Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Table of Contents
INTRODUCTION
6
CHAPTER 1. REVIEW OF FOREST DEVELOPMENT IN VIETNAM
FROM 1989 – 2001 7
1. Role of Forestry in Vietnam’s Economy
7
2. Changes in Area and Structure of Forests
9
3. Forest Development Programs
10
4. Legal Framework for Smallholder Forestry Practice
12
4.1 Forest Ownership
12
4.2 Forest Land Allocation and Renting
13
4.3 Rights of Households Planting Forests
15
5. Native Trees in Vietnam
18
5.1 Situation of Native Tree Plantations
18
5.2 Distribution of Native Trees in Vietnam
19
6. Characteristics of Surveyed Provinces
20
6.1 Forestry in Mountainous Northern Region
20
6.2 Forestry in Lao Cai
21
6.3 Forestry in Hoa Binh
22
6.4 Forestry in Phu Tho
23
6. Summary
24
CHAPTER 2. SURVEY METHODOLOGY
27
1. Sampling Method
27
2. Response Rate
27
2
3. Data Analysis Method
28
CHAPTER 3. CHARACTERISTICS OF RESPONDENTS
29
1. Characteristics of Interviewees
29
2. Income Sources of Households Interviewed
31
3. The Poverty and Hunger Situation
32
4. Summary
32
CHAPTER 4. FOREST OWNERSHIP AND TREE DISTRIBUTION
34
1. Types of Forest Managed by Households
34
2. Land Use Certificates
35
3. Land Area per Household
37
4. Distribution of Trees in Natural Forest
40
5. Distribution of Trees in Plantation Forest and Forest Gardens
43
5.1 Planting of Exotic Trees
43
5.2 Planting of Native Trees
44
6. Mixed Plantation of Trees and Agroforestry Production
50
7. Summary
54
CHAPTER 5. TREE PLANTATION INPUT
58
1. Support from Projects for Forest Plantations
58
2. Application of Fertilizers on Trees
59
3. Seedling Supply
61
4. Thinning and Trimming
63
5. Access to Technical and Market Information
64
6. Summary
64
CHAPTER 6. PLANTATION RESULTS AND FOREST HARVESTS
68
1. Growth Rate of Timber Trees in Planting Forests
68
2. Products from Plantation Forest Thinning
69
3. Household Firewood Consumption
70
4. Harvest and Usage of Timber from Plantation Forest
71
5. Harvest from Natural Forest
74
6. Summary
76
CHAPTER 7. HOUSEHOLDS’ FOREST PLANTATION PLAN
78
1. Households Having Tree Planting Intention
78
2. Trees to be Planted
79
3
3. Forestry Planting Impediments
81
4. Reasons of Forest Plantation
84
5. Encouraging Effects of Government Support
84
6. Summary
85
CHAPTER 8. CONCLUSION
88
1. Forestry Development in Vietnam
88
2. Results of Survey in Lao Cai, Phu Tho and Hoa Binh
89
4
List of Tables
Table 0.2-1 Forest Classification, Vietnam, 1995 9
Table 0.2-2 Changes in Forest Area (M ha) 9
Table 1.5-1 Area of Some Important Native Trees in 1999 2
Table 1.6-1 Forest Area in the Mountainous Northern Provinces 20
Table 0.2-3 Survey Sample 20
Table 0.1-4 Sample Structure by Gender 28
Table 0.1-5 Interviewees Who Are Household (HH) Heads 29
Table 0.1-6 Forest Plantation Decision Maker 29
Table 3.1-4 Relationship of Respondent to Household Head 39
Table 3.1-5 Respondents’ Age 30
Table 3.1-6 Ethnicity of Interviewees 03
Table 3.2-1 Propostions of Respondents with Non-farm Earnings, by Province 30
Table 3.2-2 Non-farm Earning Sources 31
Table 3.3-1 Self-assessed Indicators of Household Welfare 31
Table 4.1-1 Forest Types Managed by Households, by Province 32
Table 4.1-2 Time Length of Natural Forest Management (years) 34
Table 4.1-3 Time Length of Plantation Forest Management (years) 34
Table 4.2-1 Agricultural Land Sources 35
Table 4.2-2 Source of Forest Land 36
Table 4.3-1 Area of Agricultural Land per Household 37
Table 4.3-2 Area of Forest Land per Household 38
Table 4.4-1 Area of Trees in Natural Forest (m2) 94
Table 4.4-2 Height Distribution of Tree Species in Natural Forest (%) 40
Table 4.4-3 Diameter Distribution of Tree Species in Natural Forest 41
Table 4.5-1 Households Planting Trees, by Tree Type 42
Table 4.5-2 Households Planting Exotic Trees 43
Table 4.5-3 Planting Year of Exotic Trees 43
Table 4.5-4 Reasons for Growing Exotic Tree Species 4
Table 4.5-5 Households Growing Native Trees 4
