng c quan h hu ngh, hp tc lu di vi cc nc [6]. i hi ng ln th IX tip tc khng nh: y mnh xut khu lao ng. Xy dng v thc hin ng b, cht ch c ch chnh sch v o to ngun lao ng, a lao ng ra nc ngoi, bo v quyn li v tng uy tn ca ngi lao ng Vit Nam nc ngoi[35]. Lut ha cc ch trng, ng li ca ng v XKL, Nh nc ban hnh B Lut L v mt s ngh nh lin quan n XKL. Nm 2006 nh du mt bc quan trng trong vic ban hnh cc vn bn php lut lin quan n XKL bng vic Quc hi kha 10 thng qua Lut ngi lao ng Vit Nam i lm vic nc ngoi theo hp ng, c hiu lc t ngy 01/7/2007. Nhng quan im, ch trng ca ng v xut khu lao ng trong thi k ny c th hin thng qua cc chnh sch sau: Cho php cc thnh phn kinh t tham gia xut khu lao ng: Nh nc cho php cc DN, t chc kinh t thnh lp theo Lut Doanh nghip, hi cc iu kin v vn php nh, b my t chc, c n hot ng a ngi lao ng i lm vic nc ngoi, ng tin k qu c tham gia XKL. M rng th trng xut khu lao ng: Nh nc khuyn khch, h tr v to mi iu kin cho cc DN XKL tin hnh tham d, tm kim v m rng th trng ph hp vi trnh , tay ngh v cht lng ngun nhn lc Vit Nam. o to ngh, dy ngoi ng, gio dc nh hng cho ngi L: cc t chc trc khi a ngi L i lm vic nc ngoi phi t chc cc lp hun luyn o to tay ngh, dy ngoi ng v gio dc nh hng cho ngi L ph hp vi tng loi hnh cng vic, th trng ni ngi L s n lm vic. H tr ti chnh trong xut khu lao ng: Nh nc h tr ngi lao ng mt phn cc ph o to tay ngh, dy ngoi ng, gio dc nh hng t Qu Gii quyt vic lm v cho ngi lao ng vay tn chp theo li sut u i thng qua Ngn hng Chnh sch-X hi, ngn hng thng mi nht l cc i

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tng chnh sch, b i xut ng, lao ng ngho, lao ng vng su, vng xa, hi o, dn tc t ngi, thiu s. Qun l xut khu lao ng: Nh nc thng nht qun l XKL theo ng li, ch trng, chnh sch v php lut trn c s thng thong v bnh ng, nhm to iu kin cho mi t chc, c nhn c iu kin cng tham gia. 2.3. TNH HNH PHT TRIN XUT KHU LAO NG VIT NAM T NM 1991 N NAY T nm 1991 n nay, XKL nc ta pht trin theo c ch th trng c s qun l ca nh nc qua 2 giai on. Giai on th nht t nm 1991 n nm 1999, c gi l thi k chuyn i XKL. Trong thi gian ny, bt u tin hnh v th ch ha ch trng ca ng v Nh nc v i mi chnh sch, c ch XKL vi vic ra i cc vn bn php lut v hnh thnh i ng cc DN, t chc lm dch v XKL. Giai on tip theo t nm 2000 - n nay c gi l thi k y mnh v hi nhp ca XKL. Trong thi gian ny, XKL vn hnh theo c ch th trng c s qun l ca nh nc tip tc c cng c v pht trin. Chng ta y mnh XKL c v tc ln quy m vi cc hnh thc a i a dng, s lng DN XKL ngy cng tng, xy dng c h thng vn bn php l v XKL tng i hon chnh vi vic ban hnh Lut ngi L Vit Nam i lm vic nc ngoi theo hp ng. 2.3.1. S lng lao ng xut khu Trong thi k chuyn i XKL (1991-1999), sau khi h thng nc XHCN tan r, k tha chng trnh hp tc lao ng vi cc nc XHCN, chng ta xc nh li mc tiu xut khu lao ng nhm gii quyt vic lm v tng thu nhp cho ngi L v t nc. Vi s lng lao ng i lm vic nc ngoi t vi ngn nhng nm u 1990 chng ta cng c v tng dn L xut khu qua tng nm, n nm 1999 s L c a i lm vic nc ngoi t 28.810 ngi. Tnh chung trong c thi k ny, chng ta a i c 95.608 L n lm vic ti 30 th trng, bnh qun hng nm a i 10.623 lao ng vi tc tng trng 51,79%/ nm. y l kt qu ng khch l trong iu kin giai on u ca thi k chuyn i nn kinh t t nc.

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S lng lao ng Vit Nam hng nm i lm vic nc ngoi t nm 1991 n nay c th hin trong bng tng hp sau: Bng 2.3: S lng lao ng Vit Nam i lm vic nc ngoi n v: ngi Nc v vng lnh th tip nhn Nm 19911999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 T.C Malaysia 8 239 23 19.965 38.227 14.567 24.605 37.941 26.704 7.810 2.792 172.881 i Loan 2.446 8.099 7.782 13.191 29.069 37.144 22.784 14.127 23.640 31.631 21.677 Hn Quc 32.303 7.316 3.910 1.190 4.336 4.779 12.102 10.577 12.187 18.141 7.578 Nht Bn 7.857 1.497 3.249 2.202 2.256 2.752 2.955 5.360 5.517 6.142 5.456 45.253 Trung ng 0 70 131 12 349 230 881 4.569 8.435 7.454 10.389 32.520 Nc Khc 52.994 14.279 21.073 9.562 763 7.975 7.267 6.281 8.537 16.812 25.136 169.858 95.608 31.500 36.168 46.122 75.000 67.447 70.594 78.855 85.020 86.990 73.028 746.332 Tng s

211.590 114.230

Ngun : B Lao ng, Thng binh v X hi [23],[24] Trong thi k y mnh v hi nhp ca XKL (2000 - n nay) vi s ra i Ch th 41-CT/TW ca B Chnh tr Ban Chp hnh Trung ng ng v xut khu lao ng v chuyn gia, XKL ca nc ta c quan im nh hng ng n v nhn c s quan tm ch o st sao ca ng v Nh nc, s qun l, h tr hiu qu ca Chnh ph v s ng thun ca ton x hi vi nhiu hnh thc thc hin a dng, nh vy t c nhng kt qu kh quan. Thi k ny, t 31.500 lao ng c a i lm vic nc ngoi nm 2000, XKL c y mnh r rt v c bit l nhng nm gn y khi Vit Nam tham gia su rng vo phn cng lao ng

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quc t v hi nhp kinh t th gii, chng ta m thm mt s th trng mi ng Nam v Trung ng cng vi m hnh lin kt to ngun lao ng xut khu gia t chc v doanh nghip XKL vi chnh quyn a phng trong nc th XKL gt hi c nhiu thnh tu ng khch l, hng nm hon thnh vt mc k hoch vi s lng L xut khu tng ln r rt, t t 80 ngn n 90 ngn ngi/ nm chim hn 5% tng lao ng c gii quyt vic lm ca c nc. Tnh chung trong giai on ny chng ta a c 650.724 lao ng ra nc ngoi lm vic, bnh qun hng nm a c 65.072 ngi vi tc tng trng 9,79%/nm. Nm 2009 nn kinh t th gii b suy gim mnh do nh hng ca khng hong ti chnh quc t tc ng ng k n xut khu lao ng Vit Nam. S lng lao ng a i lm vic nc ngoi gim st v l nm u tin sau nhiu nm chng ta khng hon thnh k hoch xut khu lao ng ra. S lng lao ng xut khu t 73.028 ngi chim 81,14% k hoch, vic suy gim xy ra hu ht cc th trng trng im nht l th trng Hn Quc, Malaysia, i Loan ch c Trung ng, Bc Phi v Lo cn duy tr c tng trng. Tnh hnh L nc ngoi phc tp li cng phc tp thm, mt s lng ln L khong 10 ngn ngi ch yu l L ph thng phi v nc trc hn c bit l th trng Malaysia, i Loan lm nh hng khng nh n phong tro XKL cc a phng. Tuy vy y cng l c hi chng ta nhn nhn v nh gi li hng pht trin XKL trong thi gian ti v l nm bn l chng ta thay i cch suy ngh, cch lm XKL. Xut khu lao ng phi ly cht lng lao ng trn c s nhu cu ca th trng lao ng nc ngoi, hiu qu kinh t-x hi, nng lc cnh tranh ca doanh nghip t ln hng u th mi mong s pht trin bn vng. 2.3.2. Th trng xut khu lao ng Pht trin th trng l cng vic lun c Nh nc v cc DN XKL quan tm. T 1991 n nay chng ta tng bc thit lp v m rng th trng XKL vi nhiu nc trn th gii, c bit l cc nc trong khu vc, ph hp vi ng li i mi v tin trnh hi nhp kinh t quc t ca t nc.

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B L, TB v XH, Hip hi Xut khu lao ng Vit Nam cng vi cc doanh nghip t chc nhiu on i kho st, tm hiu th trng XKL, ng thi thng xuyn t chc cc cuc hi ngh, hi tho, tp hun cung cp thng tin th trng, c bit l v cc th trng mi v th trng tim nng. n nay, Vit Nam k cc tho thun v hip nh v hp tc lao ng vi Lin bang Nga, Cng ho Sc, Ucraina, Cng ha Dn ch Nhn dn Lo, i Loan, Malaixia, Hn Quc, Nht Bn, Slovakia, rp-x-t, Tiu Vng Quc rp Thng Nht (UAE), man, Ca ta, Kazakhstan v ang xc tin m phn k hip nh hp tc L vi Libya, Italia, Rumania, Belarus. Ngoi cc nc XHCN c tip tc tip nhn lao ng Vit Nam nhng s lng khng nhiu. Th trng xut khu lao ng c cng c v m rng n mt s khu vc mi nh: Hn Quc, Nht Bn, i Loan. Malaysia, Singapore, Lo. Trung ng, Libya, Macao. Mt s th trng mi lm th im tip tc c cng c nh Na-Uy, Php, B o Nha, Anh, M, Canada, c, . T 10 nc v vng lnh th tip nhn L Vit Nam nm 1991 tng ln 35 nc v vng lnh th nm 2000 v 41 nc v vng lnh th nm 2009. n cui nm 2009, c nc c hn 490 ngn L ang lm vic ti 41 quc gia v vng lnh th trong : Malaysia 85 ngn; i Loan 81 ngn; Hn Quc 55 ngn; Nht Bn 20 ngn; Trung ng 25 ngn; ng u 80 ngn; CH LB Nga 30 ngn, Lo 24 ngn; S cn li cc nc Chu u, Bc Phi, Macao, c, Bc M. 2.3.3. Tnh hnh lao ng xut khu ti mt s th trng trng im Xut khu lao ng Vit Nam trong nhng nm gn y tp trung ch yu vo 5 th trng chnh bao gm: Malaysia , i Loan, Hn Quc, Nht Bn v Trung ng. Nhng th trng ny chim khong t 80 n 90% s lng lao ng i lm vic nc ngoi hng nm. S pht trin xut khu lao ng Vit Nam t nm 2000 n nay, S lng lao ng i lm vic cc th trng xut khu lao ng trng im v tnh hnh lao ng Vit Nam lm vic nc ngoi thi gian qua c phn nh trong hnh 2.1 v phn nh gi theo tng th trng.

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100000 90000 80000 70000 60000 50000 40000 30000 20000 10000
8,099 31,500 46,122 36,168 38,227 37,144 37,941 31,631 21,677 14,567 12,102 4,336 2,256 4,779 2,955 14,127 8,435 5,517 18,141 7,810 6,142 10,389 7,578 5,456 2,792 67,447 75,000 70,594 78,855 85,020 73,028 86,990

19,965 13,191 2,202

7,316

4,569

0 1,497 2000 Malaysia Nht Bn

2001

2002

2003 2004 i Loan Trung ng

2005

2006

2007 2008 2009 Hn Quc S lng L XK c nc

Ngun : B Lao ng, Thng binh v X hi [23],[24] Hnh 2.1:S lng lao ng Vit Nam i lm vic mt s th trng trng im 2.3.3.1. Th trng Malaysia Vit Nam chnh thc a lao ng sang lm vic ti Malaysia t thng 2 nm 2002, tnh n ht nm 2009 cc doanh nghip xut khu lao ng a c gn 173 ngn lao ng qua Malaysia lm vic, bnh qun hng nm a c hn 19,2 ngn lao ng, s lao ng ang lm vic ti Malaysia l 85 ngn ngi chim khong 5,1% trong tng s lao ng nc ngoi hp php. th trng ny L Vit Nam phi cnh tranh gay gt vi L n t Indonesia, Bangladesh, n , Philippin, Nepal,. y l th trng pht trin nhanh v bin ng mnh nht trong thi gian qua vi s lng a i t k lc vo nm 2006 gn 38 ngn L tuy vn nhng nm gn y mt phn do suy gim kinh t, mt phn do thu nhp khng hp dn v ri ro i vi ngi L cao nn s lng gim ng k, nm 2009 ch t 2.792 ngi. Lao ng Vit Nam ch yu tp trung lm vic ti cc nh my x nghip hoc trn cc cng trng xy dng nhng thnh ph ln, cc khu cng nghip tp trung dc theo b ty ca Malaysia. Lao ng Vit Nam sang Malaysia lm vic ch yu

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c tuyn chn t cc vng nng thn nn trnh vn ha c phn hn ch, t l lao ng tt nghip ph thng c s chim 72%, tt nghip trung hc chim 28% [24]. n nay, sau gn 9 nm thc hin XKL n Malaysia, tuy c nhng kh khn nht nh, nhng nhn chung L Vit Nam u c vic lm n nh, nht l lao ng nh my, vi mc thu nhp bnh qun khong 200-300 USD, c bit c mt s lao ng c thu nhp 350-450 USD, bnh qun mt lao ng khi kt thc hp ng v nc c kh nng tch ly c t 4.000-6.000 USD. Do lut php ca Malaysia rt kht khe v khng c s chnh lch gia thu nhp theo hp ng v bn ngoi nn s lao ng ph v hp ng v b trn ra ngoi lm vic ti Malaysia khng ng k, ch chim di 1% trn tng s lao ng a i. Tuy vy, t l ny tng t bin trong nm 2008 chim gn 6% vi 459 lao ng, lm cho tnh hnh th trng ny tr nn ln xn v phc tp, mt s lao ng sau khi b trn kt hp vi nhau lp thnh cc bng ng trm cp, trn lt, bo k m nguy him hn i tng nhm vo li l chnh cc ng hng ca mnh, gy mt trt t, an ninh x hi ca nc s ti. Mt iu ng ni l s L phi v nc trc hn do vi phm hp ng, nh my ph sn, thu nhp thp, ti th trng ny chim t l khng nh trong s L a i hng nm v ng v tr cao trong s cc th trng XKL. Trong giai on 2003-2008 s L phi v nc trc hn l 23.565 ngi trong s 149.854 L c a i, chim 15,73 % vi nh im 37,51% vo nm 2004 [14]. L i lm vic ti Malaysia ch yu t nng thn, trc khi i thng phi vay tin t ngn hng trang tri cc chi ph, v vy vic L phi v trc hn l mt gnh nng cho gia nh, DN XKL, chnh quyn, ngn hng cho vay v ton x hi, iu ny c th a n hin tng ti tht nghip, ti ngho v nh hng khng nh n phong tro XKL. Do mc thu nhp khng hp dn, s lng i hng nm nhiu, L ch yu c tuyn dng t nng thn, vng su, vng xa vi trnh thp, phn ln cha qua o to dn n cht lng L thp, nhiu DN XKL cng tham gia, kh khn trong khu qun l L, cng tc tuyn truyn yu km, thng tin khng n c ngi L, cnh tranh khc lit trong to n hng nc ngoi v to ngun L trong

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nc, ri ro cao cho ngi L cng vi chnh sch tht cht L nc ngoi ca Chnh ph Malaysia trong thi gian gn y v nhng nm tip theo, tt c ang l bi ton kh cho cc DN XKL trong vic duy tr th trng ny. Tuy vy, phi khng nh rng Malaysia l th trng ln, ph hp vi L ph thng, tay ngh thp nht l L nng thn, L vng su, vng xa gp phn xa i gim ngho, tng thu nhp cho ngi L khng nhng trong nhng nm trc mt m c nhng nm tip theo. 2.1.3.2. Th trng i Loan Tnh n nay, sau 11 nm Vit Nam a gn 211,6 ngn lao ng n i Loan lm vic, bnh qun mi nm a c hn 19,23 ngn ngi. n cui nm 2009 Vit Nam c gn 81 ngn lao ng hin ang lm vic ti i Loan trong tng s gn 400 ngn (20,25 %) lao ng nc ngoi n t Indonesia, Malaysia, Philippin, Thi Lan,.. Trong , lao ng chm sc ngi gi, tr em v gip vic gia nh gim t 64 ngn ngi chim gn 76% nm 2005 xung cn hn 29 ngn ngi chim 35,8%, lao ng nh my tng t 18 ngn chim gn 22% nm 2005 ln 48,4 ngn chim 59,75 %, s cn li l lao ng thuyn vin v lao ng xy dng [23]. V gii tnh, trong s gn 81 ngn lao ng Vit Nam ang lm vic ti i Loan nm 2009 c khong 45 ngn lao ng n chim 55,55 % v 36 ngn lao ng nam chim 44,45 %, Vit Nam l nc c s lng lao ng n nhiu nht ti i Loan trong s cc nc a lao ng n i Loan lm vic. V tui, c gn 19 ngn L c tui di 25 chim gn 23,45%, 42 ngn L trong tui 25-34, chim 51,85% v 20 ngn L trong tui 35-44, chim 24,70%, y l lng L tr trong s L nc ngoi ang lm vic ti i Loan. Lao ng Vit Nam lm vic ti i Loan c pha ch s dng nh gi cao v s thng minh, tip thu nhanh, d thch nghi, vi mc thu nhp bnh qun t 700900 USD/ thng, c bit c mt s trng hp trn 1000 USD/ thng. Do nhiu nguyn nhn khc nhau nh: chi ph mi gii cao, cnh tranh khc lit, thc ngi L km, d dao ng, qun l b bung lng, b mt s c nhn v t chc li ko, d d nn hin nay mt s L ph v hp ng trn ra ngoi sng v lm vic bt hp

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php. S L b trn trong giai on 2003-2008 l 30.674 ngi trong tng s 158.395 lao ng a i chim 19,36%, trong nm 2003 l 2.819 ngi tng ng vi 9,70%, nm 2005 tng ln 7.181 ngi tng ng vi 31,52% v nm 2008 gim xung 3.327 ngi tng ng vi 10,52% [25]. Nu xt trn tng s L nc ngoi b trn ti i Loan th t l lao ng Vit Nam b trn chim khong 35%, chim v tr cao nht trong s cc nc c L lm vic ti i Loan. Mt iu ng ni l s L phi v nc trc hn do vi phm hp ng, khng p ng c nhu cu, nh my ph sn, thu nhp thpti th trng ny chim t l cao trong s L a i hng nm. Trong giai on 2003-2008 s L phi v nc trc hn l 26.153 ngi trong s 158.395 L c a i, chim 16,51 % bnh qun hn 4.359 lao ng/ nm. Nu tnh chung c L b trn v L v nc trc hn th y l th trng c t l cao nht trong cc th trng XKL vi 56.827 lao ng chim 35,87% trn tng s L c a i giai on 2003-2008 [25]. y l vn nan gii v l bi ton v cng kh khn trong vic cng c v tng th phn ti th trng ny. Hin nay, i Loan ang p dng m hnh tuyn dng trc tip mi khng thng qua mi gii vi 3 giai on: Giai on 1 v 2 p dng i tr cho php cc nh my, bnh vin, tri iu dng, gia nh tuyn dng trc tip li s cng nhn, thuyn vin, khn h cng hon thnh hp ng v v nc ng hn. Giai on 3 s m rng i tng p dng, cho php tuyn chn trc tip mi i tng L nc ngoi n i Loan lm vic khng qua mi gii lm tng trch nhim ca ngi L, ch s dng lao ng v gim chi ph trc khi i cho ngi lao ng. 2.1.3.3. Th trng Hn Quc Hn Quc va l nc xut khu ng thi nhp khu lao ng vi s lng ln. n cui nm 2009 c hn 600 ngn lao ng nhp c ang lm vic trong 2,5 triu DN va v nh thuc nhiu lnh vc kinh t gm: 192 ngn lao ng nhp c hp php, 220 ngn lao ng Hn kiu, hn 188 ngn L nhp c bt hp php. Vit Nam bt u a lao ng n Hn Quc t nm 1992, cho n nay sau 18 nm chng ta a c hn 114,2 ngn L n Hn Quc lm vic, bnh qun

79

hng nm a c 6,35 ngn L. c bit giai on 2005-2008 s L a i Hn Quc lm vic tng ln r rt, gp t 2 n 3 ln mc bnh qun, iu l do k t thi im ny Hn Quc cho php tip nhn L Vit Nam theo chng trnh cp php mi, tuy vy do suy gim kinh t ton cu nn s L a i Hn Quc lm vic trong nm 2009 gim ng k ch cn 7.578 ngi. n cui nm 2009 c hn 55 ngn lao ng Vit Nam ang lm vic ti Hn Quc chim 9,02% lao ng nc ngoi lm vic ti Hn Quc trong c gn 45 ngn lao ng hp php v hn 10 ngn lao ng bt hp php. Lao ng Vit Nam n Hn Quc lm vic thng qua cc chng trnh sau: - Chng trnh tu nghip sinh cng nghip (ITS) Chng trnh tu nghip sinh cng nghip ht hiu lc ngy 31/12/2006. Sau 20 nm thc hin thng qua 4 Hip hi doanh nghip l: Hip hi DN va v nh Hn Quc, Hip hi Xy dng Hn Quc, Hip hi cc T hp nng nghip Hn Quc, Hip hi cc T hp ng nghip Hn Quc a c bnh qun hng nm 150 ngn tu nghip sinh (TNS) n Hn Quc tu nghip, y l chng trnh va hc va lm (1 nm tu nghip v 2 nm L) vi mc tr cp t 750 n 900 USD/ thng. Vit Nam bt u a TNS sang Hn Quc t nm 1992, cho n khi kt thc chng trnh a c 68.314 ngi, bnh qun hng nm 4.554 ngi. TNS Vit Nam n Hn Quc lm vic trn cc cng trng xy dng, cc nh my va v nh hoc trong cc nng tri do 12 DN XKL Vit Nam phi c theo s cho php ca pha Hn Quc. n cui nm 2009 s TNS cn li ang lm vic ti Hn Quc l gn 4 ngn ngi. Nhn chung TNS ca ta c pha ch s dng L nh ga cao v trnh tip cn cng vic, tip thu tay ngh nhanh, chu kh, c trch nhim vi cng vic v thch nghi nhanh vi mi trng sng v lm vic. Tuy vy, do trnh ngoi ng yu, thiu tc phong cng nghip nn nhiu lc gy khc mc trong quan h ch th. Trong khi , do mt s nguyn nhn nh s chnh lch gia tr cp TNS v thu nhp ca L cng mt loi hnh cng vic cao, thc km ca mt b phn TNS, b mt s t chc v c nhn li ko, cc bin php chng trn cha mnh, nhu cu

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cao v L ti Hn Quc nht l lao ng 3D, th tc tip nhn TNS phc tp, chnh sch to vic lm sau khi v nc cha r rng , nn thi gian qua c mt s TNS ph v hp ng trn ra ngoi sng v lm vic bt hp php. Trong giai on 20032008 tng s TNS vi phm hp ng b trn l 6.714 ngi chim 10,81% tng s lao ng a i. Tnh n cui nm 2009 c hn 10 ngn L Vit Nam bt hp php chim 6,12% trong tng s lao ng bt hp php nc ngoi ti Hn Quc [25]. - Chng trnh cp php lao ng nc ngoi (EPS) T nhng hn ch ca chng trnh TNS v nhng phc tp t L nc ngoi bt hp php, Chnh ph Hn Quc c nhng thay i trong vic tip nhn L nc ngoi. Ngy 16/08/2003 Hn Quc ban hnh Lut vic lm cho lao ng nc ngoi (gi tt l EPS) quy nh c th chng trnh cp php cho L nc ngoi n lm vic. Giai on u Chnh ph Hn Quc chn 6 nc tham gia trong c Vit Nam. Hin nay chng trnh ny c m rng cho 15 nc chu tham gia. iu c bit l tnh phi li nhun ca chng trnh nn cc DN XKL khng c tham gia, m chng trnh do c quan QLNN v L ca Chnh ph cc quc gia phi c v tip nhn L phi hp thc hin. Vit Nam u mi ny c Chnh ph giao cho B L, TB v XH thc hin. Ngi L i lm vic ti Hn Quc theo chng trnh ny c t cch lao ng ngay t khi nhp cnh, c hng mi quyn li bnh ng nh lao ng Hn Quc vi thi gian lm vic 3 nm v hng lng c bn theo qui nh ca php lut. Ngi L mun tham gia chng trnh ny trc ht phi vt qua k thi ting Hn v p ng cc iu kin v sc khe, thn nhn, trnh hc vn, c php np h s ng k d tuyn qua mng internet sang Hn Quc v gii thiu cho ch s dng L, nu c chn ngi L s hon tt th tc v k hp ng v ng ph th tc 654 USD c xut cnh sang Hn Quc lm vic. T 2004 n cui 2009 gi 53.470 h s ng k d tuyn sang Hn Quc vi 39.332 h s ngnh ch to my, 7.758 h s ngnh nng nghip, 5649 h s ngnh xy dng, 128 h s ngnh thy sn v 613 h s ngnh dch v.

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S L Vit Nam xut cnh l 44.416 ngi t 83,07% v l nc dn u trong 15 nc tham gia chng trnh ny, trong nm 2004 l 705 ngi, nm 2005 l 8.628 ngi, nm 2006 l 5.714 ngi v nm 2007 l 10.491 ngi, nm 2008 l 12.300 ngi, nm 2009 l 4.837 ngi. S L ny ch yu c ly t cc trng dy ngh, b i xut ng lm vic trong lnh vc ch to hn 87%, nng nghip v ng nghip 8%, xy dng 4%, dch v hn 1% [25, tr. 60]. Theo quy nh ca Hn Quc, lao ng theo chng trnh EPS c i x nh L bn a vi mc lng c bn l 836.000 won/thng vi tun lm 40 gi v 904.000 won/thng vi tun lm 44 gi, vi mc lng ny nu c vic lm thm mc thu nhp bnh qun hng thng ca ngi L Vit Nam khong 850 1200 USD. Vi mc chi ph ng trc khi i thp, ngi L c quan tm v n tip chu o, i x bnh ng, th tc tip nhn n gin, cc kh khn ban u v khc mc trong quan h ch th c gii quyt kp thi ang l im mnh ca chng trnh ny v c ng o L quan tm v mun tham gia. Theo Chnh ph Hn Quc, Vit Nam ang ng u trong chng trnh ny. Thc t a s ch s dng L nh gi cao L Vit Nam v kh nng tip cn cng vic, tip thu nhanh, kho lo, chu kh cng nh d ha ng, on kt, tng thn, tng tr ln nhau. Tuy vy nhc im ca L ta l ngoi ng yu, tc phong cng nghip thp, tnh k lut cha cao, mt b phn L sau khi lm c 1 n 2 nm thng i hi ch s dng phi tng lng c bn, nu khng c p ng th tm cch chuyn nh my, chuyn ngnh hoc ph v hp ng b trn ra ngoi. y l vn pht sinh trong thi gian gn y, i hi Chnh ph Vit Nam cn c ngay gii php ph hp gii quyt dt im tnh trng ny nhm gi vng v pht trin th trng XKL trng im ny. - Chng trnh tip nhn lao ng lnh ngh v chuyn gia nc ngoiChng trnh th vng Hn Quc c chnh sch c bit thu ht chuyn gia, k thut vin cao cp. Chnh sch ny c thc hin thng qua Chng trnh th vng, t khi c

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bn hnh vo thng 11/2000 cho php ni lng cc hnh thc th thc, cp th thc nhp cnh nhiu ln cho cc chuyn gia bt k nc no, tng thi hn c tr km theo cc mc u i v cuc sng v sinh hot. Hin nay, T chc Cng ngh cng nghip Hn Quc (KOTEF) ang thc hin chng trnh ny. i din t chc KOTEF nhiu ln sang lm vic Vit Nam gii thiu Chng trnh th vng v hp tc vi pha Vit Nam o to pht trin ngun nhn lc trong lnh vc ny. Hng nm vo thng 11 Vit Nam t chc hi ch vic lm cc DN gii thiu cho pha i tc Hn Quc phng vn ngi L. Hin c khong 1.000 chuyn gia cng ngh thng tin, c kh ch to ang lm vic ti y, c cc cng ty Hn Quc nh gi cao. 2.1.3.4. Th trng Nht Bn Tu nghip sinh (TNS) Vit Nam bt u n Nht Bn tu nghip t nm 1993 theo Chng trnh phi c v tip nhn TNS, TTS nc ngoi vo tu nghip ti Nht Bn. y l chng trnh ca pha Nht Bn gip cc nc ang pht trin trong vic chuyn giao cng ngh v o to ngun nhn lc.Tnh n ht nm 2009 c 15 nc tham gia chng trnh ny vi hn 1,60 triu TNS, TTS tu nghip theo 7 nhm ngnh theo c cu nh sau: nng nghip 6,7%; ng nghip 0,7%; xy dng 6,5%; ch bin thc phm 11,8%; dt may 34%; c kh v kim lai 21,7%; cc ngnh ngh khc 17,7%, c phn lm 64 ngh bao gm 120 loi hnh cng vic trong hn 18 ngn x nghip va v nh. Sau hn 17 nm, Chng ta c 99 doanh nghip c php phi c v a c 45,25 ngn TNS n Nht Bn, bnh qun hng nm a c 2,66 ngn ngi. K t nm 2005 khi Vit Nam thnh lp Ban Qun l lao ng thuc i s qun Vit Nam ti Nht Bn th tnh hnh lao ng xut khu ca ta c nhiu chuyn bin tch cc, s TNS c a i tng ln r rt vi hn 5 ngn ngi/ nm, chim hn 5% s tu nghip sinh nc ngoi n Nht Bn v ng th 3 v s lng trong cc nc phi c vi mc thu nhp bnh qun hng thng ca ngi L t 1.000 n 1.200 USD. Tuy nhin trn thc t s lng tu nghip

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sinh Vit Nam c a qua Nht Bn cn ln hn bi mt s TTS c a i thng qua cc cng ty lin doanh hoc c vn u t ca Nht Bn ti Vit Nam. Loi hnh TTS ngn hn ny ang c xu hng tng trong thi gian gn y. Bn cnh chng trnh TNS, n nay chng ta a c hn 2.000 L k thut n Nht Bn lm vic ti mt s ngnh cng ngh cao vi mc thu nhp bnh qun khong 2.000-3.000 USD/ thng. Hin nay tng s lao ng v TNS Vit Nam ang lm vic ti Nht Bn khong 20 ngn ngi chim 5% TNS nc ngoi ti Nht Bn. Lao ng Vit Nam th trng ny phi cnh tranh gay gt vi L n t Trung Quc (70%), Philippin (6,5%), Indonesia (5%),. [23]. Sau 17 nm thc hin chng trnh. TNS ca nc ta c pha bn nh gi cao v s chm ch, thng minh, kho tay, tip thu tt, thch nghi nhanh vi iu kin x hi v ni lm vic. Tuy vy TNS ca ta cn nhiu hn ch nh: Trnh ngoi ng nht l ting Nht cn yu, tnh t chc k lut km, cha c tc phong cng nghip. Theo T chc Hp tc Tu nghip Quc t Nht Bn (JITCO) t l ph v hp ng, trn ra ngoi sng v lm vic bt hp php ca TNS Vit Nam cao nht trong cc nc c TNS n Nht Bn. T nm 2005 Chnh ph 2 nc p dng nhiu bin php chng trn nn tnh hnh c ci thin ng k. T l b trn ca TNS Vit Nam trn tng s L mi n gim ng k t mc 37,6% nm 2003 xung 15,33% nm 2005 v 3,19% nm 2008. Nu tnh t nm 2003 n ht nm 2008 s TNS Vit Nam b trn l 2.714 ngi chim 10,86% tng s TNS a i. Trong khi s TNS phi v nc trc hn khong t 200 n 300 ngi/ nm, trong giai on 2003-2008 l 1.343 ngi chim 5,37% tng s L a i Nht Bn lm vic cng k [25]. Tnh hnh phc tp do L Vit Nam trong thi gian qua gy ra... ang l vn nan gii i vi vic duy tr v pht trin th trng ny trong thi gian ti. 2.1.3.5. Th trng Trung ng Th trng Trung ng thu ht nhiu L Vit Nam trong nhng nm gn y, l khu vc th trng t b nh hng ca cuc khng hong ti chnh quc t

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v suy thoi kinh t ton cu hin nay. Nm 2009 c gn 10,4 ngn L Vit Nam n khu vc ny lm vic trong c 121 L n Cata , 4.733 L n Cc Tiu vng quc Arp thng nht (UAE) v 2.604 L n Arp X-t, 2.248 n Baranh,. Hin nay s lng L Vit Nam ang lm vic ti Trung ng chim mt t l khim tn trong tng s hn 13 triu L nc ngoi n t n , Bangladesh, Nepal, Philippin, Indonesia, Thi Lan, n cui nm 2009 L Vit Nam lm vic ti y l hn 25 ngn ngi (ti Cata l 3.257 ngi, ti UAE l 9.800 ngi v ti rp X-t l 7.300 ngi ) trong cc ngnh xy dng, c kh, lp rp in t, khch sn, bn hng....vi mc thu nhp khong 300 USD/ thng i vi lao ng tay ngh thp v 600 USD/thng i vi lao ng c tay ngh cao [23]. Th trng Trung ng c mt s c im nh thi tit nng, thu nhp khng cao, khong cch xa, cc nc ch yu theo o hi, nn kinh t ph thuc nhiu vo du m...V vy, cha thu ht c s quan tm ca L Vit Nam. Thi gian qua, cc DN XKL cha ch trng ng mc n cht lng L a i lm vic ti th trng ny dn n ti mt vi ni xy ra cc vi phm php lut nh nh cng, nh nhau, trm cp...nh hng n u tn v hnh nh L Vit Nam ti khu vc v dn n pha Cata hn ch tip nhn L ca ta mt thi gian. Vic a L Vit Nam n lm vic th trng ny cn phi c cch lm mi trn c s cc hip nh hp tc lao ng c k vi cc nc trong khu vc, cn thn trng trong vic tip nhn n hng v chun b ngun L, ch nn a L qua o to, c k lut cao n th trng ny, khng nn chy theo s lng m ch trng n cht lng L cng vi vic tng cng qun l L nhm to iu kin n nh v pht trin th trng ny trong thi gian ti. 2.3.4. Hnh thc xut khu lao ng Hnh thc a lao ng i lm vic nc ngoi trong nhng nm qua ang c nhng thay i theo chiu hng c li v tng dn trch nhim ca ngi lao ng khi ra nc ngoi lm vic. iu ny c th hin thng qua hnh 2.2 sau y:

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Nm 2003
7.66% 1.07% 8.79%
14.84% 4.43%

Nm 2009
7.60%

82.49%

73.13%

DN v T chc s nghip XKL u thu v u t ra nc ngoi

Hp ng c nhn Tu nghip sinh v thc tp sinh

Ngun:Tc gi tnh ton theo s liu B Lao ng, Thng binh v X hi [24] Hnh 2.2: Hnh thc xut khu lao ng Theo hnh 2.2 chng ta thy, XKL thi gian qua ch yu thng qua hp ng vi cc DN v t chc s nghip XKL, loi hnh ny tuy c tng v s lng L nhng ang c xu hng gim v t l trong tng s L xut khu qua cc nm, t 82,49% nm 2003 xung cn 73,13% nm 2009, y l hnh thc a L ra nc ngoi sng v lm vic an xen vi L nc khc. Tip theo l hnh thc theo hp ng nhn thu, trng thu v u t ra nc ngoi vi xu hng tng dn trong nhng nm gn y c v s lng L v t l t 5.742 ngi chim 7,66 % L a i nm 2003 tng ln 10.839 ngi chim 14,84 % L xut khu nm 2009 tp trung ch yu Lo, Cmpuchia. Hnh thc thc tp nng cao tay ngh ang c xu hng gim hin nay ch cn Nht Bn tip nhn L thuc loi hnh ny, t l L xut khu theo hnh thc ny gim t 8,79% nm 2003 xung cn 7,60 % nm 2009. Hnh thc i theo hp ng c nhn c ng k c xu hng tng trong nhng nm gn y t 1,07% nm 2003 tng ln 7,15% nm 2008 v gim xung 4,43% nm 2009 v s c xu hng tng tr li trong thi gian ti, nguyn nhn l do Hn Quc v i Loan cho php cc ch s dng tip nhn trc tip li s TNS v L hon thnh hp ng v nc ng hn v mt s L c thn nhn nc ngoi lo th tc nhp cnh, trong s ny cha bao gm mt s ngi i ra nc ngoi bng ng du lch, tham thn nhn li tm vic lm bt hp php. Phi ni rng y l hnh thc tng

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trch nhim ca ngi L khi ra nc ngoi lm vic v ph hp vi xu hng hi nhp quc t hin nay, tuy vy do ngi L khng tin hnh ng th tc i lm vic nc ngoi nn gy khng t kh khn cho cng tc qun l v h tr. 2.3.5. C cu lao ng xut khu C cu lao ng xut khu thi gian qua c phn nh theo trnh tay ngh, ngnh ngh cng vic, gii tnh, vng min v a phng. C cu lao ng xut khu ca nc ta theo trnh tay ngh thi gian qua c nhng chuyn bin tch cc theo hng tng c v s lng v t l i vi chuyn gia, L c tay ngh v gim v s lng v t l i vi L ph thng, in ny phn nh xu hng thay i c bn trong XKL Vit Nam nhng nm gn y. Nu xt c cu L c a i lm vic nc ngoi nm 2003 v nm 2009 th s lng L ph thng gim t 77,98% xung cn 55,39%, trong khi L qua o to tng t 22,02% ln 44.61%, trong c bit l chuyn gia k thut v L lnh ngh tng t 2,44% ln 12,49% . iu ny c phn nh thng qua hnh 2.3 di y:
Nm 2003
2.44% 19.58%

Nm 2009
12.49%

77.98%

55.39%

32.12%

Chuyn gia

Lao ng qua o to

Lao ng ph thng

Ngun:Tc gi tnh ton theo s liu B Lao ng, Thng binh v X hi [24] Hnh 2.3: C cu lao ng xut khu theo chuyn mn k thut Nh vy, thi gian qua t ch ch yu XKL ph thng, tay ngh thp, chng ta tng dn s lng cng nh t l chuyn gia, L c chuyn mn k thut, gp phn dch chuyn nhanh c cu v cht lng L xut khu theo hng tng kh nng cnh tranh ca lao ng Vit Nam trn th trng lao ng quc t. mt s th

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trng nh: Trung ng, Libya, Hn Quc hoc trn cc tu vn ti t l lao ng c ngh t rt cao c khi gn 100%. Tuy vy phi ni rng phn ln lao ng c tay ngh khi ra nc ngoi lm vic cha thch nghi c ngay vi cng ngh ca nc s ti m phi mt thm thi gian o to, o to li mi c th lm vic hiu qu. C cu lao ng xut khu theo ngnh ngh cng c nhiu thay i c li cho ngi L, ngnh ngh trong XKL thi gian gn y c m rng t lnh vc xy dng, cng nghip v nng, lm nghip, nay m rng sang c mt s lnh vc khc nh khn h cng, gip vic gia nh, thuyn vin s quan trn tu nh c v vn ti, dch v nh hng khch sn, bn hng, bo v ti cc siu th, ca hng, khu thng mi. L Vit Nam hin nay lm vic nc ngoi trong mi trng a dng vi hn 30 nhm ngh thuc c 4 khu vc: nng, lm, ng nghip; cng nghip; xy dng c bn v dch v. C cu ngnh ngh c phn nh qua bng 2.4 di y. Bng 2.4: C cu ngnh ngh ca lao ng xut khu n v tnh: % Ngnh ngh xut khu lao ng S L i lm vic nc ngoi Trong (%): - Nh my cng nghip - Xy dng - Nng nghip, lm nghip - Gip vic gia nh, khn h cng - S quan, thuyn vin - Ngnh ngh khc C cu theo thi k 1991-1999 2000-2004 2005-2009 95.608 256.237 394.487 100,00 71,63 21,24 2,10 0 0 3,11 100,00 53,58 18,32 2,93 14,26 8,52 2,39 100,00 56,62 22,92 1,78 8,83 5,92 3,93

Ngun:Tc gi tnh ton theo s liu ca B L, TB v XH [23], [24] C cu ngnh ngh c s chuyn dch dn t khu vc nng nghip, lm nghip, ng nghip, gip vic gia nh l ni cng vic nng nhc, lm vic n l, c

