Rhombic Antenna

Introduction
A rhombic antenna is a broadband directional antenna co-invented by Edmond Bruce and Harald Friis, mostly commonly used in HF (high frequency, also called shortwave) ranges. The rhombic antenna is often claimed to be an exceptionally good antenna with very high gain. The argument rhombic are "very high gain antennas" seems to fall apart when we compare rhombic antennas to a standard dipole reference antenna with both antennas at the same height. Rhombic do have advantages, but it seems there is a widespread tendency to exaggerate gain.

Technical Detail

It is named after its "rhombic" diamond shape, with each side typically at least one wavelength () or longer in length. Each vertex is supported by a pole, typically at least one wavelength high. A horizontal rhombic antenna (picture below) radiates horizontally polarised waves. Its principal advantages over other choices of antenna are its simplicity, high forward gain and the ability to operate over a wide range of frequencies. It is typically fed at one of the two sharper angles through a balanced transmission line. Less commonly, it can be fed with coaxial cable through a balun transformer. The opposite end is either left open for bi-directional use, or terminated at the opposite sharp angle with a non-inductive resistor. It is directional towards the resistor end, so the termination end

points towards the region of the world it is designed to serve. Even when unterminated (bidirectional) the rhombic is not perfectly bi-directional. This is because of losses in the system primarily caused by radiation, conductor resistance, and coupling to the lossy soil below the antenna. The rhombic antenna, like other horizontal antennas, can radiate at elevation angles close to the horizon or at higher angles depending on its height above ground relative to the operating frequency and its physical construction. Likewise, its beam can be narrow or broad, depending primarily on its length. A proper combination of size, height, and operating frequency make it fit for medium or long range communication. A rhombic requires a large area of land especially if several antennas are installed to serve a variety of geographic regions at different distances or directions or to cover widely different frequencies. The rhombic suffers from efficiency problems due to earth losses below the antenna, significant power-wasting spurious lobes, termination losses, and the inability to maintain constant current along the length of the conductors. Typical radiation efficiency is in the order of 40-50%. The low efficiency significantly reduces gain for a given main lobe beamwidth when compared to other arrays of the same beamwidth. At the expense of system simplicity, it is possible to improve efficiency by recirculation of power wasted in the termination resistance of unidirectional rhombics. Use of a recirculating termination system can move efficiency into the 70-80% range by combining power that would have been wasted in the termination with the transmitter power. Such systems bring a low-loss balanced line back from the termination end to the feedpoint through a matching and phasing system. Energy that would otherwise dissipate in the termination resistance is applied in-phase with the excitation. Prior to WWII, the rhombic was one of the most popular point-to-point high frequency antenna arrays. After WWII the rhombic largely fell out of favor for shortwave broadcast and point-to-point communications work, being replaced by log periodics and curtain arrays. Larger log periodics provide wider frequency coverage with comparable gain to rhombics. Distributed feed curtains or HRS curtain arrays provided a cleaner pattern, ability to steer the pattern in elevation and azimuth, much higher efficiency, and significantly higher gain in less space. However, rhombic antennas are used in cases where the combination of high forward gain (despite the losses described above) and large operating bandwidth cannot be achieved by other means. The rhombic remains one of the least complex medium-gain options for sustained long distance communications over point-to-point circuits. Rhombics also handle considerable transmitter power, since they have essentially uniform voltage and current distribution. The rhombic's low cost, simplicity, reliability, and ease of construction sometimes outweighs performance advantages offered by other more complex arrays.

Mechanical Design

The picture above is a shot looking up the feed-end tree; showing the tapered line and the wire-supports. The entire antenna "floats" in its supports. I.e., it is only firmly attached down at the terminator end. At every other corner, the wires slide freely through their "pulleys", which are poly egg-insulators. This design automatically equalizes tension on all legs, and has proven to work very well. The antenna is always flat, and it handles high winds and tree-branch hits with ease. The rhombic itself is made from #18 enameled copper wire, and the tapered-line is made from #18 stranded tinned-copper PVC insulated wire. The 1-gallon jugs are the counterweights used to tension the antenna. The amount of water was adjusted to produce the correct tension in the wire.

It came as an unpleasant surprise to me that it's very difficult to take good pictures of thin wires against the sky and trees! <grin> In any case, below is another shot of the tapered line (red vertical wires). You can see some of the "spreaders", which were cut from ICtubes.

Advantages of Rhombic Antennas

Its input impedance & radiation pattern are relatively constant over a 2:1 range of frequencies. Its impedance can be made relatively constant over a frequency range 4:1 or more, with the forward gain increasing at 6 dB per octave. Multiple rhombic antennas can be connected in an end-to-end fashion to form MUSA (Multiple Unit Steerable Antenna). MUSA arrays can receive long distance, short wave, horizontally polarized down coming waves. In addition to its use as a simple and effective transmitting antenna (as described above), the rhombic can also be used as an HF receiving antenna with good gain and directivity. For example, BBC Monitoring's Crowsley Park receiving station has three rhombic antennas aligned for reception at azimuths of 37, 57 and 77 degrees.

Noman Ahmed Fazal EE-127