Table 4.5-6 Households Growing Native Species, by Species 45
Table 4.5-7 Year of Plantation Establishment 54
Table 4.5-8 Number of Trees at Time of Planting 46
Table 4.5-9 Number of Trees per Household at Time of Survey 47
Table 4.5-10 Importance of Factors for the Selection of Native Trees to Grow 47
Table 4.6-1 Proportion of Households Growing Trees in Mix 59
Table 4.6-2 Proportion of Different Tree Mixes Grown on Forest Land 50
Table 4.6-3 Proportion of Plant Mixes in ACOTR Land 51
Table 4.6-4 Proportion of Mixed Trees Grown on Fruit Land 52
Table 4.6-5 Number of HHs Mixplanting On Industrial Land 52
Table 4.6-6 Households Planting Under Trees 52
Table 4.6-7 Proportion of Households Planting Under Trees, Lao Cai (%) 53
Table 4.6-8 Proportion of Households Planting Under Trees, Phu Tho (%) 35
Table 4.6-9 Proportion of Households Planting Under Trees, Hoa Binh (%) 53
Table 5.1-1. Proportion of HH Participating in Projects (%) 54
Table 5.1-2. Proportion of HH Participating in Different Projects 58
Table 5.1-3. Households Receiving Support from Projects 8
Table 5.2-1 Households Applying Fertilizer on Timber Trees
5
Table 5.1-2 Proportion of HH Using Fertilizer out of HH Growing Trees (%)
Table 5.2-3 Quantity of Fertizers Applied to Each Tree (kg)
Table 5.3-1 Seedling Sources
Table 5.3-2 Sources of Seedlings, by Province
Table 5.3-3 Method of Seedling Production
Table 5.4-1 Proportion of Households Thinning and Trimming
Table 5.4-2 Average Statistics on Thinning
Table 5.5-1 Communication via Telephone
Table 5.5-2 Most Important Information Source
Table 5.5-3 Second Most Important Information Source
Table 5.5-4 Outside Support Needs
Table 6.1-1 HH Assessment of Best Growing Trees
Table 6.1-2 Opinion on Tree Growth Rate (%)
Table 6.2-1 Timber Gained from Thinning
Table 6.2-2 Usage of Thinning and Trimming Products
Table 6.3-1 Quantity of Firewood Used per HH (m3)
Table 6.4-2 Proportion of HH Exploiting Timber for Different Purposes
Table 6.4-3 Proportion of Households Selling Timbers
Table 6.4-4 Quantity of Timber Sold, m3
Table 6.4-5 Price of Timber Sold, m3 (000 vnd)
Table 6.4-6 Price of Timber Sold per Tree (000 vnd)
Table 6.4-7 Proportion of HH Selling Timbers in Different Ways
Table 6.5-3 Households Harvesting Products from Natural Forest
Table 6.5-4 HH Harvesting Products from Natural Forest, by Product
Table 6.5-5 Usage of Natural Forest Products
Table 7.1-1 No of HH Intending to Plant More Trees
Table 7.1-2 Methods of Timber Tree Plantation
Table 7.1-3 Area Still Available for Expansion of Timber Tree Plantations
Table 7.1-4 Reasons For Buying/Renting More Land
Table 7.1-5 Land Area HH Intend to Buy/Rent (m2)
Table 7.2-1 Popularity of Trees in HHs’ Plantation Plans
Table 7.2-2 Average Area Intended for the Plantation of Different Trees (m2)
Table 7.2-3 Households’ Knowledge on Density of Trees They Intend to Grow
Table 7.2-4 Intended Density (trees per ha)
Table 7.3-1 Obstacles in Forest Plantation
Table 7.4-1 Factors of Importance in Timber Tree Plantations
Table 7.5-1 Levels of Encouragement for Different Measures
6
Introduction
Over the past fifty years, Vietnam’s forests have been heavily depleted. The rapid
reduction in forest area has resulted in many adverse environmental impacts such as
soil erosion, landslides, water resource reduction, increased flooding and an
increased risk of extinction of many plant and animal species. On a national scale,
the government has implemented Forest Development Program 327 to increase the
forest cover area, and is in the process of implementing the Five Million Hectare
(5MH) Reforestation Program. However, until now most of newly planted forest has
been monoculture, planted mostly with acacia, eucalypt and pine species, aiming
solely at increasing the area planted (ICD, 2001). The long-term economic interests
of farmers have not been given enough attention.