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nhiu ri ro cho ngi L sang khu vc t ri ro v cng vic n nh hn, l cng nghip v dch v. L nh my tng c v gi tr tuyt i v tng i, t hn 137 ngn ngi chim 53,58% giai on 2000-2004 tng ln 223,36 ngn ngi chim 56,62% giai on 2005-2009, L ngnh xy dng tng t 46,94 ngn chim 18,32% ln 90,42 ngn chim 22,92% v ang c s dch chuyn t khu vc ng , ng Nam sang khu vc Trung ng. Libya v ng u, trong khi L nng, lm nghip gim t 2,93% xung 1,78%, thuyn vin gim t 8,52% xung cn 5,92% v nht l L gip vic gia nh, khn h cng gim mnh t 14,26% giai on 20002004 xung cn 8,83% giai on 2005-2009 do i Loan ng ca i vi loi hnh lao ng ny. Thi gian gn y ang xut hin nhng ngnh ngh mi v c xu hng tng nh phc v nh hng, khch sn, sn gn, bo v, qun l chung c. C cu lao ng xut khu theo gii tnh ang nghin v phi nam vi t l 1 n 2 nam tuy vy t l lao ng n trong tng s lao ng a i hng nm ang c xu hng tng trong nhng nm gn y t 21,21% nm 2000 ln 28,84% nm 2005 v 30,05% nm 2009 tp trung ch yu th trng i Loan chim 63,22%, Macao 90,86 %, trong khi lao ng nam li ch yu tp trung ti Trung ng chim gn 96%, Hn Quc gn 84,5% v Nht Bn hn 67,6%. C cu lao ng xut khu theo vng, min, a phng khng c nhiu thay i trong nhng nm gn y. Hin nay tt c 64 tnh, thnh ph u c lao ng i lm vic nc ngoi. C nhng tnh phong tro xut khu lao ng c duy tr thng xuyn v t hiu qu cao nh Thanh Ha c s lao ng i xut khu lao ng hng nm khong 10 ngn ngi, Ngh An vi hn 9 ngn lao ng/nm. Nu tnh theo vng, min, nm 2008-2009 ng u l ng bng sng Hng chim khong 38,6% s L xut khu c nc, tip theo l Bc Trung B 32,5%, ng Bc B 15,1%, ng bng sng Cu Long 6,2%, Duyn hi Nam Trung B 4,2%, Ty Nguyn 3,4% [11, tr 33-36], [23]. R rng s L xut khu hin nay ang tp trung ch yu khu vc pha Bc tnh t H Tnh tr ra, chim t l ln (khong 84%) trong s L xut khu hng nm, iu ny ph hp vi tnh cch cn c, chu

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kh, ham lm giu, chp nhn i xa ca lao ng Min Bc so vi cng vic, ngnh ngh v th trng xut khu lao ng hin nay. Trong khi lao ng Min Nam, nht l khu vc ng bng sng Cu Long li c nhng tnh cch khc nh ngi i xa, an phn, t tit kim, th ng, nn thi gian gn y khi m phong tro XKL i Malaysia gim xung th s L xut khu ca khu vc ny cng gim theo ng k. 2.3.6. Tnh hnh doanh nghip xut khu lao ng T nm 1991 n nay, cng vi vic chuyn i hot ng XKL theo c ch th trng, Nh nc ch trng v to mi iu kin thun li cho s ra i ca cc t chc XKL, i ng doanh nghip c php hot ng XKL ngy cng pht trin. Ngoi 10 DN b thu hi giy php, tnh n 31/12/2009 s DN c B L-TB v XH cp giy php XKL theo Lut ngi lao ng Vit Nam i lm vic nc ngoi theo hp ng l 164 DN (xem ph lc 15) v 1Trung tm L ngoi nc trong c 56 DN nh nc, 51 DN c phn nh nc chim phn chi phi, 5 DN t nhn v 52 DN c phn nh nc khng chim phn chi phi, ngoi s DN trn cn c gn 100 chi nhnh DN XKL v h thng cc trung tm, doanh nghip gii thiu vic lm, c s o to, trng dy ngh. y l lc lng ch lc trong XKL, thc hin chng trnh quc gia gii quyt vic lm, pht trin ngun nhn lc t nc. Trong s cc DN XKL trn, ch c 18 DN chuyn doanh, nhiu DN quy m nh, s DN c thm nin trn 10 nm ch c 73 DN chim 44,51% v 48 DN c thm nin di 5 nm chim 29,27%. C 29 DN hng nm a c hn 500 lao ng ra nc ngoi lm vic, nhng li c 78 DN bnh qun hng nm ch a c di 100 lao ng ra nc ngoi lm vic, h khng nng lc u t xy dng c s o to, tip cn th trng. Trong tng s 164 DN XKL ch c khong 48 DN tng ng vi 29,26 % kinh doanh c hiu qu, nm 2009 ch c 14 DN a c trn 1.000 lao ng i lm vic nc ngoi [68]. Hin nay, i ng cn b ca doanh nghip cha c chun ha, yu v trnh ngoi ng, thiu hiu bit php lut nht l php lut lao ng nc tip nhn lao ng, yu k nng v kinh nghim trong m phn khai thc th trng, t vn, tuyn

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dng lao ng. Trong khi cha c trng i hc no trong c nc a nghip v XKL vo ni dung ging dy chnh thc lm cho cc doanh nghip c nhu cu pht trin i ng nhn vin v cn b qun l gp rt nhiu kh khn. C s vt cht ca cc DN rt yu, ch c 12 DN c trng dy ngh bi bn, nhng ch c kh nng o to c mt s ngh hn ch, s cn li ch c cc trung tm o to ngoi ng, gio dc nh hng hoc dy ngh ngn hn. V vy, phn ln cc DN khng ch ng c ngun lao ng p ng cc n hng cao cp ca nc ngoi. Cc DN trong lnh vc xy dng th khng mnh t mnh m ng cc cng trnh xy dng c lp nc ngoi, nn kh nng tham gia u thu, v nhn thu rt thp, kh c c hi to thm vic lm cho ngi L theo hng ny. 2.3.7. Tnh hnh to ngun lao ng xut khu Tnh hnh to ngun lao ng xut khu thi gian gn y c nhng ci thin nht nh nht l t khi m hnh lin kt DN vi chnh quyn a phng ra i. Hin nay, DN XKL to ngun lao ng xut khu bng nhiu hnh thc khc nhau ty vo th trng tip nhn nh tuyn dng trc tip ti tr s, qua cng tc vin c s, qua sn giao dch, hi ch vic lm, qua cc DN gii thiu vic lm v thng qua hnh thc lin kt vi cc chnh quyn a phng. T nm 2003 n nay, di s ch o ca B L, TB v XH c hn 50 tnh, thnh ph p dng m hnh lin kt gia DN v chnh quyn, on th a phng. cc tnh u thnh lp Ban ch o XKL do mt lnh o tnh lm trng ban vi s tham gia ca cc ban ngnh (L, TB v XH, Y t, Cng an, Ti chnh, Ngn hng, Mt trn T quc), mt s tnh cn thnh lp Ban ch o xung tn huyn, x. Nhim v ca Ban ch o l xut, xy dng c ch chnh sch, t chc thc hin cng tc XKL ti a phng, to iu kin ti a cho ngi L i lm vic nc ngoi. Sau hn 6 nm thc hin thu c nhng kt qu ni bt sau: -Tng cng nhn thc ca cc cp chnh quyn, a phng v ngi dn v li ch ca xut khu lao ng trong pht trin kinh t ca t nc v a phng cng nh trch nhim ca a phng trong xut khu lao ng.

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- S lao ng i lm vic nc ngoi thng qua Ban ch o ngy cng tng, t ban u ch c 2 tnh l Hi Dng v Ph Th, nay c hn 50 tnh p dng m hnh ny, t l lao ng i qua m hnh ny chim gn 80 % s lng L XK hng nm ca c nc, c th trng nh Malaysia, Trung ng, c khu vc nh Min Trung, ng bng sng Cu Long gn 100% L xut khu thng qua m hnh ny. - Cc a phng thc hin chnh sch h tr chi ph o to ngh, ngoi ng, gio dc nh hng v kt hp vi cc trng, DN a chng trnh o to v a phng gim chi ph v to thun li cho ngi L, ng thi to iu kin cho ngi L vay vn t ngn hng, qy xa i gim ngho, qy gii quyt vic lm. - Thng qua m hnh lin kt gip cc DN tuyn chn trc tip v kp thi ngun L v nng dn cht lng L, mt khc ngi L c cung cp y cc thng tin v c t vn k lm h hiu r c quyn li v ngha v khi tham gia XKL ng thi gip cc DN qun l tt khi lao ng lm vic nc ngoi, gp phn lm gim cc v la o trong XKL. Tuy vy vic to ngun thi gian qua cng pht sinh nhiu vn phc tp nht l tnh trng lin quan n mi gii, la o, tuyn L bt hp php di danh ngha XKL. Theo thng k ca B L, TB v XH t nm 2004 n 2008 xy ra 294 v la o lin quan n XKL, trong Cng an x l 409 i tng, tng gi tr thit hi hn 63,5 t VN v 5,3 triu USD, s ngi b hi ln n 5.380 ngi ch yu tp trung th trng thu nhp cao nh Hn Quc, Nht Bn, CH Sc[25]. 2.4. HIU QU KINH T - X HI CA XUT KHU LAO NG Hiu qu kinh t x hi ca xut khu lao ng Vit Nam c th hin qua 2 kha cnh, l hiu qu kinh t v hiu qu x hi. 2.4.1. Hiu qu kinh t ca xut khu lao ng Hiu qu kinh t ca XKL th hin qua cc ch tiu kinh t ca cc bn tham gia nh: Thu nhp ca ngi L tch ly hoc gi v cho gia nh; Doanh s v li nhun m cc DN XNK, cc t chc o to v gii thiu vic lm thu

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c khi tham gia chng trnh XKL; Kim ngch XKL, Cc khon ng gp ca XKL vo ngn sch nh nc v mc tit kim vn u t to vic lm. 2.4.1.1. i vi ngi lao ng Hiu qu kinh t ca ngi L khi i lm vic nc ngoi ph thuc vo thu nhp bnh qun v kh nng tch ly theo tng th trng c th hin theo bng 2.5. Bng 2.5: Thu nhp bnh qun hng thng ca ngi lao ng ti mt s th trng n v tnh: USD Nc Tin lng Cc theo hp khon ng ng gp 800-900 0 600-800 600-800 160-250 150-200 200-400 200-400 400-600 2.000-2.500 660 60-80 40-60 30 30 20 15 30-50 200-250 54 Tin thng, lm thm 300 400 300 100 70 150 150 400 200 228 Ch tiu cho bn thn 250 300 200 100 50 100 100 300 Tch lu theo thng 850-950 640-820 660-840 130-220 140-190 230-430 235-435 470-650

Hn Quc Nht Bn i Loan Malaysia Lo Libya Trung ng ng u c-Bc M Bnh qun

500 1500-1950 211 623

Ngun: Tc gi tnh ton theo ti liu ca cng ty SONA, SOVILACO TRACIMEXCO,Trung tm L ngoi nc thuc B L,TB-XH [24],[51] Theo bng trn ta thy thu nhp rng bnh qun thng ca ngi lao ng xut khu cao nht ti th trng c v Bc M vi mc 1500-1950 USD, k n l Hn Quc vi mc 850-950 USD, Nht Bn v i Loan vi mc 640-820 USD, thp nht l ti Malaysia vi mc 130-220 USD v ti Lo vi mc 140-190 USD.

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Theo B L, TB v XH, mc thu nhp bnh qun ca mt lao ng trong lnh vc sn xut kinh doanh ca Vit Nam cui nm 2009 l 2.750.000 VN/ thng tng ng vi 156 USD, nu tnh chi ph sinh hot bnh qun ca ngi lao ng l 880.000 VN tng ng 50 USD th thu nhp rng l 106 USD/ thng, ngoi ra mc li sut ngn hng l 6%/ nm, hp ng XKL c thi hn 36 thng ring th trng c v M c thi hn 24 thng vi cc chi ph thc t m ngi lao ng phi tr trc khi i XKL ng vi tng th trng, t bng 2.5 v thu nhp bnh qun Chng ta c th tnh ton c mc tch ly theo hp ng, t sut hiu qu kinh t (K) tnh theo cng thc (1.7) v mc sinh li (F) tnh theo cng thc (1.8) ca ngi lao ng khi ra nc ngoi lm vic theo bng 2.6 sau. Bng 2.6: Hiu qu kinh t ca ngi lao ng ti mt s th trng n v tnh USD Nc v Tch lu T.hn vng lnh theo thng H th thng Hn Quc 850-950 36 Nht Bn i Loan Malaysia Lo Libya Trung ng ng u 640-820 660-840 130-220 140-190 230-430 235-435 470-650 36 36 36 36 36 36 36 24 Tch ly theo Chi ph Mc T sut hp ng trc sinh hiu qu khi i li (F) (K theo%) 30.600-34.200 1.200 22.820 802-896 23.040-29.520 23.760-30.240 4.680-7.920 5.040-6.840 8.280-15.480 8.460-15.660 16.920-23.400 3.000 15.860 6.000 13.465 1.000 200 1.800 1.500 6.000 1087 1584 4.976 5.428 7.720 604-774 622-792 122-208 132-179 217-407 222-410 443-613 1415-1840 510

c-Bc M 1500-1950 Bnh qun 623

36.000-46.800 15.000 19.570 20.060 2.833 10.010

Ngun: Tc gi tnh ton theo ti liu ca cc cng ty SONA, SOVILACO TRACIMEXCO,Trung tm L ngoi nc thuc B L,TB-XH [24],[51]

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Mc tch ly theo hp ng ca ngi lao ng c th hin theo bng 2.6 trn cao nht ti th trng c v Bc M vi mc 36 ngn n 47 ngn USD, k n l Hn Quc vi mc t 30 ngn n 34 ngn USD, Nht Bn v i Loan vi mc tch ly t t 23 ngn n 30 ngn USD, th trng Libya, Trung ng vi mc tch ly t hn 8 ngn USD i vi L tay ngh thp v hn 15 ngn USD i vi tay ngh cao, Thp nht ti Malaysia v Lo vi mc tch ly t 4 ngn n 8 ngn USD. Mc sinh li xut khu lao ng (F) phn nh s chnh lch thu nhp thun k vng khi i lm nc ngoi so vi lm vic trong nc ca ngi L. Mc sinh li cng ln th hiu qu XKL cng cao. Ti th trng c, Bc M do chi ph ng trc khi i cao lm cho mc sinh li ca th trng ny khng cao nh mt s th trng khc v t hn 19 ngn USD trong khi Hn Quc c mc sinh li cao nht vi gi tr gn 23 ngn USD, tip theo l Nht Bn, i Loan vi mc sinh li t 13 ngn n 16 ngn USD, Libya v Trung ng dao ng khong 5 ngn USD v thp nht l Malaysia v Lo vi mc sinh li t 1 n 2 ngn USD. T sut hiu qu (K) phn nh mc hiu qu ca vic lm ngoi nc ca ngi lao ng bng bao nhiu % so vi vic lm trong nc trong cng mt thi k, t sut cng cao th th trng cng hiu qu v ngc li. Nu cn c vo bng 2.6 chng ta thy ti th trng c, Bc M c t sut hiu qu cao nht t 1.415 n 1.840 iu ny ni ln mc thu nhp rng ti th trng ny gp 14,15 n 18,4 ln so vi mc thu nhp rng ti Vit Nam, Tip theo l Hn Quc vi mc t 8,02 n 8,96 ln, Nht Bn v i Loan t 6,04 n 7,92 ln v thp nht l th trng Malaysia v Lo vi mc 1,22 n 2,08 ln. Nh vy, nu xt tng th th th trng c, Bc M c hiu qu cao nhng do iu kin tip nhn kht khe nn s lng i t, cn Hn Quc, Nht Bn, i Loan c mc chi ph v hiu qu hp l ang thu ht nhiu lao ng. Th trng c mc hiu qu tng i thp l Trung ng v Libya v thp nht hin nay l th trng Malaysia v Lo, y l 2 th trng ph hp cho i tng xa i gim ngho, L ph thng, L nng thn, L vng su, vng xa.

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2.4.1.2. i vi doanh nghip xut khu lao ng Hiu qu kinh t ca xut khu lao ng i vi cc DN XKL th hin thng qua doanh thu, li nhun, vic lm m XKL mang li hng nm. Thi gian qua, XKL duy tr vic lm cho i ng L ti 164 DN XKL, l cha k n mt i ng cc t chc, cc trung tm gii thiu vic lm, cc trng dy ngh khp c nc cng tham gia chng trnh XKL. Theo quy nh tin qun l ca DN XKL c php thu t ngi lao ng vi mc ti a 1,5 thng lng c bn/1 nm lm vic i vi L thuyn vin, s quan trn tu vin dng v 1 thng lng c bn/1 nm lm vic i vi cc lao ng khc, DN c th vn dng mc thu v thi gian thu hp l to iu kin cho ngi lao ng i lm vic nc ngoi. Cn c vo mc thu trn, khi ngi L xut cnh thng thng phi ng mt phn hay ton b tin qun l theo hp ng cho DN XKL vi mc 400-500 USD khi i lm vic ti Malaysia, 450-500 USD khi i Trung ng, Libya, 1.200 USD khi i i Loan, 2.000 USD khi i Nht Bn, ng u, 4.000 USD khi i c hoc Bc M. Vi mc thu nh vy hng nm cc DN XKL c mt khong thu nhp t 70 triu n 80 triu USD tng ng vi 1.260 t n 1.440 t VN. l cha tnh n cc khon khc m DN XKL thu t ngi L nh: Chi ph ng phc; Ph i li; Ph o to v dy ngoi ng; ph giao t; Ph chuyn tin v nc. 2.4.1.3. i vi Nh nc v x hi Hiu qu kinh t XKL i vi Nh nc c th hin qua cc khon DN np ngn sch nh cc loi thu v thu nhp ca ngi L chuyn v nc. Theo bo co tng kt XKL nm 2008 v nm 2009 ca Cc Qun l Lao ng ngoi nc, vi gn 50 vn lao ng ang lm vic nc ngoi hin nay v mc tch ly hng thng bnh qun l dao ng t 100 n 2.000 USD ty tng th trng, hng nm ngi lao ng lm vic nc ngoi gi v nc mt lng ngoi t khng nh. Kim ngch XKL nm 2000 l 1,30 t USD, nm 2003 l 1,43 t USD, nm 2005 l 1,55 t USD, nm 2008 l 1,7 t USD v nm 2009 do nh hng suy

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gim kinh t ton cu nn ch t 1,6 t USD, chim 2 n 3% GDP c nc, tng ng khong 25 n 30 % lng kiu hi hng nm [24]. Mt phn s tin ny c ngi L v gia nh h tiu xi cho i sng hng ngy, mt phn c dnh u t, sn xut kinh doanh, t to thm vic lm cho bn thn, gia nh v x hi. Bng 2.7: Ngun thu thu t doanh nghip xut khu lao ng n v tnh: t VN Thu doanh thu hoc thu gi tr gia tng 1996-2000 62,77 Nm 2001-2005 2006 2007 2008 Tng cng T nm 2001, Thu gi tr gia tng i Vi XKL l 0% 62,77 Thu li tc hoc thu thu nhp doanh nghip 53.60 76,31 36,75 42,54 46,56 255,76

Ngun:Tc gi tnh ton theo ti liu B Lao ng, Thng binh v X hi [24] T nm 1996 - 2008, ngn sch Nh nc c thm 318,53 t VN, ngun thu t hot ng xut khu lao ng ca cc doanh nghip bao gm 62,77 t VN t thu doanh thu hoc thu gi tr gia tng ( t nm 2001 thu gi tr gia tng i vi xut khu lao ng vi mc thu sut 0%) v 255,76 t VN thu thu nhp doanh nghip, cha k ngun thu t cc dch v, ph tr cho cc hot ng ny t ngnh giao thng vn ti, ngn hng, o to, y t, xut nhp cnh, thng mi. Trong giai on 2000- 2009, Chng ta a c 650.724 lao ng ra nc ngoi lm vic, bnh qun hng nm a c 65.072 ngi, chim gn 5% s lao ng cn gii quyt vic lm. Hin nay c gn 500 ngn lao ng ang lm vic nc ngoi, chim khong 1% lc lng lao ng ca c nc. Mc tit kim vn u t to vic lm Mtk c tnh theo (1.4). Theo B K hoch v u t sut u t trung bnh cho mt vic lm mi ti nc ta hin nay l

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39,3 triu VN, th t nm 2000 n nay Mtk hay khong chi ph tit kim u t tao vic lm do XKL mang li l 25.573 ngn t VN, bnh qun 2.557 t VN/ nm tng ng 150 triu USD, nm 2009 l 2.862 t VN tng ng 165 triu USD. 2.4.2. Hiu qu x hi ca xut khu lao ng Trong thi gian t nm 1991 n nay, chng ta tng bc cng c, pht trin XKL v tham gia tch cc vo th trng lao ng quc t. Nh xut khu lao ng gii quyt vic lm cho 746.332 ngi, gim bt mt phn sc p vic lm trong nc. Cng chnh XKL lm bt dy nhng tim nng to ln ca ngi lao ng v ton x hi, mang li c hi cho lc lng lao ng hi nhp vi th trng lao ng quc t vi s ng l thanh nin. Nh c XKL m i sng mt b phn ngi lao ng v gia nh h c ci thin v nng cao r rt, mt s lng qu c i mi, trnh dn tr c tng ln, an ninh, trt t x hi c duy tr v cng c, cc t nn x hi phn no c y li. Mt s lao ng sau khi v nc dng ngun vn tch ly m mang, pht trin kinh doanh, sn xut, to vic lm cho bn thn, gia nh cng nh x hi. Thng qua XKL chng ta to c mt i ng L c trnh chuyn mn, ngoi ng, tay ngh, kh nng tip cn vi cng ngh mi, c tc phong cng nghip, c trnh v kinh nghim qun l. i b phn ngi L v nc pht huy tt nng lc ca mnh trong cng vic mi v gp phn vo vic ci to c cu L trong nc tng bc p ng nhu cu CNH, HH t nc. Nh c xut khu lao ng m quan h kinh t, vn ha, chnh tr v x hi gia Vit Nam vi cc nc c cng c v pht trin, tng cng hiu bit ln nhau v giao lu vn ha gia Vit Nam vi cc dn tc, th trng xut khu hng ha c m rng, thc y u t nc ngoi. Chnh sch cho ngi L, nht l i tng chnh sch vay tn dng lo chi ph trc khi i XKL t nm 2003 pht huy tt tc dng, lm cho s L c tham gia XKL nhiu hn, hot ng XKL gn kt cht ch hn vi chnh sch x hi ca ng v Nh nc. l xo i, gim ngho, thc hin cng bng x hi.

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2.5. NH GI MC TC NG CA CC YU T N S PHT TRIN XUT KHU LAO NG VIT NAM QUA M HNH L THUYT THC NGHIM c c s nh gi ng thc trng xut khu lao ng Vit Nam, t a ra cc u, nhc im v nguyn nhn ca cc u nhc im , Nghin cu sinh tin hnh cuc kho st cc chuyn gia v nh qun l trong lnh vc xut khu lao ng v mc tc ng ca cc yu t n s pht trin xut khu lao ng Vit Nam thi gian qua. Vic phn tch kt qu iu tra c thc hin vi m hnh l thuyt hi quy tuyn tnh thng qua chng trnh phn tch SPSS v m t bng Excel. 2.5.1. M t c trng mu iu tra Cuc iu tra vi 222 bn cu hi v c tin hnh bng cch phng vn trc tip gm: Lnh o ca 75 doanh nghip xut khu lao ng hng u ca Vit Nam vi 114 bn iu tra; Lnh o ca 32 trung tm gii thiu vic lm cc tnh, thnh trn c nc c nhiu lao ng i lm vic nc ngoi vi 32 bn iu tra; Lnh o v cc chuyn gia qun l ca B Lao ng, Thng binh v X hi vi 21 bn iu tra; Hip hi Xut khu lao ng Vit Nam vi 4 bn iu tra; Lnh o ph trch xut khu lao ng ca 27 S Lao ng, Thng binh v X hi c nhiu lao ng i lm vic nc ngoi vi 27 bn iu tra; Cc nh bo chuyn trch lnh vc XKL vi 11 bn iu tra v 13 nh nghin cu lm vic ti cc vin nghin cu, trng i hc c lin quan n XKL. Tng s bn tr li thu v l 208, sau khi kim tra c 199 bn tr li hp l, c th s dng phn tch theo yu cu mc ch nghin cu. 2.5.1.1. Gii tnh Trong s 199 chuyn gia v nh qun l c bn tr li c chp nhn c 171 nam (85,93%) v 28 n (14.07%). iu ny cho thy s lng chuyn gia v nh qun l nam chim a s trong lnh vc XKL. y l tnh cht c th ca XKL, i hi s nhy bn, vng vng, tnh quyt on v chp nhn thng xuyn xa nh t pha cc lnh o doanh nghip v cc nh qun l trong XKL.

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14.07% Nam N 85.93%

Ngun: Kt qu iu tra 199 chuyn gia v nh qun l xut khu lao ng Hnh 2.4: Gii tnh 2.5.1.2. Trnh hc vn Trnh hc vn ca cc chuyn gia v nh qun l trong lnh vc xut khu lao ng c phng vn vi 100% tt nghip i hc, trong c 11 ngi c hc v tin s (chim 5,53%), 27 ngi c trnh thc s (chim 13,57%). y l i ng chuyn gia v nh qun l c hc vn tng i cao, nhiu kinh nghim ang m trch cc cng vic qun l v trc tip kinh doanh cc hot ng c lin quan n xut khu lao ng.
13.57% 5.53%
i hc Thc s Tin s

80.90%

Ngun: Kt qu iu tra 199 chuyn gia v nh qun l xut khu lao ng Hnh 2.5: Trnh hc vn 2.5.1.3. Ngh nghip v ni cng tc Trong s 199 bn tr li hp l c s dng phn tch gm : 98 bn tr li chim 49,25 % t 71 DN XKL hng u ca Vit Nam; 29 bn tr li chim 14,57% t lnh o 29 trung tm gii thiu vic lm ca cc tnh v thnh ph trn c nc c nhiu L i lm vic nc ngoi; 48 bn tr li chim 24,12 % t cc lnh o, cc chuyn gia qun l ca B L, TB v XH, Cc Qun l Lao ng ngoi nc, Cc Vic lm, Tng cc Dy ngh, Trung tm Lao

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ng ngoi nc, Hip hi Xut khu lao ng Vit Nam v 25 S L, TB v XH tnh v thnh ph c trng; 11 bn tr li t chim 5,55 % t cc nh bo chuyn trch lnh vc XKL v 13 bn tr li chim 6,53 % t nh nghin cu lm vic ti cc vin nghin cu, trng i hc c lin quan n XKL. 199 chuyn gia v nh qun l c phng vn c c cu ngh nghip v ni cng tc c th hin nh sau:
5.53% 24.12% 6.53% 49.25%

DN XKL Trung tm GTVL Qun l nh nc Bo ch Nghin cu v ging dy

14.57%

Ngun: Kt qu iu tra 199 chuyn gia v nh qun l xut khu lao ng Hnh 2.6: Ngh nghip v ni lm vic 2.5.1.4. Thnh phn kinh t v hnh thc s hu ca doanh nghip xut khu lao ng Trong s 157 t chc c chc nng xut khu lao ng c 71 doanh nghip c kho st bao gm doanh nghip trung ng v a phng chim 45,22%. S doanh nghip ny a i hng nm khong 70% tng s lng lao ng xut khu ca c nc.
29.58% 49.30% DN nh nc CT TNHH CT CP 18.31% 2.82% CT CP nh nc chi phi

Ngun: Kt qu iu tra 199 chuyn gia v nh qun l xut khu lao ng Hnh 2.7: Thnh phn kinh t v hnh thc s hu

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Trong 71 doanh nghip c kho st c 35 doanh nghip nh nc chim 49,30%, 21 Cng ty c phn nh nc chi phi chim 29,58%, 13 Cng ty c phn chim 18,31% v 02 Cng ty trch nhim hu hn chim 2,28%. Do xut khu lao ng l loi hnh kinh doanh c iu kin nn hin nay cc doanh nghip nh nc vn chim t l ng k trong hot ng xut khu lao ng ca nc ta v y l lc lng doanh nghip ch lc thc hin hot ng xut khu lao ng ca c nc hin nay. 2.5.1.5. Quy m doanh nghip xut khu lao ng Quy m doanh nghip XKL c th hin thng qua vn php nh, v s lng cn b, cng nhn vin lm vic trong lnh vc xut khu lao ng. Trong s 71 DN c kho st 15 doanh nghip chuyn doanh xut khu lao ng chim 21,13 %, 56 doanh nghip khng chuyn doanh chim 78,87 %. Nu xt v vn th c 32 doanh nghip c vn php nh trn 10 t VN chim 45% v 39 doanh nghip c vn php nh di 10 t VN chim 55%.
59.15% 16.90% Di 50 ngi Trn 100 ngi 23.94% T 50 n 100 ngi

Ngun: Kt qu iu tra 199 chuyn gia v nh qun l xut khu lao ng Hnh 2.8: S lng CB-CNV lm vic trong lnh vc xut khu lao ng Nu xt theo s lng CB-CNV lm vic trong lnh vc kinh doanh xut khu lao ng, th trong s 71 doanh nghip xut khu lao ng c kho st c 17 doanh nghip chim 23,94% vi s lng CB-CNV trn 100 ngi, 42 doanh nghip chim 59,15% c s lng CB-CNV t 50 n 100 ngi v 12 doanh nghip chim 16,90% c s lng CB-CNV di 50 ngi. l cha k n i ng nhn vin, gio vin lm vic theo thi v hoc hp ng ngn hn.

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T nhng kt qu trn cho thy DN XKL hin nay ch yu l cc doanh nghip va v nh, s doanh nghip chuyn doanh cn t, vn php nh thp, s lng CB-CNV lm cng tc XKL trong tng doanh nghip cn nhiu hn ch. 2.5.2. Mc tc ng ca cc yu t n s pht trin xut khu lao ng Vit Nam trong thi gian qua nh gi tc ng ca cc yu t n s pht trin XKL Vit Nam, trc ht Chng ta xem xt mc pht trin XKL Vit Nam thi gian qua. 2.5.2.1. Mc pht trin xut khu lao ng Vit Nam xem xt mc pht trin XKL Vit Nam, Ta c th nh gi thng qua tnh hnh xut khu lao ng trong nhng nm gn y, khi m s lng lao ng xut khu dao ng t 70 ngn n 90 ngn ngi/nm, tuy vy so vi nhu cu gii quyt vic lm, kh nng ngun nhn lc t nc, nhu cu tip nhn lao ng ca th trng XKL v trong s tng quan vi s lng lao ng xut khu ca mt s nc trong khu vc ( Philippin gn 1 triu lao ng/nm, Thi Lan hn 200 ngn lao ng/nm ) Chng ta c th a ra kt lun s b rng: Mc pht trin xut khu lao ng Vit Nam nhng nm qua l tng i thp. iu ny c th c kim tra thng qua kt qu iu tra 199 chuyn gia v nh qun l trong lnh vc xut khu lao ng bng cch kim nh gi thit v gi tr trung bnh ca mt tng th theo chng trnh SPSS vi trnh t sau: - t gi thit Ho: Mc pht trin xut khu lao ng Vit Nam thi gian qua l trung bnh (cp 3). - Tin hnh phn tch bng chng trnh SPSS theo kim nh trung bnh tng th ( One-Sample Test ) ta c: Bng 2.8: Thng k tng th (One-Sample Statistics) S quan st Trung bnh cng lch chun Sai s chun MDPT XKLD 199 2,66 0,662 0,047

Ngun: Kt qu iu tra 199 chuyn gia v nh qun l xut khu lao ng

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Bng 2.9: Kim nh trung bnh tng th ( One-Sample Test ) Gi tr kim nh = 3 (Trung bnh) Khc bit trung bnh -0,342 tin cy 99% khc nhau gia 2 mc kim nh Thp hn -0,46 Cao hn -0,22

Kim Bc t nh t do MDPT XKLD -7,282 198

Mc Ngha 0,000

Ngun: Kt qu iu tra 199 chuyn gia v nh qun l xut khu lao ng Theo kt qu trn ta thy mc pht trin XKL Vit Nam bnh qun l 2,66. Gi tr ca kim nh t l -7,282 ng vi mc ngha quan st 0,000 nh hn rt nhiu so vi mc ngha 0,01. Nh vy cho php chng ta an tm bc b gi thit Ho vi mc pht trin XKL Vit Nam l trung bnh. Cn c vo mu v mc kim nh va qua, c th khng nh rng: S pht trin xut khu lao ng Vit Nam trong thi gian qua mc trung bnh thp. 2.5.2.2. Mc tc ng ca cc yu t n s pht trin xut khu lao ng Vit Nam trong thi gian qua nh gi mc tc ng ca cc yu t n s pht trin XKL Vit Nam trong thi gian qua, chng ta s dng 199 bn tr li ca cc chuyn gia v nh qun l trong lnh vc XKL, chy m hnh nghin cu bng chng trnh SPSS thu c h s tin cy chun ha (Cronbachs Alpha) ca tt c 13 yu t = 0,888 > 00,7 v cc h s tng quan tng (Corrected Item-total Correlation) ca tng yu t t 0,478 n 0,681 u ln hn 0,4. Cc h s tin cy khi tng yu t b loi b (Cronbachs Alpha Item Deleted) c gi tr t 0,875 n 0,885 u nh hn h s tin cy chun ha l 0,888 (xem ph lc 7, 8). iu ny cho ta thy 13 yu t tc ng c xem xt u c ngha, c chp nhn v khng cn thit loi b bt c yu t no trong m hnh nghin cu. kim nh m hnh nghin cu v s ph hp ca b s liu thu c so vi m hnh, ta tip tc chy chng trnh SPSS v thu c cc kt qu sau:

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- H s R2 hiu chnh (Adjusted R Square) ca m hnh hi quy l 0,917 (xem ph lc 9), iu ny cho thy b s liu ang xem xt ph hp n 91,7% so vi m hnh tuyn tnh bi hay ni mt cch khc m hnh nghin cu nhn c ph hp vi b s liu thc t n 91,7 %. - Gi tr kim nh Durbin-Watson = 1,853 (xem ph lc 9), tra bng Durbin-Watson vi 13 bin c lp v mc quan st 200, ta c dL = 1,632 v dU =1,908, cc gi tr ny tha mn iu kin sau 1,632 = dU < d = 1,853 < dU = 1,908 iu ny cho php kt lun cc phn d khng c tng quan chui bc nht, khng vi phm gi nh v tnh c lp ca sai s. - Mc ngha Sig = 0.000 (xem ph lc 10) cho ta s an tm khi bc b gi thuyt cho rng tt c cc h s hi quy ring phn bng 0. iu ny c ngha l kt hp ca cc bin c lp hin c trong m hnh c th gii thch c s thay i ca bin ph thuc. - Trong biu Histogram (xem ph lc 11), ng cong phn phi chun c t chng ln biu tn s vi s d l khng ng k cng lch chun Std. Dev = 0,967 tc gn bng 1. iu ny cho thy gi thit phn phi chun khng b vi phm. - Biu Normal P-P plot (xem ph lc 12) mt ln na cho php chng ta kim nh li m hnh nghin cu thng qua nhng gi tr ca cc im phn v phn phi ca cc bin theo cc phn phi chun. Cc phn d phn phi tp trung quanh ng thng k vng. T cc cch kim nh trn cho php chng ta kt lun: Quan h gia cc bin c lp Yu t tc ng v bin ph thuc MDPT XKL c tnh tuyn tnh bi v m hnh nghin cu c chp nhn. nh gi mc tc ng ca cc yu t n s pht trin XKL Vit Nam trong thi gian qua, Chng ta c th xem xt thng qua cc h s hi quy ring phn ca cc bin c lp trong m hnh nghin cu t kt qu iu tra v chng trnh SPSS vi tin cy 95% c th hin trong bng 2.10 sau.

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Bng 2.10: H s tng quan (Coefficientsa) M hnh Hi quy 1 Hng s NC TNLD SL LDXK SL DNXK CP XKLD CL LDXK CS XKLD CL TNLD NL DNXK TN LDXK CS NKLD KNTC LD TG XKLD CCTC QL H s tng quan cha chun ha Beta 0,905 0,162 0,158 0,149 0,105 0,075 0,082 0,067 0,079 0,072 0,087 0,058 0,072 0,069 H s tng quan Kim chun ha nh T lch chun Beta 0,099 0,023 0,023 0,024 0,020 0,021 0,022 0,022 0,022 0,022 0,022 0,021 0,023 0,023 0,185 0,184 0,158 0,145 0,095 0,094 0,077 0,089 0,086 0,098 0,072 0,077 0,089 9,135 6,948 6,789 6,302 5,228 3,522 3,771 3,007 3,562 3,234 3,959 2,760 3,194 3,076 Mc ngha Sig. 0,000 0,000 0,000 0,000 0,000 0,001 0,000 0,003 0,000 0,001 0,000 0,006 0,002 0,002

Ngun: Kt qu iu tra 199 chuyn gia v nh qun l xut khu lao ng Da vo gi tr ca h s tng quan cha chun ha (Beta) trong bng 2.10 v cng thc (1.12) ta c hm ca m hnh nh sau: MDPT XKLD = 0,905 + 0,162*(NC TNLD) + 0,072*(TN LDXK) + 0,087*(CS NKLD) + 0,158*(SL LDXK) + 0,075*(CL LDXK) + 0,082*(CS XKLD) + 0,067*(CL TNLD) + 0,072*(TG XKLD) - 0,105*(CP XKLD) + 0,058*(KNTC LD) + 0,149* (SL DNXK) + 0,079*(LN DNXK) + 0,069*(CCTC QL) (2.1) Cn c vo hm (2.1) cho php chng ta nh gi c mc tc ng ca tng yu t n s pht trin XKL Vit Nam trong thi gian qua nh sau: - Nhu cu tip nhn L Vit Nam ca th trng nc ngoi -NC TNLDh s hi quy +0,162. y l yu t c h s hi quy ln nht, c mc tc ng cao nht i vi s pht trin XKL Vit Nam. Mt trong nhng nguyn nhn XKL Vit Nam pht trin chm l do kh nng m rng th trng, tng

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nhu cu tip nhn L ca th trng nc ngoi cn rt thp v nhiu hn ch. - Thu nhp, iu kin sng v lm vic ca lao ng Vit Nam nc ngoi -TN LDXK- h s hi quy +0,072, cho thy yu t ny cha c nhiu tc ng n s pht trin xut khu lao ng ca nc ta. Thu nhp v iu kin sng quyt nh n hiu qu ca XKL, tuy nhin thi gian qua cha c vai tr cao trong vic quyt nh i lm vic nc ngoi ca ngi lao ng v cha c cc bn tham gia xut khu lao ng ch trng ng mc. - Chnh sch tip nhn L Vit Nam ca nc nhp khu L -CS NKLDh s hi quy +0,087, iu ny cho thy yu t ny c tc ng nht nh n s pht trin XKL Vit Nam trong thi gian qua. Chnh sch nhp khu L ca mt s nc nh Hn Quc p dng ch hn ngch nhp khu, Nht Bn ch tip nhn TNS v L k thut cao, i Loan cho php tip nhn L trong mt s ngnh ngh km hm s pht trin XKL ca nc ta trong thi gian qua. - S lng lao ng sn sng tham gia xut khu lao ng Vit Nam -SL LDXK- h s hi quy +0,158. y l yu t c h s hi quy rt cao, iu ny cho thy mc tc ng ln ca yu t ny n s pht trin XKL ca nc ta. Thi gian qua Chng ta ch trng nhiu n vic tng s lng L xut khu nh l mt gii php to vic lm ngoi nc cho ngi L, gp phn gim t l tht nghip v xem nh l mt mc tiu c bn nh gi hiu qu XKL. - Cht lng lao ng tham gia xut khu lao ng Vit Nam -CL LDXKh s hi quy +0,075, cho thy tc ng ca yu t ny n s pht trin XKL Vit Nam thi gian qua mc thp. Chnh v cht lng L thp nn vic m rng th trng XKL gp nhiu kh khn, hiu qu XKL khng cao, y l mt trong nhng nguyn nhn lm cho ph mi gii XKL mc cao v tnh hnh L Vit Nam nc ngoi din bin phc tp. Cht lng L xut khu thp l nhn t km hm s pht trin XKL ca nc ta. - Chnh sch xut khu lao ng ca Vit Nam -CS XKLD- h s hi quy +0,082, cho thy yu t ny tc ng ln pht trin XKL thi gian qua ch

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mc trung bnh. Trong nhiu lc, nhiu ni cn c nhng cch hiu, quan im, chnh sch khng thng nht v XKL. Chnh sch XKL ca nc ta trong thi gian qua cha to c ng lc XKL pht trin bn vng. - Chnh lch gia thu nhp ca ngi L ti Vit Nam v nc nhp khu L -CLTN LD- h s hi quy +0,067, y l yu t c h s thp, iu ny cho thy hiu qu kinh t ca ngi L cha c ch trng ng mc. mt s th trng nh Malaysia, Trung ng thu nhp khng cao nhng nhu cu L ln, trong khi nhng th trng c hiu qu XKL cao nh Hn Quc, Nht Bn, Bc M, c, th th tc li phc tp, iu kin qu cao, p dng ch hn ngch lm cho s lng L ca nc ta n cc th trng ny hng nm khng nhiu. - Thi gian lm vic ca ngi L nc ngoi -TG XKL- h s hi quy +0,072, iu ny cho thy yu t ny tc ng thp n pht trin XKL thi gian qua. y l yu t quan trng quyt nh n hiu qu ca XKL, tuy vy thi gian qua yu t ny cha c cc bn tham gia XKL quan tm ng mc. - Tng chi ph ngi L phi ng khi i XKL - CP XKLD - h s hi quy -0,105, yu t ny c tc ng t l nghch vi mc ln n s pht trin XKL Vit Nam. y l vn nan gii ca ngi L v DN XKL, Chi ph m ngi L phi ng thng rt cao, nht l ph mi gii nhng th trng thu nhp cao, thng chim t 9 n 12 thng lng c bn, lm nh hng xu n hiu qu kinh t v kh nng c tham gia XKL ca ngi lao ng. - Kh nng ti chnh ca ngi L trc khi tham gia XKL - KNTC LD - h s hi quy +0,058, iu ny cho thy vic XKL hin nay khng ph thuc nhiu vo kh nng ti chnh ca bn thn ngi L. Ngi L khi quyt nh tham gia XKL s c nhiu cch tm kim cc ngun ti chnh thc hin nguyn vng ca mnh. i vi mt s i tng nh h ngho, gia nh chnh sch cn c Nh nc i th cc chi ph o to, gio dc nh hng, chi ph th tc giy t v c vay cc khon tn dng u i t ngn hng, qy gii quyt vic lm a phng c kh nng ti chnh tham gia XKL.

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- S lng DN v t chc xut khu lao ng - SL DNXK - h s hi quy +0,149, iu ny cho thy s pht trin XKL thi gian qua ph thuc nhiu vo s lng cc DN XKL, nh l cu ni gia cung lao ng trong nc v cu lao ng nc ngoi. S lng cc DN XKL tng hng nm, tuy nhin nu xt yu cu pht trin XKL, so snh vi i ng DN XKL ca cc nc trong khu vc th vi s lng DN XKL ca Vit Nam cha nhiu v cha mnh. - Nng lc ca DN v t chc XKL - NL DNXK - c h s hi quy +0,079, cho thy nng lc ca cc DN XKL cha phi l ng lc thc y pht trin XKL Vit Nam trong thi gian qua, Chng ta mi ch trng n vic pht trin v s lng m cha quan tm ng mc n cht lng ca cc DN dn ti cc DN XKL hin nay ch yu c quy m va v nh, hiu qu hot ng khng cao, nng lc cnh tranh trn th trng lao ng quc t thp. - C ch t chc, qun l v iu hnh xut khu lao ng - CCTC QL h s hi quy +0,069, iu ny cho thy nh hng ca yu t ny n XKL thi gian qua khng cao, c ch t chc v qun l XKL cha pht huy c tc dng, thi gian qua vic hnh thnh mt b my qun l hiu qu, mt c s php l XKL vng chc cn nhiu bt cp v gp khng t kh khn cha to uc s thng thong cho cc doanh nghip XKL hot ng hiu qu cng nh vic m bo quyn li hi ha ca cc bn tham gia XKL. 3.5.3. So snh tm quan trng v mc tc ng ca cc yu t n s pht trin xut khu lao ng Vit Nam Tm quan trng ca cc yu t i vi s pht trin bn vng xut khu lao ng Vit Nam c xem xt da trn c s 199 bn kt qu phng vn cc chuyn gia v nh qun l trong lnh vc XKL. Trc ht ta lng ha cc cu tr li v tm quan trng ca cc yu t n s pht trin bn vng XKL theo 5 mc khc nhau vi gi tr t 1 = rt khng quan trng; 2 = khng quan trng; 3 = tng i quan trng; 4 = quan trng v 5 = rt quan trng (xem ph lc 6, cu hi 3.1). Da vo bn tr li kt

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qu iu tra tnh gi tr bnh qun ca tm quan trng tng yu t i vi s pht trin bn vng XKL Vit Nam. Kt qu thu c lm c s cho vic sp xp cc yu t theo th t tm quan trng gim dn v trong s so snh tng quan vi mc tc ng ca cc yu t n s pht trin XKL Vit Nam thi gian qua trong bng 2.11. Bng 2.11: So snh tm quan trng v mc tc ng n xut khu lao ng Vit Nam TT
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13

Cc yu t tc ng
Nhu cu tip nhn lao ng Vit Nam ca th trng nc ngoi (NC TNLD) Chnh sch tip nhn L Vit Nam ca nc nhp khu L (CS NKLD) Chnh sch xut khu lao ng ca Vit Nam (CS XKLD) Cht lng lao ng tham gia xut khu lao ng Vit Nam (CL LDXK) Chnh lch gia thu nhp ca ngi L ti Vit Nam v nc nhp khuL Thi gian lm vic ca ngi lao ng nc ngoi (TG XKLD) Nng lc ca doanh nghip v t chc xut khu lao ng (NL DNXK) C ch t chc, qun l v iu hnh xut khu lao ng (CCTC QL) Thu nhp, iu kin sng v lm vic ca ngi L Vit Nam nc ngoi S lng lao ng sn sng tham gia XKL Vit Nam (SL LDXK) Tng chi ph ngi lao ng phi ng khi i XKL ( CP XKLD) S lng doanh nghip v t chc xut khu lao ng (SL DNXK) Kh nng ti chnh ca ngi L trc khi tham gia XKL (KNTC LD)

Tm quan trng Gi tr Theo th bnh qun t 4.52 1

4,42 4,32 4,22 4,18 4,08 3,98 3,78 3,72 3,68 3,48 3,42 2,78 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13

Mc Tc ng 1
5 6 8 12 10 7 11 9 2 4 3 13

Ngun: Kt qu iu tra 199 chuyn gia v nh qun l xut khu lao ng

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Theo bng 2.11 nhu cu tip nhn L Vit Nam ca th trng L nc ngoi ng v tr u tin c tm quan trng nht, tip theo l chnh sch tip nhn L Vit Nam ca nc nhp khu L; chnh sch XKL Vit Nam; cht lng lao ng tham gia XKL ca Vit Nam; chnh lch thu nhp, iu kin sng v lm vic ca ngi L gia Vit Nam v nc nhp khu lao ng; thi gian lm vic ca ngi lao ng nc ngoi; nng lc ca cc doanh nghip v t chc xut khu lao ng .v thp nht l s lng doanh nghip v t chc XKL v kh nng ti chnh ca ngi lao ng khi tham gia XKL. Qua bng trn chng ta nhn thy mt s yu t c mc tc ng ph hp vi tm quan trng ca chng i vi s pht trin XKL Vit Nam thi gian qua nh: Nhu cu tip nhn L Vit Nam ca th trng nc ngoi; Nng lc ca DN v t chc XKL; Kh nng ti chnh ca ngi L trc khi tham gia XKL, trong khi mt s yu t c mc tc ng thp, khng tng xng vi vai tr ca chng nh: Cht lng L tham gia XKL; Chnh lch gia thu nhp ca ngi L ti Vit Nam v nc nhp khu L; Chnh sch tip nhn L Vit Nam ca nc nhp khu L; Chnh sch XKL ca Vit Nam; C ch t chc v qun l XKL; Thi gian lm vic ca ngi L nc ngoi. Mt s yu t nh: S lng L sn sng tham gia XKL; S lng DN v t chc XKL; Tng chi ph ngi L phi ng khi i XKL li tc ng mnh v ln hn so vi vai tr ca tng yu t ny trong s pht trin ca XKL Vit Nam. 2.6. NHNG HN CH V NGUYN NHN YU KM CA PHT TRIN XUT KHU LAO NG VIT NAM THI GIAN QUA Thi gian qua, XKL Vit Nam t c mt s thnh tu nht nh, gp phn vo pht trin kinh t-x hi t nc, tuy vy vn cn nhiu hn ch, ang l vt cn trong vic y mnh v pht trin bn vng trong thi gian ti. 2.6.1. Nhng hn ch ca pht trin xut khu lao ng thi gian qua Pht trin xut khu lao ng Vit Nam trong thi gian qua cn nhiu hn ch v tn ti n t nhiu pha.

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2.6.1.1. Hn ch t th trng xut khu lao ng Th trng XKL ca nc ta thi gian qua pht trin cha n nh, ph thuc nhiu vo bin ng ca th trng lao ng nc ngoi, Th trng XKL hin nay rt hn hp, c bit l th trng c thu nhp cao, vic m rng cc th trng tim nng ang gp phi nhiu kh khn v c chiu hng chng li, cng tc thng tin v d bo th trng cn thiu, yu v nhiu bt cp. Thi gian qua, Nh nc cha c chin lc pht trin th trng v khai thng tm v m cc quan h cp Nh nc v XKL. n nay, Nh nc ch k c mt s hip nh khung hoc tha thun chung nhm thng tin v th trng to c s php l lin quan. pht trin th trng cc DN XKL phi t thn vn ng, quan h vi i tc, mi gii tm kim hp ng v n hng. So vi cc nc XKL trong khu vc th Vit Nam l nc i sau yu v thiu kinh nghim nn cc hp ng XKL ca ta thng nh l vi nhiu iu kin bt li. Th trng xut khu lao ng tuy ang tng bc c m rng, song cn hn ch v th phn, hu ht cc th trng trng im, th phn ca ta thng khng cao, ti Nht Bn chim hn 5%, Hn Quc khong 9%, Malaysia hn 5%, i Loan khong 20%, Trung ng hn 0,2% v ch mi tp trung vo nhng lnh vc, ngnh ngh lao ng gin n, lng thp, iu kin lm vic nng nhc, c hi. Ti cc th trng ny, lao ng cc nc trong khu vc n lm vic vi s lng ln nn s cnh tranh rt gay gt. Thi gian qua, tuy ta rt ch trng v p dng nhiu bin php m rng th phn nhng kt qu cha c nh mong mun. S lng lao ng a i nm sau tuy c cao hn nm trc nhng so vi nhu cu vic lm v so vi mt s nc trong khu vc th th phn lao ng ca nc ta cn khim tn. Thi gian qua, tuy th trng XKL dao ng khong 40 nc v vng lnh th nhng thc t xut khu lao ng ch tp trung vo mt s th trng trng im nh Nht Bn, Hn Quc, i Loan, Malaysia, Trung ng, Lo vi hn 90% s lng lao ng a i hng nm, mt s th trng mi khai thng

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nhng do cng tc qun l v thc chp hnh php lut km ca ngi lao ng nn b ng li hoc hn ch tip nhn. n nay, Chng ta cha c mt b my t chc, c ch hot ng v phi hp lin quan n cng tc thng tin v d bo th trng, cc c quan qun l nh nc, qun l L cn nng v nhng s v m thiu i s nh hng pht trin XKL ni chung v th trng ni ring, vic d bo nhu cu L, ngnh ngh, cng vic, iu kin tuyn chn ca tng th trng ngoi nc gn nh khng c. Hin nay chng ta ang loay hoay tm cch m rng th trng, nht l th trng c thu nhp cao nhng li thiu thng tin th trng ng tin cy c nhng nh hng c th, nhng chnh sch hp l v cc gii php hiu qu nhm pht trin th trng XKL bn vng. 2.6.1.2. Hn ch t qun l nh nc v xut khu lao ng Qun l nh nc v xut khu lao ng cha theo kp i hi ca thc t, Chng ta ang thiu b my qun l ng b, mt c ch qun l hp l, bi bn v hiu qu nhm bo v quyn li v li ch hp php ca cc bn trong XKL v Nh nc khi tham gia vo th trng lao ng quc t. Cho n nay Lut ngi lao ng Vit Nam i lm vic nc ngoi theo hp ng c hiu lc hn 2 nm, tuy vy h thng php lut v XKL vn cha hon chnh, nhiu vn bn thiu tnh thc t, hin nay thiu nhiu quy nh hng dn c th, nht l trong chin lc pht trin th trng XKL, chnh sch ti chnh v qun l DN XKL, chnh sch to ngun L xut khu, m hnh lin kt DN XKL v chnh quyn a phng, m hnh qun l L xut khu, chnh sch hu XKL. B my qun l XKL tuy c c ch trng u t v c s vt cht v con ngi nhng thc t cho n nay hiu qu ca cng tc QLNN v XKL cha cao. Cng tc kim tra, thanh tra cha thng xuyn, vic x l cc sai phm ca DN XKL v ngi L cha nghim, cn thiu s phi hp gia cc c quan chc nng. Tnh hnh vi phm php lut ca cc DN XKL xy ra thng xuyn nhng thiu s un nn kp thi ca cc c quan c thm quyn.

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mt s a phng, hiu qu hot ng ca cc Ban ch o XKL cha cao, cng tc thm nh DN v qun l hot ng tuyn chn L cha cht ch, nn vn cn hin tng cc t chc v c nhn khng c chc nng XKL li dng la o ngi lao ng, Mt s ni cn p dng nhiu th tc hnh chnh phin h hoc li dng s lin kt gy kh khn lm tng chi ph cho DN v ngi lao ng. 2.6.1.3. Hn ch t qun l lao ng lm vic nc ngoi Tnh hnh lao ng Vit Nam lm vic nc ngoi ang rt phc tp, lao ng b trn cc th trng trng im chim t trng ln so vi cc nc xut khu lao ng khc, t l lao ng phi v nc trc hn cn cao so vi s lng a i hng nm, xut hin cc bng ng ti phm c lao ng Vit Nam tham gia, s v vic phc tp lin quan n ngi lao ng Vit Nam gia tng. Trong khi s lng, trnh nghip v cn b v c s vt cht ca cc Ban qun l lao ng thuc c quan ngoi giao Vit Nam nc ngoi v vn phng i din doanh nghip qun l lao ng nc ngoi cha p ng c yu cu thc t i hi. Tnh hnh lao ng ph v hp ng, sng v lm vic bt hp php thi gian gn y tuy c c ci thin nhng t l v mc vn cn cao, ti hu ht tt c cc th trng t l lao ng Vit Nam b trn u chim t l cao trong tng s lao ng nc ngoi b trn nht l ti Nht Bn v i Loan. S lng lao ng phi v nc trc hn do vi phm hp ng, nh my ph sn, thu nhp thp chim mt t l khng nh trong s lao ng c a i m in hnh l i Loan v Malaysia. mt s th trng xut hin cc t chc phn ng hot ng rt tch cc nhm li dng li ko ngi lao ng vi phm php lut, ph v hp ng, chng i v ph hoi ng li ch trng, chnh sch XKL ca ng v Nh nc. C th nh ti i Loan c T chc nh th do linh mc Nguyn vn Hng cm u, ti Th trng Malaysia, Trung ng c T chc cu tr thuyn nhn c tr s ti Hoa K do Nguyn nh Thng ng u. Thm vo cc pht sinh phc tp do mt s lao ng ca ta gy ra nh: trm cp, nh nhau, nu ru lu, c bc, nhu nht, trng cn sakhng gim m c xu

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hng tng ang l bi ton v cng kh khn cho cng tc XKL ca nc ta nht l trong vic duy tr v pht trin cc th trng trng im Vic qun l lao ng xut khu ca cc doanh nghip b bung lng, i khi khon trng cho i tc nc ngoi. Theo quy nh, mt s th trng c th v s lng lao ng ln th doanh nghip XKL phi c i din n qun l v h tr ngi lao ng. Tuy nhin hin nay i Loan ch c 7 doanh nghip c i din trong 71 DN c lao ng lm vic, Malaysia ch c 8 DN trong s gn 100 doanh nghip, UAE ch c 3 DN trong s 23 DN, v Cata ch c 2 DN trong s 15 doanh nghip. S doanh nghip c i din qun l lao ng hin nay nc ngoi l qu thp so vi s lng doanh nghip l ra phi c i din qun l lao ng nc ngoi. Hin nay vi gn 500 ngn lao ng ang c mt ti 41 nc v vng lnh th nhng Chng ta mi thnh lp c 4 Ban qun l lao ng ti i Loan vi 4 cn b, ti Malaysia 4 cn b, ti Nht Bn 2 cn b, ti Hn Quc 3 cn b v 4 Cn b ngoi giao chuyn trch v lao ng ti Cng ha Czech, Cata, UAE. Libya. S lng Ban qun l lao ng ny l qu t so vi nhu cu thc t i hi. 2.6.1.4. Hn ch t ngun lao ng xut khu Cht lng L xut khu ca ta thp, trnh tay ngh v ngoi ng cn nhiu hn ch, sc cnh tranh v thu nhp ca ngi L khng cao, cha p ng c yu cu ngy cng cao ca th trng tip nhn L, c bit l th trng c thu nhp cao. Mt b phn L xut khu c tc phong, k lut L, thc chp hnh php lut nc s ti cn yu, vi phm hp ng L, vi phm php lut lm nh hng n kh nng duy tr v pht trin th trng XKL. Mt b phn ln L xut khu hin nay (khong 80%) xut thn t nng thn, trnh vn ha thp (57,5% tt nghip tiu hc v trung hc c s). Do lc lng L qua o to ca Vit Nam cn thp, cha k cht lng o to ca ta li cha p ng c tiu chun v khng ng u. V vy khi th trng i hi L c chuyn mn k thut cao th kh nng ca lao ng Vit Nam cha th p ng c. Mt khc a s lao ng Vit Nam c ngoi ng rt yu, thiu tc

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phong cng nghip, thc tun th php lut v nhn thc v quan h ch th cn km, do kh c kh nng lm vic c lp nh lao ng cc nc khc. Nhn bt k phng din no, cht lng sc L Vit Nam u ang im xut pht thp, XKL vn ch yu da trn li th L ph thng vi sc L r. Chi ph L ca Vit Nam khng c tnh cnh tranh v hiu sut thp v thiu L c trnh chuyn mn k thut cao. y l hn ch ln nht ca cht lng ngun nhn lc nc ta v l nguyn nhn c bn cn tr tc pht trin XKL trong thi gian qua. 2.6.1.5. Hn ch t doanh nghip xut khu lao ng i ng doanh nghip XKL Vit Nam va thiu li va yu, thi gian qua chng ta mi ch trng pht trin v s lng, m thiu s quan tm v cht lng, cha l lc lng xung kch ca hot ng XKL, cha thc s tr thnh ngi bn ch ct ca ngi lao ng, cha lm trn s mnh Nh nc giao ph. Hin nay, hot ng XKL ca doanh nghip ch mi trnh dch v ca nn sn xut nh, lc hu, cha c nhiu doanh nghip mnh v mnh cnh tranh trn th trng lao ng quc t. Nng lc cnh tranh ca doanh nghip XKL Vit Nam nhn chung cn yu v c nhiu im ng lo ngi, c th c kt mt s im yu c bn ca cc doanh nghip XKL nh sau: Sc cnh tranh ca DN XKL cn yu, thiu kinh nghim, trnh kinh doanh thp, cng ngh lc hu v kh nng ti chnh yu km.DN cha ch ng khai thc th trng, kh nng tip cn vi nc ngoi cn yu, th ng, thiu kinh nghim trong vic pht trin th trng, cha xy dng cho mnh thng hiu xut khu lao ng ring. Vic pht trin th trng xut khu lao ng ch yu theo chiu rng m cha ch trng n chiu su, thiu mt chin lc th trng lao ng ngoi nc v to ngun lao ng trong nc hp l v ch ng. Hiu qu sp xp li DN Nh nc v xut khu lao ng thp, DN b l nhiu c hi kinh doanh. y l hn ch ch yu ca s yu km nng lc cnh tranh ko di, lc cn ln DN xut khu lao ng Vit Nam trn l trng ha nhp su hn vo th trng lao ng quc t v hi nhp kinh t th gii.

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Hot ng XKL ca cc DN ang bc l nhng im yu c bn, l cha gn kt vng chc gia nhu cu th trng vi kh nng p ng ca sc L, gia qu trnh tuyn chn o to ngh, dy ngoi ng, gio dc nh hng qun l L nc ngoi. Vn h trng ca cc DN XKL hin nay l cht lng L xut khu khng t yu cu, hiu qu tuyn chn km, o to ngh, dy ngoi ng, gio dc nh hng chm c ci thin vn l hn ch cn bn ca nhiu DN. Cng tc o to ngh, dy ngoi ng, gio dc nh hng cho ngi L ca DN cha ch ng, cha p ng c nhu cu ca th trng m mi ch dng li mc lm cho c mang tnh i ph vi cng tc thanh tra, kim tra ca c quan QLNN. Nu cht lng ngun lao ng l yu t c bn ca gi tr hng ho sc L v khi cht lng sc L cn yu km th vic o to ngh, dy ngoi ng, gio dc nh hng l cha kha khai phng tr lc, k nng, nng cao cht lng lc lng L. ng tic nhiu DN li coi nh v qun l khng tt cng tc ny. iu ny, th hin cht lng ngun L cha p ng yu cu th trng L quc t, ng thi th hin mc sn sng hi nhp ca phn ln cc DN cn qu thp v tm nhn chin lc cn hn ch. Bt ngun t khu qun l nh nc, mt b phn doanh nghip cnh tranh thiu lnh mnh, thiu cng khai minh bch ti chnh hoc vi phm quy nh qun l ti chnh v xut khu lao ng. Qun l nh nc v ch ti chnh doanh nghip c lc b bung lng, thiu s thanh tra, kim tra thng xuyn. Mt s DN xut khu lao ng cha gn kt vi chnh quyn a phng v tuyn chn lao ng, vn tip tc cn u thc cho cc c nhn hoc t chc v tinh , c mi, lm mi gii, tuyn chn v thu tin vt mc quy nh, lm tng chi ph, gy thit hi cho ngi lao ng. Thm ch c DN cn Bn ch tiu, chuyn sang lm mi gii tuyn dng lao ng xut khu cho DN khc, hoc Bn giy php xut khu lao ng, gy ri lon th trng lao ng trong nc, to iu kin cho cc hnh vi tiu cc tn ti, pht trin. H qu tt nhin l n km hm cc n lc ci thin thc php lut v kh nng cnh tranh lnh mnh ca DN XKL, lm cho hot ng XKL pht trin thiu bn vng.

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Tnh trng cnh tranh khng lnh mnh gia cc DN c trong v ngoi nc ang xy ra ph bin. Ti nc ngoi cc DN tng ph mi gii, hoa hng, chp nhn tin lng thp v gim ch i vi ngi L tranh ginh hp ng, n hng. trong nc cc DN s dng ph h tr to ngun cho cc a phng lm cng c cnh tranh, bng cch DN n sau tng ph cao hn so vi DN n trc hoc i m vi cc cn b tuyn dng. Khon chi ny tr thnh mt tin l xu i vi mt s b phn cn b a phng, ni DN n tuyn L v lm tng thm chi ph ca ngi L khi i ra nc ngoi lm vic. 2.6.1.6. Hn ch t hiu qu kinh t - x hi ca xut khu lao ng Xut khu lao ng thi gian qua tuy t c mt s thnh tu nht nh, s lng lao ng i lm vic nc ngoi nm sau cao hn nm trc nhng cha p ng c nhu cu ca ngi lao ng trong nc nht l cc th trng c thu nhp cao. Hiu qu kinh t do XKL mang li cn thp, th trng c thu nhp cao nh Hn Quc, Nht Bn, Bc M, c. s lng lao ng i lm vic hng nm khng nhiu trong khi cc th trng c thu nhp trung bnh v thp nh, Malaysia, Trung ng, Bc Phi s lng lao ng xut khu li chim t trng ln. Thi gian qua chng ta mi ch trng y mnh s lng lao ng xut khu gii quyt vic lm cho ngi lao ng m cha quan tm n hiu qu kinh t do XKL mang li. Ngi L lm vic hu ht cc th trng trong cc ngnh ngh nng nhc, nguy him vi mc thu nhp khng cao, lao ng mun c thm thu nhp phi lm tng ca, thm gi nh hng n thi gian ngh ngi v sc khe ca h. Trong khi chi ph trc khi i m ngi L phi ng cn cao, nht l tin mi gii nc ngoi, nhiu th trng nh i Loan, Nht Bn, c, Bc M mc ph ny chim ti 12 thng thu nhp ca ngi L lm gim hiu qu v ngha ca XKL. S L phi v nc trc hn th trng Malaysia, i Loan, Trung ng v s L ph v hp ng cc th trng i Loan, Nht Bn, Hn Quc ang lm gim hiu qu v kh khn khng ch i vi ngi L v gia nh h m cn i vi cc DN v ton x hi, lm nh hng ln n s pht trin bn vng ca XKL.

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2.6.2. Nguyn nhn ca yu km v hn ch trong thi gian qua XKL ca nc ta thi gian qua t c mt s thnh tu l do s quan tm, ch o thng xuyn ca ng v Nh nc, s c gng v nng ng ca cc bn tham gia, s ng tnh v ng h ca d lun x hi. Tuy vy XKL Vit Nam cn nhiu hn ch nh trn l do nhng nguyn nhn yu km sau: Th nht, thiu s phi hp ng b gia cc c quan qun l nn vic ban hnh v thc hin cc chnh sch, quy nh, hng dn v XKL cn chm so vi yu cu pht trin t nc v th trng lao ng quc t. Cho n nay, xut khu lao ng c gn 30 nm tn ti v pht trin tuy vy hin nay chng ta cha c mt chin lc pht trin XKL, chin lc pht trin th trng, ngun nhn lc trong XKL lm kim ch nam cho cc chnh sch, gii php y mnh XKL trong hi nhp kinh t quc t. Nhn thc v XKL cha c s thng nht nn cc c quan qun l trung ng v a phng phi hp cha ng b, vic ban hnh v thc thi cc chnh sch, quy nh v hng dn v XKL cn chm so vi yu cu thc tin i hi. Th hai, u t ca Nh nc cho hot ng XKL, nht l u t pht trin th trng, u t cho DN XKL, o to ngun lao ng xut khu cht lng cao cha c quan tm ng mc, cha tng xng vi mc tiu nhim v v quy m XKL v nhu cu ca th trng lao ng ngoi nc. Hin nay, hng nm XKL tit kim cho ngn sch nh nc hng trm t ng chi ph to vic lm, h tr o to ngh, xa i gim ngho, trong khi Nh nc mi ch thng qua chnh sch h tr xc tin thng mi h tr XKL khong 2 t ng/nm v lp Qy h tr vic lm ngoi nc vi s vn cp ban u l 15 t ng nhng cng cha trin khai c nhiu. n Dy ngh cho lao ng i lm vic nc ngoi n nm 2015 trin khai c hn 3 nm nhng kh nng hon thnh giai on 1 nm 2010 rt thp, trong khi n H tr cc huyn ngho y mnh XKL gp phn gim ngho bn vng giai on 2009-2020 ang trin khai th im nhng gp phi rt nhiu kh khn do trnh hc vn, tay ngh ca ngi lao ng ngho rt thp.

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Vic u t cho cc DN XKL cn thp, DN cha mnh v ti chnh v i ng cn b nn nng lc cnh tranh cn yu, trong khi cc DN XKL phi t trang tri t tm kim th trng n tuyn chn, o to, a lao ng i, qun l, gii quyt cc ri ro pht sinh i vi ngi lao ng. Nh vy c th ni rng ngun lc Nh nc u t cho XKL cha tng xng vi vai tr, v tr v nhng g m XKL t c trong thi gian qua. Th ba, qun l nh nc v xut khu lao ng t trung ng n a phng cha cht ch, cha theo kp yu cu pht trin ca xut khu lao ng theo c ch mi, cha x l nghim nhng vi phm quy nh ca php lut v xut khu lao ng. Cng tc kim tra, thanh tra nhm pht hin v x l cc vi phm cha thng xuyn v cn nhiu hn ch. H thng c ch, chnh sch, php lut v lnh vc xut khu lao ng tuy tng bc c ci thin song cha tm, tuy c Lut ring v xut khu lao ng, nhng vic a B Lut vo cuc sng ang cn chm v nhiu bt cp. Cc ch ti x l i vi nhng c nhn, t chc vi phm v xut khu lao ng thiu ng b, cha mnh, cha mc gio dc, rn e, c bit l i vi lao ng xut khu vi phm hp ng v php lut. Cha c s phi hp cht ch gia c quan QLNN v XKL vi c quan ch qun DN trong XKL. Khng t c quan ch qun v a phng sau khi ngh B Lao ng, Thng binh v X hi cp giy php XKL, gn nh khng qun l c hot ng ca cc doanh nghip kp thi un nn, chn chnh. Trong cng tc qun l lao ng xut khu tuy c Ban qun l lao ng mt s th trng ln, song do cn thiu v nhn s v c s vt cht nn hn ch rt nhiu kh nng bo v quyn li cho ngi lao ng. Ngoi ra, ta cha c m hnh qun l v c ch bo v ngi lao ng hp l. Th t, th trng lao ng ngoi nc ang c nhng thay i cn bn v nhu cu, cht lng v c cu lao ng nhp khu dn n s cnh tranh ht sc gay gt gia cc nc XKL, trong s c nhiu nc trong khu vc c

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iu kin tng ng vi nc ta, nh Trung Quc, Thi Lan, Innxia, Philippin, l nhng nc c nhiu nm kinh nghim v XKL, c quan h hp tc lao ng lu di vi mt s nc tip nhn lao ng. S cnh tranh khng dng li gia cc quc gia m ngay c gia cc DN XKL trong cng mt quc gia, gia ngi lao ng vi nhau cng ht sc quyt lit. Trong khi chnh sch nhp khu lao ng nc ngoi ca cc nc tip nhn lun c bin ng v kh lng gy nn s th ng v bt li cho vic n nh th trng xut khu lao ng ca ta trong thi gian va qua. Th nm, phn ln lao ng xut khu c cht lng thp,mt b phn cha thc c v quyn li v ngha v khi tham gia XKL, thiu thc v danh d v cng ng, nhiu lao ng cn th ng trong vic xc nh ngh nghip v cng vic, trong khi o to ngh, dy ngoi ng v gio dc nh hng cho ngi L cha p ng c nhu cu ca th trng L ngoi nc. i b phn lao ng nc ta xut thn t nng thn, trnh vn ho thp, cha c tay ngh nn vic o to ngh, dy ngoi ng, gio dc nh hng cho ngi lao ng trc khi ra nc ngoi lm vic l cn thit. Tuy vy thi gian qua mt s doanh nghip v ngi lao ng cha nhn thn thc ng n v quan tm ng mc cng tc ny. Cc ni dung chng trnh dy ngh, ngoi ng v gio dc nh hng, cha c b sung, hon thin cho st vi tnh hnh thc t ca th trng lao ng nc ngoi v nhu cu cng vic, thi lng o to cha hp l, i b phn cc c s o to cn phn tn, manh mn, c s vt cht cha p ng nhu cu, i ng gio vin cn hn ch v trnh , nng lc v kinh nghim dn n cht lng lao ng khi sang nc ngoi lm vic khng p ng c yu cu ca th trng nc ngoi. Th su, cng tc thng tin, tuyn truyn v XKL cn nhiu hn ch v bt cp, n gin v s si, cha c s phi hp ng b v cn mang nng tnh hnh chnh v s v, thiu nhng ni dung c th hp dn ngi lao ng v lm cho ngi lao ng hiu r c mc ch ca vic i xut khu lao ng.

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Cng tc thng tin tuyn truyn gp nhiu kh khn mt phn do cc DN XKL cha nm tt c a bn hot ng, mt phn do cch thng tin v trang thit b cn lc hu, trong khi khu qun l thng tin li rt yu km, thiu nhng thng tin khch quan, trung thc nhng li c qu nhiu thng tin mt chiu, thng tin b thi phng hoc b t en lm nh hng tiu cc n phong tro XKL. Trong khi bo ch i lc a nhng thng tin c bit, hoc phin din lm phong tro XKL mt s a phng gp nhiu kh khn do ngi dn cha thc s an tm vi chnh sch ca ng v Nh nc v XKL. Trong khi trong nc th c mi, mi gii bt hp php da vo s nh d, c tin ca ngi L a thng tin sai s tht la o, thu li bt chnh, cn mt s nc th cc t chc phn ng xuyn tc chnh sch ch nhm chng li ng li XKL ca nc ta. Th by, chnh sch hu XKL cha to c s an tm cho lao ng lm vic nc ngoi cng nh pht huy hiu qu vn, tay ngh, kinh nghim ca ngi lao ng thu lm c trong thi gian lm vic nc ngoi. Thi gian qua, mc ch chnh ca XKL l gii quyt vic lm nn mi ch trng n vic a L ra nc ngoi lm vic m thiu i s quan tm, h tr i sng vt cht v tinh thn gia nh, thn nhn ca ngi L, iu ny cha to c s an tm cho ngi L v cha hn ch c cc tc ng tiu cc khi ngi L l tr ct gia nh nhng phi sng v lm vic xa qu hng. Cc ch v chnh sch ti ha nhp cho ngi lao ng hi hng cn thiu, kh nng ti ha nhp cng ng v x hi ca ngi lao ng chm, vic mang vn, kin thc, quan h, kinh nghim tch ly c khi lm vic nc ngoi u t vo sn xut kinh doanh to vic lm cho bn thn, gia nh v x hi cha c khuyn khch v h tr tha ng, t l ngi lao ng v nc thiu vic lm hoc khng c vic lm cn cao, gy nn tnh trng ti tht nghip, lm gim hiu qu v ngha ca xut khu lao ng. y cng v mt trong nhng nguyn nhn m mt s lao ng khng an tm khi sp ht hn hp ng v thng tm cch b trn li, sng v lm vic bt hp php nc ngoi.

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TM TT CHNG 2 Trn c s nghin cu v th trng lao ng Vit Nam trong nhng nm qua thy c vic mt cn i trong quan h cung, cu lao ng v vic a lao ng i nc ngoi lm vic l i hi khch quan mang tnh cp bch nhm gii quyt vic lm, tng thu nhp cho ngi lao ng, o to ngun nhn lc, gp phn vo tng cng quan h kinh t i ngoi, tng trng v php trin bn vng. Chng 2 a ra ng li, ch trng, chnh sch xut khu lao ng k t nm 1991 n nay v nht l trong iu kin hi nhp kinh t t hin nay t i su phn tch mt cch ton din tnh hnh pht trin xut khu lao ng Vit Nam trong nhng nm qua nht l 5 nm tr li y, nhn mnh n cc th trng trng im chim gn 90% s lng lao ng xut khu hng nm ca Vit Nam nh Malaysia, i Loan, Hn Quc, Nht Bn, Trung ng, phn tch hnh thc a lao ng ra nc ngoi lm vic, cc c cu lao ng xut khu, tnh hnh doanh nghip xut khu lao ng, tnh hnh to ngun lao ng xut khu, hiu qu kinh t v x hi m xut khu lao ng mang li cho ngi lao ng, doanh nghip, nh nc v ton x hi. c bit p dng m hnh l thuyt nghin cu thc nghim v mc tc ng ca cc yu t n s pht trin ca xut khu lao ng Vit Nam thng qua kt qu iu tra 199 chuyn gia v nh qun l tiu biu trong hot ng xut khu lao ng ca c nc bng chng trnh SPSS v Excel lm c s cho vic nh gi v a ra cc kt lun v thc trng xut khu lao ng Vit Nam c khch quan v chnh xc. ng thi chng 2 ch ra nhng tn ti v hn ch c bn ca pht trin xut khu lao ng Vit Nam thi gian qua. l nhng hn ch t th trng xut khu lao ng, t c ch, chnh sch v qun l nh nc v xut khu lao ng, qun l lao ng lm vic nc ngoi, doanh nghip xut khu lao ng, t ngun lao ng xut khu, t hiu qu kinh t - x hi ca xut khu lao ng t i su phn tch 7 nguyn nhn c bn ca nhng tn ti v hn ch . Ni dung chng 2 chnh l c s thc tin cho vic xut cc gii php c bn v kin ngh nhm pht trin bn vng xut khu lao ng Vit Nam trong iu kin hi nhp kinh t quc t thi gian ti.

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Chng 3 NH HNG V CC GII PHP PHT TRIN XUT KHU LAO NG VIT NAM TRONG HI NHP KINH T QUC T
Hi nhp kinh t th gii v tham gia ngy cng tch cc vo th trng lao ng quc t l xu hng tt yu trong thi i ton cu ha ngy nay v l mt trong nhng nh hng quan trng trong chin lc pht trin KT-XH ca t nc. 3.1. C IM TNH HNH TH TRNG LAO NG QUC T V TH TRNG LAO NG VIT NAM TRONG THI GIAN TI 3.1.1. Th trng lao ng quc t trong thi gian ti Theo d bo ca T chc Lao ng quc t (ILO), Tng dn s v dn s th gii trong tui L (t 15 n 60 tui ) nm 2010 s t 6,90 t v 3,05 t ngi, n nm 2015 s t 7,29 t v 3,23 t ngi v n nm 2020 s t 7,66 t v 3,37 t ngi vi tc tng bnh qun nm l 1,05% v 1,00% [85]. n v tnh: 1.000 ngi
4,000,000 3,500,000

3,056,573
3,000,000 2,500,000 2,000,000 1,500,000 1,000,000 500,000 340,387 1,888,316

3,128,723

3,227,475

3,319,065

3,374,718

1,930,694

1,986,494

2,036,400

2,064,517

339,138 16,676 166,892

335,342 17,248 168,686

329,569 169,850 17,731 2018

324,973 170,510 18,096 2020

165,324 0 16,321 2010

2012

2015

Th gii

Chu

Chu u

Bc M

Chu c

Ngun: T chc Lao ng quc t (ILO), nm 2009 [85] Hnh 3.1: D bo dn s th gii trong tui lao ng

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Ti Chu dn s trong tui L s tng bnh qun 0,87%/ nm t 1,89 t nm 2010 ln 1,99 t nm 2015 v 2,06 t ngi nm 2020, c phn b khng u gia cc nc, trong khi ti Nht Bn, Hn Quc s gim st, ti Trung ng tng ln khng ng k th cc nc ng Nam , Trung dn s trong tui L s tng nhanh vi t l hn 1%/nm, mt phn trong s L ny v nhiu l do khc nhau s xut c i tm vic lm nc ngoi. Trong khi ti Chu u dn s s b gi ha v dn s trong tui L c xu hng gim mnh vi t l 0,46%/nm, t 340 triu ngi nm 2010 xung 335 triu ngi nm 2015 v 325 triu ngi nm 2020, ti Bc M v Chu c lc lng L ny tuy c tng nhng khng ng k v t hn 170 triu ngi v 18 triu ngi vo nm 2020. y s l nhng ni m L xut c trn th gii s hng ti [85]. Ngoi vic phn b dn s v pht trin lc lng L khng ng u, trong nhng nm ti, th trng L quc t cn c nhiu bin ng do nh hng ca khng hong ti chnh quc t v suy thoi kinh t ton cu tc ng ln hu ht cc nn kinh t dn n tht nghip tng vt, thu nhp v i sng ca ngi L gim st. l cha k th trng L quc t cn chu tc ng bi qu trnh pht trin khng bn vng nn kinh t th gii v lun phi i mt vi nhng bt n ca tnh hnh chnh tr th gii, nn khng b, cc cuc chin tranh cc b, gi du m, vng, st thp, lng thc, thc phm, nn dch bnh, thin tai ch habin ng kh lng. Tuy vy, kinh t th gii s linh hot hn nhiu so vi trc y v c th vt qua c nhng c sc trong thi gian ti phc hi v tip tc tng trng trong vng vi nm tip theo nht l khu vc Chu . Tuy nhin, tnh trng tht nghip trn ton cu vn cn ph bin, to ra sc p mnh m v L v vic lm, do di chuyn L quc t m trong XKL l nng ct tip tc tr thnh nhn t quan trng v pht trin mnh m trong thi gian ti, cha ng tnh tt yu trong thi i ton cu ha v hi nhp quc t. Trong nhng nm ti, th trng lao ng quc t s c mt s c im v xu hng pht trin ni bt sau y:

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- Do i mi cng ngh, ng dng tin b khoa hc k thut vo sn xut nn nhiu quc gia c nhu cu s dng L c trnh chuyn mn cao v gim quy m s dng L ph thng, tay ngh thp. Mt s nc p dng cc chnh sch u i k c cho php c nh c thu ht L c chuyn mn, k thut cao, nht l trong lnh vc cng ngh thng tin, ch to vt liu mi, in t. - Xut pht t li nhun, kh khn v nhn cng v th trng tiu th nhiu quc gia chuyn u t c bn sang cc nc km pht trin hn s dng nhn cng gi r, ngun ti nguyn phong ph v th trng tiu th. - Khu vc 3D ti nhiu quc gia pht trin v cc quc gia c nn cng nghip mi lun c nhu cu ln v L nc ngoi. Cng vi s pht trin ca nn kinh t, s gi ha dn s dn n nhu cu L dch v nc ngoi gia tng cao nhiu quc gia v ch yu l L n, trc ht trong cc cng vic ni tr, gip vic gia nh, y t, chm sc ngi gi ti gia nh v cc trung tm x hi. - Cng vi s khan him nhn lc khu vc 3D ti cc nc pht trin th nhu cu s quan, thuyn vin trn cc tu vn ti, nh c c xu hng gia tng v mc tng lc lng s quan c t l cao hn lc lng thuyn vin. - Vic tip nhn lao ng gin n ang c xu hng gim dn, trong khi cc nc xut khu lao ng c nhiu lao ng tay ngh thp ang cnh tranh gay gt vi nhau nhm tm kim, m rng th trng, n hng tt. - S tin b ca cng ngh thng tin lm cho quc gia c nhu cu s dng lao ng v cc quc gia XKL c s la chn nhanh chng i tc cn tip cn, ng thi vi s gia tng nhanh s lng cc quc gia XKL trong thi gian ti, to ra s cnh tranh mnh trn th trng lao ng ngoi nc, lm gim gi nhn cng ti nhiu khu vc trong c c lao ng chuyn mn k thut cao. 3.1.2 Th trng lao ng Vit Nam trong thi gian ti Mc d c nhng chuyn bin ng k, nhng sau hn 20 nm i mi, th trng L nc ta vn ch mi trong giai on hnh thnh, pht trin cha tng xng vi s pht trin trong h thng cc th trng ca nn kinh t.