2. Carrying out surveys in three provinces in the North that are representative of
smallholder forestry practice.
In the implementation process, the ICARD research group received strong support
from UQ experts in questionnaire design and detailed comments by both UQ and
FRC experts for the report draft. The research has been conducted over four months
from August to December, 2003.
During the “doimoi" process from 1989 to 2001, Vietnam achieved remarkable
progress. The economy grew rapidly with an average GDP growth of 7.1% per year.
Agriculture changed considerably, with the focus changing from self sufficiency to an
export orientation. Exports of some products including coffee, rice, pepper, and
cashews have grown to become globally signifgant. With the industrialization and
modernization process, industry has grown at an average rate of 10.5% per year, 2.5
times as rapidly as agriculture at (3.9% per year). The share of agriculture has
dramatically decreased, from 33% of the total GDP in 1989 to 23.6 % in 2001.
Rural Labor
Growth (%) Force Share (%)
16 84
80
12
76
8
72
4
68
0 64
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
In spite of its declining, agriculture remains an important area with its high proportion
of the GDP (over 20%) and of the total labor force (70%). The agricultural sector is
also important regarding the income imbalance between urban and rural residents
with 90% of the poor residing in rural areas.
Within the agricultural sector, the development of forestry is still at the primary stage
but the potential for quick initial development is there. The share of forestry in the
8
total agricultural product remained steadily low during the 1990s at about 4% (Figure
1.1-2)1.
Figure 1.1-2 Structure of Gross Agriculture Value
Share (%)
100% Fishing
Services Forestry
80%
Livestock
60%
40%
Cropping
20%
0%
86
88
90
92
94
96
98
19
19
19
19
19
19
19
Source: General Statistical Office (2000a), Table 34, p.77.
The natural forests have not been adequately protected and exploited in an efficient
manner while the proportion of planted forest remains small and farmers are not
interested in investing in forestry. Major difficulties that constrain investment in
plantation forestry include:
• Government policies do not encourage establishment of plantations, major
impediments being
high tax rate
short term of land tenure
difficulties obtaining loans due to the collateral requirements and the shortage
of long-term loan finance
lack of investment in the infrastructure for planting forest
low investment in research
• The nature of forest production discourages plantation establishment, because
forestry has:
long payback period
high logging and transportation costs due to lack of roading infrastructure
• Deficiencies in markets for forest products :
Unstable market caused by monopsonistic wood processing companies and
unplanned harvesting of plantation forest
Low stumpage price received by tree growers
Government support to the processing industry does not assist farmers due to
the monopsonistic nature of the processing industry.
1
It is true that this figure underestimates the contribution of forestry to the economy
because a large proportion of the natural forest products (timber, animals, other rare and
precious forest products) has been illegally harvested and smuggled, which is not
included in official statistics. However, large diameter logs from natural forest which is
the most important source of income source in the forestry sector, only have 36% of its
total sale quantity illegally traded (as estimated by Ogle et al. 1999c and Castren 1999 in
Salmi (1999, p.51)).
9
Because forestry is an industry not yet developed and involving many poor people,
government assistance to the industry has the potential to spur growth and help to
reduce the poverty and hunger rate remarkably. It could also decrease the social
pressure in big cities and improve the environment (providing environmental services
including preserving water resources, protecting the land and carbon sequestration),
which will considerably benefit society.