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Theo d bo, dn s nc ta s t 87,89 triu ngi nm 2011, 91,64 triu ngi nm 2015 v 96,12 triu ngi nm 2020, trong dn s trong tui L nm 2011 c 57,92 triu ngi, nm 2015 c 60,33 triu ngi, nm 2020 c 63,20 triu ngi, chim khong 66% dn s, bnh qun hng nm c khong 0,8 triu ngi bc vo tui L, trong khi nhu cu L ch c gii hn nn s L c to vic lm bao gm c L xut khu v L di d t nng thn v t cc DN nh nc sp xp li ch t 1,60 triu ngi/nm giai on 2011-2020. Nh vy hng nm vn cn mt lc lng ln L khng c vic lm to nn nn tht nghip thnh th vi t l nm 2010 khong 4,6% v bnh qun giai on 2011-2020 l 4,10%. Bng 3.1: Mt s d bo v lc lng lao ng Vit Nam n v: triu ngi Dn s v lao ng Tng dn s Vit Nam Dn s trong tui L L lm vic trong nn KT L c to vic lm T l tht nghip thnh th Nm 2010 86,94 57,20 46,53 1,60 4,60% Nm 2011 87,89 57,92 47,66 1,60 4,50% Nm 2015 91,64 60,33 51,70 1,60 4,10% Nm 2020 96,12 63,20 56,80 1,60 4,00% Bnh qun 2011-2020 +1.00% +1,20% +2,01% 1,60 4,10%

Ngun: Tng hp t ti liu ca B L, TB v XH v B K hoch v u t (ghi ch: du +ch s tng thm bnh qun/ nm) [7], [10] Nhng nm ti th trng L Vit Nam c nhng c im nh sau: -Th trng L nc ta vn giai on u, xt v tng th, cung L ln hn cu L. Tuy nhin, nh c cu kinh t chuyn dch mnh theo hng CNH, HH v hi nhp vo kinh t th gii nn nn kinh t th trng nc ta s pht trin nhanh hn, to iu kin cho th trng L pht trin mnh m. - Trong iu kin nn kinh t ang trong thi k chuyn i, th trng L pht trin khng ng u v vn ang tn ti s phn tng a dng, phc tp.

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Th trng L khu vc chnh thc c xu hng pht trin mnh, nht l cc th ln v cc vng kinh t trng im v c kim sot, qun l cht ch hn. th trng L nng thn, vng kinh t chm pht trin, khu vc phi chnh thc bt u pht trin nhng cn chm. Phn tng th trng vn cn din ra gia cc loi hnh DN (DN nh nc, t nhn, u t nc ngoi), gia cc ngnh, nht l gia ngnh c li th v ngnh khng c li th to ra s cnh tranh khng bnh ng v L v l yu t cn tr tnh linh hot ca th trng L, c bit lm cho kh nng di chuyn L b hn ch, mang tnh t pht, kh kim sot. - S tc ng ca th trng th gii vo th trng L Vit Nam mnh hn lm cho cnh tranh ngy cng gay gt, k c th trng L trong nc, khu vc v quc t; c hi thu ht cc ngun u t, to vic lm tng, nhng tnh cht ri ro trong L (tht nghip, mt vic lm ) cng gia tng, do b tc ng bi s bin ng ca th trng khu vc v quc t kh lng trc, trong khi h thng an ninh x hi, bo m vic lm trong nc cha c hon chnh. - Cc hnh thc giao dch trn th trng lao ng tip tc pht trin a dng, hot ng an xen nhau v si ng, cc hnh thc giao dch chnh thng pht trin mnh v c hiu qu hn, dn tr thnh hnh thc giao dch c bn v ph bin trn th trng lao ng, nht l th trng lao ng trnh cao, cc th ln v xut khu lao ng. Tuy nhin, giao dch khng chnh thng vn c v tr quan trng, nht l khu vc nng thn, vng su, vng xa Hot ng c tnh cht thng mi trong giao dch trn th trng c xu hng tng. Nhng c im v xu hng ca th trng L trong nc v quc t trong thi gian ti s c nhng tc ng khng nh n XKL ca nc ta. 3.2. NHNG C HI V THCH THC I VI PHT TRIN XUT KHU LAO NG VIT NAM TRONG THI GIAN TI Trong thi gian ti, pht trin xut khu lao ng Vit Nam s gp khng t nhng c hi v thch thc, i hi phi c s nhn nh chnh xc v ch ng pht huy cc c hi c c ng thi hn ch v vt qua cc thch thc gp phi.

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3.2.1. C hi Trong nhng nm ti, XKL Vit Nam s c c hi v thun li sau: Mt l, Trong xu th ton cu ha kinh t th gii, cc nc u tin hnh xy dng nn kinh t m. L thnh vin ca nhiu t chc quc t, nh ASEAN, APEC, WTO...Vit Nam c iu kin thng qua cc t chc ny tng tnh cnh tranh hng ho Sc lao ng trn th trng th gii, m rng hi nhp, trnh c nhng phn bit i x v r b ro cn hu hnh v v hnh ti mt s th trng lao ng. Khi Vit Nam gia nhp WTO, ton cu ha i sng kinh t ngy cng din ra mnh m. Trong tro lu chung ca vic quc t ha, bn cnh nhng thun li c tnh khch quan, Vit Nam cn phi hng ti vic tun th nhng quy lut ca kinh t th trng, c bit quy lut cnh tranh, ci cch kinh t v m, vi m, tng cng QLNN, i mi th ch, php lut, chnh sch, bin php v thu, li sut, hp ng lao ng v cc ch ti chnh XKL... nhm hon thin mi trng v trt t php l thc y XKL ng hng. Hai l, Tuy b nh hng bi khng hong ti chnh v suy thoi kinh t th gii, nhng kinh t Vit Nam s vt qua nhanh v pht trin khi sc tr li, vi nhng chnh sch kinh t hp l phn u n nm 2020 nc ta s tr thnh mt nc cng nghip trn th gii. Theo d bo ca B K hoch v u t, mc tng trng kinh t Vit Nam nm 2010 s t 6,5% v bnh qun hng nm trong giai on 2011-2020 s t t 8% n 9%, i sng nhn dn tng bc c nng cao vi GDP bnh qun/ ngi tng t 1.200 USD nm 2010 ln 2.100 USD nm 2015 v trn 3.000 USD nm 2020 [7], t trng nng, lm, thy sn gim trong khi cng nghip, xy dng v dch v tng nhanh, an sinh x hi c m bo, cng tc xa i gim ngho c y mnh v c hiu qu. Ba l, Xut khu lao ng ngy cng nhn c s quan tm ca cc cp lnh o ng v Nh nc, s ch o thng xuyn ca Chnh ph v s phi hp tch cc ca cc cp, cc ngnh lin quan trung ng v a phng vi h thng chnh sch, php lut v XKL tng bc c hon thin v ph hp

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vi qu trnh hi nhp kinh t quc t. Trong cc vn kin ca ng v Nh nc lun xc nh XKL l hng pht trin lu di ph hp vi quy lut nn kinh t th trng v qu trnh hi nhp kinh t quc t. Vic ban hnh mt b lut ring v XKL nm 2006 v cc vn bn di lut thi gian gn y mt ln na khng nh s quan tm v ng thun ca ton x hi i vi hot ng XKL. Bn l, Vit Nam ang bc vo thi k c cu dn s vng vi ngun nhn lc di do, cn c, thng minh, sng to. Lc lng L chim gn 60% dn s vi c tnh cn c, thng minh, sng to, nng ng v c kh nng tip thu nhanh, c bit khi c ng lc v kinh t th h c th lm vic bt k thi gian v c th hon thnh cng vic vi nng sut cao V vy, khng t lao ng Vit Nam c ch s dng L nc ngoi nh gi cao, bc u to c uy tn trn th trng L quc t, c nhiu nc chp nhn. Nm l, Th trng lao ng quc t ngy cng cnh tranh gay gt, ang c nhu cu ln v s dng lao ng nc ngoi vi nhng ngnh ngh ph hp kh nng ca lao ng Vit Nam. Ti mt s nc, xu th gi ha dn s dn n tnh trng thiu L trm trng, ang c nhu cu kh ln v s dng L nc ngoi. a s nhu cu v ngnh, ngh, vic lm thng tp trung vo nhng lnh vc yu cu v trnh ph hp vi kh nng ca L Vit Nam nh: lp rp in t, dt, may mc, dch v, gip vic gia nh, chm sc ngi bnh, trng v khai thc nng nghip, lm nghip . Ngoi ra, mt s quc gia, nhu cu lao ng lm trong cc ngnh k thut cao hn nh c kh, cng ngh thng tin, xy dng, lao ng trn bin, nh bt hi sn s cn rt cao trong nhng nm ti. Su l, Sau thi gian t nc m ca v a L i lm vic nc ngoi, n nay tuy l nc i sau trong khu vc XKL nhng chng ta hnh thnh c i ng DN XKL, trong c nhng DN mnh c nhiu kinh nghim v sc cnh tranh trn th trng quc t, cng vi s quan tm v u t nhiu hn ca ng, Nh nc v x hi chc chn XKL trong nhng nm ti s c nhng hng pht trin v thay i mi c v cht ln v lng.

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3.2.2. Thch thc Thch thc ln nht ca Vit Nam l phi ch ng, tch cc hi nhp kinh t quc t trong iu kin ca mt nn kinh t ang chuyn i, XKL ca ta cng khng trnh khi ngoi l , v vy trong thi gian ti hot ng XKL s gp phi mt s kh khn sau: Mt l, XKL Vit Nam vi gn 30 nm tn ti tuy thu c mt s thnh tu nht nh, nhng thi gian thc s pht trin theo c ch th trng mi c khong 10 nm gn y. V vy, so vi cc nc XKL trong khu vc v trn th gii, chng ta cn non yu v nhiu hn ch, nht l v th trng, nng lc cnh tranh v cht lng L. Vic n nh v pht trin cc th trng trng im nh: Nht Bn, Hn Quc, i Loan, Malaysia, Trung ng khng d dng do tnh trng v t chc k lut ca L Vit Nam cn kh ph bin, pht sinh nhiu vn phc tp trong sinh hot v lm vic ca ngi L lm nh hng n uy tn L Vit Nam. Vic m thm cc th trng mi Bc M, c, Chu u...ngy cng kh khn do s lng cc nc tham gia XKL ngy cng nhiu, yu cu cht lng L ngy cng cao. Hai l, Cht lng ngun lao ng xut khu ca ta nhn chung cn cha p ng c yu cu ca th trng nc ngoi nht l v ngoi ng, thc k lut, tc phong cng nghip, am hiu php lut nc ti, li sng, phong tc tp qun, kh nng ha nhp, th lc. Hin nay, ngun lao ng k thut c tay ngh cao i lm vic nc ngoi cn chim t l thp v rt thiu. T l lao ng qua o to ngh tham gia XKL cn thp, trong khi nng lc cnh tranh ca cc DN XKL cha cao, kh nng ti chnh hn hp, quy m t chc v c s vt cht cn yu km, cn b hot ng trong lnh vc XKL cn nhiu hn ch v trnh ngoi ng, php lut, kinh nghim, hiu bit v th trng lao ng, k nng m phn, qun l, x l cc tranh chp lao ng. Ba l, Nn kinh t th gii sau khng hong ti chnh ton cu, suy thoi kinh t, chin tranh Trung ng, dch cm A H1N1, bin i kh hu ton

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cub nh hng nng n, lm hng triu lao ng bn a v nc ngoi b gim thu nhp hoc mt vic lm, tc ng xu n i sng ngi lao ng, lm nhu cu v th trng tip nhn lao ng nc ngoi mt s nc c khuynh hng co hp, nh hng trc tip n cu trong XKL ca Vit Nam. Bn l, Cnh tranh trn th trng L ngy cng gay gt, khng nhng th trng th gii m ngay c th trng trong nc, cc nc trong khu vc c c cu v cht lng L tng ng vi Vit Nam nn trn th trng h va l bn va l i th cnh tranh ca Chng ta. Trong khi , th trng ch lc XKL ca ta hin nay u l cc th trng chnh ca cc nc trong khu vc. Nm l, Kinh t Vit Nam ang pht trin vi tc cao, thu nhp ca ngi L ngy cng tng, nhu cu L trong nc ngy cng ln s lm gim khong cch thu nhp ca cc nc trong khu vc ,lm gim s hp dn ca nhng th trng c thu nhp khng cao nh Malaysia, Lo, Trung ng. Nhng c hi v thch thc trn s nh hng trc tip n qu trnh pht trin XKL ca nc ta trong nhng nm ti, bit tn dng c hi v hn ch tc ng tiu cc ca cc thch thc s a XKL Vit Nam gt hi c nhng thnh cng mi phc v cng cuc CNH, HH t nc. 3.3. NH HNG V MC TIU PHT TRIN XUT KHU LAO NG VIT NAM TRONG HI NHP KINH T QUC T 3.3.1. Quan im pht trin xut khu lao ng Vit Nam thi gian ti i hi i biu ton quc ng Cng Sn Vit Nam ln th X tip tc khng nh chin lc pht trin kinh t - x hi ca Vit Nam n nm 2020 l tip tc y mnh qu trnh cng nghip ha hin i ha t nc, hon thin nn kinh t th trng theo nh hng x hi ch ngha, phn u n nm 2020 a nc ta c bn tr thnh mt nc cng nghip. Trong vn kin i hi i biu ton quc ng Cng Sn Vit Nam ln th X c nu r y mnh xut khu lao ng, c bit xut khu lao ng qua o to ngh, lao ng nng nghip [36].

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Trong Phng hng, nhim v pht trin KT-XH t nc giai on 20062010 c i hi i biu ton quc ng Cng Sn Vit Nam ln th X thng qua cng xc nh XKL l mt ch trng ln c tm quan trng chin lc lu di v c tnh nht qun ca ng v Nh nuc ta, nhm gii quyt vic lm , o to ngun nhn lc, tng thu nhp ngi L, gia nh v x hi, gp phn vo tng trng v pht trin kinh t bn vng ca t nc. Vn kin ch r: Tip tc thc hin cng tc XKL, tng t l lao ng xut khu qua o to, nhng phi c t chc qun l cht ch v bo v quyn li chnh ng ca ngi lao ng .[36]. Ngh quyt Hi ngh Trung ng ln th 7 Kha X v cng tc thanh nin v nng thn cng nu r: Khuyn khch thanh nin i lao ng c thi hn nc ngoi. Ch trng gio dc thc k lut, k nng lao ng, tay ngh cho thanh nin i lao ng c thi hn nc ngoi; ng thi c bin php qun l, gio dc, gip s thanh nin ny y mnh xut khu lao ng t nng thn. 3.3.2. Phng hng v mc tiu pht trin xut khu lao ng Vit Nam n nm 2020 v tm nhn nhng nm tip theo Trn c s tnh hnh kinh t - x hi t nc v quan im pht trin xut khu lao ng trong thi gian ti, xut khu lao ng Vit Nam xc nh nhng phng hng v phn u t nhng mc tiu quan trng v th trng, s lng v c cu lao ng, hiu qu kinh t - x hi, c ch v b my qun l xut khu lao ng n nm 2020 v tm nhn nhng nm tip theo nh sau: 3.3.2.1. Th trng xut khu lao ng Trong nhng nm ti, xy dng v pht trin mt h thng th trng xut khu lao ng Vit Nam theo hng: + u tin a lao ng n nhng th trng thu nhp cao, c iu kin vn ha x hi tng ng vi Vit Nam, c mi trng sng v lao ng an ton, c lut php bo v quyn li ca ngi lao ng nc ngoi. + n nh v tng dn th phn ti th trng trng im ti ng Bc (Nht Bn, Hn Quc, i Loan, Macao)

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+ Cng c, duy tr v gi vng th trng ng Nam -Thi Bnh Dng (Lo, Maylaysia, Singapore, Campuchia) + Tng cng th phn th trng hin c, tip cn c chn lc th trng mi Trung ng ( Cata, rp X t, Tiu vng quc rp Thng nht, man), Bc Phi (Libya, Angiri), tng cng chng trnh hp tc chuyn gia trong lnh vc nng nghip vi cc nc Chu phi khc. + Duy tr v tng bc a lao ng tr li lm vic ti cc nc ng u, Nga v cc nc CIS khc, a chuyn gia, lao ng c cht lng cao, lao ng thi v trong nng nghip n cc nc Ty u v Bc u. + Th im v sau y mnh a lao ng c chuyn mn k thut cao, trnh ngoi ng n khu vc Bc M, Chu c. + Tng cng xut khu lao ng thuyn vin, u tin a cc thy th on ln lm vic ti cc tu vn ti bin quc t. + Trn c s nh hng pht trin th trng XKL Vit Nam trong thi gian ti kt hp vi c im th trng L mt s nc tim nng tip nhn L Vit Nam, XKL Vit Nam nhng nm ti tp trung vo cc th trng sau: - Th trng ng Bc ng Bc bao gm cc nc v vng lnh th ang tip nhn L Vit Nam l Nht Bn, Hn Quc, i Loan, Macao. Nhng quc gia ny u c chung nhng im nh: C nhu cu ln v L trong cc lnh vc cng nghip, nng nghip, xy dng, dch v, thuyn vin tu nh c, cng ngh thng tin, y t, khn h cng; S tng ng v phong tc tp qun v khong cch khng xa v v tr a l vi nc ta; Quan h ngoi giao gia Chnh ph ta v Chnh ph cc nc Hn Quc, Nht Bn v gii chc lnh o i Loan, Macao c ci thin theo chiu hng tch cc; Phn ln cc i tc, gii ch s dng L kh quen thuc vi cch thc lm vic ca cc DN XKL Vit Nam cng nh nm vng c c im L Vit Nam. Mc thu nhp ca ngi L ti cc th trng ny cao hn so vi cc khu vc khc v l th trng ang thu ht nhiu

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L nc ngoi n lm vic nht l L lnh ngh hoc cc chuyn gia trong lnh vc cng ngh thng tin, cng ngh mi. Tuy vy, tng th trng c nhng c im ring bit, nhu cu v chnh sch tip nhn L nc ngoi khc nhau. Nht Bn l nn kinh t th hai trn th gii vi s dn gn 128 triu v dn s trong tui L t 54,2 triu ngi vo nm 2010 v s gim cn 126,6 triu v 52,5 triu ngi nm 2015 v 124,5 triu v 51,5 triu ngi nm 2020 vi tc gim bnh qun l 0,27%/nm v 0,51%/nm [85], l nc ang c xu hng gi ha dn s v lc lng lao ng. D bo trong thi gian ti, khi nn kinh t phc hi Nht Bn s thiu trm trng lao ng trong cc lnh vc: in t, may mc, ch bin thy hi sn, cng ngh thng tin, khch sn, y t, dch v x hi, nng nghip. b p s thiu ht ny v trnh nhng h qu tiu cc do nhp khu lao ng mang li, Nht Bn ang c nhng thay i v chnh sch tip nhn lao ng nc ngoi theo hng chuyn t cch tu nghip sang t cch thc tp k nng (c hiu lc t 1/7/2010), tng thi gian thc tp k thut, ci thin th tc tip nhn, m rng i tng v ngnh ngh tip nhn, tng tr cp, ci thin iu kin n , i li cho tu nghip sinh, th nghim chng trnh tu nghip sinh phi li nhun ca Hip hi doanh nghip va v nh (IMM), c th tip nhn lao ng t cc nc k hip nh mu dch t do (FTA) v hip nh i tc kinh t (EPA), khuyn khch tip nhn lao ng lnh ngh v c k thut cao. Kh nng tip nhn ca chng trnh TTS hng nm khong 80 ngn n 100 ngn L, nu Vit Nam thnh cng trong cc gii php chng trn v trin khai tt Hip nh mu dch t do gia cc nc ASEAN v Nht Bn v Hip nh i tc kinh t vi Nht Bn (c hiu lc t 1/10/2009) th m ra hng XKL trong lnh vc y t v dch v x hi, khch sn, nh hng n Nht Bn. Vi nhng iu kin kh quan trong thi gian ti v theo d bo ca Ban Qun l L Vit Nam ti Nht Bn s lng L Vit Nam hng nm n Nht Bn tu nghip v lm vic s c mc tng trng hng nm trong khong 10-15% v n nm 2015 phn u t 11 ngn v nm 2020 t 15 ngn L trong cc ngnh: Xy dng, c kh, in t, may mc, cng ngh thng tin, nng nghip, thuyn vin, nh hng, y t.

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Hn Quc vi dn s 48,6 triu ngi trong c 22,1 triu ngi trong tui L v s t 49,1 triu v 21,8 triu ngi nm 2015 v 49,2 triu v 21,2 triu ngi nm 2020 [85], l nc c nn kinh t pht trin vt bc trong 3 thp k qua, tr thnh quc gia pht trin vi mc thu nhp bnh qun trn 20 ngn USD, c nhiu ngnh cng nghip ng hng u trong khu vc v trn th gii nh: sn xut t, in t, ng tu, sn xut thp, cng ngh thng tin. Hn Quc l quc gia chuyn t nc XKL hng u th gii thnh nc nhp khu L ln trong khu vc. T nm 2007 chng trnh TNS ti Hn Quc b hy b, L n Hn Quc ch cn li 3 loi hnh l chng trnh cp php L (EPS), chng trnh tip nhn L lnh ngh v cc chuyn gia (PWPS) v chng trnh tip nhn TNS v L nc ngoi c ngun gc Hn Quc. Hng nm cn c vo nhu cu L trong nc Hn Quc n nh tng ch tiu phn b cho cc nc tham gia da vo cc tiu ch nh s lng L nhp cnh nm trc, t l k hp ng, s lng L b trn, t l c tr bt hp php. Pha Chnh ph Hn Quc ang c nhng ci tin lin quan n chng trnh EPS ny nh m rng i tng v t l tip nhn L, tng lng c bn, gim gi lm, ci cch th tc tip nhn, trc tip t chc kim tra ting Hn Quc lm cho chng trnh ny thnh cng hn. Do nh hng ca khng hong ti chnh quc t v suy thoi kinh t nn Chnh ph Hn quc gim ch tiu tip nhn L nc ngoi. Tuy vy vic gim chi tiu ny ch mang tnh tm thi v Chnh ph Hn Quc s nng chi tiu tr li vo nhng nm sau. Theo d bo ca Ban Qun l lao ng Vit Nam ti Hn Quc, khi kinh t phc hi Hn Quc s i din vi tnh trnh thiu ht L trm trng v s tng chi tiu tip nhn L nc ngoi ln mc 80-100 ngn ngi/nm. V vy, y va l c hi ng thi l thch thc i vi XKL nc ta, nu Vit Nam ci thin c t l L b trn, tng cng ngoi ng v k lut L cho ngi L th vi nn tng ch tiu nm 2010 l 12,5 ngn L, trong vi nm ti theo Hip nh hp tc L gia Vit Nam v Hn Quc s chi tiu L m Hn Quc dnh cho Vit Nam s t 12 ngn n 14 ngn/ nm . Ngoi ra s L c chuyn t chng trnh TNS khong 2 ngn n 3 ngn, L i theo chng trnh th vng v thuyn vin hng nm khong 1 ngn. Nh vy ti Hn Quc chng ta c th a

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c t 15 ngn n 18 ngn L/ nm n lm vic trong cc ngnh: Xy dng, c kh, in t, may mc, cng ngh thng tin, nng nghip v thuyn vin. i Loan l vng lnh th vi dn s gn 24 triu ngi, trc khng hong ti chnh quc t nn kinh t i Loan pht trin vi tc 5-6%/ nm. Thi gian gn y thanh nin i Loan khng cn thch th vi cng vic trong lnh vc xy dng v sn xut cng nghip, cng vi t l tht nghip hn 3% ang y i Loan i mt vi s khan him L trong nhiu ngnh kinh t mi nhn. Hin nay i Loan ang c gn 400 ngn L lm vic n t 6 nc. Trong thi gian ti i Loan ang y mnh ci cch c ch nhp khu L nh tng lng ti thiu, cp th L in t d dng qun l L, ko di thi hn c tr, p dng nhiu bin php chng trn hiu qu, thnh lp cc trung tm h tr php l cho ngi L, c bit hin nay i Loan ang t bc thc hin c ch tuyn m L trc tip thng qua vic thnh lp Trung tm tuyn dng L trc tip vi 3 giai on; 2 giai on ang thc hin l cho php ch s dng ti tuyn dng khn h cng v gip vic gia nh, giai on tip theo cho php cc ch s dng nh my, bnh vin c ti tuyn dng trc tip v giai on cui l cho php tuyn dng L trc tip ti tt c cc ngnh ngh bao gm c ti tuyn dng v tuyn dng mi. i Loan l mt trong nhng th trng tip nhn nhiu L Vit Nam. Nhng thi gian va qua do t l L b trn cao nn th trng ny tm thi ng ca i vi L gip vic nh. V vy, kh nng tip nhn lao ng Vit Nam s khng tng nhanh trong nhng nm ti v nu chng ta p dng cc bin php hp l gim t l lao ng b trn xung di 3% theo yu cu t pha i Loan th th trng ny s m li v s L a i hng nm ch dao ng hng nm khong t 30 ngn n 35 ngn L trong cc ngnh xy dng, c kh, in t, may mc, cng ngh thng tin, nng nghip, thuyn vin, dch v x hi. Macao l c khu hnh chnh thuc Cng ha Nhn dn Trung Hoa vi s dn gn 550 ngn ngi ch yu l ngi Hoa v B o Nha, iu kin kh hu tng ng vi Vit Nam. Tc pht trin kinh t cao a thu nhp bnh qun trn u ngi ti c khu ny ln gn 25 ngn USD/ nm. Hin nay, Macao c gn 300 ngn ngi tham gia lc lng lao ng vi t l tht nghip gn 4 % ngoi ra cn c gn

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80 ngn L nc ngoi n t nhiu nc v vng lnh th trong ch yu l Trung Quc, Philippin, Indonesia. Theo d bo ca Cc Lao ng Macao trong thi gian ti c khu ny s thiu trm trng lao ng trong cc ngnh ngh nh: xy dng, dt may, dch v x hi, gip vic gia nh, bo v, phc v nh hng, khch sn, t l L nc ngoi trn lao ng bn a tng t 1:3 nm 2009 ln 1:2,5 nm 2012 v 1:2 nm 2015, mc thm ht lao ng trong nhng nm ti ln n 80 n 100 ngn ngi. Vi mc thu nhp cao, cc iu kin lm vic, n , sinh hot ph hp vi lao ng Vit Nam th y l th trng rt tim nng cho lao ng ta vi mc tip nhn hng nm c th ln n hng chc ngn L. Mun a c nhiu lao ng n th trng ny L ta phi cnh tranh vi L Trung Quc, Philippin, Indonesia. Trong thi gian ti kh nng chng ta c th duy tr mc 3.000 n 5.000 L/ nm trong cc ngnh ngh: Xy dng, phc v nh hng v khch sn, dch v x hi. Vi nhng thay i trong chnh sch L ca cc nc trong khu vc ng Bc cng vi quan h ngoi giao, kinh t, vn ha, lao ng tt p s l c hi chng ta tng th phn ti cc th trng ny. Kh nng a c 60 ngn n 80 ngn L/nm n lm vic ti khu vc ny trong thi gian ti l rt kh thi. - Th trng ng Nam ng Nam bao gm 10 nc thuc T chc ASEAN vi dn s 594,2 triu ngi vo nm 2010 chim 14,2 % dn s chu v 8,6 % dn s th gii, c chia thnh 3 nhm cn c vo c tnh th trng L: nhm 1 gm Brunei, Singapore, Malaysia, Thi Lan; nhm 2 gm Indonesia, Phillipin, Vit Nam; nhm 3 gm Myanmar, Lo, Campuchia. Cc nc nhm 1 c dn s thp v ang c xu hng gi ha nn c nhu cu L rt cao, nhng nc ny XKL lnh ngh, chuyn gia ra nc ngoi v ng thi nhp khu mt lng ln L p ng nhu cu trong nc. Malaysia hin c hn 1,9 triu L nc ngoi ang lm vic, Thi Lan c khong 1,8 triu ngi, Singapore c hn 0,7 triu ngi v Brunei c hn 120 ngn ngi. Cc nc thuc nhm 2 va c tim nng cung ng L ph thng, nhng ng thi cng c nhu cu v L k thut cao, hin

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nay Phillipin c hn 5 triu L, Indonesia c gn 5 triu L v Vit Nam c gn 500 ngn L ang lm vic ti nc ngoi v l nhng nc c nhiu tim nng XKL. Nhm nc th 3 ang khi ng vic XKL nhng do tim nng L hn ch, cht lng L thp nn kt qu t c cha cao. Lao ng Vit Nam hin nay ang c mt ch yu cc nc Malaysia, Lo, Singapore, Bruney. Campuchia. Th trng khu vc ny c mt s thun li c bn nh: Nhu cu L thng tp trung vo cc lnh vc m Vit Nam c nhiu iu kin p ng l xy dng, cng nghip, lm nghip, phc v nh hng khch sn, dch v x hi; Thi tit v kh hu khng c s khc bit nhiu so vi Vit Nam; Cng nm trong khu vc. Tuy nhin, cng c nhng kh khn nht nh nh: thu nhp v iu kin lm vic ca L ti nhng nc thuc khu vc ny thng thp hn nhiu so vi th trng ng Bc ; chnh sch nhp khu L cha ng b, hay thay i; cng vic nng nhc; cc ch bo him cha pht trin cao gy kh khn trong m bo quyn li ngi lao ng. i vi th trng khu vc ny chng ta cn phi tnh ton n hiu qu kinh t ca XKL, khng nn a L i bng bt c gi no m nn c s chun b ngun nhn lc v phn khc th trng ny dnh cho ngi ngho, L vng su vng xa vi mc ch xa i gim ngho. Khi kinh t phc hi cc nc ny s y mnh nhp khu L t nc ngoi, to c hi cho chng ta a nhiu lao ng n khu ny lm vic. Nu chng ta c cc bin php hp l th hng nm c th a mt s L t 6 n 8 ngn L n lm vic ti Malaysia, Bruney, Lo, Campuchia ch yu l lao ng tay ngh thp trong cc ngnh: Xy dng, c kh, in t, may mc, dch v nh hng, dch v x hi, lm nghip v t 2 ngn n 3 ngn lao ng c tay ngh lp rp in t, c kh, dch v nh hng khch sn n Singapore lm vic. - Th trng Trung ng Trong khi cc th trng khc ang gp kh khn th th trng Trung ng ang m ra c hi cho ngi L tham gia XKL, Trung ng gm nhm

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quc gia c nn kinh t ph thuc vo du m, nhng nm gn y khi m gi du ln cao gp phn lm tng thu nhp bnh qun trn u ngi ca khu vc ny tng cao, cc nc ny nm trong Hi ng Hp tc Vng vnh (GCC) gm rp X t, Cc Tiu vng quc rp thng nht (UAE), C Ot, Cata, Baranh, -man vi s dn t 38,6 triu ngi v 15,7 triu ngi trong tui L nm 2010, 42,8 triu v 17,8 triu ngi nm 2015 v 46,8 triu v 18,9 triu ngi nm 2020 [85]. Nhng nc ny lin kt vi nhau, thng nht cc iu kin nhp khu L nc ngoi thng qua mt t chc l y ban Nhp khu lao ng nc ngoi ca GCC. Hin nay, khu vc ny c khong 13 triu L n t nhiu nc ang lm vic trong c L t Philippin, Indonesia, n . Trong tng lai khu vc ny ang rt cn lao ng nht l trong lnh vc xy dng, phc v nh hng, khch sn, dch v x hi. Tuy nhin, cc th trng ny cng c nhng bt li nh gi nhn cng thp, thi tit kh hu nhiu vng nng nng, chnh tr bt n, xung t thng xuyn, y l nhng quc gia theo o Hi, nn np sinh hot, iu kin sng rt khc khe. Tuy vy, ti th trng ny s cnh tranh rt gay gt nht l i vi lai hnh L ph thng v dch v x hi, nn c th thm nhp th trng khu vc ny, cn c nh hng v hng dn chi tit cho cc DN XKL khi m phn v k kt hp ng XKL. Hin nay, Vit Nam k hip nh hp tc L v ang a L n vi hu ht cc nc trong khu vc lm vic, tuy nhu cu L nc ngoi rt ln nh do nhng nhc im hn ch nn th trng ny kh thu ht c nhiu L Vit Nam.V vy, trong tng lai gn s lng L xut khu i khu vc ny cha c nhiu t bin nn hng nm dao ng t 10 ngn n 15 ngn L trong cc ngnh xy dng, c kh, phc v nh hng v khch sn, dch v x hi. - Th trng Bc Phi Cc nc Bc Phi (Libya, Nigeria, Angola, Siera Leone, Mdmbic) vi s dn t 206 triu ngi v dn s trong tui L t 69 triu ngi nm 2010, tng ln 223 triu v 76 triu ngi nm 2015 v 239,5 triu v 82,5 triu

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ngi nm 2020 [85]. y l th trng c nhu cu ln v L xy dng, y t, dch v x hi, v nht l thy li v nng nghip ch yu l L c tay ngh. Cc nc c kinh t pht trin hn nh Nam Phi ang rt cn L c tay ngh cao, chuyn gia trong cc ngnh : Y t, gio dc, xy dng, ch to my, qun l d n, cc nc ang c tc pht trin nhanh nh Libya, Nigeria ang cn nhiu L trong lnh vc du kh, xy dng, thy li, y t v nht l mt s nc c iu kin t nhin, th nhng nh: Siera Leone, Angola, Modambic, ang rt cn k thut v chuyn gia nng nghip gip h trong pht trin nng nghip nht l cy la nc theo k thut ng bng Sng Cu Long, y l thi c cho Vit Nam hp tc trong nng nghip nhng ng thi l c hi chng ta a cc chuyn gia k thut cao, L nng thn n cc nc Chu Phi pht trin nng nghip gp phn vo chng trnh an ninh lng thc th gii, mun lm c iu ny chng ta phi th im m hnh XKL mi trong lnh vc nng nghip. Theo d bo, nhu cu s dng lao ng nc ngoi ti th trng ny cn ko di trong nhiu nm. Tuy nhin, th trng ny cng c mt s hn ch nh th trng Trung ng nn kh nng thu ht nhiu lao ng Vit Nam trc mt cha cao. Theo Cc Qun l Lao ng ngoi nc hng nm phn u a i t 8 ngn n 10 ngn L trong ch trng n lnh vc trng la nc. - Th trng Chu u Chu u bao gm ch yu Lin Minh Chu u (EU) vi 27 nc thnh vin l mt trung tm kinh t, vn ha, chnh tr, khoa hc k thut hng u th gii vi dn s v lc lng lao ng ang c xu hng gim v gi ha. Trong lnh vc L, cc nc thnh vin EU p dng cc nguyn tc chung trong chnh sch nhp khu L t cc nc th 3 l: Chng trnh thu ht chuyn gia trong lnh vc qun l, L c trnh tay ngh, k thut cao; p dng hn ngch i vi L thi v v cc lao ng bn ngh, L ph thng p ng nhu cu thiu ht tm thi v L; cc tha thun song phng vi cc quc gia khc; cc chng trnh n x hp php ha t cch cho L nhp khu bt hp php, ngi t nn...

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Theo y ban Chu u lung lao ng nhp c vo EU tng mnh t cui th k 20 n nay do EU thiu nhiu lao ng k nng, s m ca th trng lao ng ng u v chng trnh n x lao ng bt hp php v t nn, cc nc thnh vin thng cn c vo cc yu t quan h chnh tr, dn tc, tng ng lch s , vn ha, gn gi v a l cp php nhp khu lao ng. Th trng EU l th trng c quan h lu di vi Vit Nam, Sau khi cc nc XHCN ng u tan r mt s lao ng v nc, cn li mt s ln lao ng ang sng v lm vic ti y. y chnh l lc lng nng ct chng ta ti lp v m rng XKL n th trng ny. Kinh t EU ang pht trin n nh v kh quan, t l tht nghip gim, s to thm nhiu vic lm mi, trong khi mt s lao ng t cc nc ng u s chyn qua cc nc Ty u lm vic vi mc lng hp dn hn, cng chnh l c hi cho chng ta a lao ng qua khu vc ny lm vic. Trong thi gian gn y mt s DN XKL Vit Nam ch tm n th trng ny tuy kt qu t c cha cao, do chng ta mi ch trng n lnh vc lao ng khng i hi tay ngh, k thut cao v ta cha c c ch qun l lao ng tt nn hiu qu cha cao v th phn cn rt thp. c th y mnh v nng cao th phn lao ng ti EU cc doanh nghip XKL v ngi lao ng Vit Nam cn vut qua cc ro cn v iu kin a l, khc bit v ngn ng v phong tc tp qun, s cnh tranh gay gt trn th trng lao ng EU vi lao ng ni khi, lao ng ca cc nc ang pht trin v lao ng cc nc mi ra nhp EU v nht l chnh sch nhp c khc khe ca EU i vi lao ng ph thng v lao ng thi v. Trc mt ta s tp trung khai thc th trng ng u trong mt s lnh vc m ta c li th nh: Xy dng, c kh, in t, may mc, cng ngh thng tin ng thi tn dng cc c hi xm nhp vo th trng lao ng Italy, Anh, B o Nha, Phn Lan, an Mch, Nauy cc lnh vc c kh, cng ngh thng tin, phc v nh hng, khch sn, lao ng thi v nng nghiptheo Cc Qun l Lao ng ngoi nc nu chng ta c cc bin php hp l lin quan n vic nng cao cht lng lao ng v qun l cht ch lao ng xut khu th kh nng c th a i c t 10 ngn n 15 ngn lao ng /nm.

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- Th trng Nga v cc nc T chc cc Quc gia c lp (CIS) Nga v mt s nc thuc T chc cc Quc gia c lp (CIS) gm Ukraina, Belarus, Mdva, Kazashtan, l nhng nc c s dn v dn s trong tui lao ng t 214,5 triu v 102,8 triu ngi nm 2010, 209,1 triu v 98,5 triu ngi nm 2015 v 203,4 triu v 92,6 triu ngi nm 2020 [85] vi xu hng ang gi ha, tuy vy y l khu vc rng ln vi nhiu tim nng kinh t to ln v t ai, nng nghip, khong sn, nng lng l nhng nc c kinh t pht trin vi tc cao t 6-10% trong nhng nm qua v s tip tc pht trin mnh m trong thi gian ti vi nhiu chng trnh pht trin kinh t ln. y khng ch l th trng thng mi v u t quc t m cn l ni thu ht mt lng ln lao ng nc ngoi n lm vic trong thi gian ti. L cc nc c quan h lu di v hu ngh vi Vit Nam, sau khi Lin X tan r mt s lao ng Vit Nam i theo hnh thc hp tc L trc y li lm n sinh sng v to nn cng ng ngi Vit Nam lm n chm ch, chu kh v thnh t, c pha cc nc s ti nh gi cao, y s l cu ni quan trng cho vic ti lp v m rng th trng XKL Vit Nam khu vc ny. Vo nhng nm ti khi kinh t Nga v cc nc CIS hi phc sau cuc suy thoi kinh t th gii, ni ny s cn mt lc lng ln L nc ngoi b p lng L thiu ht trong nc v p ng nhu cu th trng L ni a. y l th trng m Chnh ph ta ang tp trung ch o cc DN XKL c k hoch xm nhp v pht trin mnh trong thi gian ti. Trc mt tp trung khai thc th trng ny trong mt s lnh vc m pha bn ang rt cn v ta c th p ng c ngay nh: Xy dng, may mc, in t, c kh. nng nghip. Nu bit pht huy tt quan h hu ngh lu di vi chnh ph cc nc ny to hnh lang php l cho vic a lao ng n th trng ny, ng thi c bin php thm nh tt cc n hng, gim st tt hot ng XKL ca cc doanh nghip, qun l tt lao ng xut khu th c th a c hng nm t 6 ngn n 8 ngn lao ng n khu vc th trng ny lm vic trong thi gian ti.

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- Th trng Bc M Bao gm Hoa K, Canada vi s dn hn 348 triu ngi v dn s trong tui L l 165 triu ngi nm 2010 v s t 364 triu v 168 triu ngi nm 2015 [85], l x hi a chng tc gm nhiu dn tc, tn gio, ngun gc, mu da khc nhau, l cc nn kinh t pht trin nht th gii. y l 2 trong s t cc quc gia hin nay trn th gii cho php ngi nc ngoi nhp c v khuyn khch h v cc thnh vin gia nh tr thnh cng dn nu h hi cc iu kin theo Lut di tr. Tuy vy nhng quy nh php l lin quan n L nhp c, c bit l L di c n t nhng quc gia ang pht trin, trong c Vit Nam l rt cht ch. L nhp c c kim sot thng qua h thng thang im, visa v ch phng vn trc tip nhm xc nh ng i tng nhp c. Hng nm, s L nhp c vo th trng ny n ch yu t cc nc Chu M-Latinh, Chu phi. Hin nay, th trng ny ang cn L trong cc lnh vc nh iu dng, cng ngh thng tin, L nng nghip v thi v. Ngi L mun nhp c vo th trng ny ngoi tay ngh cn phi c ngoi ng t n trnh c th ha nhp vo x hi v lm vic bnh thng. y l nhng th trng mi Vit Nam cha c nhiu kinh nghim. V vy trong thi gian ti ch xem khu vc ny l th trng th nghim v cn c s chun b chu o ngun nhn lc theo nhu cu khi c c hi, phn u a i t 3 ngn n 5 ngn L/ nm. - Th trng Chu c Th trng Chu c bao gm cc quc gia c, New Zealand v mt s hn o vi dn s 35 triu ngi nm 2010. Trong , c l nc c s dn ln nht, t hn 21,4 triu ngi nm 2010 v 22,4 triu ngi nm 2015 [85] vi lc lng L chim gn 48%, thu nhp bnh qun trn u ngi hn 35 ngn USD v t l tht nghip 5%/nm vi c xu hng gi ha dn s. Hng nm, c phi nhp mt lng ln L t nhiu nc, hin nay c gn 500 ngn L nhp c chnh thc ang lm vic c thi hn ti c trong s ny cha k n mt s lng ln L thi v, bt hp php n c lm vic bng con ng du lch,

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thm thn, du hc. L nhp c chnh thc vo c theo 2 hnh thc, l: L c k nng np h s trc tip xin visa vo lm vic ti c, L ny phi c tay ngh, tui di 40, trnh ting anh ti thiu IELTS 5.0 v L c ch s dng L bo lnh qua 4 knh ( ch s dng ch nh, bo lnh khu vc, tha thun L v chng trnh h tr u t). Hng nm c nhp khu gn 100 ngn L trong cc lnh vc xy dng, c kh, phc v nh hng, ch bin thc phm, nng nghip.... Tuy vy, chnh sch nhp khu L ca c hin nay ngoi vic i hi tay ngh, tui, kh nng kinh nghim ca ngi L cn i hi cao v trnh ngoi ng, y l th trng kh tnh i vi L nc ngoi trong c L Vit Nam t nht l trong thi gian gn. V vy, mun m c th trng ny trong tng lai i hi chng ta phi trang b tt tay ngh v ngoi ng cho ngi L. Nu chng ta c cch lm tt th kh nng a L vo th trng ny l rt kh thi v hng nm c th a c 5 ngn n 7 ngn L n lm vic trong cc ngnh xy dng, c kh, cng ngh thng tin, nng nghip, dch v nh hng. 3.3.2.2. S lng lao ng xut khu Mc tiu XKL m B L, TB v XH a ra trong nm 2008 l Phn u nm 2009 a c 90 ngn v nm 2010 a c 100 ngn L ra nc ngoi lm vic, giai on 2011 n 2015 phi a c t 70 vn n 80 vn tc l bnh qun hng nm phi a c t 140 ngn n 160 ngn lao ng n nm 2015 c 1 triu lao ng thng xuyn lm vic nc ngoi [11 tr.14]. Mc tiu trn thi im hin nay rt kh t c. Cn c vo iu kin thc t hin nay kh nng thc hin mc tiu trn ch t c t 70 n 80% tc l: Phn u nm 2010 a c 85 ngn n cui nm 2010 c 550 ngn L thng xuyn lm vic nc ngoi; Giai on 2011 n 2015 a c khong 450 ngn L ra nc ngoi lm vic tc l bnh qun hng nm khong 90 ngn ngi, n cui nm 2015 thng xuyn c khong 600 n 650 ngn L lm vic nc ngoi; Giai on 2016-2020 a c 550 ngn ngi tc bnh qun hng nm khong 110 ngn ngi n cui nm 2020 thng xuyn c

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khong 750 ngn L lm vic nc ngoi. iu ng lu y l chng ta khng XKL bng mi gi m s ly cht lng v hiu qu KT-XH l kim ch nam cho XKL trong thi gian ti. Cn c vo nhu cu tip nhn L Vit Nam ca th trng nc ngoi, kh nng p ng ca ngun L nc ta trong thi gian ti, tc pht trin XKL thi gian qua, tng hp cc bo co ca cc Ban Qun l L Vit Nam, s lng L xut khu trong thi gian ti c d bo trong bng 3.2 sau: Bng 3.2: D bo s lng lao ng xut khu Vit Nam thi gian ti n v tnh: ngi TT 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 Th trng Nht Bn Hn Quc i Loan Macao ng Nam Trung ng Bc Phi Ty, Bc u 2010 6.000 10.000 30.000 3.000 12.000 13.000 7.000 500 1.500 1.000 500 500 85.000 2012 8.000 12.000 34.000 4.000 9.000 11.000 6.000 1.000 4.000 3.000 1.000 2.000 95.000 2015 11.000 15.000 32.000 5.000 6.000 8.000 5.000 3.000 5.000 4.000 2.000 4.000 100.000 2020 15.000 18.000 32.000 5.000 6.000 8.000 5.000 5.000 8.000 6.000 5.000 7.000 120.000

09 ng u 10 Nga v CIS 11 12 Bc M Chu c Tng cng

Ngun: Tng hp t cc bo co ca cc Ban Qun l lao ng Vit Nam nc ngoi v ti liu ca B Lao ng, Thng binh v X hi [23], [24]

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3.3.2.3. C cu lao ng xut khu Theo n dy ngh cho ngi lao ng i lm vic nc ngoi c Chnh ph thng qua nm 2006, XKL trong thi gian ti cha th b qua ngay vic a mt b phn lao ng cha c ngh hoc trnh tay ngh thp ra nc ngoi lm vic nhm p ng nhu cu ca th trng nc ngoi v nguyn vng ca ngi lao ng, th cn hng n vic tng dn t l lao ng qua o to, c tay ngh, c trnh ngoi ng, gim dn lao ng tay ngh thp, phn u n nm 2010 t trng lao ng i lm vic nc ngoi c ngh t 70%; trong , lao ng lnh ngh v trnh cao tr ln t 30%; n nm 2015, 100% lao ng i lm vic nc ngoi c ngh, trong 40% c trnh chuyn mn k thut cao[13]. Mc tiu trn tuy rt l tng nhng rt kh t c, vic gim dn L ph thng v tng L c ngh trong XKL cn c l trnh c th. Cn c vo ngun nhn lc t nc, kh nng o to ngh ca DN XKL v h thng dy ngh ton quc, sc p to vic lm v nhu cu th trng L ngoi nc, trong nhng nm ti chng ta vn phi chp nhn a mt t l L ph thng, L tay ngh thp ra nc ngoi lm vic, phn u tng dn t trng L qua o to nm 2010 t khong 50%, trong L lnh ngh v trnh cao chim 15%; n nm 2015 khong 75% L xut khu qua o to trong 30% c trnh chuyn mn k thut cao; n nm 2020 chm dt hon ton vic XKL ph thng, phn u 100% L xut khu qua o to trong 50% c trnh chuyn mn k thut cao. y l nhng ch tiu kh thi, nu c gng v c cc gii php quyt lit v ng b th XKL Vit Nam hon ton c th t c. Qua vic phn tch v kh nng tip nhn lao ng Vit Nam ca th trng L nc ngoi, Ta c th tng hp cu XKL Vit Nam n nm 2020 vi cc ngnh ngh nh sau: Xy dng, c kh (hn, tin, c in), may mc, lp rp in t, cng ngh thng tin, dch v nh hng khch sn, bn hng, s quan thuyn vin, dch v x hi, nng lm nghip c tng hp trong bng 3.3 sau.

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Bng 3.3:Tng hp ngnh ngh ca th trng xut khu lao ng Vit Nam
Ngh Nc Nht Bn Hn Quc i Loan Macao Malaysia Singapore Bruney Lo Tr. ng Bc Phi Ty, Bc u ng u Nga v CIS Bc M Chu c Xy dng C May in CNkh mc t TT Kh- Bo v, Th- iu Khn Nng, ch V s uyn dh lm Sn Vin ng cng nghip

X X X X

X X X

X X X

X X

X X X

X X X X

X X X X X

X X X

X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X

X X X

X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X

Ngun: Tc gi tng hp t ti liu B Lao ng, Thng binh v X hi [24] Mun pht trin bn vng XKL ca Vit Nam trong thi gian ti cn bm st nhu cu tip nhn lao ng nc ngoi ca tng th trng ngoi nc theo tng ngnh ngh c k hach ch ng chun b ngun lao ng xut khu theo tiu chun quc t, ph hp vi kh nng, trnh , t cht ngun nhn lc Vit Nam. Trong c cu ngh, cn gn vic a lao ng i lm vic nc ngoi vi vic pht trin ngun nhn lc cho cng cuc CNH, HH t nc, nhm ti

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nhng ngnh ngh c k thut hin i, cng ngh cao, nhng lnh vc m th trng lao ng s c nhu cu lao ng trong tng lai theo cch hng sau: + y mnh cung ng lao ng xy dng, hnh thnh cc n v xy dng mnh iu kin u thu, nhn thu quc t cc cng trnh xy dng nc ngoi v a lao ng n lm vic ti cc cng trnh ny. + a lao ng c kh hin i, in-in t, cng ngh thng tin n cc nc cng nghip pht trin lm vic nhm tng thu nhp cho ngi lao ng v tch ly kinh nghim, nng cao trnh tay ngh ca ngi lao ng. + M rng XKL dch v trong cc lnh vc kim ton, ti chnh, ngn hng, bo him, nh hng, khch sn, dch v x hi v gia nh n mt s nc c mc thu nhp cao v c nn vn ha tng ng vi Vit Nam. + Tip tc duy tr v y mnh vic a s quan, thy th lm vic trn tu vn ti bin theo kp. + m bo mt t l nam, n hp l trong n chim hn 40 %. Tng tui trung bnh ca ngi lao ng khi i nc ngoi lm vic m bo v th lc, tinh thn, tay ngh v nhn thc ca ngi lao ng. + Tng t trng lao ng xut thn t nng thn, vng su, vng xa va p ng nhu cu cng n vic lm va thc hin tt chnh sch x hi, chnh sch i vi ng bo cc dn tc thiu s, min ni. 3.3.2.4. C ch v b my qun l xut khu lao ng Thng nht qun l nh nc v xut khu lao ng, kin ton v xy dng b my qun l nh nc mnh trong tnh hnh mi, cng c v t chc li Cc Qun l Lao ng ngoi nuc thuc B L, TB v XH, h thng cc Ban qun l Lao ng nc ngoi, h tr v to hnh lanh php l cho cc vn phng i din ca cc doanh nghip xut khu lao ng nuc ngoi hot ng. Tin hnh ci cch hnh chnh trong hot ng XKL theo hng thng thong, hiu qu nhng m bo vic qun l nh nuc v XKL theo php lut.

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Thc hin ci cch hnh chnh, gim phin h cho ngi lao ng v doanh nghip xut khu lao ng. Gim n mc thp nht chi ph ng gp ca ngi lao ng. Thc hin xut khu lao ng gn vi cc chin lc, chng trnh, d n pht trin ngh, gii quyt vic lm, xa i gim ngho v gii quyt cc vn x hi trong tng bc i, ph hp vi tng trnh pht trin, y mnh xut khu lao ng gn vi tng trng kinh t bn vng, gp phn gi vng n nh chnh tr, trt t v an ton x hi. Xc nh XKL l trch nhim ca ton x hi, khuyn khch v huy ng mi ngun lc ca cc thnh phn kinh t, cc t chc c nhn trong v ngoi nc tham gia ng thi tng cng trch nhim ca cc bn trong hot ng XKL. y mnh XKL trc ht l trch nhim ca Nh nc. Nh nc l trung tm, tr ct ca h thng chnh tr x hi c nhim v nh hng, to lp c ch chnh sch, h thng vn bn php lut, gim st, kim tra, un nn, u t, h tr ph hp vi s vn ng ca c ch th trng. Cc doanh nghip XKL, mt mt cn u t vn, kinh nghim, khoa hc cng ngh v o to i ng cn b c nng lc, ngoi ng v phm cht tt, mt khc phi nng cao nng lc cnh tranh trn th trng L trong v ngoi nc, tng cng quyn t ch, ch ng kinh doanh trong khun kh php lut hi nhp tch cc vo th trng quc t. Ngi lao ng cn phi xc nh r mc ch i lao ng nuc ngoi, phn u hc ngh, ngoi ng, gio dc nh hng v tu dng o c, thc chp hnh php lut nng cao cht lng sc lao ng (th lc, tr lc, tm lc ), nhm p ng yu cu th trng L trong nc v quc t. Tng quyn t ch cho doanh nghip, m rng i tng tham gia xut khu lao ng, nh nc to mi iu kin cho cc t chc mi thnh phn kinh t c iu kin theo lut nh tham gia vo hot ng XKL. Nh nuc qun l XKL thng qua php lut v cc chnh sch iu tit v m. Cng c li h thng cc doanh nghip xut khu lao ng hin c, thu hi giy php cc doanh nghip hot ng km hiu qu, vi phm php lut, tng s lng cc doanh nghip chuyn trch, xy dng nhng tng cng ty, tp on

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mnh v con ngi, vn v th trng, phn u n nm 2015 c trn 30 doanh nghip v nm 2020 c trn 40 doanh nghip vi quy m lao ng xut khu trn 1.500 ngi/ nm, [68, tr 4], hnh thnh mt i ng doanh nghip lm cng tc xut khu lao ng c tm c khu vc v quc t. Hon thin v nhn rng m hnh lin kt gia doanh nghip XKL v chnh quyn, on th a phng, h tr, to iu kin cho mi ngi c nhu cu i lm vic nc ngoi nht l lao ng nng thn, vng su, vng xa c tip cn tt nht vi thng tin, c ch, th trng v doanh nghip XKL. 3.3.2.5. Hiu qu kinh t x hi ca xut khu lao ng Cng vi vic nng dn cht lng lao ng xut khu nhm duy tr s lng lao ng lm vic nc ngoi t 60 vn n 65 vn vo nm 2015 v 75 vn lao ng vo nm 2020 chim t 1% n 1,5% lc lng lao ng c nc, gii quyt t 5% n 6% nhu cu vic lm ca ngi lao ng hng nm, gp phn vo chng trnh xa i gim ngho, ng thi m bo v tng thu nhp cho ngi lao ng lm cho hiu qu XKL ngy cng cao, gp phn vo pht trin KT-XH t nc. Nh nc ch trng v to nhiu knh cho lao ng xut khu c iu kin chuyn tin v cho gia nh, thn nhn trong nc v s dng ng vn, kinh nghim tay ngh hiu qu, c chnh sch hu XKL hp l, phn u duy tr kim ngch XKL bnh qun hng nm trong giai on 2010-2015 l 2,0 n 2,2 t USD, giai on 2016-2020 l 2,8 n 3,0 t USD. Thng qua XKL y mnh quan h v giao lu quc t, lm cho cc nc hiu r hn con ngi v t nc Vit Nam ng thi m rng th trng xut khu hng ha v dch v, a c nhiu hng ha cht lng cao ca Vit Nam n c ngi tiu dng trn th gii. Thng qua XKL nhm o to mt i ng lao ng lnh ngh, c trnh ngoi ng, c tc phong cng nghip p ng nhu cu lao ng trong nc phc v s nghip pht trin kinh t t nc.

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3.4. CC GII PHP PHT TRIN XUT KHU LAO NG VIT NAM TRONG HI NHP KINH T QUC T pht trin bn vng XKL Vit Nam trong hi nhp kinh t quc t thi gian ti cn trin khai ng b cc nhm gii php sau: 3.4.1. Gii php v th trng xut khu lao ng Th trng XKL l u ra ca XKL, l nhn t quan trng, quyt nh n s tng trng ca XKL Vit Nam trong thi gian ti. pht trin th trng XKL cn tin hnh cc bin php sau: Nh nc ch ng pht trin th trng XKL. Nh nc cn c chin lc pht trin th trng XKL. Trn c s nh gi nhu cu lao ng ca tng th trng theo ngnh ngh, gii tnh, tay ngh v kh nng p ng cc nhu cu ca Vit Nam, xy dng n XKL cho tng th trng c th. Xy dng cc chnh sch h tr u t cho cc DN XKL m rng th trng, c bit l th trng tim nng, th trng c thu nhp cao. Nh nc cn thit lp cc quan h chnh thc v hp tc lao ng vi cc quc gia v vng lnh th c nhu cu tip nhn lao ng Vit Nam, tranh th vai tr ca cc t chc quc t pht trin th trng XKL. Thng qua con ng ngoi giao tin hnh m phn vi cc nc v vng lnh th c nhu cu tip nhn lao ng Vit Nam k cc hip nh, cc bn tha thun, bn ghi nh trong hp tc lao ng lm c s php l cho vic a L Vit Nam i lm vic nc ngoi. Tn dng vai tr thnh vin ca cc t chc quc t nh ILO, IOM, WTO v di s bo tr ca cc t chc ny lm cu ni xm nhp vo cc th trng kh tnh, th trng c thu nhp cao. Cc doanh nghip xut khu lao ng ch ng m rng th trng XKL bng vic xy dng i ng cn b chuyn nghip v th trng XKL: T chc thng xuyn cc cuc kho st n cc th trng tim nng tm kim cc c hi cng nh cc nhu cu nhp khu lao ng ca cc th trng ny. Trong cng vic c th cc DN cn tin hnh kho st k th trng, thn trng trong vic la chn

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i tc nc ngoi, m phn k kt hp ng cung ng lao ng, thm nh k cc n hng lao ng nht l th trng thu nhp khng cao, th trng mi. Nh nc xy dng v cng c mng li cc vn phng i din, ban qun l lao ng trc thuc c quan ngoi giao ca Vit Nam nc ngoi. Giao chi tiu m rng th phn, th trng cho cc vn phng ny, xem nh l mt nhim v hng u, mt tiu ch nh gi cng tc hng nm. Thng qua cc vn phng ny nm bt cc thng tin, thay i nhu cu lao ng, chnh sch lao ng ca cc nc c chnh sch v cc i sch kp thi phc v XKL. Xy dng h thng thng tin d bo th trng trong XKL kp thi v chnh xc. Nh nc phi hp vi DN cn lp ngay mt b my t chc v h thng thng tin d bo th trng XKL, khng ch th trng L ngoi nc m c th trng L trong nc. Cc thng tin phi c s d bo cao gip cho DN pht trin, ng thi hn ch cc tc ng tiu cc ca th trng i vi XKL ca nc ta. y mnh qung b hnh nh lao ng Vit Nam th trng nc ngoi nhm to thng hiu cho ngun lao ng Vit Nam trn th trng L quc t thng qua cc con ng ngoi giao, cc t chc quc t, cc hi ngh, hi tho, hi ch, cc cuc thi tay ngh, nhn rng cc in hnh tin tin, m rng qung b trn cc phng tin thng tin i chng , qua h thng internet v website. 3.4.2. Gii php v ngun lao ng xut khu Cht lng ngun lao ng xut khu l u vo ca XKL, ng vai tr quyt nh n s pht trin bn vng v thnh cng ca XKL Vit Nam, nng cao cht lng ngun nhn lc tham gia XKL p ng nhu cu ca th trng lao ng quc t cn p dng ng b cc gii php sau: Nh nc ch ng nng cao cht lng lao ng xut khu. Nh nc cn c chin lc pht trin ngun nhn lc tham gia XKL. Trn c s nh gi nhu cu L ca tng th trng theo ngnh ngh, gii tnh, tay ngh v kh nng p ng cc nhu cu ca Vit Nam, xy dng n XKL cho tng th trng c th t a ra cc chnh sch h tr u t cho cc DN XKL, h tr

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kinh ph ti a cho ngi L hc ngh v ngoi ng nhm nng cao cht lng ngun L xut khu. Cn y mnh vic thc hin n dy ngh cho lao ng i lm vic nc ngoi n nm 2015, nht l vic u t v thnh lp ngay cc trng dy ngh khu vc c trang thit b hin i, chng trnh ging dy tin tin, i ng gio vin trnh cao o to L p ng tt nhu cu th trng ngoi nc. Gim st v thc hin hiu qu n th im o to ngh cho lao ng lm vic nc ngoi xem nh l nhng n by nng cao cht lng L xut khu. Tng cng o to ngh, dy ngoi ng v gio dc nh hng, xem l khu then cht quyt nh n cht lng lao ng xut khu. V vy, cn t chc tt vic o to lao ng nhm p ng yu cu ca i tc nc ngoi. y l mt cng tc trng tm, l vn phc tp, trong , mu cht l phi xy dng c chin lc o to ton din c bit l khung chun v o to ngh, dy ngoi ng v gio dc nh hng bm st yu cu th trng L quc t. Vic o to ngh phi c t chc bi bn trn c s h thng o to ngh quc gia, c chnh sch hng nghip v h tr ti a cho ngi lao ng, cn quc t ha cng ngh, phng php, chng trnh ging dy v bng cp tt nghip nhm p ng nhu cu ca th trng nc ngoi c quc t cng nhn to iu kin cho lao ng ra nc ngoi c th lm vic c ngay. Vic dy ngoi ng phi tin hnh song song v lng ghp vi chng trnh dy ngh, chng trnh ging dy cn c s i mi nhng phi c tnh k tha nn tng ca cc cp hc, bc hc ph thng, phi c thi lng v chng trnh theo tng i tng ngi lao ng sau khi kt thc kha hc c kh nng giao tip v sm ha nhp vo x hi nc tip nhn. Xy dng mt chng trnh gio dc nh hng chun cho tng th trng, c tnh kh thi cao, mun lm c iu ny cn quy hoch, cng c, b sung, hon thin cc ti liu v ging dy gio dc nh hng, cc ni dung c bn lin quan n php lut Vit Nam v php lut nc s ti, kin thc v x hi, vn ha v phong tc tp qun nc tip nhn, cch sng, giao tip, t chm

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sc sc khe, qun l tin v thi gian nhn ri. Gio trnh phi m bo cht lng s phm, p ng yu cu th trng, hng n mc tiu nng cao cht lng sc L trn c 3 phng din th lc - tr lc - tm lc. Tin hnh thi kim tra v cp chng ch quc gia c thi hn cho L tt nghip. t c mc tiu trn, Nh nuc v DN cn c d bo chnh xc nhu cu L v c k hoch chun b ngun L p ng nhu cu th trng. Do tnh hai mt ca nn kinh t th trng, nn o to khng ch l thun ty quan tm n cht lng, ngnh ngh, ngoi ng, gio dc thc v k lut cho ngi L m phi xut pht t nhu cu tip nhn ca th trng L quc t. i hi ny ngy cng gay gt khi th trng L quc t c xu hng tng tip nhn L c ngh v gim dn nhu cu L ph thng, v vy vic p ng nhu cu L ca th trng nc ngoi khng phi l vic d lm. Nu khng c nh hung tt th kh c th xy dng c mt c cu ngun L ph hp vi yu cu ca th trng L nc ngoi. a dng ha loi hnh o to, dy ngoi ng v gio dc nh hng, Nh nc khuyn khch cc DN XKL t chc o to ngh, dy ngoi ng v gio dc nh hng cho ngi L nhiu hnh thc khc nhau k c lin doanh lin kt o to vi nc ngoi. Cc DN cn nm bt thng xuyn cc nhu cu ca i tc, ch s dng L c k hoch tuyn dng, o to, o to li ngi L trc khi i lm vic nc ngoi. Lm cho cht lng L ph hp vi nhu cu ca th trng L quc t v ngy cng tin st n tiu chun quc t, c quc t cng nhn, mun vy cc DN XKL cn u t c s vt cht, i ng gio vin, chng trnh v iu kin ging dy ph hp, tp trung o to mt s ngnh ngh m mnh c th mnh, iu kin. Nhng ngh m mnh cha c kh nng o to th hp tc vi cc trng dy ngh. Ngoi ra c th kt hp hnh thc tuyn L t cc trng i hc v trung hc chuyn nghip, trng dy ngh, tin ti xy dng mt m hnh lin thng mi v to ngun XKL. Nng cao thc t chc k lut, tc phong cng nghip, nhn thc v quan h ch th, ngha v mc ch i lm vic nc ngoi ca ngi L,

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mun vy cn s phi hp gia DN XKL, cc cp chnh quyn a phng, cc t chc on th, cc c quan thng tn, bo ch, i truyn hnh nhm tng cng cng tc thng tin, tuyn truyn gip ngi L nng cao hiu bit v php lut, nht l php lut lin quan n XKL, nhn thc r quyn li chnh ng, hp php cng nh trch nhim v ngha v i vi bn thn, DN XKL v cng ng, hnh thnh thc chp hnh php lut, bit t bo v mnh v hnh nh ca L Vit Nam nc ngoi. ng thi lm cho ngi L thy r c li ch, ngha v mc ch tham gia XKL c k hoch ch ng nng cao tay ngh, hc ngoi ng, rn luyn sc khe, tc phong cng nghip, thc k lut, trang b kin thc v x hi, vn ha, php lut, phong tc tp qun, cch sng t lp, t qun ti chnh v thu nhp, t bo v bn thn khi sng v lm vic xa t quc. Thng xuyn theo di s rn luyn v tu dng ca ngi lao ng trong qu trnh o to, cng quyt khng cho xut cnh nhng lao ng c thc t chc k lut km, li hc tp v rn luyn, hay ph bnh trnh nh hng n s ng L v uy tn ca DN v cng ng L Vit Nam nc ngoi. T chc tuyn chn bi bn nhm c c L ph hp vi yu cu lao ng ca th trng nc ngoi c tnh n c tnh lao ng theo tng vng, a phng b tr cng vic, ngnh ngh, th trng ph hp. Phn ln L Min Bc c c tnh chu thng, chu kh, ham lm giu, chp nhn i xa, nhng hay i hi, thc mc, trong khi L Min Nam nht l khu vc ng bng sng Cu Long li c nhng tnh cch khc nh ngi i xa, an phn, t tit kim, d chp nhn. Quy hoch, cng c v thng nht qun l nh nc li h thng cc trng dy ngh, chn la v tp trung u t ton din cho mt s trng trng im mang tnh khu vc m nhn cng tc dy ngh cho ngi lao ng, cng c v pht trin cc trng o to chuyn ngnh cho cc ngnh c th nh thuyn vin, du kh, c kh cht lng cao, pht trin cc c s o to ngh ca cc tp on ln, DN XKL, tng cng nng lc cho cc trung tm o to a phng to ra mng li cc c s o to rng khp va c tnh tp trung

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va m bo cho ngi lao ng nu c nhu cu s c tip nhn v o to vi cc iu kin tt nht. Ch trng c bit n i ng gio vin, y l nhn t nng ct quyt nh n cht lng o to. Ngoi nhng trang thit b thng thng, cc trng, trung tm o to cn c trang b thit b tn tin, hin i, chng trnh ging dy ph hp vi cng ngh nc ngoi ngi lao ng c lm quen v tm hiu k trc khi ra nc ngoi lm vic. Tng cng lin kt gia c s o to v DN XKL nng cao cht lng ngun L trn c s h tr v qun l ca Nh nc trong vic to ngun L c trnh k nng ngh v ngoi ng. Cc c s dy ngh cn thay i quan im o to theo nhu cu th trng L, dy ngh theo n hng ca DN XKL, ch ng xy dng chng trnh o to, i mi phng php, quy trnh ging dy, ly ngi hc lm trung tm v nhu cu th trng lao ng lm nh hng o to. Gia c s o to v DN cn c s gn kt vi nhau trong vic phn tch, d bo nhu cu th trng lao ng nc ngoi, xy dng k hoch o to ngn hn v di hn, xy dng chng trnh o to, phn cng trch nhim c th cho tng bn trong vic o to v to vic lm cho ngi lao ng. Tng cng m hnh lin kt gia DN XKL v chnh quyn a phng trong cng tc o to, thng qua cc Qu gii quyt vic lm, Qu xa i gim ngho, ngn sch a phng h tr ti a cho ngi lao ng, t chc o to ngay ti a phng gim chi ph, to mi iu kin cho ngi lao ng tham gia hc ngh v ngoi ng c tt nht. 3.4.3. Gii php qun l v h tr ca nh nc v xut khu lao ng QLNN v XKL ng vai tr nn tng quyt nh n vic tng trng v pht trin bn vng XKL, nhm hng hot ng ny theo ng hng v mc tiu ra ng thi hn ch nhng tiu cc ca c ch th trng mang li. V vy trong thi gian ti cn c cc gii php ng b, kp thi v c tnh xuyn sut iu chnh v qun l XKL hot ng hiu qu. 3.4.3.1. Qun l nh nc v xut khu lao ng

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XKL pht trin bn vng trong thi gian ti, Nh nc vi vai tr qun l ca mnh cn tin hnh cc bin php sau: Hon thin b my v c ch qun l nh nc v xut khu lao ng: Tp trung chc nng QLNN vo mt c quan chnh ph l B L-TB v XH, cc B, ngnh lin quan c trch nhim phi hp vi B L-TB v XH theo chc nng qun l ca mnh. B L-TB v XH cn nghin cu hon thin theo hng tinh gim u mi qun l L v vic lm thng nht qun l cc hot ng ny c thng nht v xuyn sut, to s ng b v hiu qu trong vic kt hp QLNN v XKL theo ngnh, lnh th trong nc v nuc ngoi, ng thi tch cc trin khai o to ton din v bi dng cn b qun l ngang tm vi nhim v mi, c v trnh chuyn mn, nghip v qun l, php lut, kinh t, chnh tr, ngoi ng, tin hc... p ng yu cu ca ngnh trong giai on mi. Cn tng cng cng tc thng tin, tuyn truyn, qung b, ph bin ch trng, chnh sch, php lut ca ng v Nh nc v XKL, ban hnh cc quy chun trong XKL nh: tuyn chn - dy ngh, gio dc nh hng - qun l lao ng nc ngoi nhm thc hin x hi ha XKL. Quan tm ng vin Vit kiu tham gia cc hot ng xc tin th trng, ng gp vt lc, ti lc, tr lc cho vic pht trin XKL. Ban hnh kp thi cc vn bn php l v iu chnh cc ni dung ca cc b lut khc c lin quan n XKL, hi ha ha lut v XKL ca Vit Nam vi lut tip nhn lao ng nc ngoi ca cc nc nhp c: Lut ngi L Vit Nam i lm vic nc ngoi theo hp ng c Quc hi kha XI k hp th 10 thng qua ngy 29/11/2006 v c hiu lc t ngy 01/7/2007. n nay, Chnh ph v cc c quan thuc Chnh ph ban hnh cc ngh nh v vn bn hng dn to b khung php l v a Lut i vo cuc sng. Tuy vy cc vn bn hng dn di Lut cn phi c ban hnh kp thi v phi c theo di, iu chnh theo din bin ca thc t XKL, phi c s tnh ton c th pht huy c li th ngun nhn lc v khng cn tr hot ng ca cc DN XKL nht l cc vn lin quan n quyn li, ngha v ca cc bn tham gia.

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Hon thin php lut v hp ng XKL: Cn c mt s chuyn bin cn bn v nhn thc cc loi hp ng trong XKL, phn bit chc nng mc ch ca tng loi hp ng , nhng iu khon trong cc hp ng phi thng nht nhau, k tha nhau, to thnh b hp ng trong XKL. Chnh v vy cn xy dng, hon thin cc mu hp ng chun cho cc loi lao ng, ngh nghip ca cc th trng khc nhau, m bo khi tr thnh quan h lao ng, th cc hp ng trong XKL phi cha ng y c im ca mt quan h php lut, l tnh ch, tnh x hi v tnh cng ch ca php lut nhm o bo quyn li v ngha v ca cc bn tham gia, thun tin trong vic gii quyt cc tranh chp hp ng, to iu kin cho cc c quan qun l nh nc theo di, nh gi v hoch nh chin lc XKL. Tng cng cng tc kim tra, thanh tra nh nc v XKL: Cng tc thanh tra kim tra phi tin hnh thng xuyn kp thi nhng phi m bo quyn t ch ca DN nhm pht huy nhng nhn t tch cc ng thi c bin php chn chnh v x l nghim nhng DN c hnh vi vi phm t tin hnh tng kt, nh gi nhm nm bt c tnh hnh thc hin php lut, cc kin ngh ca DN v a phng kp thi iu chnh, b sung h thng vn bn php lut cho ph hp vi thc t ca cng tc qun l. Tng cng cng tc thanh tra, kim tra XKL l tin v iu kin tng cng qun l v hiu lc ca QLNN. 3.4.3.2. Tng cng vai tr ca Hip hi Xut khu lao ng Vit Nam Hip hi Xut khu lao ng Vit Nam l t chc phi chnh ph c thnh lp ngy 7/4/2004, n nay hn 5 nm hot ng, tuy cn non tr nhng trong thi gian qua Hip hi gp phn vo vic pht trin xut khu lao ng nc nh. hot ng ca Hip hi hiu qu hn nhm h tr hi vin nng cao hiu qu hot ng, sc cnh tranh trn th trng lao ng quc t, tng bc xy dng s gn kt, kinh doanh lnh mnh, tun th php lut, nng cao uy tn ca cng ng doanh nghip cn tin hnh cc bin php sau: Nng cao hiu qu v sc cnh tranh ca hi vin: Tng cng cung cp thng tin cho cc hi vin v th trng L ngoi nuc nh chnh sch, php lut, d

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bo nhu cu tip nhn L ca cc nc, cc khu vc . M rng quan h vi cc hip hi mi gii v hip hi ch s dng L nc ngoi, T chc Lao ng Quc t, T chc Di c Quc t. nm bt kp thi cc thng tin v din bin th trng L nuc ngoi. Thng qua cc bn tin, website , cc cuc hi tho kp thi chuyn ti thng tin n cc hi vin. Phi hp vi cc c quan chc nng xy dng n kho st th trng L c tim nng nhm nh hng cho hi vin tip cn cc th trng ny trong thi gian ti. Thit lp mi quan h cht ch gia Hip hi vi cc c quan QLNN to thnh m hnh gn kt 5 nh : Nh nc- Nh nng ( ngi L) - Nh bun (DN) - Nh khoa hc - Nh bng. M rng quan h vi cc chnh quyn a phng, cc c s o to gip hi vin to ngun L, phi hp vi cc c quan bo ch tuyn truyn st thc v hnh nh XKL nhm to lng tin cho ngi lao ng v x hi i vi hot ng xut khu lao ng. Xy dng s gn kt, kinh doanh lnh mnh ca cng ng DN hi vin, Hip hi c nhim v to cu ni cc hi vin h tr ln nhau trong hot ng kinh doanh. Xy dng mi trng kinh doanh lnh mnh gia cc hi vin gip nhau cng pht trin. Vn ng cc hi vin tun th php lut, xy dng vn ha doanh nghip, bo v quyn li chnh ng cho ngi L nc ngoi. c c s thng nht hnh ng Hip hi cn nhanh chng nghin cu, xy dng v ph bin rng ri Quy ch ng x lnh mnh gia cc hi vin tng bc khc phc cc hnh vi cnh tranh khng lnh mnh nh: a thng tin khng chnh xc, qung co khng ng s thc, xm phm b mt kinh doanh, ph gi ph mi gii, ph to ngun. 3.4.4. Gii php v qun l ngi lao ng lm vic nc ngoi Qun l ngi L lm vic nc ngoi thi gian qua l mt trong nhng khu yu nht trong XKL Vit Nam, mun pht trin bn vng trong thi gian ti cn thit phi xy dng mt m hnh qun l ph hp vi th trng L ngoi nc vi cc gii php hp l nhm bo v quyn li hp php cho cc bn tham gia. Sau y l xut m hnh qun l lao ng Vit Nam lm vic nc ngoi c th p dng trong thi gian ti:

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Quan h qun l

Quan h hp tc v h tr

S 3.2: M hnh qun l lao ng Vit Nam lm vic nc ngoi Trch nhim ca cc bn trong qun l ngi L nc ngoi nh sau: Quc hi cn sm ph duyt cc cng c c lin quan n XKL, Chnh ph cn m phn vi cc nc c lao ng Vit Nam lm vic, i n s cng nhn tnh php l cc vn phng i din qun l lao ng ca DN XKL v to iu kin thun li cho i din DN trong vic thc hin quy nh qun l L nc ngoi. Cc DN cn c nhng cn b gii v ngoi ng, c trnh nghip v, c quan h tt vi mi gii v ch s dng lao ng, c tm huyt vi ngi L lm i din nc ngoi. S cn b i din phi t l thun vi s L, s mi gii v phi c c trc tip n ni L lm vic v sinh sng. Ngoi ra nn p dng m hnh qun l nhm hoc cc i L, mi nhm t 10-15 ngi, ng u nhm l t trng va l L ng thi l ngi qun l trc tip cc L trong nhm, c

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hng thm ph cp, nh k bo co tnh hnh L cho i din vng ca DN, nhm to thnh i ng qun l c s v tng cng tnh t qun ca ngi L. Nh nc cn sm cng c cc Ban Qun l lao ng nc ngoi vi h thng ty vin, tham tn lao ng tham mu, t vn cho Nh nc v cc hp ng khung, cc tha thun nguyn tc, m ng cho cc DN k kt hp ng v thc hin cc hp ng c th; xy dng chng trnh khung v QLNN mi nc trong iu kin lao ng lm vic phn tn, xen ghp vi lao ng nhiu nc theo yu cu thc t ca th trng, trc tip bo v quyn li ca ngi lao ng. Nh nc cn khuyn khch m hnh phi hp qun l 5 bn, gia: Ban qun l L Vit Nam - DN XKL - Ch s dng L - Mi gii - B phn qun l L nhp c ca nc s ti qun l L c tt hn. Cc Ban Qun l L cn sm c vi tnh ha v qun l thng qua m L v h thng mng in t, DN khi L xut cnh phi bo co ngay danh sch L cho Cc Qun l lao ng ngoi nc v Ban Qun l lao ng qun l, theo di v h tr khi cn thit. Cc qun l L ngoi nc ch o cc Ban qun l L nc ngoi cng DN XKL phi hp vi pha chnh quyn s ti lm lnh mnh ha mi trng sng v lm vic ca cng ng L Vit Nam, tin hnh truy tm v a L bt hp php v nc, p dng cc bin php ch ti mnh, k c bin php hnh s, kt hp vi bin php gio dc gim ti a tnh trng L b trn, sng bt hp php. Cn tng cng hp tc vi cc c quan qun l lao ng nhp c ca nc s ti v cc t chc quc t, t chc chnh ph, phi chnh ph phi hp qun l h tr v bo v quyn li cho ngi lao ng khi c pht sinh xy ra. 3.4.5. Gii php v doanh nghip v t chc xut khu lao ng Tnh n ngy 31/12/2009 C nc c 164 DN c php XKL nhng trn thc t cc DN mnh cha nhiu, ch yu l DN va v nh. V vy, pht trin XKL bn vng cn xy dng i ng DN mnh vi cc gii php sau: Cng c, xy dng i ng doanh nghip mnh, tr ct trong XKL, y l nhng doanh nghip mnh v vn, c s vt cht, i ng cn b, tin ti xy dng