Over the last five decades, the forest area in Vietnam has declined sharply due to: (i)
forest damage by wars, (ii) over-exploitation to develop the economy after war, (iii)
shifting cultivation and (iv) lack of effective management for natural forest, leading to
the excessive illegal logging.
Table 0.2-8. Changes of Forest Area (M ha)
Year Natural Forest Planted Forest Total Area Cover ratea
(M ha) (M ha) (M ha) (%)
1943 14.00 0.00 14.00 43.00
1976 11.08 0.09 11.17 33.80
1980 10.49 0.42 10.61 32.10
1985 9.31 0.58 9.89 30.00
1990 8.43 0.75 9.18 27.80
1995 8.25 1.05 9.30 28.20
2002 9.87 1.92 11.78 36.00
a. The cover rate is calculated by dividing the total forest area out of the total natural land
area.
Source: Nguyen (2001) and FID (2002)
10
In 1943, the national level of forest cover was about 43%, approximately 14 M ha. In
1976, the forest area was still 11.2 million hectares, the forest cover rate reduced to
33.8%. Up to 1990, the remaining forest area was only about 9.2 M ha with the cover
rate at 27.8%. Averaged over 25 years (1976 - 1990), the natural forest area has
reduced by 80,000 ha per year. A significant reduction of forest coverage in the
Northern moutainous, Central Highland and South East regions over the period from
1943 to 1982 is illustrated in the map below.
The decrease in forest resources has: reduced the capacity of land to retain water,
leading to greater peak and trough in water flows; increased flooding, landslides,
erosion and landslips; reduced forest biodiversity pushing precious plants and
animals to the edge of extinction (MPI, 1999).
Since 1989, the government has launched investment projects and changed policies
in order to bring about forest recovery. Major projects include Program 327 and the
Five Million Hectare forest project. As a result, the decrease in natural forest area has
slowed and the rate of plantation establishment has started to increase.
11
Program 327 objectives initially focused on replanting forests in damaged areas,
protecting the remaining natural forest, improving fruit and industrial tree areas,
constructing infrastructure and encouraging farmers to settle and farm in fixed
locations. During the implementation process, the objectives were changed to focus
on plantation establishment and protection of the protection and special use forests.
The program was funded with 2789 billion VND (equivalent to $US 206 million, based
on recent exchange rates) from the State Budget and implemented via 412 state
forest farms (SFF). These SFFs set up projects and directly implemented them or
contracted with farmers and cooperatives to implement them (Nguyen, 2001).
Although the program helped plant 1.4 M ha of unforested land, this plantation was
inefficient and unsustainable (planted trees had a low survival rate/slow growth). The
objective of forest protection was not achieved. Illegal logging and continued shifting
cultivation lead to a reduction in the area and quality of production and protection
natural forests. According to ICD (2001, p7), there are many reasons for the lack of
success of Program 327:
• Program 327 did not pay attention to market research regarding the forest
products it produced and hence there was no regime ensuring wood products be
sold at sufficiently high prices.
• Farmers’ short-term food needs in mountainous areas were not anticipated. The
rotation cycle of trees is too long for many farmers to consider, and many harvest
early to meet their short-term food demand. In addition, some did not adequately
care for the forest, even releasing cattle into newly planted areas, which reduced
the tree survival rate. In some regions, planted forest was replaced by industrial
crops like coffee, tea and fruits.
• There was a lack of participation from local people in designing the objectives of
the program. Therefore, the objectives were set up using a top-down approach
and were not suitable to local conditions, which had to be continuously changed
in the implementation process.
• The legal environment was not stable so farmers lost trust in investing their
resources in forest. Although the rights of households growing forests were
established with the implementation of the Forest Protection and Development
Law in 1991, trouble remains with the classification of forest types2.
• The process of allocating land-use rights to farmers was slow, especially in
mountainous and remote areas.
• Insufficient funding and late disbursement resulted in low quality seed and nursery
stock.