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cc tp on XKL ln i tin phong trong khu khai thc th trng, o to ngun nhn lc, lm lc lng ch o, dn dt, nh hng cc doanh nghip thuc cc thnh phn kinh t khc cng tham gia. Mun vy Nh nc cn chn ra mt s doanh nghip hin nay lm n hiu qu u t vn, con ngi v c ch, u tin cho doanh nghip ny c th im khai thc th trng mi, h tr ngn sch cho vic m rng th trng, tham gia u thu cc cng trnh nc ngoi. Nng cp doanh nghip thuc mc trung bnh, cc doanh nghip ang hot ng c kt qu tuy hiu qu cha cao. Cn u t cp vn iu l, u t t ngun ngn sch v vn t c xy dng c s o to ngun lao ng, o to, ti o to v b tr cn b c nng lc chuyn mn, ngoi ng v phm cht tt vo ng v tr hp l, ti cu trc li doanh nghip theo hng gn nh v hiu qu. Sp xp, t chc li cc DN hot ng km hiu qu, Nh nc ban hnh mt s chnh sch h tr nh ti u t, gim thu cho DN trong mt thi hn nht nh, ng thi rt giy php, hoc st nhp, gii th cc DN hot ng km hiu qu, thng xuyn vi phm php lut. Cho php cc DN thuc mi thnh phn kinh t k c cc DN c vn u t nc ngoi c iu kin, tiu chun c php XKL. Cc DN phi xem xt li vic lp chi nhnh, trung tm XKL, cc chi nhnh, trung tm XKL phi hot ng theo ng quy nh ca php lut, ch l u mi to ngun L v thc hin mt s th tc lin quan n ti chnh theo s y quyn ca Gim c doanh nghip, trnh tnh trng giao khon cho cc chi nhnh t hot ng, t tuyn L, t thu tin ca ngi L v thc hin chc nng XKL c lp. Thng xuyn o to bi dng nng cao trnh i ng cn b ca DN bng nhiu chuyn v kha hc khc nhau trong cn quan tm c bit n ngoi ng; Lut php lin quan n XKL, nht l nhng quy nh mi; K nng, kinh nghim m phn cho cn b lm cng tc th trng; K nng, kinh nghim t vn cho cn b tuyn chn v qun l lao ng. Xy dng cc ch tiu nh gi DN XKL lm c s cho vic phn loi v qun l hiu qu, ng vin, khuyn khch v c chnh sch h tr tha ng cc DN

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nng ng, hiu qu, tm kim v m rng th trng mi, c ch khen thng tha ng cho nhng thnh tch xut sc m cc DN t c trong vic gii quyt vic lm cho ngi L, a c nhiu lao ng ra nc ngoi lm vic nht l cc th trng thu nhp cao, ng thi phi kp thi un nn cc sai lch ca cc DN XKL. 3.4.6. Gii php v cng tc thng tin, tuyn truyn v xut khu lao ng y l bin php ng vai tr quan trng trong vic hng x hi quan tm n XKL. Thng tin tuyn truyn phi n c tn tay ngi L bng nhiu knh khc nhau to nn phong tro XKL, thay i tp qun sng Ngi i xa hin nay ca ngi L. T chc cc t tuyn tuyn su rng v hiu qu ca cng tc XKL n ngi dn khng nhng ch thnh th m c nng thn, vng su, vng xa. Trong cng tc thng tin, tuyn truyn cn qun trit cc phng tin thng tin i chng thng tin ng, thng tin chn lc, a cc in hnh lao ng i lm vic nc ngoi, ng thi a nhng trng hp c bit ngi lao ng rt kinh nghim, trnh b la o, cn phi phn tch k nguyn nhn hng dn d lun v x hi, trch nh hng xu n phong tro xut khu lao ng. Vic thng tin tuyn truyn phi c lm thng xuyn, c s kt hp gia a phng v cc doanh nghip, bng nhiu hnh thc khc nhau, doanh nghip phi cng khai mi thng tin v cc kha cnh ca xut khu lao ng lin quan n quyn li v ngha v ca ngi lao ng nh cng vic, thu nhp, iu kin n , cc ch bo him, ch phc li, chi ph trc khi i, thi hn hp ng, tiu chun tuyn chn. ngi lao ng nm bt nhm ch ng hc tp, nng cao trnh tay ngh, ngoi ng p ng nhu cu th trng lao ng quc t v t quyt nh vic i lm vic nc ngoi ca mnh. Ni dung thng tin phi chnh thc, chnh xc, y , kp thi, thng tin phi c tnh 2 chiu, trnh tnh trng t hng, phng i, mp m gy hiu nhm cho ngi L lm nh hng n quyn li ca ngi lao ng khi ra nc ngoi lm vic. Cc c quan i din ca Vit Nam nc ngoi phi c trch nhim thng tin y cho doanh nghip XKL v php lut, th trng lao ng, chnh sch lao

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ng, tp qun kinh doanh ca cc nc v i tc nc ngoi, xem y l cng vic thng xuyn v trch nhim ca ngi i din ngoi giao Vit Nam nc ngoi. T chc nh k cc hi ch vic lm, hi ch XKL, sn giao dch lao ng, cc hi tho chuyn XKL a thng tin n c ngi lao ng. 3.4.7. Gii php v ti chnh cho xut khu lao ng Gii php ti chnh gp phn quan trng trong vic y mnh XKL, quyt nh n hiu qu kinh t - x hi v ph thuc vo s lng v cht lng L lm vic nuc ngoi cng nh cc chnh sch ca ng v Nh nuc. 3.4.7.1. Tin dch v Tin dch v l khon chi ph m ngi L phi np cho DN XKLD thc hin hp ng khi ra nc ngoi lm vic. Theo quy nh hin nay (Thng t Lin b s 16/2007/TTLT - LTBXH BTC ngy 11/07/2007) tin dch v khng qu mt thng lung c bn (hoc tin tr cp t nghip) theo hp ng cho mt nm lm vic i vi L v khng qu 1,5 thng lng i vi s quan thuyn vin lm vic trn tu vn ti bin, tng mc tin dch v khng c vt qu 3 thng lng theo hp ng/ngi/hp ng v phi c ghi r trong hp ng. Hin nay mc ph ny cn cao i vi ngi L nht l th trng c thu nhp cao nh Nht Bn, Hn Quc, chnh v vy cn tip tc nghin cu xut theo hng gim tin dch v theo tng th trng v c th ti a khng qu 0,5 thng lng hp ng/nm i vi th trng c thu nhp cao. Khuyn khch cc DN gim tin ph dch v cho ngi L hoc to iu kin ngi L c khu tr dn t thu nhp khi ra nc ngoi lm vic. 3.4.7.2. Tin mi gii Tin mi gii l khong chi ph m DN phi tr cho bn mi gii k kt v thc hin hp ng cung ng L. Ngi L c trch nhim hon tr mt phn hay ton b tin mi gii cho DN. Theo Thng t s 16/2007/ TTLT-BTCBLTBXH ngy 11/7/2007, DN XKL c thu tin mi gii vi mc khng

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vut qu 1 thng lng c bn theo hp ng cho mt nm lm vic nhng khng vt qu mc quy nh theo quyt nh s 61/2008/Q-BLTBXH ca B L-TB v XH cho tng th trng v cng vic. Quyt nh ny nhm hn ch chi ph cho ngi lao ng, trnh vic la o, thu qu quy nh ca DN. Tuy nhin trn thc t, n hng khan him lm nh mi gii tr nn c gi, h d dng chia nh n hng v cho cho nhiu DN vi mc ph mi gii tng dn lm cho ph mi gii thc t cc DN XKL phi tr ngy cng cao. Hu qu tnh trng ny l tin mi gii trn th trng l ph o do mi gii t nng ln v li nhun, bt p cc DN Vit Nam, trong khi mt s DN cnh tranh nhau, chp nhn bng mi gi c c n hng, cn Nh nc th kh qun l, gy thit thi cho ngi lao ng. V vy, Nh nc nn quy nh mc trn linh hot cho tng th trng v trn c s thc t v khng nn cng nhc DN d vn dng trnh tnh trng cc DN lch lut bng cch ra nhiu loi ph tr hnh. Nh nc cn phi thng xuyn thanh tra, kim tra, x pht nghim khc cc DN thc hin khng ng theo quy nh v tin mi gii. 3.4.7.3. Tin k qy Tin k qy bao gm tin k qy ca doanh nghip v ngi lao ng nhm m bo vic thc hin hp ng a lao ng i lm vic nc ngoi. Hin nay vic thu tin k qy c cn c vo thng t lin tch s 17/2007/ TTLT-BLTBXH-NHNNVN ngy 04/09/2007. Tin k qy ca DN mc ti thiu l 1 t ng ngoi ra i vi cc hp ng nng cao tay ngh cc DN phi k qy thm vi mc 10% tin v my bay mt lt theo s lng lao ng ng k. Tin k qy ca ngi lao ng do ngi lao ng v DN t tha thun v khng vt qu mc quy nh m B L-TB v XH ban hnh v phi c ghi trong hp ng. Cch quy nh ny hin nay ang gy kh khn cho ngi L v rt t cc DN thc hin theo mc trn m thng tha thun vi ngi L v ngoi hp ng trong khi ngi L nn nng c ra nc ngoi lm vic nn thng chp nhn mc a ra ca DN lm tng chi ph trc khi i. V vy cn quy nh mc k qy ca ngi L cho st vi tnh hnh thc t v khng

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nn to ra tin l cc DN gy kh cho ngi L. nhng th trng m php lut ca nc nhp c khng cho php thu tin k qu chng trn nh Nht Bn, Hn Quc th cng quyt khng cho php cc DN thu ca ngi L nhm gim ti a gnh nng ti chnh cho ngi L i lm vic cc th trng ny. Mt khc cn khuyn khch cc DN p dng cc bin php nh bo lnh, cam kt ca gia nh, chnh quyn s ti, tn chp, th chp gim tin k qy, lm gim phn no gnh nng ti chnh cho ngi lao ng, to iu kin cho ngi lao ng an tm khi ra nc ngoi lm vic. 3.4.7.4. Chnh sch h tr v cho ngi lao ng vay vn Hin nay, mt s a phng c chnh sch h tr cho ngi lao ng mt s chi ph ban u hc ngoi ng, hc ngh, gio dc nh hng. Tuy nhin s tin h tr ny ch chim t l khim tn trong tng s chi ph cn phi c trc khi i ca ngi lao ng. S tin cn li ngi lao ng c th vay ngn hng hoc phi tm kim t cc ngun tin trong gia nh v x hi. vic vay chi ph trc khi i c mt s ngn hng thung mi nh Ngn hng Nng nghip v Pht trin Nng thn, Ngn hng Cng thng v Ngn hng Chnh sch-X hi cho ngi lao ng vay theo quyt nh s 365/2004/Q-NHNN ngy 13/04/2004 ca Thng c Ngn hng Nh nc. Tuy vy vic cho vay cn nhiu hn ch c v i tng v s lng. Trong khi th tc vay cn rm r, mt s trng hp khi vay phi th chp ti sn ang l ci kh cho ngi lao ng, nht l lao ng ngho. V vy ngi lao ng c ti chnh khi i lm vic nuc ngoi cn p dng cc bin php sau: Cc ngn hng thng mi b tr ngun vn p ng nhu cu vay vn ca ngi L, p dng hn mc cho vay st vi chi ph thc t tng th trng vi mc li sut hp l v u tin vi nhng ngi L m ti khon v gi thu nhp v ngn hng, xc nh k hn tr n vay thch hp vi tng i tng L trn c s mc vay, thu nhp hng thng, thi hn hp ng. ng thi a dng ha cc ngun vn vay v h tr. Ngi i XKL khng ch c vay vn t cc

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ngn hng thng mi, ngn hng chnh sch x hi m cn c h tr chi ph t ngn sch nh nc thng qua Chng trnh Quc gia gii quyt vic lm, Chng trnh Xo i gim ngho, Qy h tr vic lm ngoi nc hoc thng qua cc t chc chnh tr x hi khc. p dng cc bin php tng cng trch nhim ca ngi lao ng, gia nh, chnh quyn a phng v cc DN XKL m bo thu hi n cho ngn hng. Hin nay, vic mt s ngi lao ng khng hon tr , ng k hn vn v li vay ang lm nh hng nghim trng n hot ng kinh doanh ca ngn hng, v vy cn thit phi p dng mt s cc bin php m bo thu hi n vay thng qua vic phi kt hp ca cc bn c lin quan nh: + Phi kt hp cht ch gia B Lao ng,Thng binh v X hi, cc cp chnh quyn a phng, cc ngn hng thng mi, cc doanh nghip XKL trong hot ng cho vay vn v thu hi n. + p dng cc bin php m bo nh hp ng bo lnh vi trng hp vay khng phi th chp ti sn i vi ngi L khng thuc din chnh sch. Ngn hng nh nc v cc ngn hng thng mi tip tc nghin cu xut mc cho vay khng phi th chp ti sn ph hp vi kinh ph cn thit cho tng loi hnh cng vic v th trng. Tuy nhin Nh nc cn c c ch x l ri ro nhm b p phn tn tht cho ngn hng do cc trng hp c bit m ngi L khng tr c n vay do cc nguyn nhn khch quan hoc bt kh khng, khng thuc li ca ngi L hoc ngi L m au, tai nn, b cht khng cn kh nng tr n. Trng hp do li ch quan ca ngi L, ngn hng c trch nhim phi hp vi DN XKL, chnh quyn a phng theo di thu hi n. + Ngi L m ti khon c nhn ti ngn hng cho vay vn v cam kt chuyn thu nhp v ti khon ny. Doanh nghip XKL m phn vi ch s dng lao ng nh k chuyn thu nhp ca ngi L v nc vo ti khon ca h m ti ngn hng. nh k ngn hng trch t ti khon c nhn ca ngi L thu hi vn v li vay theo cc iu khon trong hp ng tn dng k.

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+ Cn p dng cc bin php ch ti trong trng hp ngi lao ng khng hon tr cc khon vay v l do ch quan hoc trc li. Tin hnh ci tin, n gin ha h s, th tc vay vn i vi ngi lao ng, rt ngn thi gian thm nh h s v quyt nh cho vay ngi lao ng c th vay vn c nhanh nht, d dng nht. Tng cng cng tc thng tin, tuyn truyn ph bin su rng ch trng chnh sch cho vay vn ca Nh nc khng ch n tng ngi L m cn c gia nh h gio dc, ng vin con em h lm vic tt, chp hnh tt cc iu khon trong hp ng vay k, tr li v vn cho ngn hng ng k hn. 3.4.7.5. Thnh lp Qu ri ro xut khu lao ng m bo quyn li cho ngi L, nht l nhng L phi v nc trc hn nn c quy nh bt buc cc DN ngoi mc k qu hin nay l 1 t np ti Ngn hng cn phi lp qu chng ri ro cho ngi L, cc DN cn c vo s lng L a i lm vic nuc ngoi, trch t tin ph dch v lp Qy ri ro, mc trch ph thuc vo tng th trng, mc ph dch v v s lng L sao cho kh nng h tr cho L nu xy ra tnh trng L phi v nc trc hn. Song song vi Qy ri ro do DN lp, khuyn khch cc a phng c nhiu L i lm vic nuc ngoi lp Qy ri ro bng tin L ng gp, tin h tr ca DN nhm ch ng gii quyt nhng trng hp L v nuc trc hn do l do khch quan gp kh khn trong vic ti ha nhp x hi. 3.4.7.6. Pht huy hiu qu hot ng Qu h tr vic lm ngoi nc Qy H tr Vic lm Ngoi nc c thnh lp trn c s t chc li Qu H tr XKL theo quyt nh s 144/2007/Q-TTg ngy 31/8/2007 ca Th tng Chnh ph, trong quy nh Qy H tr Vic lm Ngoi nc hot ng phi li nhun, c min np thu, hch ton c lp, c t cch php nhn c m ti khon ti Kho bc Nh nc. Qy do B L TB v XH qun l v s dng theo quy nh ca php lut. Qy chp hnh cc quy nh hin hnh ca nh nuc v thanh tra, kim tra ti chnh v kim ton. Mc vn ban u ca Qy

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c hnh thnh t s d ca Qy h tr XKL, 1% t doanh thu ph dch v XKL ca DN, phn gp 100.000 VN/ ngi/ hp ng t ngi lao ng xut khu v tin li t ti khon tin gi, cc khon thu hp php khc ca Qy. Trong thi gian ti cn a Qy vo hot ng c hiu qu, mun vy cn thc hin tt quy nh ca Qy, tng vn cho Qy, m rng i tng c hng h tr, n gin ha v tin hnh nhanh th tc h tr, ng thi tng cng cng tc qung b tuyn truyn li ch ca Qy cc bn c lin quan ng h v tham gia tch cc. 3.4.8. Gii php v hnh thc xut khu lao ng Trong xut khu lao ng nhng nm ti cn cng c v a dng ha cc hnh thc XKL vi cc gii php c th sau. y mnh cc hnh thc XKL theo Hip nh, tha thun, ghi nh gia cc Chnh ph. y l cc hnh thc XKL chnh thc c php lut v Chnh ph cc nc bo tr. Vic a lao ng ra nc ngoi lm vic theo hnh thc ny s m bo quyn li hp php ca ngi lao ng v doanh nghip. Tip tc pht trin a dng cc hnh thc xut khu lao ng c hin nay. Trong ch trng n tnh hiu qu ca hnh thc XKL qua doanh nghip dch v, v vn l hnh thc XKL ch yu trong thi gian ti, tuy vy cn xy dng cc hnh thc a i theo t i sn xut, cn trng vic a L ra nc ngoi lm vic an xen vi L nc khc, ch nn thc hin vi cc n hng ln, t chc bi bn, c s thm nh k t DN v c quan QLNN nht l nhng th trng mi. Tng cng hp tc quc t v k kt hp ng lao ng bng nhiu hnh thc: u thu (ton b, tng phn), s dng t lao ng ph thng, cng nhn c ngh, k thut vin, k s, n chuyn gia, qun l; M rng lin doanh vi cc hng thu quc t, u t nc ngoi a L Vit Nam sang lm vic ti nc th hai hoc nc th ba; y mnh XKL theo hnh thc TNS, TTS nng cao tay ngh. n gin ha th tc ng k hp ng khuyn khch L i lm vic nc ngoi theo hp ng c nhn nhm tng cng trch nhim ca ngi lao ng.

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3.4.9. Gii php v hu xut khu lao ng Chnh sch hu XKL nhm pht huy ti a u im, hiu qu ca XKL ng thi hn ch nhng ri ro v tc ng tiu cc do XKL mang li, gim thiu tnh trng ti tht nghip ca ngi L sau khi tr v t nc ngoi. Vic s dng hiu qu ngun nhn lc sau XKL gp phn iu ha ngun L phc v qu trnh CNH, HH t nc, l ng lc gin tip lm tng kh nng cung cp ngun nhn lc cht lng cho XKL v gim t l L ph v hp ng khi lm vic nc nc, gp phn vo vic cng c v pht trin XKL. Cc chnh sch cn phi c th v phn bit cho tng loi lao ng khi v nc vi nhng l do khc nhau. i vi L v nc trc hn cn phn bit nguyn nhn v nc c quy nh h tr c th nhm to in kin cho ngi L sm ti ha nhp x hi. Ri ro do l do khch quan: Mc h tr ti chnh t l nghch vi thi gian lm vic nc ngoi v thu nhp ca ngi lao ng, thi gian lm vic cng ngn, thu nhp cng thp th mc h tr cng cao v ngc li, mc h tr phi cho ngi L c th b p cc chi ph trc khi i v c kh nng ha nhp vo cng ng. Ri ro do l do ch quan: Cn c vo nguyn nhn v nc v ty tng trng hp c th h tr ti chnh trn nguyn tc to iu kin cho ngi lao ng c kh nng tr n vay v ti ha nhp vo x hi. i vi ngi L hon thnh hp ng, Nh nuc cn c chnh sch h tr ti ha nhp, nht l khuyn khch L v nc ng hn trnh tnh trng b trn gy kh khn cho qun l L nc ngoi. Nh nuc h tr kin thc, tay ngh ngi L t to vic lm hoc c gii thiu vic lm k c vic o to li theo n t hng ca cc DN, cc cp chnh quyn cn to iu kin cho ngi L s dng hiu qu ng vn tch ly c sau khi lm vic nc ngoi thng qua chnh sch khuyn khch u t, min gim thu, tin thu t, cho vay h tr pht trin sn xut. Cc DN XKL cn kt hp gia to vic lm nc ngoi v to vic lm trong nc, gii thiu vic lm cho cc lao ng hon thnh hp ng v nc hoc lm cu ni gia ch s dng nc ngoi v ch s dng trong nc, khuyn khch vic a

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lao ng n lm vic ti cc cng ty m, cc cng ty trong cng h thng sau khi v nc, ngi lao ng c ngay vic lm n nh, nhanh chng ha nhp x hi. Hnh thnh mt b my trc thuc Ngnh L-TB v XH nhm khai thc, qun l v s dng ngun nhn lc hu XKL, ng thi c s phn cng, phn cp qun l ngun L ny trong phm vi c nc, qun l thng tin lin quan n L theo th trng, ngnh ngh,khi cn lm vic nc ngoi v nhu cu L ca cc DN trong nc c th gn kt v gii thiu cng vic cho ngi L ngay sau khi v nc. 3.5. KIN NGH cc gii php trn i vo cuc sng v pht huy tc dng nhm pht trin bn vng XKL trong hi nhp kinh t quc t, c quan qun l nh nc, t chc XKL v ngi lao ng cn tin hnh ngay mt s cng vic theo cc kin ngh sau: 3.5.1. Kin ngh i vi cc c quan qun l nh nc 3.5.1.1. Quc hi 1. Tin hnh s kt vic trin khai Lut ngi L Vit Nam i lm vic nc ngoi theo hp ng sau hn 2 nm thc hin, cn c nhng thay i, b sung nhng iu lut cn thiu hoc khng ph hp vi thc t cuc sng v iu kin mi. 2. Hon thin v b sung mt s b Lut c lin quan n XKL v ph hp vi Lut ngi L Vit Nam i lm vic nc ngoi theo hp ng nh Lut Bo him x hi, Lut Doanh nghip, Lut Thu thu nhp doanh nghip, Lut Dn s, Lut Cnh tranh, Lut Hnh s, nhm to hnh lang php l thng nht cho XKL. 3. Sm ph chun cc cng c quc t c lin quan n XKL, xy dng h thng php lut thng nht v hi ha vi lut php quc t, to mi trng cnh tranh bnh ng cho cc t chc, c nhn hot ng hiu qu v bo v quyn li hp php ca cc bn tham gia v nht l ngi lao ng khi ra nc ngoi lm vic. 3.5.1.2. Chnh ph 1. Thng qua cc con ng ngoi giao tin hnh m phn vi cc nc v vng lnh th c nhu cu tip nhn lao ng Vit Nam k cc hip nh,

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cc bn tha thun, bn ghi nh trong hp tc lao ng lm c s php l cho vic a lao ng Vit Nam i lm vic nc ngoi. 2. Tip tc hon thin cc ch chnh sch nhm pht trin XKL nh chnh sch m rng th trng, chnh sch to ngun nhn lc cht lng cao, chnh sch ti chnh, chnh sch h tr ngi L hc ngh, ngoi ng, chnh sch cn b lm cng tc XKL nht l nhng cn b bit phi, cn b qun l lao ng nc ngoi. 3. y mnh hn na qu trnh i mi doanh nghip XKL, c phn ha hoc chuyn i nhanh cc DN nh nc theo Lut Doanh nghip, cng c v u t cho cc DN lm n hiu qu, c cu li cc DN lm n km hiu qu. 4. Tng cng hp tc vi cc nc v vng lnh th tip nhn lao ng Vit Nam, cc t chc quc t c lin quan nh WTO, IOM, ILO, nhm bo v quyn li hp php ca ngi L lm vic nc ngoi v DN XKL. 5. Ban hnh cc chnh sch hu xut khu lao ng nhm chm nom, ng vin ngi thn ca ngi lao ng qu nh, khuyn khch ngi lao ng b vn, tay ngh, kinh nghim, quan hthu c t hot ng XKL u t vo sn xut kinh doanh, to vic lm cho ngi thn v x hi. 6. Thc hin ci cch hnh chnh, n gin ha cc th tc c lin quan n XKL, to iu kin cho ngi dn tip xc nhanh v hiu qu cc ngun thng tin chnh thc c lin quan n XKL, ch o cc B, Ngnh lm lnh mnh ha mi trng XKL trong v ngoi nc. 3.5.1.3. B Lao ng, Thng binh v X hi 1. Phi hp vi cc Ban ngnh xy dng h thng quy phm php lut v XKL hon chnh, minh bch ha chnh sch XKL. Ban hnh cc chun mc v chi ph (tin mi gii, tin dch v, ph qun l, ph qy h tr vic lm ngoi nc) v mc lng ti thiu ca tng th trng st vi tnh hnh thc t. 2. Lp v trnh Chnh ph ph duyt chin lc pht trin XKL Vit Nam theo tng giai on, tng th trng, tng ngnh ngh v tng a phng lm c s cho vic a ra cc chnh sch XKL ph hp.

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3. Thnh lp Tng cc Lao ng v Vic lm trn c s t chc li Cc Qun l Lao ng Ngoi nc v Cc Vic lm nhm thng nht qun l xuyn sut v lao ng v vic lm trong v ngoi nc, giao thm chc nng d bo nhu cu th trng lao ng xut khu cho Trung tm Quc gia D bo v Thng tin Th trng Lao ng, xy dng mng li thng tin, h thng cc Ban Qun l Lao ng thuc c quan ngoi giao ca Vit Nam nc ngoi, c chnh sch iu chuyn v nng cao nng lc cn b lm cng tc qun l lao ng. 4. Xy dng cc nh chun phn loi doanh nghip XKL, tin hnh phn loi v nh gi nng lc cnh tranh ca cc DN lm c s cho vic cng c v pht trin i ng doanh nghip xut khu lao ng. 5. C k hoch chun b ngun L xut khu theo nhu cu ca th trng L nc ngoi; t hng ti cc trung tm dy ngh cht lng cao nhm o to mt i ng L theo mt s ngnh m th trng L ngoi nc ang cn. Xy dng cc n pht trin ngun L xut khu theo tng vng, min; Trin khai thnh cng n h tr cc huyn ngho y mnh xut khu lao ng gp phn gim ngho bn vng giai on 2009-2020 c Chnh ph ph duyt. 6. u t v xy dng h thng cc trng ngh, cc trung tm o togii thiu vic lm ti cc vng trng im, ci tin chng trnh o to ngh theo tiu chun quc t, x hi ha o to ngh k c lin doanh lin kt vi nc ngoi. H tr chi ph cho ngi lao ng hc ngh theo chng trnh XKL, nht l lao ng vng su, vng xa, lao ng nng thn. 7. Cng c m hnh lin thng gia DN XKL v cc on th, t chc chnh quyn a phng trong vic to ngun XKL, phn nh r chc nng, quyn li, ngha v ca cc bn tham gia, tng cng cng tc thanh tra, kim tra phng nga cc pht sinh tiu cc c th xy ra. 8. Tng cng cng tc thanh tra, kim tra cc DN XKL nht l cc chi nhnh v c s XKL ph thuc. X l nghim cc trng hp vi phm k c bin php hnh s i vi DN khng chp hnh php lut, cng quyt rt gip php XKL i vi cc DN thng xuyn vi phm.

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3.5.1.4. Cc B, Ngnh v y ban nhn dn cc cp c lin quan 1. B K hoch v u t phi hp vi , B Lao ng, Thng binh v X hi lp v trnh Chnh ph k hoch XKL hng nm, 5 nm ph hp vi k hoch pht trin kinh t - x hi t nc. 2. B Ti chnh phi hp vi B L, TB v XH xy dng ch , quy chun v ti chnh v qun l ti chnh trong XKL, cc chnh sch v ch lin quan n thu, bo him x hi ca doanh nghip v ngi lao ng, thng xuyn kim tra vic thc hin cc ch bo co ti chnh, cc khon ng gp ca DN XKL i vi ngn sch nh nc. 3. Ngn hng Nh nc kt hp vi B L, TB v XH xy dng cc chnh sch tn dng i vi L chun b xut cnh, chnh sch kiu hi, t gi hi oi i vi cc khon ngoi t ngi L chuyn v, chnh sch cho vay u i i vi ngi L hon thnh hp ng cn vn u t sn xut kinh doanh. 4. B Ngoi giao ch o cc i s qun, cc c quan i din Vit Nam nc ngoi tng cng bo h hp php v bo v quyn li ca ngi lao ng v DN cc nc s ti ng thi to iu kin ti a cho cc cn b ph trch lao ng hot ng theo quyn hn v chc trch ca mnh. 5. B Cng an tin hnh r sot cc khu lm h chiu, n gin ha ti a cc th tc xin cp h chiu ca ngi lao ng, tng cng kim tra khu xut nhp cnh khng cc ti phm li dng XKL trn ra nc ngoi, phi hp vi , B Lao ng, Thng binh v X hi iu tra lm r cc sai phm trong lnh vc XKL, chuyn nhanh cc v n c lin quan n XKL qua Vin Kim St, Ta n truy t v xt x kp thi mang tnh rn e v gio dc. 6. UBND cc cp cn qun trit su sc cc ch trng, ng li, chnh sch ca ng v Nh nc v XKL, tng cng qun l XKL trn a bn ca mnh, r sot v n gin ha cc th tc trong m hnh lin kt vi cc DN, ch o cc Ban ch o XKL a phng phi hp cht ch vi DN trong cng tc tuyn tuyn, tuyn chn, o to ngh, dy ngoi ng v gio dc nh hng, h tr v cho ngi L vay tin v qun l L lm vic nc ngoi.

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3.5.2. i vi cc doanh nghip xut khu lao ng 1. u t, xy dng, nng cao nng lc cnh tranh ca DN mnh trn th trng L quc t bng cch u t c s vt cht, nng cao trnh i ng cn b lm XKL khng ch trong khu ngoi ng m c cc kin thc khc nh: Tm l lao ng, qun tr nhn s, lut, kinh doanh thng mi quc t. Xy dng quy trnh lm vic khoa hc, c chnh sch khen thng tha ng. 2. Xy dng b phn pht trin th trng ca DN, u tin nhn lc v ti lc cho b phn ny, ch ng chn la chin lc pht trin th trng XKL, t chc thng xuyn cc cuc kho st n cc th trng tim nng tm kim cc c hi cng nh cc nhu cu L ca cc th trng ny. Trong cng vic c th cc doanh nghip cn tin hnh kho st k th trng, tm hiu k php lut lao ng ca tng th trng nht l th trng mi, thn trng trong vic la chn i tc nc ngoi, m phn k kt hp ng cung ng L, thm nh k cc n hng. 3. Tng cng qun l L nc ngoi, cng vi ch s dng L, i din ngoi giao Vit Nam nc ngoi qun l tt L nc ngoi, kp thi gii quyt cc pht sinh v quyn li cho ngi L, gii quyt dt im tnh trng lao ng b trn, lnh mnh ha mi trng sng v lm vic, m bo an ninh trt t ca cng ng ngi lao ng Vit Nam nhm duy tr v tng th phn nhng th trng XKL truyn thng v thm nhp vo cc th trng mi. 4. Xy dng b phn chuyn trch m nhn chc nng to ngun lao ng, ch ng trong vic tuyn chn, o to ngh, dy ngoi ng cho ngi L theo nhu cu ca th trng nc ngoi. Xy dng tiu chun tuyn chn lao ng xut khu, chun ha cc iu kin ca ngi lao ng tham gia XKL. 5. Tm kim nhng n hng tt, thu nhp cao, iu kin sng v lm vic hp l, tin hnh thm nh k n hng v i tc nc ngoi a ngi lao ng ra nc ngoi lm vic. 6. a dng ha cc hnh thc XKL, pht trin cc hnh thc a L i lm vic nc ngoi theo t, i c t chc bi bn bao chn mt cng vic nht nh

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nh cc i xy dng, cc t phc v, hoc nhng n hng ln hoc nhng i tc uy tn va m bo c yu cu ca th trng va m bo em li hiu qu cao trong XKL, gim dn cc hnh thc a lao ng i lm vic n l, sng an xen, kh qun l v kh khn trong vic h tr v bo v quyn li ngi lao ng. 7. Tip tc y mnh m hnh lin thng vi a phng to ngun lao ng xut khu, cng khai mi thng tin lin quan n XKL, xy dng mt s a phng to ngun trng im c iu kin u t chiu su, ng thi pht trin to ngun lao ng nhng a phng mi trn c s kinh nghim v m hnh sn c. Chun ha quy trnh to ngun lao ng nht l trong lnh vc th tc, ti chnh nhm to iu kin ti a cho ngi lao ng c iu kin tham gia XKL. Xy dng i ng cng tc vin to ngun lao ng, c chnh sch nht qun, i ng hp l cho i tng ny ng thi c c ch gim st cc cng tc vin thc hin ng quy nh ca doanh nghip. 8. Tng cng cng tc thng tin tuyn tuyn v XKL ca DN n tn ngi L thng qua cc hnh thc khc nhau nh: thng qua chnh quyn v cc t chc on th a phng, thng qua cc phng tin thng tin i chng, pht t ri, qua h thng loa, i phng x, thng tin luu ng. Minh bch ha cc thng tin v chi ph cng nh quyn li v ngha v ca cc bn tham gia XKL. 9. Cng khai ha mi chi ph m ngi L phi ng trc khi i trn c s tun th cc quy nh v XKL nht l cc khon chi ph c nh nc quy nh nh: tin mi gii, tin qun l, lng ti thiu. ng thi tit gim ti a chi ph cho ngi lao ng nh ph th tc, v my bay, ph khm sc khe gim ph mi gii bng cch tm kim v k hp ng trc tip vi ch s dng L, thay tin c cc bng th tc hp ng bo lnh ca gia nh, ngi thn ca ngi L. Tuyt i khng c thu cc khon ph khng c php. 10. Gii quyt tt quyn li ca ngi lao ng khi v nc. Trong trng hp ngi lao ng v nc trc hn, cn xc nh r nguyn nhn v c chnh sch h tr ngi lao ng sm ha nhp cng ng, thnh lp b phn dch v trong nc gii thiu vic lm cho ngi lao ng khi h c nhu cu.

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3.5.3. i vi ngi lao ng 1. Ch ng tm hiu cng vic v th trng XKL ph hp vi nng lc ca bn thn. Lin h trc tip vi DN XKL hoc chnh quyn a phng nm bt cc thng tin lin quan n th trng, cng vic, iu kin sng v lm vic, thu nhp, nghin cu k ni dung hp ng k vi DN XKL, ch s dng L quyt nh vic i lm vic nc ngoi ca mnh. tuyt i khng nghe theo li d d ca cc mi gii bt hp php, cc c XKL. 2. Ch ng nng cao tay ngh ca mnh bng vic tham gia hc ngh mt cch bi bn ph hp vi nhu cu L ca nc tip nhn, nng cao nhn thc v ngha v mc ch XKL, chuyn cn trong hc ngoi ng nht l ngn ng nc s ti, rn luyn sc khe, tc phong cng nghip, thc k lut, trang b kin thc v x hi, vn ha, php lut, phong tc tp qun, cch sng t lp, t qun ti chnh v thu nhp, t bo v bn thn khi sng v lm vic xa t quc. 3. Tm hiu k quy nh ca php lut lin quan n cc khon ph ng trc khi i, nghin cu k cc khon ph m DN XKL a ra nhm pht hin cc khon chi ph bt hp l, cng quyt khng np cc khon ph ny ng thi thng bo cho c quan chc nng bit c hng x l DN. 4. Chun b trc cc iu kin v ti chnh p ng cc khon chi ph trc khi i. Trong trng hp cn thit c th lm th tc vay ngn hng hoc Qy h tr gii quyt vic lm a phng. 5. Thc hin nghim chnh cc ni dung ca hp ng k, khi c pht sinh mu thun tm kim cch gii quyt hiu qu, nu khng c th yu cu h tr t DN XKL hoc i din ngoi giao Vit Nam nc ngoi, nghim cm cc hnh ng vi phm hp ng, vi phm php lut nc s ti, nghim cm vic t ph v hp ng ra ngoi sng v lm vic bt hp php, lm mt trt t, an ninh x hi v nh hng n uy tn ca cng ng L Vit Nam. 6. C k hoch hc tp, tiu dng, tit kim hp l c tay ngh, kinh nghim v mt s vn nht nh khi kt thc thi gian lm vic nc ngoi v s dng hiu qu khi tr v qu nh.

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TM TT CHNG 3 Trn c s l lun v pht trin xut khu lao ng v tnh hnh pht trin xut khu lao ng Vit Nam trong thi gian qua c phn tch trong chng 1 v chng 2, xu hng v c im th trng lao ng trong v ngoi nc v nht l nhng th trng xut khu lao ng Vit Nam trong thi gian ti, chng 3 ch ra nhng c hi v thch thc i vi pht trin xut khu lao ng Vit Nam trong hi nhp kinh t quc t trong nhng nm ti t khng nh li mt ln na tnh khch quan v s cn thit vic y mnh v pht trin XKL Vit Nam, iu ny ph hp vi ng li pht trin kinh t - x hi t nc trong giai on hin nay. Trn c s nhn nh v bi cnh kinh t th gii, tnh hnh th trng lao ng trong v ngoi nc kt hp vi cc ch trng, ng li ca ng v Nh nc v xut khu lao ng, chng 3 a ra cc phng hng, mc tiu pht trin xut khu lao ng Vit Nam v th trng, s lng v c cu lao ng xut khu, hiu qu kinh t - x hi, c ch v b my qun l xut khu lao ng v c bit l c s phn tch, nh gi kh nng thc hin nhng mc tiu m , B Lao ng, Thng binh v X hi ra v a ra cc mc tiu c tnh kh thi hn trong iu kin kinh t cc nc, nht l th trng tip nhn lao ng Vit Nam ang chu s tc ng ca khng hong ti chnh quc t v suy thoi kinh t ton cu. T s phn tch v tng hp trn, chng 3 tp trung xut mt h thng gm 9 gii php c bn nhm pht trin bn vng xut khu lao ng Vit Nam trong thi gian ti. l cc gii php v th trng xut khu lao ng, v ngun lao ng xut khu, v qun l v h tr ca nh nc trong xut khu lao ng, v cng tc thng tin, tuyn truyn xut khu lao ng, v doanh nghip xut khu lao ng, v hnh thc xut khu lao ng, v ti chnh cho xut khu lao ng, v qun l ngi lao ng lm vic nc ngoi, v gii php v hu xut khu lao ng. thc hin thnh cng cc nhm gii php c a ra, chng 3 cng ng thi xut mt s kin ngh i vi Quc hi, Chnh ph, B L, TB v X hi, cc B, Ban, Ngnh, y ban nhn dn cc cp, doanh nghip XKL v ngi lao ng.

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KT LUN Xut khu lao ng, mt phn ca di chuyn lao ng quc t ang tr thnh mt loi hnh hot ng kinh t i ngoi mang tnh tt yu v bc thit i vi nhiu nc trn th gii. Pht trin XKL trong hi nhp kinh t quc t nhm pht huy nhng li ch trao i quc t Sc lao ng khng ch i vi nc xut khu m c nc nhp khu lao ng. Hin nay, nhiu nc trn th gii xem XKL nh mt ngnh kinh t mi nhn, h t chc XKL bi bn c s qun l v h tr ti a t pha Nh nc, c chin lc pht trin XKL gn lin vi chin lc pht trin kinh t - x hi trung hn v di hn. XKL ca nc ta bt u t nhng nm 1980 thng qua hnh thc a lao ng sang cc nc XHCN lm vic theo cc Hip nh hp tc quc t v lao ng. T nm 1991 n nay, XKL c chuyn dn theo c ch th trng c s qun l ca nh nc theo nh hng XHCN. Gn 30 nm a lao ng ra nc ngoi lm vic, XKL Vit Nam c nhng bc pht trin r rt, s lao ng a i hng nm v hiu qu nm sau u t cao hn nm trc. Tuy nhin phi khng nh rng nhng kt qu t c cho n nay cha tng xng vi tim nng ca t nc. XKL ca nc ta cn cha ng nhiu yu t ri ro v vt cn cho s tng trng v pht trin bn vng, nht l trong iu kin ngy nay, khi m hu ht cc nc trn th gii ang chu tc ng bi khng hong ti chnh v suy gim kinh t ton cu. Qua ti nghin cu "Pht trin xut khu lao ng Vit Nam trong hi nhp kinh t quc t " lun n t c nhng thnh cng sau: - h thng ha ton din c s l lun v xut khu lao ng, vai tr v hiu qu kinh t - x hi ca xut khu lao ng trong nn kinh t th trng, pht trin xut khu lao ng trong hi nhp kinh t quc t. - Xc nh cc yu t tc ng n s pht trin ca XKL v ng thi xy dng m hnh xc nh mc tc ng ca cc yu t ny n s pht trin XKL Vit Nam, lm c s cho vic iu tra x hi hc cc chuyn gia v nh qun l tiu biu trong lnh vc XKL v mc tc ng , lm nn tng cho vic nh gi thc trng XKL v a ra cc gii php pht trin XKL Vit Nam trong thi gian ti.