In order to solve the problems of program 327 and increase forest coverage, in
1998 the Vietnamese government started the 5MH program (2 M ha of protection
2
The establishment of natural reserve or protection forest may dispossess farmers of the
trees or crops they have grown in the previously abandoned land or forest allocated to
them from collapsed state forest farm without compensation. This is illustrated by the
establishment of Ke Go Natural Reserve in 1996 (IUCN, 2004) and Ba Be Natural Reserve
(Zingerli, 2004). Households in these regions planted forest without receiving allowance
for planting and according to the recent regulations (Decision No.08/2001/QĐ-TTG,
detailed later on) they have the ownership of trees they grew. However, they were not
compensated or paid allowance.
12
forest and 3 M ha of production forest). The program is funded with $US 974
million from the State Budget to achieve three main targets:
• Increase forest coverage to 43%, conserve the environment for Vietnamese
communities and preserve biodiversity.
• Meet domestic timber and firewood demands, supply materials for industrial
production such as the paper industry and wood board, and gradually produce a
surplus for export taking forestry to an important position in the economy, enabling
basic changes in economic and social situations in mountainous regions.
• Creating about 2 M full-time jobs, increasing incomes of people living in nearby
forest regions, stabilizing politics, society and national defense security, especially
in highland and border regions (Nguyen Van Tiem, 1998, pp. 91-92).
Although there have been some improvements as a result of Program 327, such
as increased participation of farmers, acceleration of land-use right certificate
issuance to farmers and increased investment capital, some shortcomings still
remain. These shortcomings include a limited capacity in land messurement
leading to insecure land property rights, tree species used are limited to exotic
varieties3, a lack of technical research leading to the failure of mixed-planting
(fast-growing exotic trees suppressed slow-growing native trees, ICD (2001,
p.31)), and low quality extension services. There was also a lack of development
plans for forest (which land, what area and where to plant forest); and a lack of
thorough research into future timber demand to identify if the amount of timber
which will be produced can be consumed. The short-term and long-term benefits
to forest growers therefore have not been ensured.
The forest area will be maintained and increased if planting brings sustainable
and sufficiently large economic benefits relative to other agricultural activities.
Then forest will be preserved while the expenditure required for forest protection
is reduced. Thus, researching solutions for improving the economic benefit of
planting is really necessary.
3
Main species planted are pine, eucalyptus and acacia (ICD, 2001 p31).
13
Organizations or individuals planting with their own capital only own plant products in
the assigned forests. The other entity besides the state that has forest ownership is
the village community. Public ownership of forest by village communities that live
within the forest area has been recognized by state law. When they move to other
places, the government will make compensation and appropriate forest ownership
(Decree No.17, issued on 17 January, 1992).
Until 2001, SOEs managed the largest forest areas (34% of total) followed by
households (18%). To this date, a significant proportion of forest has yet to be
allocated (27%) (Figure 1.3).
Army force
2%
Households and Board of
Joint-venture Board of special
individuals protection forest
enterprises used forest
18% 9%
0% 10%
4
Usually, households submit an application form to the head of hamlet indicating the
piece of forest land they want, their financial and labour capacity. The head of the hamlet
consider whether the land is still free and whether the household capacity is strong
enough to invest in the land to submit the application to the chairman of the commune
who will pass it to the Forest Inspection Station and the Land Department of the
Commune. These two departments will assess the capacity of the household and design
the land use plan, which is called the green book. The green book is passed and certified
at all level to the Provincial level. After 2-3 years if all requirements in the green book are
fulfilled, the green book is changed to red book (IUCN, 2004).
5
The definition of serious violations is not available in the Forest Development and
Protection Law.
6
15
4.3.1 Protection Forest
Decision No.08/2001/QĐ-TTG by the Prime Minister specifies the rights and
obligations of households involved with protection forests.
Households signing an assignment contract to undertake forest protection,
rehabilitation and new plantation establisment with state investment funds will
receive:
- Allowance for forest protection, rehabilitating and regenerating forest, and new
planting of forest based on result assessments. The allowance for protecting 1 ha
of natural forest is 50,000 vnd/year.
- The right to harvest dried wood and forest by-products under the cover of forest.
- Thinning products (thinning rate must not exceed 20% and after thinning, forest
coverage must be over 60%), products that do not affect forest coverage (e.g.
flowers, fruit and sap) and agro-forestry by-products under forest coverage if the
household is assigned to rehabilitate and regenerate forest in addition to planting
new forest.
- Bamboo exploitation at a rate not exceeding 30% and bamboo shoot collection if
the bamboo forest satisfies protection requirements (land cover rate of more than
80%)
Exploitation procedures include:
- The Protection Forest Management Board establishes a logging plan based on
Clause 1, Article 17, Decision 08/2001/QD - TTG.
- The Provincial Department of Agriculture and Rural Development approves the
plan and submits it to the provincial People’s Committee for approval.
If households rehabilitate or newly plant forest with their own capital, they will have
100% of agriculture and forestry products (including timber) when the forest reaches
the harvestable criteria. Each year, households can harvest a maximum of 10% of
the area provided that they conduct rehalibitation or replant next crop, and continue
to manage and protect the forest. No tax payments have been specified for
protection forest managed by households. Procedures for the issue of a harvest
license include:
• For the harvest of trees to meet households’ wood and furniture timber demands:
Households submit the application to the Protection Forest Management Board.
The board will consider the issuing a harvest license.
• For the harvest of trees for sale :
- Households submit an application with the pre-approval of the Protection
Forest Management Board to the Provincial Department of Agricultural and
Rural Development.
- If approved, the household sets up a harvest plan.
- The Provincial Department of Agricultural and Rural Development approves
the plan and submits it to the Provincial People’s Committee for approval.
To have above rights, the owners have to fulfill the following responsibilities:
- Have to comply with all regulations, laws and technical guidelines in managing
land, forest land and carrying on bussiness with forest.
- The usage of forestry land must comply with the purpose specified for the forest.
- Have to pay natural resource tax ranging from 0-45% depending on individual
forest products7. This tax is exempt if the natural forest is regenerated by
nurturing (Decision 661/TTg on 29/7/1998). People in the remote regions can be
considered to be exempt from natural tax (Circular 69/TC on 27/11/1991).
- Have to pay export tax if the product is exported8
- Value added tax for products used domestically (10% for timber, bamboo shoot,
and products processed from timber except for tools for teaching, study, research,
experiments and children toys which have a tax of 5%, and 5% for other forestry
products, products made from bamboo, jute, sedge).
7
Tax ranges from 15-45% for timber, 5% for firewood, 10% for bamboo; 25% for Aquilaria
crassna Pierre, morinda officinalis ; 10% for Illicium verum Hook. f , cinnamon, Amomum
echinosphaera K. ; 5% for medicine materials; 20% for birds, wild animals that are
allowed to harvest (Natural Resource Tax Law issued on 30/3/1998 and changed on 28/4/
1998 quoted in NTFP (2004, p19)).
8
Export tax for timber from natural forest is 20% (Decision 1124/1997/QĐ - TTg on
25/12/1997)
17
- Income tax of 28% for individuals/ enterprises doing trade with forest products.
High income individuals and households9 that plant and/or nurture forest also
have to pay income tax but have tax preference. Tax preference is also given to
enterprises conducting the same activities. This preference includes being exempt
from income tax for 2-4 years from the period when income was genterated and
paying only 50% of the tax level for the next 3-9 years. The reference level of tax
for the first 10 years is 20% and after that it is 28% (Decision 164/2003/N§-CP on
22 /12 / 2003).
- Report annually to the government on the state of resources in the forest area
allocated. Carry out forest resource inspections every five years to evaluate the
effectiveness of forest management and to make a plan for the next period.
b. Plantation Forest
According to Forest Development and Protection Law, households allocated with
natural forest that is plantation must construct a planting plan based on the
forestry planning of the region. The forest planting plan must include a fishery -
forestry - agriculture production combination and measures for soil protection, and
soil fertility improvement.
Households using their own capital or capital borrowed with favourable terms to plant
production forest are relatively free in forest harvesting. They are allowed to:
- Decide the time for harvesting the planted forest and non-wood products.
- Exploit, transport and sell products from trees that are not available or rarely
available in natural forests like eucalypt spp., Acacia auriculaeformis, hybrid
acacia, Styrax tonkinensis, Manglietia glauca, melaleuca, rhizophoraceae, jack
fruit, mango, longan and casuarina spp.