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- nghin cu kinh nghim ca mt s nc thnh cng trong pht trin XKL v c iu kin tng ng vi nc ta nh Philippin, Thi Lan, Indonesia, Trung Quc t a ra cc bi hc kinh nghim chung c th vn dng trong iu kin Vit Nam. - Phn tch, nh gi tnh hnh pht trin XKL Vit Nam t nm 1991 n nay, c bit trong 5 nm gn y. Trong nu bt c nhng thnh tu t c, ch ra nhng tn ti, hn ch v th trng, ngun nhn lc, c ch t chc v b my, hiu qu kinh t - x hi, QLNN v qun l lao ng xut khu, cng tc thng tin, tuyn truyn ng thi ch ra nguyn nhn ca nhng hn ch ny trong thng nht nhn thc v XKL, hoch nh chin lc pht trin, xy dng c ch chnh sch, u t th trng, nng lc qun l, chun b ngun lao ng xut khu, chnh sch hu xut khu lao ng. - Trn c s bi cnh kinh t th gii, tnh hnh th trng L trong v ngoi nc, nhng c hi v thch thc pht trin XKL Vit nam trong thi gian ti, kt hp vi kt qu nghin cu l lun v thc tin, bm st ch trng ng li ca ng v Nh nc v XKL trong hi nhp kinh t quc t, lun n a ra cc nh hng v mc tiu pht trin XKL Vit Nam ng thi xut h thng 9 gii php c bn v ng b v th trng XKL, ngun L xut khu, cng tc thng tin, tuyn truyn, c ch t chc v b my, hnh thc XKL, ti chnh trong XKL, qun l ngi L xut khu, qun l v h tr ca nh nc trong XKL v gii php v hu XKL. - a ra h thng cc kin ngh vi Quc hi, Chnh ph, cc Ban, Ngnh, UBND cc cp, DN XKL v ngi L m bo cho cc gii php sm i vo cuc sng v pht huy hiu qu nhm pht trin bn vng XKL Vit Nam trong thi gian ti. Trong qu trnh nghin cu l lun v thc tin tc gi c iu kin thu thp s liu, iu tra, phn tch, trao i kin vi cc nh khoa hc, cc chuyn gia, cc nh qun l v ngi lao ng i lm vic nc ngoi a ra cc gii php nhm pht trin bn vng XKL trong thi gian ti, song y l ti m, cn nhiu vn tip tc c nghin cu, th nghim v tng bc t chc thc hin, rt mong nhn c kin ng gp v b sung ca cc nh khoa hc, cc chuyn gia nhm nng cao tnh kh thi ca cc gii php phc v s nghip pht trin XKL chung ca t nc.

DANH MC CNG TRNH CNG B CA TC GI

1. Nguyn Tin Dng (2006), Lm th no a c nhiu Tu nghip sinh Vit Nam n Nht Bn, Tp ch Lao ng X hi, B Lao ng, Thng binh v X hi, s 282, trang 40-41, H Ni, thng 3/2006 2. Nguyen Tien Dung (2007), Some Methods to Promote Labour Export to Malaysia, Economic Development Review, The HCMC University of Economics, No 150, page 18-19, Hochiminh City, February 2007 3. Nguyen Tien Dung (2008), Some Measures to Develop the Labor Export in Czech Republic, Economic Development Review, The HCMC University of Economics, No 167, page 15-17, Hochiminh City, July 2008 4. Nguyn Tin Dng (2009), Mt s gii php tng cng qun l ngi lao ng Vit Nam lm vic nc ngoi, Tp ch Pht trin kinh t, Trng i hc Kinh t TP. H Ch Minh, s 221, trang 34-38, TP. HCM, Thng 3/2009 5. Nguyn Tin Dng (2009), Phn tch tc ng ca cc yu t n s pht trin xut khu lao ng Vit Nam, Tp ch Kinh t & Pht trin, Trng i hc Kinh t Quc dn, s 147, trang 22-29, H Ni, Thng 9/2009 6. Nguyn Tin Dng (2009), Pht trin th trng xut khu lao ng Vit Nam trong iu kin ngy nay, Tp ch Pht trin kinh t, Trng i hc Kinh t TP. H Ch Minh, s 228, trang 29-34, TP. HCM, Thng 10/2009

DANH MC TI LIU THAM KHO

[1] PGS.TS. ng Nguyn Anh, Xut khu lao ng Vit Nam: Thch thc v nhng vn cn quan tm, Hi tho quc gia v chng trnh phi c lao ng giai on 2009-2015, Qung Ninh, Vit Nam, 1/2009 [2] PGS-TS. Mc Tin Anh, Pht trin ngun nhn lc Vit Nam phc v XKL trong iu kin hi nhp kinh t th gii Tp Ch Vic lm ngoi nc, Cc Qun l lao ng ngoi nc, B L, TB v XH s 5/2006 [3] PGS-TS. Mc Tin Anh, Dy ngh p ng nhu cu doanh nghip Thc trng v gii php, Tp Ch Vic lm ngoi nc, Cc Qun l lao ng ngoi nc, B L, TB v XH s 3/2008 [4] L Xun B, Nguyn Th Kim Dung, Trn Hu Hn: Mt s vn v pht trin th trng lao ng Vit Nam, Nh XB KH v KT, H Ni, 2003 [5] TS Nguyn Th Hng Bch, Xut khu lao ng ca mt s nc ng Nam kinh nghim v bi hc, Nh xut bn Khoa hc - X hi, H Ni 2007 [6] B Chnh tr, ng Cng sn Vit Nam, Ch th s 41 - CT/TW ngy 22 thng 9 nm 1998 ca B Chnh tr Ban chp hnh Trung ng ng v xut khu lao ng v chuyn gia. [7] B K hoch v u t, K hoch pht trin kinh t-x hi 5 nm 20112015, D tho, H Ni thng 12/2009 [8] B Lao ng-Thng binh v X hi, Bo co tng kt 10 nm hp tc lao ng vi nc ngoi, H Ni ,1990 [9] B Lao ng-Thng binh v X hi, Bo co v s liu thng k lao ngvic lm Vit Nam, H Ni,2000,2004, 2005, 2006, 2007, 2008 [10] B Lao ng -Thng binh v X hi, Xu hng vic lm Vit Nam 2009 v nhng d bo lao ng v vic lm nhng nm tip theo, H Ni thng 8/2009 [11] B Lao ng, Thng binh v X hi, Bo co hi ngh vic lm v xut khu lao ng, H Ni 15/12/2008

[12] B Lao ng - Thng binh v X hi, Tp ch Lao ng - X hi, T nm 2004 n nm 2009 [13] B Lao ng - Thng binh v X hi, n Dy ngh cho lao ng i lm vic nc ngoi n nm 2015. H Ni, 2006 [14] B Lao ng - Thng binh v X hi, n H tr cc huyn ngho y mnh XKL gp phn gim ngho bn vng giai on 2009-2020. HNi,4/2009 [15] B Lut Lao ng 1994, lut sa i b sung (4/2002),Nh xut bn Tng hp TP. HCM, nm 2002 [16] B lut Ngi lao ng Vit Nam i lm vic nc ngoi theo hp ng, 2006, Nh xut bn Lao ng X hi, H Ni, 2007 [17] AadityaMattoo, Antonia Carzanga, Di chuyn con ngi cung cp dch v. Nh xut bn Vn ha - Thng tin H Ni 2003 [18] PGS-TS Nguyn th Cnh,(2004) Cc m hnh tng trng v d bo kinh t. L thuyt v thc nghim (Sch tham kho). NXB HQG TP. HCM [19] GS-TS Nguyn Th Cnh v cc cng s, Xy dng cc mc tiu chin lc pht trin kinh t Vit Nam n nm 2020, Bo co s khi tm tt kt qu nghin cu ti trng im HQG TP. HCM, TP. H Ch Minh 9/2009 [20] Cc Qun l Lao ng ngoi nuc, B L, TB v XH, Mt s th trng lao ng ngoi nc ( Ti liu tham kho ), H Ni 2003 [21] Cc Qun l Lao ng ngoi nuc, B L, TB v XH, Bo co tng kt v trin khai Ngh nh 81/2003/N-CP ca Chnh ph v xut khu lao ng v chuyn gia, H Ni, thng 12/2003 [22] Cc Qun l Lao ng ngoi nc, B L, TB v XH Tp ch vic lm ngoi nc, t nm 2004 n nm 2009 v s 1,2 nm 2010 [23] Cc Qun l Lao ng ngoi nuc, Bo co tnh hnh thc hin k hoch 2005,2006,2007,2008,2009 v phng hng nhim v nm ti, H Ni [24] Cc Qun l Lao ng ngoi nc, B L, TB v XH, Cc t liu v xut khu lao ng t nm 1990-2010

[25] Cc Qun l Lao ng ngoi nuc, B L, TB v XH, Kha bi dng kin thc hi nhp kinh t quc t v xut khu lao ng, H Ni, thng 1/2009 [26] Cc Qun l Lao ng ngoi nuc, B L, TB v XH, Kha bi dng kin thc hi nhp kinh t quc t v xut khu lao ng, TP.HCM, thng 7/2009 [27] Cc Vic lm thuc B L, TB v XH, Kt qu iu tra Vic lm v Tht nghip 2007, H Ni, thng 3 nm 2008 [28] Cc Vic lm thuc B L, TB v XH, Kt qu iu tra Vic lm v Tht nghip 2008, H Ni, thng 4 nm 2009 [29] TSKH. Phm c Chnh, (2005), Th trng lao ng, C s l lun v thc tin Vit Nam, Nh xut bn Chnh tr Quc gia , H Ni 2005 [30] C. Mc. T bn, quyn 1, tp 1, Nh xut bn Tin b Mt-xc-va; Nh xut bn S Tht, H Ni 1988 [31] TS. H Th Thiu Dao, nh gi tc ng ca khng hong ti chnh ton cu n nn kinh t Vit Nam, Hi tho Tc ng ca khng hong ti chnh ton cu i vi nn kinh t Vit Nam, TP. HCM thng 12/2008 [32] Nguyn th Kim Dung, Chi ph v li ch ca lao ng di c quc t trong cc nc tiu vng sng M Kng, TP. H Ch Minh, 9/2009 [33] TS.Nguyn Hu Dng, Tc ng ca di c lao ng quc t i vi vic pht trin KT-XH ca nc gi lao ng v kinh nghim ca Vit Nam. Hi tho quc gia v chng trnh phi c lao ng, Qung Ninh, 1/2009 [34] ng Cng Sn Vit Nam, Vn kin i hi i biu Ton quc ln th VI, NXB Chnh tr Quc gia, H Ni, 1986 [35] ng Cng Sn Vit Nam, Vn kin i hi i biu Ton quc ln th XIII v IX, NXB Chnh tr Quc gia, H Ni, 1996,2001 [36] ng Cng Sn Vit Nam, Vn kin i hi i biu Ton quc ln th X, NXB Chnh tr Quc gia, H Ni, 2006 [37] o Cng Hi, Th trng lao ng Hn Quc, Tp Ch Vic lm ngoi nc, Cc Qun l lao ng ngoi nc, B L, TB v XH s 4/2007

[38] Trn Vn Hng (1996), Cc gii php nhm i mi qun l nh nc v xut khu lao ng Vit Nam trong giai on 1995-2010, lun n ph tin s kinh t. Vin Kinh t hc. H Ni [39] Nguyn th Minh Hng (2003), Tng cng qun l nh nc v xut khu lao ng nc ta, Lun vn thc s, Hc vin hnh chnh quc qia [40] TS Nguyn Th Hin, Hi nhp kinh t khu vc ca mt s nc ASEAN, Nh XB Chnh tr Quc gia, H Ni, 2002 [41] L Hng Huyn, Cc ch tiu nh gi hiu qu kinh t - x hi ca xut khu lao ng Vit Nam, Tp ch Vic lm ngoi nc s 6/2005, Cc Qun l Lao ng ngoi nc B Lao ng, Thng binh v X hi [42] Hc vin Hnh chnh quc gia, Mt s thut ng hnh chnh, NXB Th gii, H Ni, 2000 [43] Hi Lut gia Vit Nam, Bo v quyn li ca ngi lao ng di tr, php lut v thc tin quc t, khu vc v quc gia, Sch tham kho, Nh Xut bn Hng c, H Ni, 2008 [44] Hip hi Xut khu lao ng Vit Nam, Bn tin t nm 2004 n nm 2009 [45] Ngh nh s 370/HBT ngy 09/11/1991, Quy ch v a ngi Vit Nam i lm vic nc ngoi [46] Ngh nh s 81/2003/N-CP ngy 17/7/2003 ca Chnh ph, Quy nh chi tit v hng dn thi hnh B lut lao ng v ngi lao ng Vit Nam lm vic nc ngoi [47] Ngh nh s 141/2005/N-CP ngy 11/11/2005 ca Chnh ph v qun l lao ng Vit Nam lm vic nc ngoi [48] Ngh nh s 126/2007/N-CP ngy 01/8/2007 ca Chnh ph, Quy nh chi tit v hng dn thi hnh mt s iu ca Lut ngi lao ng Vit Nam i lm vic nc ngoi theo hp ng [49] Nguyn B Ngc, Ton cu ha c hi v thch thc i vi lao ng Vit Nam, Nh xut bn Lao ng-X hi, H Ni, 2002

[50] Nolwen Henaff Jean Yves Martin (2001), Lao ng, Vic lm v Ngun nhn lc Vit Nam 15 nm i mi, Bin tp khoa hc, Nh XB Th gii [51] Ti liu v bo co tnh hnh sn xut kinh doanh, cc phng n ti chnh xut khu lao ng ca ca cc cng ty xut khu lao ng( Cng ty Cung ng nhn lc quc t v thng mi - SONA, Cng ty Xut khu lao ng Thng Mi v Du lch - SOVILACO, Cng ty Xut nhp khu v Hp tc u t giao thong vn ti TRACIMEXCO, t nm 2005 n 2009 [52] Nguyn th Phng Linh,(2004) Mt s gii php i mi qun l ti chnh v xut khu lao ng Vit Nam theo c ch th trng, Lun n tin s kinh t, Hc vin Ngn hng, H Ni [53] ng Nh Li, Mt s vn cn quan tm trong thc thi php lut ngi lao ng i lm vic nc ngoi theo hp ng qua gim st, kho st mt s a phng Min Bc v Min Trung, Bo co ti hi tho khu vc pha nam i biu dn c v chnh sch, php lut v xut khu lao ng thng 9/ 2009TP. H Ch Minh 9/2009 [54] PGS-TS Nguyn vn Lun, (2004) Kinh t v m, ( cng bi ging, bi tp dnh cho cao hc & NCS) TP.HCM [55] Phm Kim Nhun, Ngn hng chnh sch v x hi Vit Nam trin khai cho vay i xut khu lao ng, Tp Ch Vic lm ngoi nc, Cc Qun l lao ng ngoi nc, B L, TB v XH s 1/2009 [56] Nguyn Th Kim Ngn, Trin vng hp tc lao ng gia Vit Nam vi khu vc Trung ng, cc gii php pht trin th trng lao ng ny, Tp Ch Vic lm ngoi nc, B L, TB v XH s 1/2009 [57] TS. Hong Kim Ngc, Tng quan v chnh sch v hot ng a lao ng Vit Nam i lm vic nc ngoi theo hp ng, Bo co ti hi tho khu vc pha nam i biu dn c v chnh sch, php lut v xut khu lao ng, TP. H Ch Minh, thng 9/ 2009 [58] TS. Nguyn Ngc Qunh, Xut khu lao ng trong thi k khng hongCc gii php, Tp Ch Vic lm ngoi nc, s 2/2009

[59] Quch Tin Phong, Thc trng php lut a ngi lao ng i lm vic nc ngoi ca Vit Nam trong xu hng hi ha v hon thin php lut vi quy nh quc t hoc lut php cc nc nhp c, Bo co ti hi tho khu vc pha nam i biu dn c v chnh sch, php lut v xut khu lao ng, TP. H Ch Minh, thng 9/ 2009 [60] TS. L vn Thanh, C hi mi cho tu nghip sinh v lao ng Vit Nam sang lm vic ti Nht Bn, Tp ch vic lm ngoi nc, H Ni 6/2005 tr2 [61] Thi bo Kinh t Vit Nam, Kinh t 2007-2008 Vit Nam v Th gii, Kinh t 2008-2009 Vit Nam v Th gii, H Ni 2008,2009 [62] Tng cc Dy ngh, B L, TB v XH, T liu v bo co tng kt hot ng cc nm 2001-2008. [63] Tng cc Thng k, Ti liu v Nim gim thng k Vit Nam, cc nm 2004 -2008. Nh xut bn Tng cc Thng k, H Ni.2005-2008. [64] Tng cc Thng k, Bo co kt qu suy rng mu- Tng iu tra dn s v nh 1/4/2009, H Ni thng 12/2009 [65] Th.S Bi S Tun, Tng cng qun l nh nc n nh v pht trin hot ng a lao ng i lm vic nc ngoi, Tp Ch Vic lm ngoi nc, Cc Qun l lao ng ngoi nc, B L, TB v XH s 3/2007 [66] Nguyn Lng Tro (1994), M rng v nng cao hiu qu ca vic a lao ng Vit Nam i lm vic c thi hn nc ngoi, Lun n ph tin s kinh t, Trng i hc kinh t Quc dn. [67] TS. Nguyn Lng Tro, Vn p ng yu cu v k nng ngh v ngoi ng th trng lao ng quc t: Hng i no cho hiu qu?, Tp Ch Vic lm ngoi nc, Cc Qun l lao ng ngoi nc, B L, TB v XH s 3/2007 [68] TS Nguyn Lng Tro, Bi ging v tnh hnh doanh nghip xut khu lao ng Vit Nam trong hi nhp kinh t quc t, Hip hi Xut khu lao ng Vit Nam , H Ni, 2009

[69] Bo Trang, Th trng lao ng Anggla v Mdmbch , tim nng cho lao ng nng nghip Vit Nam, Tp Ch Vic lm ngoi nc, Cc Qun l lao ng ngoi nc, B L, TB v XH s 5/2008 [70] Hong Trng - Chu Nguyn Mng Ngc, Phn tch d liu nghin cu vi SPSS, tp 1,2, Nh xut bn Hng c, H Ni 2008 [71] PGS.TS. Nguyn Vn Trnh, (2005) Bi ging Qun l kinh t dnh cho hc vin cao hc, khoa Kinh t i Hc Quc Gia TP. HCM. [72] Phm Qy Th: Th trng lao ng Vit Nam thc trng v cc gii php pht trin, Nh xut bn Lao ng X hi, H Ni, 2005 [73] TS.Trn Th Thu: Nng cao hiu qu qun l xut khu lao ng ca cc doanh nghip trong iu kin hin nay, Nh xut bn Lao ng X hi, H Ni, 2006 [74] Paul A. Samuelson, William Nordhalls, Kinh t hc (Ti bn ln th nht) Sch tham kho- tp 1,2, Nh xut bn Thng k, H Ni 2002 [75] TS. Cao Vn Sm (1994) Hon thin h thng t chc v c ch qun l xut khu lao ng v chuyn gia nc ta trong giai on ti, Lun n ph tin s kinh t, i hc Kinh t Quc dn, H Ni [76] TS. Cao vn Sm, Nng cao hiu qu s dng ngun nhn lc Vit Nam, Tp ch vic lm ngoi nc, Ni san, H Ni 5/2005 tr.2 [77] y ban Cc Vn X hi ca Quc hi, Nng cao hiu qu qun l pht huy th mnh ca hot ng xut khu lao ng, Tp ch vic lm ngoi nc, Ni san, H Ni 4/2005 [78] TS. Nguyn Th Hi Vn, Nhng gii php t ph trong chng trnh vic lm giai on 2006-2010, Tp ch Lao ng X hi, B Lao ng, Thng binh v X hi, s 282 nm 2006 [79] Thng t s 16/2007/TTLT BLTBXH - BTC ngy 11/ 07 /2007 [80] Thng t s 17/2007/ TTLT - BLTBXH - NHNNVN ngy 04/09/2007 [81] Thng t s 11/2008/ TTL - BLTBXH - BTC ngy 21/07/2008

[82] Quyt nh s 365/2004/Q - NHNN ngy 13/04/2004 [83] Quyt nh s 144/2007/Q - TTg ngy 31/08/2007 [84] Quyt nh s 61/2008/Q - LTBXH ngy 12/08/2008 Ti liu bng ting anh [85] EAPEP Economically Active Population Estimates and Projections, 19802020, ILO http:// laborsta.ilo.org/STP/ guest, 2009 [86] Korea International Labour Foundation, Labor situation in Korea 2009, KOILAF, May 2009 [87] Bruno Maltoni, International Experiences on Remittances and Support to Returned Workers Reintegration, National Workshop on Development of a Labour Dispatch Programme Quang Ninh, Vietnam, January 2009 [88] Bruno Maltoni, International Views, Policies and Laws on Labour Migration Management, IOM , Hanoi, September, 2009 [89] Thetis Mangahas, Managing migration for decent work, The implementation of the ILO Multilateral Framework on Labour Migration (MLF) with special reference to Asia, Hanoi, September, 2009 [90] Manolo Abella, International Trends in Temporary Labour Migration, Quang Ninh, National Workshop: Development of a Labour Dispatch Programme in Vietnam Quang Ninh, Vietnam, January 2009 [91] Ricardo Cordero, International Demand of Foreign Workers in relation to Vietnamese Labour-supply Capacity,National Workshop: Development of a Labour Dispatch Programme in Vietnam Quang Ninh, January 2009 Mt s website chnh http://www.molisa.gov.vn http://www.dolab.gov.vn http://www.vamas.com.vn http://www.iom.int http://www.ilo.org

DANH SCH CC PH LC
Ph lc 1: S lng lao ng Vit Nam i lm vic ti cc nc giai on 1980-1990 Ph lc 2: S lng lao ng Vit Nam i lm vic nc ngoi giai on 1980-1990 Ph lc 3: S lng v th trng lao ng xut khu ca Vit Nam Ph lc 4 : S lng lao ng di c v kim ngch xut khu lao ng ca mt s nc Chu nm 2008 Ph lc 5: Kim ngch xut khu lao ng cc nc ng Nam Ph lc 6: Phiu phng vn nh qun l v chuyn gia v cc yu t tc ng n s pht trin xut khu lao ng Vit Nam Ph lc 7: Item-Total Statistics Ph lc 8: Reliability Statistics Ph lc 9: Model Summaryb Ph lc 10: ANOVAb Ph lc 11: Biu Histogram ca m hnh nghin cu Ph lc 12: Biu Normal P-P plot ca m hnh nghin cu Ph lc 13: D bo tng s dn v dn s th gii trong tui lao ng Ph lc 14: D bo s dn, dn s trong tui lao ng mt s nc v khu vc Ph lc 15: Danh sch cc doanh nghip xut khu lao ng ca Vit Nam tnh n 31/12/2009

Ph lc 1: S lng lao ng Vit Nam i lm vic ti cc nc giai on 1980-1990 n v tnh: ngi Nc Lin X CHDC c Tip Khc Bungari Ba Lan Libya Hungari Irc Angieri Tng cng Theo hip nh Chnh ph 103.589 69.016 37.028 27.239 236.872 Theo H nhn thu 1765 773 6.293 229 558 200 20.108 1.032 30.958 Hc ngh chuyn qua L 21 2.896 19.400 629 22.946 Tng cng 105.375 71.912 57.201 34.161 229 558 200 20.108 1.032 290.776

Ngun: Tng kt 10 nm hp tc quc t v lao ng 1980-1990, B L, TB v XH Ph lc 2: S lng lao ng Vit Nam i lm vic nc ngoi giai on 1980-1990 Nm 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 S lao ng a i 1.570 ngi 27.033 ngi 22.970 ngi 15.400 ngi 4.430 ngi 5.010 ngi Nm 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 Cng S lao ng a i 9.030 ngi 48.815 ngi 71.820 ngi 59.930 ngi 3.070 ngi 269.078 ngi

Ngun: Tng kt 10 nm hp tc quc t v lao ng 1980-1990 B L, TB v XH

Ph lc 3: Nc nhp khu lao ng Angeri Angola Anh Arp Xt Babrain Belarus B o Nha Bungaria Brunei Canada Campuchia Cata CH Czech CH Sp C ot thiopia an Mnh i Loan Hn Quc Hoa K Hng Kng Lo Latvia

S lng v th trng lao ng xut khu ca Vit Nam n v tnh : ngi 2000 0 0 0 70 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 23 0 0 0 8.099 7.316 4 0 599 0 2003 0 0 0 10 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 29 0 0 24 16 29.069 4.336 0 0 0 0 2005 6 0 78 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 47 0 6 0 0 80 22.784 12.102 10 11 6.733 0 2006 0 0 0 205 0 0 0 0 178 0 284 2.621 0 1 0 0 48 14.127 10.577 21 0 4.371 0 2007 204 12 0 1.620 32 0 0 0 1.010 0 408 4.685 423 10 61 0 42 23.640 12.187 0 0 3.068 0 2008 422 62 0 2.987 497 79 0 32 252 28 817 1.622 1.432 434 158 33 18 31.631 18.141 38 0 3.137 25 2009 440 7 0 2.604 2.248 0 102 7 12 22 1.769 121 139 1.504 282 2 6 21.677 7.578 0 0 9.070 0

Nc nhp khu lao ng Libya Lin Bang Nga Macao Malaysia Maldives Malta Mzmbic New zealand Nht Bn Palau Panama Phn Lan Php man Rumania Thy in Samoa- M Slovakia Singapore U.A.E c Ukraina Jordany Tng cng

2000 256 0 0 239 0 0 0 0 1.355 385 389 0 0 0 0 0 48 0 84 0 0 0 0 31.500

2003 178 0 0 38.227 0 0 0 0 2.256 31 409 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 7 339 0 0 0 75.000

2005 0 0 0 24.605 0 0 0 0 2.955 14 232 0 32 0 0 0 0 0 60 834 0 0 0 70.594

2006 88 0 0 37.941 0 0 0 0 5.360 0 25 0 9 0 0 0 0 0 31 1.743 0 0 0 78.855

2007 162 33 2.132 26.704 203 0 0 0 5.517 19 383 0 0 39 0 0 5 15 129 2.130 32 11 109 85.020

2008 1.989 953 3.025 7.810 582 12 16 3 6.142 0 0 118 2 96 204 0 10 372 204 2.845 62 294 406 86.990

2009 5.241 1.654 3.275 2.792 3 0 6 0 5.456 0 233 0 0 309 671 136 0 84 195 4.733 40 244 0 73.028

Ngun: B Lao ng, Thng binh v X hi

Ph lc 4 :

S lng lao ng di c v kim ngch xut khu lao ng ca mt s nc Chu nm 2008

Nc xut c Myanmar Thi Lan Lo Campuchia Vit Nam Philippin Malaysia Singapore Indonesia Trung Quc n Bangladesh Pakistan Sri Lanka Nepal

S lng lao ng ang lm vic nc ngoi 1.840.000 ngi 350.000 ngi 175.000 ngi 185.000 ngi 495.000 ngi 5.030.000 ngi 400.000 ngi 150.000 ngi 5.000.000 ngi 3.000.000 ngi 5.000.000 ngi 2.100.000 ngi 1.600.000 ngi 1.500.000 ngi 700.000 ngi

Kim ngch XKL -

Cc nc tip nhn lao ng chnh Thi Lan, Malaysia

1,9 t USD Trung ng, i Loan, Singapore, Bruney 0,15 t USD Thi Lan 0,4 t USD 1,7 t USD 18,8 t USD 1,95 t USD 6,95 t USD 9,75 t USD Thi Lan Hn Quc, Nht Bn, i Loan, Malaysia Trung ng, Hng Cng, Singapore, , Malayisa Singapore, Nht Bn Malaysia Malaysia, i Loan, Hn Quc, Singapore, UAE Trung ng, Nht Bn, Hn Quc, Chu Phi Trung ng, Malaysia Trung ng, Malaysia Trung ng, Malaysia Trung ng, Malaysia Trung ng, Malaysia

Ngun:Thetis Mangahas (2009), Managing migration for decent work, The implementation of the ILO Multilateral Framework on Labour Migration (MLF) with special reference to Asia, ILO, 2009

Ph lc 5:

Kim ngch xut khu lao ng cc nc ng Nam n v tnh: ngn USD

20,000 18,000 16,000 14,000 12,000 10,000 8,000 6,000 4,000 2,000 0 Indonesia Campuchia Malaysia Lo Philippin Thi Lan Vit Nam Vit Nam, 1,300 Philippin, 6,212

Philippin, 18,800

Indonesia, 6,950

Vit Nam, 1,700

2000 1,190 121 981 104 6,212 1,697 1,300

2005 5,419.60 200 1,281 131 13,566 1,187 1,550

2006 5,722.40 297.4 1,550 116.4 15,251 1,333.10 1,600

2007 6,174 353 1,803 125 16,291 1,635 1,650

2008 6,950 400 1,950 150 18,800 1,900 1,700

Ngun: Thetis Mangahas (2009), Managing migration for decent work, The implementation of the ILO Multilateral Framework on Labour Migration (MLF) with special reference to Asia, ILO 2009

Ph lc 6: PHIU PHNG VN NH QUN L V CHUYN GIA

V CC YU T TC NG N S PHT TRIN XUT KHU LAO NG VIT NAM

( Phc v cho cng tc nghin cu khoa hc)

Knh gi: Qi ng/ B Hin nay, Khoa kinh t i hc Quc gia TP. H Ch Minh ang tin hnh nghin cu ti Phn tch cc yu t tc ng n pht trin xut khu lao ng Vit Nam. c nhng thng tin phc v ti nghin cu, Chng ti tin hnh kho st cc nh qun l, cc chuyn gia trong cc lnh vc cn lin quan n xut khu lao ng. Xin ng/ B dnh cht thi gian tr li bng cu hi sau. Tt c cc thong tin c ghi nhn s c bo mt v ch c s dng phc v cng tc nghin cu khoa hc Rt mong s gip v cng tc ca Qu ng/ B Chng ti xin chn thnh cm n. Mi chi tit xin lin h: Ths. Nguyn Tin Dng Khoa Kinh t i hc Quc gia TP. HCM t: 0988126699 08-39300906 Email: tiendung2101@yahoo.com.vn I / Mt s thng tin c nhn 1.1. H v tn:.......... - Nm sinh:........ - Gii tnh : Nam N 1.2. Trnh hc vn: Tt nghip i hc Thc s Tin s Trnh khc 1.3. Ni cng tc:............. ..... 1.4. Chc v:........ II / Phn dnh cho lnh o cc doanh nghip xut khu lao ng Xin vui lng cho bit mt s thng tin lin quan n doanh nghip m ng/B ang lm vic 2.1.Thnh phn kinh t v hnh thc s hu Doanh nghip nh nc Cng ty c phn nh nc chi phi Cng ty c phn Cng ty trch nhim hu hn 2.2. Loi hnh doanh nghip Chuyn doanh XKL Khng chuyn doanh XKL

2.3. Quy m vn Vn php nh di 10 t Vn php nh trn 10 t 2.4. S CB-CNV lm vic trong lnh vc XKL Di 50 ngi T 50 n 100 ngi trn 100 ngi III/ Phn chung cho cc nh qun l v chuyn gia 3.1. Xin ng/ B cho bit tm quan trng ca tng yu t di y tc ng n s pht trin bn vng XKL Vit Nam ( nh du X vo tng ng ca tng yu t vi cc mc t 1- rt khng quan trng; 2-khng quan trng; 3- tng i quan trng, 4- quan trng, 5-rt quan trng) TT Cc yu t 01 Nhu cu tip nhn lao ng Vit Nam ca th trng nc ngoi 02 Thu nhp, iu kin sng v lm vic ca ngi lao ng Vit Nam nc ngoi 03 Chnh sch tip nhn lao ng Vit Nam ca nc nhp khu lao ng 04 S lng lao ng sn sng tham gia xut khu lao ng ca Vit Nam 05 Cht lng lao ng tham gia xut khu lao ng ca Vit Nam 06 Chnh sch xut khu lao ng ca Vit Nam 07 Chnh lch thu nhp, iu kin sng v lm vic ca ngi lao ng gia Vit Nam v nc nhp khu lao ng 08 Thi gian lm vic ca ngi lao ng nc ngoa 09 Tng chi ph m ngi lao ng phi ng khi xut khu lao ng 10 Kh nng ti chnh ca ngi lao ng trc khi xut khu lao ng 11 S lng doanh nghip v t chc xut khu lao ng 12 Nng lc ca cc doanh nghip v t chc xut khu lao ng 13 C ch t chc, iu hnh v qun l xut khu lao ng 1 2 3 4 5

3.2. Xin vui lng cho bit nh gi ca ng/ B v mc pht trin xut khu lao ng Vit Nam trong thi gian qua so vi tim nng ca t nc Rt thp Thp Trung bnh Cao Rt cao 3.3. Xin ng/B vui lng cho bit mc tc ng ca tng yu t di y nh th no i vi s pht trin ca xut khu lao ng Vit Nam thi gian qua
TT Cc yu t Cc yu t v pha cu trong XKL Rt yu Yu trung bnh mnh Rt mnh

01

- Nhu cu tip nhn lao ng Vit Nam ca th trng nc ngoi - Thu nhp, iu kin sng v lm vic ca ngi lao ng Vit Nam nc ngoi - Chnh sch tip nhn lao ng Vit Nam ca nc nhp khu lao ng
Cc yu t v pha cung trong XKL

02

- S lng lao ng sn sng tham gia xut khu lao ng ca Vit Nam - Cht lng lao ng tham gia xut khu lao ng ca Vit Nam - Chnh sch xut khu lao ng ca Vit Nam
Cc yu t v ti chnh ca ngi lao ng

03

- Chnh lch thu nhp, iu kin sng v lm vic ca ngi lao ng gia Vit Nam v nc nhp khu lao ng - Thi giann lm vic ca ngi lao ng nc ngoa - Tng chi ph m ngi lao ng phi ng khi xut khu lao ng - Kh nng ti chnh ca ngi lao ng trc khi xut khu lao ng 04
Cc yu t v c ch v qun l XKL

- S lng doanh nghip v t chc c php xut khu lao ng - Nng lc cnh tranh ca cc doanh nghip v t chc xut khu lao ng - C ch t chc, iu hnh v qun l xut khu lao ng Xin chn thnh cm n

Ph lc 7:

Item-Total Statistics Scale Mean Scale Corrected Squared Cronbach's if Item Variance if Item-Total Multiple Alpha if Item Deleted Item Deleted Correlation Correlation Deleted

NC TNLD SL LDXK SL DNXK CP XKLD CL LDXK CS XKLD CL TNLD NL DNXK TN LDXK CS NKLD KNTC LD TG XKLD CCTC QL

34.89 35.86 35.11 34.57 35.82 35.30 34.73 34.36 35.68 34.81 34.36 34.50 35.87

38.388 38.219 39.432 36.832 37.711 39.028 38.772 39.160 38.228 39.287 37.959 39.979 36.918

.615 .619 .545 .637 .611 .538 .562 .530 .598 .517 .593 .478 .681

.411 .431 .335 .456 .429 .327 .366 .336 .416 .320 .392 .279 .505

.879 .879 .882 .878 .879 .883 .882 .883 .880 .884 .880 .885 .875

a. Predictors: (Constant), CCTC QL, TG XKLD, CS NKLD, CS XKLD, NL DNXK, SL DNXK, CL LDXK, CL TNLD, KNTC LD , TN LDXK, NC TNLD, SL LDXK, CP XKLD b. Dependent Variable: MDPT XKLD

Ngun: Kt qu iu tra 199 chuyn gia v nh qun l xut khu lao ng

Ph lc 8: Cronbach's Alpha .889

Reliability Statistics Cronbach's Alpha Based on Standardized Items .888 N of Items 13

a. Predictors: (Constant), CCTC QL, TG XKLD, CS NKLD, CS XKLD, NL DNXK, SL DNXK, CL LDXK, CL TNLD, KNTC LD , TN LDXK, NC TNLD, SL LDXK, CP XKLD b. Dependent Variable: MDPT XKLD

Ngun: Kt qu iu tra 199 chuyn gia v nh qun l xut khu lao ng Ph lc 9: Model 1 R .961
a

Model Summaryb R Square .923 Adjusted R Square .917 Std. Error of the Estimate .190 Durbin-Watson 1.853

a. Predictors: (Constant), CCTC QL, TG XKLD, CS NKLD, CS XKLD, NL DNXK, SL DNXK, CL LDXK, CL TNLD, KNTC LD , TN LDXK, NC TNLD, SL LDXK, CP XKLD b. Dependent Variable: MDPT XKLD

Ngun: Kt qu iu tra 199 chuyn gia v nh qun l xut khu lao ng Ph lc 10: Model 1 Regression Residual Total Sum of Squares 80.061 6.703 86.764 ANOVAb df 13 185 198 Mean Square 6.159 .036 F 169.969 Sig. .000a

a. Predictors: (Constant), CCTC QL, TG XKLD, CS NKLD, CS XKLD, NL DNXK, SL DNXK, CL LDXK, CL TNLD, KNTC LD , TN LDXK, NC TNLD, SL LDXK, CP XKLD b. Dependent Variable: MDPT XKLD

Ngun: Kt qu iu tra 199 chuyn gia v nh qun l xut khu lao ng

Ph lc 11:

Biu Histogram ca m hnh nghin cu

Ph lc 12:

Biu Normal P-P plot ca m hnh nghin cu

Ph lc 13:

D bo tng s dn v dn s th gii trong tui lao ng n v tnh: 1.000 ngi 2010 2012 2015 2020

Nm

Th gii -Tng dn s 6.004.356 7.060.790 7.292.870 7.664.762 3.056.573 3.128.723 3.227.475 3.374.718 -Dn s trong tui L Chu -S dn 4.166.308 4.256.494 4.389.000 4.596.189 1.888.316 1.930.694 1.986.494 2.064.517 -Dn s trong tui L Chu u -S dn 729.544 728.515 726.284 721.107 340.387 339.138 335.342 324.973 -Dn s trong tui L Chu c -S dn 34.982 35.777 36.960 38.910 16.321 16.676 17.248 18.096 -Dn s trong tui L Chu Phi 1.149.021 1.270.428 -S dn 1.031.919 1.078.055 383.044 404.017 437.227 497.737 -Dn s trong tui L Chu M - La tinh -S dn 593.160 607.121 627.405 658.993 263.181 271.281 282.478 298.959 -Dn s trong tui L Bc M -S dn 348.443 354.828 364.201 379.135 165.324 166.892 168.686 170.510 -Dn s trong tui L Ngun: Economically Active Population Estimates and Projections, ILO, 2009

Ph lc 14: D bo s dn, dn s trong tui lao ng mt s nc v khu vc n v tnh: 1.000 ngi Nm 2010 2012 2015 2020 Nht Bn -S dn 127.758 127.419 126.607 124.489 54.234 53.390 52.505 51.476 -Dn s trong tui L Hn Quc -S dn -Dn s trong tui L ng- Nam -S dn -Dn s trong tui L Trung ng (GCC) -S dn -Dn s trong tui L Bc Phi -S dn -Dn s trong tui L Bc M -S dn -Dn s trong tui L c+New Zealand -S dn -Dn s trong tui L ng u -S dn -Dn s trong tui L Nga,Ukraina,Kazashtan Belarus v Mdva -S dn -Dn s trong tui L 48.673 21.808 594.214 279.062 38.643 15.686 206.295 68.919 348.443 165.324 25.647 12.382 296.755 71.278 48.894 21.904 608.123 287.337 40.302 16.373 213.092 71.870 354.828 166.892 26.131 12.664 287.889 136.531 49.117 21.879 628.038 298.404 42.780 17.369 223.208 76.076 364.201 168.686 26.854 12.765 283.474 132.814 49.221 21.196 658.591 313.940 46.849 18.875 239.529 82.517 379.135 170.510 28.064 13.012 275.701 125.281

214.483 212.367 209.111 203.363 102.834 101.421 98.525 92.573 Ngun: Economically Active Population Estimates and Projections, ILO, 2009

Ph lc 15 : Danh sch cc doanh nghip xut khu lao ng ca Vit Nam tnh n 31/12/2009
STT 1 2 3 4 Ngy cp 8/1/2009 31/12/2007 7/7/2008 14/1/2008 S GP 180 26 143 48 Tn Cng ty Tn ting Anh Tn vit tt aic., jsc Airseco., jsc airserco alsimexco.,jsc a ch S T Loi hnh Vn CTCP -TN CTCP-NNKCP CTCP -NNCP CTCP-NNCP

Cng ty c phn Tin b Quc Advanced International t Joint Stock Company Cng ty c phn Dch v & Thng mi hng khng Cng ty c phn cung ng dch v Hng Khng Cng ty c phn Cung ng&Xut nhp khu Hng khng Air Service and Trading Joint Stock Company

2/7/2008

141

22/5/2008

119

9/4/2008

101

8 9 10 11 12 13

18/12/2008 27/11/2008 31/12/2007 8/1/2008 28/7/2008 31/3/2008

179 170 22 33 146 89

Air Services Supply Joint Stock Company Aviation Labour Supply and Import-Export Joint Stock Company Quangninh aquatic Cng ty c phn Xut khu Products Export Joint Thu sn 2 Qung Ninh Stock Company No. 2 Bach dang Import Export Cng ty c phn Xut nhp and Construction Joint khu v Xy dng Bch ng Stock Company Thai nguyen Import Cng ty c phn Xut nhp Export Joint Stock khu Thi Nguyn Company CAVICO Manpower Cng ty c phn CAVICO Supply Joint Stock Cung ng nhn lc Company Construction Joint Stock Cng ty c phn Xy dng 47 Company 47

S 75 u C, phng T Lin, Qun 04.7194488 Ty H, Tp. H Ni Phng 6, 7, tng 12, to thp B-Vin Com-191 B Triu, phng L i 04.9742733 Hnh, Hai B Trng, H Ni S 1, ng 196 Nguyn Sn, phng B 4.8731675 , qun Long Bin, H Ni S 412 Nguyn Vn C, phng B , qun Long Bin, Tp. H Ni ng 10, th trn Qung yn, Yn Hng, Qung Ninh 04.8271993 04.8732383 033.875269

aquapexco

CTCP-TN

S 268 Trn Nguyn Hn, phng Nim Ngha, qun L Chn, Tp. Hi Phng S 25 ng Hong Vn Th, phng Phan nh Phng, Tp. Thi Nguyn, Batimex tnh Thi Nguyn CAVICO cung Tng 4, N 1 CT 4 khu th mi M ng nhn lc Tr, ng Phm Hng, x M nh, T Lim, H Ni .,jsc S 8, ng Bin Cng, Tp. Quy CC47 Nhn, tnh Bnh nh S 1 Giang Vn Minh, phng Kim Cng ty M thut Trung ng cefinar.co M, qun Ba nh, H ni Cng ty c phn thng mi Chau Hung Joint Stock X Trng Trc, huyn Vn Lm, tnh Chau hung jsc Chu Hng Company Hng Yn International Cooperation S nh 13, ng 19, ph Lc Trung, Cng ty c phn Dch v Hp Service Joint Stock phng Vnh Tuy, qun Hai B Trng, CICS. JSC tc quc t Company H Ni Tng cng ty Xy dng cng 18 H c Di, qun ng a, Tp. H cienco 8 trnh giao thng 8 Ni badimexco

031.3857669

CTCP-NNKCP

0280.855430 0437854419 056.522166 04.8444555 0321.997151 04.6367198 04.8572767

CTCP-NNKCP CTCP -TN CTCP-NNCP DNNN CTCP -TN CTCP-NNCP DNNN

14 15 16 17

2/7/2008 14/1/2008 23/5/2008 5/3/2008

142 49 121 75

Tng cng ty xy dng cng trnh giao thng 1 Company of Economic Corporation Company for Labour Cng ty Xut khu lao ng Export and Commercial v Thng mi Du lch Tourism Construction Machinery Tng cng ty C kh xy dng Corporation Cng ty Hp tc Kinh t Tng cng ty c phn u t Vietnam investment Xy dng v Thng mi Vit construction and Trading Nam Joint Stock Corporation Cng ty c phn u t v Thng mi Cng ty TNHH mt thnh vin Dch v Thng mi & Xut khu lao ng Trng Sn Cng ty c phn Thng mi v Xut nhp khu xy dng Cosevco Cng ty Pht trin Kinh t K thut Vit Nam Cng ty c phn hng hi ng Cng ty TNHH SU HAI Tng cng ty Pht trin Pht thanh Truyn hnh Thng tin Cng ty c phn C kh v Xut khu lao ng Tha Thin Hu ongdo Marine Joint Stock Company Trading and Investment Joint Stock Company

cienco no-1 Coecco colecto coma Constrexim holdings ConstreximTM

S 623 ng La Thnh, phng Thnh Cng, qun Ba nh, H Ni S 187 Nguyn Du, Tp. Vinh, tnh Ngh An 103 Qun Thnh, qun Ba nh, H Ni

04.8350930 038.3858359 04.7686408

DNNN DNNN DNNN DNNN

125 D Minh Khai, phng Minh Khai, 04.8631122 qun Hai B Trng, H ni To nh HH2, khu th Cnh ng Bng, Phng Yn Ho, qun Cu giy, H ni 04.2812000

18

2/7/2008

136

CTCP-TN CTCP-NNKCP

19

2/7/2008

137

S 39 ph Nguyn nh Chiu, phng L o Hnh, qun Hai B Trng, H 04.7659918 Ni 25 Hn Thuyn, phng Bn Ngh, qun 1, Tp. H Ch Minh 08.8258662

20

6/6/2008

130

coopimex

DNNN

21

7/4/2008

97

Cosevco Trade and Import517 Trn Cao Vn, qun Thanh Kh, Export Construction Joint Cosevco-Imex Tp. Nng Stock Company detesco vietnam dongdo marine E su hai., ltd Broadcast Information Emico Development Corporation Thua Thien Hue Engineening and Labor Export Joint Stock Company S 125 Vn Cao, Ba nh, H Ni

0511.3711393

CTCP-NNCP

22 23 24 25

6/5/2008 8/1/2009 22/9/2008 10/1/2008

111 181 158 38

04.7612776

DNNN CTCP-NNCP TNHH-TN DNNN

Tng 19, thp vn phng quc t Ho Bnh, s 106 Hong Quc Vit, Ngha 043.7556140 , cu giy, H Ni S 79 Xun Hng, phng 12, qun 08.2922228 Tn Bnh, Tp. H Ch Minh S 5 A ph Thi Sch, phng Ng Th 04.9784271 Nhm, qun Hai B Trng, Tp. H Ni S 252 Nguyn Sinh Cung, Tp. Hu, tnh Tha Thin Hu

26

11/1/2008

42

Enlexco

054.823590

CTCP-NNKCP

27

31/3/2008

87

Cng ty c phn Xut khu lao ng v Dch v Thng mi Bin ng Cng ty c phn Sn xut Kinh doanh dch v v Xut nhp khu qun 1 Cng ty Vt t cng nghip quc phng Cng ty c phn xut nhp khu Tng hp II Cng ty c phn Bch ngh Ton Cu

28

7/5/2008

116

Est Sea Trading Service and Labour Export Joint Estrala jsc Stock Company First District Producing Import Export Trading and Fimexco Service Joint Stock Company Gaet General II Import & Export Joint Stock Company Global Polytechnic corporation generalimex jsc Glo-tech.corp

232/6 Quc l 13, phng 26, qun Bnh Thnh, Tp. H Ch Minh 71 C ng Khi, phng Bn Ngh, qun 1, Tp. H Ch Minh 21 Linh Lang, phng Cng V, qun Ba nh, Tp. H ni 66 Ph c Chnh, phng Nguyn ThI Bnh, qun 1, Tp. H Ch Minh Thn H Hi, x Tn Lp, huyn an Phng, tnh H Ty

08.5118819

CTCP-NNCP

08.8230610

CTCP-NNKCP

29 30 31 32

28/12/2007 17/3/2008 23/7/2008 26/6/2008

15 84 145 135

04.8325377 088.213313 0343.860333

DNNN CTCP-NNKCP CTCP-TN CTCP-TN

Cng ty c phn dch v nhn Global Manpower Services Gmas js lc Ton Cu Joint Stock Company Cng ty c phn pht trin Cng nghip-Xy lp v Thng mi H Tnh Cng ty c phn Cung ng Lao ng v Thng mi Hi Phng Tng cng ty Thu sn H Long Tng cng ty Xy dng H Ni Tng Cng ty u t v Pht trin nh H Ni Cng ty in t H Ni Cng ty c phn u t tng hp H Ni Cng ty c phn o to v Xy lp in H Ni Hatinh Industrial Development Contruction Haindeco and Trading Joint Stock Company Hai phong Trading and Labour Supply Joint Stock Company Halong Fishere Corporation Hanoi Construction Corporation Hanoi Housing Development and Investment Coporation Hanoi Electronics Coporation Hanoi Investment General Corporation Hanoi Training and Electrical Installation Joint Stock Company Halasuco halong fiscorp Hancorp HANDICO Hanel

50 Sm Sn, phng 4, qun Tn Bnh, 08.4490805 Tp. H Ch Minh

33

17/3/2008

83

162 ng H Huy Tp, Tp. H Tnh, tnh H Tnh S 21 Lng Khnh Thin, phng Lng Khnh Thin, qun Ng Quyn, Tp. HI Phng S 409 L Lai, phng My Chai, qun Ng Quyn, Hi Phng 57 Quang Trung, qun Hai B Trng, H Ni

039.855568

CTCP-NNKCP

34 35 36 37 38 39 40

11/3/2008 23/5/2008 22/4/2008 1/2/2008 20/3/2009 26/6/2008 8/12/2008

78 123 105 56 189 134 178

0313.921227/921 CTCP-NNCP 591 031.3836611 04.9439095 DNNN DNNN DNNN DNNN CTCP-NNKCP CTCP-TN

S 34, Hai B Trng, qun Hon Kim, 04 8255094 H Ni

S 02 Cha Bc, phng Trung T, 04.38524555 qun ng a, H Ni Tng 6, To nh Viglacera, x M Tr, 04.5537116 Hanic., Corp huyn T Lim, H Ni Phng 1203, nh 17T6, khu th hanoi ina., jsc Trung Ho-Nhn Chnh, qun Thanh 04.2137172 Xun, H Ni

41 42 43

23/5/2008 31/12/2007 27/2/2009

122 23 188

Tng cng ty Du lch H Ni Cng ty c phn Du lch H Ty Cng ty c phn u t v Xy dng s 1 H Ni

Hanoi Tourism hanoi tourism Corporation Hatay Tourism Joint Stock Hattoco Company Hanoi Invesment and Construction Joint Stock HiCC 1 Company No 1

S 18 ph L Thng Kit, qun Hon 04.8264066, Kim, H Ni 04.8261626 22-24 Trn Hng o, Tp. H ng, 034.3510987 tnh H Ty S 2 Tn Tht Tng, phng Trung T, 0438523631 qun ng a, H Ni 138 A Ging V, Ba nh, H Ni S 14, ng An Dng Vng, phng Chm Mt, Thnh ph Ha Bnh, tnh Ho Bnh 04.8461267/ 7262047 0218.858003

DNNN CTCP -NNKCP CTCP-NNKCP

44

6/5/2008

108

Trung tm Hp tc chuyn gia Health Manpower Supply v nhn lc y t vi nc HmSC Center ngoi Cng ty c phn Xut nhp khu 3-2 Ho Bnh Hoa Binh Import-Export Joint Stock Company Hogamex

DNNN

45

5/3/2008

74

CTCP-NNKCP

46

9/1/2008

35

47

19/2/2009

186

Huu nghi Bac Giang Cng ty TNHH Mt thnh Trading & Services Sole vin Thng mi-Dch v Hu Member Limited Libility ngh Bc Giang Company Hydraulics Construction Tng cng ty Xy dng Thu Corporation No.4 Joint Li 4 Stock Company Cng ty c phn du lch IIG IIG Travel Joint Stock Company

Hutraserco LLC

S 2, ng Ng Gia T, phng Trn 0240.856054 Ph, Tp. Bc Giang, tnh Bc Giang

DNNN

48

2/7/2008

140

205 Nguyn X, phng 26, qun Bnh Thnh, Tp. H Ch Minh 08.38993850 Phng 103, A18, khu tp th ng Xa, IIG Travel.,JSC phng Mai Dch, qun Cu Giy, H 04.5568380 Ni Hyco 4-jsc IMS 473 ng Nguyn Tri, qun Thanh Xun, H ni 04.8545465

CTCP-NNCP

CTCP-TN

49

3/12/2007

Export Import and Cng ty c phn Xut nhp International Manpower khu chuyn gia, lao ng v Supply Joint Stock k thut Company

CTCPNNCP

50

19/1/2009

184

51

28/12/2007

52 53

14/3/2008 14/3/2008

80 81

inComex Cng ty c phn tp on u Saigon Investment Importt xut nhp khu tng hp saigon group 27 Cao Thng, phng 2, qun 3, Tp. Export group corporation Si Gn H Ch Minh corp S 11, ph Nguyn Du, phng Trn Inimexco Cng ty c phn Xut nhp Hng o, Tp. Hi Dng, tnh Hi khu Hi Dng Haiduong Dng International Shipping and To nh cng Si Gn, lu 5, s Cng ty c phn Vn ti Bin Labour Cooperation Joint inlaco saigon Nguyn Tt Thnh, phng 12, qun 4, v Hp tc lao ng quc t Stock Company Tp. H Ch Minh S 4 Nguyn Tri, qun Ng Quyn, Cng ty c phn hp tc lao inlaco-hp ng vi nc ngoi Tp. Hi Phng

CTCP-NNCP 08.39290079 0320.3853940 CTCP-NNCP

08.9433770/76 0313.826867 0313.551652

CTCP-NNCP CTCP-NNKCP

54

14/3/2008

79

Cng ty TNHH Nh nc mt Hanoi International thnh vin Cung ng nhn lc Manpower Supply and v Thng mi quc t H Company Limited Ni

interserco

358 ng Lng, phng Thnh Quang, qun ng a, Tp. H ni 338 Lch Tray, phng ng Giang, qun Ng Quyn, TP HI Phng

04.5620136

DNNN

55

5/3/2008

71

Cng ty Vn ti bin v Xut International Shipping and isalco khu lao ng Labour Company Cng ty c phn Thng mi Pht trin K thut & Nhn lc Quc t International Human Resources Trading &Technology Development Joint Stock Company

031.3728209

DNNN

56

3/10/2008

160

JV net., jsc

S 30 ng Trn Cung, x C Nhu, huyn T Lim, Tp. H Ni S 23/167, ph Ty Sn, phng Quang Trung, qun ng a, Tp. H Ni

04.7556251

CTCP-TN

57

23/1/2008

53

58

12/9/2008

155

59

14/1/2008

46

60 61 62 63 64

31/12/2007 3/9/2008 23/5/2008 3/10/2008 31/3/2008

19 150 124 161 90

Cng ty TNHH Mt thnh International Labour vin Cung ng lao ng Quc Supply Company Ltd t Vietnam Leather and Cng ty c phn Da giy Vit Footwear Joint-Stock Nam Company Cng ty c phn Dch v Xut Thanh Hoa Labour and khu Lao ng& Chuyn gia Expert Export Service Thanh Ho Joint Stock Company Labour Supplying and Cng ty Hp tc o to v Training Cooperation Xut khu lao ng Company Tng cng ty Xy dng & Pht trin H tng Tng cng ty Lp my Vit Vietnam Machinery Nam Installation Corporation

latuco Leaprodexim vietnam leesco

04.8570818

DNNN

Tng 2 to nh The Manor, khu th 04.8255780 M nh, M tr, T Lim, H Ni S 74 T Vnh Din, phng in Bin, Tp. Thanh Ho, tnh Thanh Ho 037.3750928

CTCP-NNKCP

CTCP-NNCP

letco Licogi

X Minh Khai, huyn T Lim, H Ni 04.7650049 04.8545024 04.8633067 04.7689643 04.9285560

DNNN DNNN DNNN CTCP-NNKCP DNNN

65

10/3/2008

76

66

4/4/2008

93

Nh G1, phng Thanh Xun Nam, qun Thanh Xun, Tp. H Ni 124 Minh Khai, qun Hai B Trng, lilama H Ni S 38 ng Nguyn Phong Sc (ko Cng ty c phn Hp tc lao Labour Overseas di), phng dch vng hu, qun cu Lod ng nc ngoi Deployment Corporation Giy, H Ni Machinery and Spare Port machinoimpor S 8 Trng Thi, phng Hng Trng, Cng ty My v Ph Tng Hon Kim, H Ni Company t Milaco Construction, Cng ty c phn Xy dng, S 10-12/203 Hong Quc Vit, Thng mi v Du lch Quc trading and International milaco ., jsc phng Ngha , qun Cu Giy, Tp. service joint stock t Milaco H ni company Tng cng ty Khong sn v Ha Tinh minerals and S 6 ng Phan nh Phng, th x Mitraco Thng mi H Tnh Trading Corporation H Tnh, tnh H Tnh

04.8361128

CTCP-NNKCP

039.855603

DNNN

67

11/1/2008

43

Cng ty c phn MOPHA

MOPHA Joint Stock Company

Mopha., jsc

S nh 15, ng 251, t 9, ph Mai Dch, phng Mai Dch, qun Cu Giy, Tp. H Ni

04.7631496

CTCP-TN

68

28/10/2008

168

69

11/3/2008

77

New Technology Cng ty ng dng Cng ngh Application and Tourism mi v Du lch Corporation International Supplying Cng ty c phn Xy dng v Manpower and Cung ng lao ng quc t Construction Joint Stock Company Cng ty TNHH mt thnh vin o to v cung ng nhn lc quc t Nosco Cng ty c phn Xy dng, Dch v v Hp tc lao ng

newtatco

125 Hong Vn Thi, phng Khng 04.2403463 Trung, qun Thanh Xun, H Ni Quc l 1 A, km 10 Ninh Bnh-H ni, x Gia Trn, huyn Gia Vin, Ninh 030.868231 Bnh S 278 Tn c Thng, phng Hng 04.51185555 Bt, qun ng a, Tp. H ni

DNNN

Nibelc

CTCP-NNCP

70

6/6/2008

133

Nosco International nosco imast Manpower Supply and Traning Company Limited co., ltd

DNNN

71

24/12/2007

72 73 74

3/12/2007 7/5/2008

3 113

Overseas Labour Employment, Services and Oleco Construction Joint Stock Company Haiphong Tourism Oil Cng ty c phn Du lch Dch Service Joint Stock OSC HP v du kh Hi Phng Company Cng ty Du lch Dch v D OSC vietnam kh Vit Nam Cng ty c phn Procimex Vit Nam Cng ty TNHH mt thnh vin Cung ng nhn lc v Dch v du kh Cng ty TNHH Mt thnh vin Dch v Tng hp Si Gn Du kh Cng ty c phn May&Xut khu lao ng Ph Th Cng ty Sn xut Kinh doanh xut nhp khu Chn Hng

Km 10, quc l 1 A, huyn Thanh Tr, 04.8614481 H ni

CTCP-NNCP

75

1/2/2008

62

Petrovietnam Manpower Supply and Services Company Limited Saigon General Services Company Limited

40 Trn Quang Khi, phng Hong Vn Th, qun Hng Bng, TP. Hi Phng S 2, ng L Li, phng 1, Tp. Vng Tu, tnh B ra-Vng Tu L C1, Khu cng nghip dch v thy sn Nng, phng Th Procimex Quang, Q. Sn Tr, Tp. Nng Tng 9, to nh Thnh ng, s 132PetroManning 138 ph Kim M, phng Kim M, co., ltd qun Ba nh, Tp. H Ni petrosetco saigon

0313.745582

CTCP-NNKCP DNNN

064.852603 511.3923555 04.7346692

511.3923492 DNNN

76

6/5/2008

109

S 12 AB, c x Thanh a, phng 27, 08.5566133 qun Bnh Thnh, Tp. H Ch Minh S 16 ng Ho Phong, ng Gia Cm, Tp. Vit Tr, tnh Ph Th 0210.846439

DNNN

77

31/12/2007

25

Phu tho Garment & Labour Export Joint Stock Phu tho co. Company Polimex

CTCP -NNKCP

78

1/2/2008

58

S 63 L Thi T, phng L Thi T, 04.7151097 qun Hon Kim, Tp. H Ni

DNNN

79

6/6/2008

132

Cng ty TNHH Dch v Hng Hi & Du lch Si Gn Prosimex ImportCng ty c phn Sn xut kinh Export Production and doanh Xut nhp khu Trading Joint Stock Prosimex Company Cng ty trch nhim hu hn Quc Dn Quoc Dan Company Limited QUANGNINH Investement and ImportExport Joint Stock Company

proshipser co.ltd

8A Nguyn Tt Thnh, phng 12, qun 4, Tp. H Ch Minh S 45, ng 35, ng Khng H, phng Khng nh, qun Thanh Xun, H Ni

08.9400595

DNNN

80

1/2/2008

55

Prosimex.,jsc

04.8583672

CTCP-NNCP

81

28/12/2007

14

quc dn co.,ltd

P 2008, tng 20, nh 24T2, khu th Trung Ho-Nhn Chnh, phng Trung 04.2511763 Ho, qun Cu Giy, Tp. H ni S 86 ng L Thnh Tng, Tp. H long, Qung Ninh

TNHH-TN

82

31/3/2008

88

Cng ty c phn u t v Xut nhp khu Qung Ninh

Qunimex

033.627478

CTCP-NNCP

83

14/3/2008

82

Saigon Trade and Cng ty c phn Pht trin Production Development Sn xut Thng mi Si Gn Corporation Tng cng ty Du lch Si Gn Cng ty c phn Vn chuyn Si Gn Tourist Cng ty c phn Thu sn Khu vc I Tng cng ty Thu sn Vit Nam Cng ty c phn Xut khu lao ng v Dch v Vn tI Thu Min Nam Cng ty Thng mi v Dch v tng hp H Ni Cng ty c phn Simco Sng Cng ty TNHH mt thnh vin Xut nhp khu 2-9 clk Saigon Tourist Holding Company Saigon tourist transport corporation Seaproduct Joint Stock Company Region No 1

sadaco saigon tourist satraco Sea co No.1 seaprodex

200 Bis L Chin Thng, phng 9, qun 3, Tp. H Ch Minh

08.9317341

CTCP-NNKCP

84 85 86 87

19/8/2008 3/9/2008 1/2/2008 4/9/2008

148 151 61 153

23 L Li, phng Bn Ngh, qun 1, 08.8225887 Tp. H Ch Minh 25 Pasteur, phng Nguyn Thi Bnh, 08.9141889 qun 1, Tp. H Ch Minh S 36 ng 61 ph Lc Trung, phng 04.9713040 Vnh Tuy, qun Hai B Trng, H Ni 2-4-6 ng Khi, Bn Ngh, qun i, Tp. H Ch Minh S 220 ng 48, phng 5, qun 4, Tp. H Ch Minh 08.8291924

DNNN CTCP-NNKCP CTCP-NNKCP DNNN

88

8/1/2008

34

Southern Waterborne Transport Service and Selaco Labour Export Joint Stock Company Servico Hanoi

08.8266077

CTCP-NNKCP

89 90 91

7/5/2008 13/12/2007 6/6/2008

112 4 127

S 12, ng 84 Ngc Khnh, Ba nh, H Ni Simco Songda Joint Stock Nh G10, phng Thanh Xun, qun Simco Sda.,JSC Company Thanh Xun, H ni klk Septembre 2 nd simexco 23 Ng Quyn, thnh ph Bun Ma Import-Export Limited Thut, tnh klk daklal Company

04.7718683 04.5520402

DNNN CTCP-NNCP

050.950008/9500 DNNN 10/466638

92 93 94 95 96

7/4/2008 10/1/2008 8/10/2008 5/3/2008 1/2/2008

95 39 162 70 66

Cng ty c phn Xut nhp khu Tng hp Sn La Cng ty cung ng nhn lc quc t v thng mi Cng ty c phn Sng 909 Tng cng ty Sng Hng Cng ty Xut khu lao ngThng mi v Du lch Tng cng ty ng sng min Nam

SONLA General ImportExport Joint Stock Company

Song Da 909 Joint Stock Company Songhong Corporation Labour Export-Trading and Tourist Company

S 217 ng Trng Chinh, t 1, Solgimexjsco phng Quyt Thng, th x Sn La, tnh Sn La 34 i C Vit, qun Hai B Trng, SoNa Tp. H Ni song da Tng 9, to nh Sng , x M nh, huyn T Lim, Tp. H Ni 909.,jsc songhong 70 An Dng, qun Ty H, thnh ph H Ni corp. Sovilaco S 1 Ph Quang, phng 2, qun Tn Bnh, Tp. H Ch Minh 298 Hunh Tn Pht, phng Tn Thun Ty, qun 7, Tp. H Ch Minh 16 Phng Khc Hoan, phng aKao, qun 1, Tp. H Ch Minh S 635 A Nguyn TrI, phng 11, qun 5, Tp. H Ch Minh S 297 Trn Hng o, khu ph 1, phng 1, th x Ty Ninh, tnh Ty Ninh S 9 o Duy Anh, qun ng a, Tp. H ni S 298 A ng Nguyn Tt Thnh, phng 13, qun 4, Tp. H Ch Minh

022.852135 04.9763090 04.9741334 04.7684495 04.7171603 08.9976320

CTCP-NNCP DNNN CTCP-NNKCP DNNN DNNN

97

31/3/2008

85

98 99 100 101 102

31/3/2008 28/12/2007 6/5/2008 10/1/2008 22/9/2008

91 11 110 40 156

103 104 105 106

3/9/2008 4/1/2008 12/2/2009 22/5/2008

152 27 185 117

Southern Waterborne Transport Service and sowatco Labour Export Joint Stock Company Cng ty c phn Dch v Du Saigon Petroleum Service Spsc kh Si Gn Corporation Cng ty Dch v Xut khu Suleco lao ng & Chuyn gia Cng ty c phn Xut khu Bao Viet Labour Overseas lao ng v Thng mi Bo and Trading Joint Stock taylo Vit Company Cng ty dch v k thut v Technical Service and Techsimex xut nhp khu Export Import Company Saigon Textile and Cng ty c phn Dt may Si Garment Export Import texgamex Gn Joint Stock Company Cng ty TNHH Xy dng Sn xut - Thng mi Trng tg co., ltd Giang Cng ty Du lch Khch sn Thabitourco Thi Bnh Cng ty c phn Quc t Thi Thaiminh international Minh Joint Stock Company Tng cng ty Thnh An Thanh an Corporation Thamicom., jsc Thanh an Corporation

088.729748

DNNN

08.8222645 08. 9509104 066.820391 04.8524422 08.9404272

CTCP-NNCP DNNN CTCP-NNCP DNNN CTCP -NNKCP

248 ng Nguyn Hng o, phng 08.8493239 13, qun Tn Bnh, Tp. H Ch Minh S 458 ph L Bn, Tp. Thi Bnh, tnh 036.831296 Thi Bnh Tng 3, to nh Vimeco, l E9, ng 04.7690018 Phm Hng, qun Cu Giy, H Ni 141 H c Di, phng Nam ng, qun ng a, H Ni 04.8572793

TNHH-TN DNNN CTCP-TN DNNN

107 108

6/6/2008 6/5/2008

128 107

Cng ty c phn T vn u t Xy dng Thnh Cng ty TNHH Thng mi Dch v Thun Tho

Thnh Construction Investement Consultant Joint Stock Company

thanh y ., JSC THUAN THAO CO., LTD TMDS., JSC

S 41 L Hng Phong, phng in Bin, qun Ba nh, Tp. H Ni S 647 Nguyn Oanh, qun G Vp, Tp. H Ch Minh 52 L Vn Hu, phng Ng Th Nhm, qun Hai B Trng, H Ni

04.7342669 08.8953421

CTCP-TN DNNN

109

22/9/2008

157

110

28/12/2007

16

111

5/3/2008

72

TMDS Construction, Cng ty c phn Thng mi, Investment, Consultant T vn u t v Xy dng and Trading Joint Stock TMDS Company Saigon Sundries ExportCng ty c phn Xut nhp Import Joint Stock khu tp phm Si Gn Company Cng ty Xut nhp khu v Transport Investment Hp tc u t Giao thng Cooperation and Import vn ti Export Corporation Cng ty TNHH mt thnh vin u t Pht trin Cng nghip v Vn ti Cng ty TNHH Thng mi quc t Cng ty Thng mi Dch v&Xut nhp khu Hi Phng

04.9435647

CTCP-NNKCP

Tocontap saigon jsc tracimexco

35 L Qu n, phng 7, qun 3, Tp. 08.9325687 H Ch Minh 22 Phan nh Git, phng 2, qun Tn Bnh, Tp. H Ch Minh 89 Cch mng thng 8, phng Bn Thnh, qun I, TP. H Ch Minh 08.8442247

CTCP-NNKCP

DNNN

112

31/3/2008

86

Transport and Industry tracodi co., Development Investement ltd Company Limited Tradeco Tradimexco HP Traenco jsc tranco tranconsin., jsc Transmeco

08.8330315

DNNN

113 114 115 116 117

31/12/2007 14/1/2008 8/1/2008 11/4/2008 9/4/2008

20 47 30 102 100

118

9/1/2008

37

119

13/11/2008

169

International Trade Company Limited Hai Phong Trading Import Export&Services Corporation Traenco Joint Stock Cng ty c phn Traenco Company Transport and Cng ty vn ti v xy dng Construction Company Transport Construction Cng ty c phn u t v and Investement Joint xy dng giao thng Stock Company Transport Material Cng ty c phn Vt t thit Equipment Supply Joint b giao thng Stock Company General trading Cng ty c phn Thng mi Production and Service Sn xut v Dch v Tng hp Joint Stock Company

S 9 A, ng 283, ph i Cn, qun Ba 04.7624906 nh, H ni S 19 ph K Con, qun Hng Bng, Tp. Hi Phng S 46 V Th Su, phng Thanh Nhn, qun Hai B Trng, H Ni S 83 A ph L Thng Kit, qun Hon Kim, H Ni S 18 ng GiI Phng, phng Phng Mai, qun ng a, Tp. H Ni 0313.838880 04.6250950 04.9422705

TNHH-TN DNNN CTCP-NNCP DNNN

04.5743158

CTCP-NNKCP CTCP-NNKCP

ng Khut Duy Tin, phng Nhn 04.8544359 Chnh, qun Thanh Xun, Tp. H ni 12 A2 Cu Long, phng 2, qun Tn 08.8486637 Bnh, Tp. H Ch Minh

Trasesco

CTCP-NNKCP

120

22/5/2008

120

121

14/1/2008

45

Cng ty TNHH mt thnh vin Dch v v Thng mi VCCI Cng ty c phn Xut khu lao ng, Thng mi&Du lch Tng cng ty u t pht trin h tng th Cng ty c phn Xut nhp khu than-TKV Cng ty TNHH Mt thnh vin u t & Pht trin Thng mi Vn Xun Cng ty c phn u t Vnh Ct Cng ty c phn Cung ng nhn lc v thng mi VIETCOM

122

1/2/2008

60

123

28/12/2007

13

VCCI Trade & Service One Member Company Limited Tourist, Trade&Labour Export Joint - Stock Company Urban Infrastructure Development Investment Corpotation Vinacomin-Coal Import Export Joint Stock Company

TSC

S 33, ph B Triu, phng Hng Bi, 04.9344179 qun Hon Kim, H Ni S 160 ph L Trng Tn, phng Khng Mai, qun Thanh Xun, H Ni 04.5658935

DNNN

TTLC

CTCP-NNCP

udic

27 Hunh Thc Khng, qun ng a, 04.7731538 H ni S 47 ph Quang Trung, phng Trn Hng o, qun Hon Kim, H ni 04.9244634

DNNN

V-Coalimex

CTCP-NNCP

124

31/12/2007

21

Van Xuan Investment and Commercial Development Vic Company Limited Vinhcat Investment joint Stock Company vica., jsc

60 A Nguyn Ch Thanh, ng a, H 04.7754070 ni S 48 TT11B, khu th mi Vn Qun, phng Vn Qun, H ng, H Ni Phng 6, tng 3, s 18 Nguyn Ch Thanh, phng Ngc Khnh, qun Ba nh, H Ni 201 Minh Khai, qun Hai B Trng, H Ni

DNNN

125

8/1/2009

182

043.3545435

CTCP-TN

126

1/2/2008

57

Vietcom Human Resource Vietcom Supply and Trade Joint Human.,jsc Stock Company

04.7716812

CTCP-NNKCP

127

5/3/2008

73

Vietnam Trading Tng cng ty C phn Thng Engeneering Construction vietracimex mi Xy dng Joint Stock Corporation Cng ty Du lch v Tip th Giao thng Vn Ti Tng cng ty thu tinh v gm xy dng Cng ty c phn Xut nhp khu Viglacera Cng ty c phn Vit H - H Tnh Vietnam Travel & Marketing Transport Company vietravel

04.8621719

CTCP-JNNKCP

128

6/6/2008

131

190 Pasteur, phng 6, qun 3, Tp. H 08.8228898 Ch Minh To nh Viglacera Tower, x M Tr, huyn T Lim, H Ni 04.7613653

DNNN

129 130 131

2/7/2008 2/7/2008 31/3/2008

139 138 92

Vietnam Building Glass viglacera and Ceramics Corporation Viglacera Import-Export Joint Stock Company HATINH Joint Stock VIETHA Company viglaceraexim.,jsc vihatico

DNNN CTCP-NNKCP CTCP-NNCP

S 2, Hong Quc Vit, phng Ngha 04.7567712 , qun Cu Giy, H Ni ng 26-3, phng i Ni, Th x 039.885384 H Tnh, tnh H Tnh

132

8/1/2009

183

Cng ty c phn Nhn lc Quc t Vit Cng ty c phn Xut nhp khu v Hp tc u t Vilexim Cng ty c phn u t v dch v nhn lc Vit Nam Tng cng ty Xy dng v Pht trin Nng Thn Cng ty c phn Nhn lc v Thng mi Vinaconex Cng ty c phn Vinaconex Si Gn Cng ty c phn pht trin Lin Vit Tng cng ty Lm nghip Vit Nam Cng ty TNHH mt thnh vin Xut nhp khu Tng hp & Chuyn giao cng ngh Vit Nam Cng ty TNHH mt thnh vin Sn Xut-Thng mi v Xut khu lao ng Cng ty c phn Xut nhp khu Thng mi Hp tc Nhn lc Quc t Vit Nam Tng cng ty hng hi Vit Nam

Viet International Labour vilaco Joint Stock Company Vilexim Import-Export and Co-operation Investment Joint Stock Company

S 16 B TT10, khu th Vn Qun, phng Vn Qun, H Ni 170 Gii Phng, phng Phng Lit, qun Thanh Xun, Tp. H Ni 7/2 H Biu Chnh, phng 12, qun Ph Nhun, Tp. H Ch Minh 68 ng Trng Chinh, qun ng a, Tp. H Ni

04.33545233

CTCP-TN

133

1/2/2008

54

Vilexim

04.9721118

CTCP-NNCP

134

9/9/2008

154

vimas jsc Corporation of Agricultural Construction vinacco and Rural Development Vinaconex Trading and Manpower Joint Stock Company The Vinaconex Saigon Tourist Joint Stock Company Viet Nam Nationwide Development Joint Stock Company Vietnam Forest Corporation Vinaconex mec., JSC vinaconex saigon jsc vinade, jsc vinafor

08.8458249

CTCP -NNCP

135

14/4/2008

103

04.8686541

DNNN

136

3/12/2007

Nh 17T6 Khu th mi Trung HoNhn chnh, Phng Nhn Chnh, 04. 2511206 Qun Thanh Xun, H ni 47 in Bin Ph, phng akao, qun 1, Tp. H Ch Minh 08.39104813

CTCP-NNKCP

137

9/6/2009

192

CTCP-NNKCP

138 139

27/5/2009 14/4/2008

191 104

S 25, ng 630 ng Trng Chinh, phng Ng T S, qun ng a, H 04.35641095 Ni 127 L c, phng ng Mc, qun 04.8219084 Hai B Trng, Tp. H Ni Ng 149 ph Ging V, phng Ct Linh, qun ng a, Tp. H Ni

CTCP-TN DNNN

140

28/12/2007

17

Vietnam General ImportExport and Technological Vinagimex Tranfer One Founder Company Limited

04.8514708

DNNN

141

6/6/2008

125

vinahandcoop 80 Hng Gai, phng Hng Gai, qun Hon Kim, H Ni ., co, ltd Vietnam International Manpower Cooperation and Commercial ImportExport Joint Stock Company Viet Nam National Shipping Lines

04.9285750

DNNN

142

1/2/2008

68

Vinaincomex., S 5 ph Lng H, phng Thnh Cng, qun Ba nh, Tp. H Ni Jsc S 1 o Duy Anh, phng Phng Mai, ng a, H Ni

04.9716255

CTCP-NNCP

143

29/9/2008

159

Vinalines

04.5770825

DNNN

144

28/12/2007

10

Cng ty c phn pht trin nhn lc & Thng mi Vit Nam Tng cng ty Cng nghip t Vit Nam Tp on Cng nghip tu Thu Vit Nam

Vietnam Manpower Supply And Commercial Joint Stock Company Vietnam Morto Industry Corporation Vinashin Group

Vinamex JSC

145 146 147

14/1/2008 29/4/2008 8/4/2008

44 106 99

Vinamotor vinashin vinatex-LC

Tng 6, Trung tm Xc tin Thng mi H ng, s 8, ng Quang 04.33555688 trung, phng Quang Trung, H ng, H Ni S 120 ph Hng Trng, qun Hon 04.8255618 Kim, H Ni S 109 Qun Thnh, phng Qun 04.8439817 Thnh, qun Ba nh, H Ni S 32 ph Trng Tin, phng Trng Tin, qun Hon Kim, H Ni 484 Lch Tray, phng ng Giang, qun Ng Quyn, Tp. Hi Phng S 132 ng L Dun, phng Nguyn Du, qun Hai B Trng, H ni S 7 o Duy Anh, phng Phng Mai, qun ng a, Tp. H Ni S 69 ng L Bn, phng ng a, Tp. Vnh Yn, tnh Vnh Pbc

CTCP-NNCP

DNNN DNNN

148

16/10/2008

164

149

8/1/2008

32

150 151 152 153

17/1/2008 24/12/2007 13/10/2008 22/1/2008

50 6 163 51

154

6/6/2008

129

Labour and Commercial Cng ty c phn Hp tc Lao Cooperation Joint Stock ng v Thng mi Company Vinic the Company for Cng ty TNHH Hun luyn, Training Labours Supply Cung ng lao ng v Dch v and Maritime Services Hng Hi VINIC Limited Raiway Import-Export and Supply Material Cng ty c phn Xut nhp khu Vt t thit b ng st Equipement Joint Stock Company Viet-Nhat Human Cng ty c phn Cung ng Resources Supply Joint nhn lc Vit Nht Stock Company Cng ty c phn Du lch v Vinhphuc Tourism & Xut nhp khu Vnh Phc Import Export J.S.C Vietnam Sea Transport Cng ty c phn vn ti v and Chartering joint stock thu tu bin Company Waterway Transport Tng cng ty Vn ti Thu Corporation Viwaseen Manpower Cng ty c phn pht trin Supply Commercial and nhn lc, Thng mi v Du Tourism Joint-Stock lch Viwaseen Company Cng ty c phn vn ti bin Vit Nam Tng cng ty thp Vit Nam Vietnam Ocean Shipping Joint Stock Company

04.9333168 031.3829289

CTCP-NNCP TNHH-TN

vinic

Virasimex

04.9425318

CTCP-NNCP

Vitech.,jsc Vitourco

04.5770518 0211.861132 08.9404271 04.8723511

CTCP=TN CTCP-TN CTCP-NNCP DNNN

vitranschart 428 Nguyn Tt Thnh, phng 18, qun 4, Tp. H Ch Minh jsc vivaso 158 Nguyn Vn C, phng B , qun Long Bin, H Ni

viwamex., jsc

S 52, ph Quc T Gim, phng 04.2757018 Vn Miu, qun ng a, Tp. H Ni S 215 ph Lch Tray, phng ng Giang, qun Ng Quyn, Hi Phng 91 Lng H, phng Lng H, qun ng a, H Ni

CTCP-NNCP

155 156

23/7/2008 1/2/2008

144 59

Vosco

0313.731082 04.9875008

CTCP NNCP DNNN

Vietnam Steel Corporation vsc

157

28/12/2007

18

Cng ty c phn pht trin quc t Vit Thng Cng ty c phn Thng mi Tng hp tnh B ra-Vng Tu Cng ty c phn Vn Xun

Vietthang International Development General Trading Joint Stock Company Baria Vungtau Province Vung tau getraco Vivaxan VanXuan Joint Stock Company

VTC Corp

Km 103, quc l 5, ng Nguyn Bnh Khim, phng ng Hi, qun Hi An, Tp. Hi Phng

0313. 240699

CTCP-TN

158

21/8/2008

149

Vt-getraco

S 399 Nguyn An Ninh, phng 9, 064.852315 Thnh ph Vng Tu, tnh B ra-Vng 064.853031 Tu S 159 ng H Huy Tp, phng Nam H, H tnh 159 ng Nguyn Vn C, phng Ngc Lm, qun Long Bin, H Ni 2893 Quc l 1 A, phng Tn Thi Nht, Q. 12, Tp. H ch Minh Khch sn Vn Phong, khu III, th x Sn, Tp. HI Phng S 72 Nguyn Ch Thanh, ng a, H Ni 64 Hai B Trng, phng Bn Ngh, qun 1, Tp. H Ch Minh 039855623

CTCP-NNKCP

159

4/12/2008

173

CTCP-TN

160

27/11/2008

171

Cng ty c phn Xy dng v Quang Trung Construction Cung ng nhn lc Quang and Human Resources Trung Supply Joint Stock Co., Cng ty TNHH nh Thi Dng Cng ty TNHH mt thnh vin Vn Hoa H.a.i.p.h.o.n.g Anh Thai Duong Company Limited H.a.i.p.h.o.n.g Van Hoa One Membre Limited Corporation

04.36500601

CTCP-TN

161 162

4/12/2008 10/1/2008

172 41

08.5920024 0313.821558 04.8343087 04.5148312 08.38298888

TNHH-TN DNNN

163

7/4/2008

96

Tng cng ty Xy dng Thng Thang Long Construction Long Corporation Mai linh International Cng ty TNHH u t quc t Investment Company Mai Linh Limited

CTCP-NNCP

164

12/5/2009

190

TNHH-TN

Ngu n: B Lao ng, Thng binh v X hi, thng 12/2009