- Regarding trees from natural forest not on the banned list (1A group) stipulated in
Decree 18/HĐBT issued on 17th, January, 1992 by the Ministerial Committee
(now the Prime Minister) including Chukrasia tabularis, canarium, Cinnamomum
illicioides. and Fagaceae, the forest owner has only to inform the Provincial Forest
Inspection Department before harvesting for a commercial purpose. Alternatively,
they must inform the Communal People’s Committee when exploiting for family
usage to certify that the timber harvested was originally planted forest, garden
forest or scattered planted trees.
For households that planted forest with capital granted by projects, forest harvest
must comply with the specific regulations of each project.
When harvest timber from plantation forest, farmers have to pay taxes:
- land tax of 4% of product value
- export tax if product is exported (15%-20% for timber, 5% for wood chips, 0% for
processed products according to Decision 1124/1997/QĐ - TTg on 25/12/1997)
- Value added tax for products used domestically (10% for timber, bamboo shoot,
and products processed from timber except for tools for teaching, study, research,
9
Individuals or households have a total product values of over 90 million VND/year and
income of over 36 million VND/year (Circular 96/1999/TT-BTC on 12/8/1999)
18
experiment and children toys which have a tax of 5%; 5% for other forestry
products, products made from bamboo, jute, sedge).
- Income tax of 28% for individuals/ enterprises doing trade with forest products.
High income individuals and households10 that plant and/or nurture forest also
have to pay income tax but have a tax preference. Tax preference is also given to
enterprises that conducting the same activities. This preference includes being
exempt from income tax for 2-4 years from the period when income was
genterated and paying only 50% of the tax level for the next 3-9 years. The
reference level of tax for the first 10 years is 20% and after that it is 28%
(Decision 164/2003/N§-CP on 22 /12 / 2003).
- Households using their own capital are free to carry out thinning while those using
capital from the state budget and favorable capital must follow specific regulations
including:
- The cut rate is not more than 50%.
- Trees for cutting must be slow-growing, curved, damaged by insects or
shootless.
Further, the owners have to set up a thinning plan including details on: the thinning
area; tree age, height and diameter; number of trees retained; total timber volume of
the intended thinning area; cutting intensity; number of trees harvested and retained;
volume harvested and retained. That plan will be submitted to the Provincial
Department of Agricultural and Rural Development to obtain a thinning certificate.
To date, there has not been any forest inventory to estimate the area of forest planted
with native trees in the region. However, according to the assessment of forestry
experts, Hoa Binh, Lao Cai and Phu Tho are the three provinces with the highest rate
of planted native trees.
12
Vietnam is classified into 3 areas based on which the government can give more
privilege to disadvantaged students. Area I includes the high, remote districts,
communes, towns, and islands; area II include midlands and plains provinces, suburbs of
cities; area III includes districts of cities.
22
wetland rice and rain-fed hill crops, and intensive home-garden and forest-garden
production systems combining livestock, horticulture, forestry and fisheries in some
places. In upland areas farmers are more reliant on rain-fed agriculture.
Maize is the main staple crop in these areas, but there is also a wide range of other
staples including cassava, hill rice, potatoes etc.
Lao Cai has 237 thousand ha of natural forest and 52 thousand ha of plantation
forest, which gives the province a forest cover rate of 35.8%. It also has 425 153 ha
of barren land and denuded hills, of which 303 664 ha may be afforested. 50% of the
total barren land and denuded hill area is covered by grass, located at the height of
700 m, and is to be targeted for protection forest plantations.
Some forestry projects implemented in Lao Cai include Project 327, Project 661 and
some projects funded by foreign donors. The funds provided by Project 661 were
minimal (2.5 mil. VND/ha), making it difficult to plant forest since in Lao Cai, most of
the barren land and denuded hills are located in remote areas. A fund of 3.5 - 4
mil.vnd/ha would be needed if forest is to be planted properly.
Project MRDP (Mountain Rural Development Program) funded by the Swedish
Government has supplied 1,285 million VND to 324 villages, hamlets at 21
communes in 5 districts (Sa Pa, Bao Thang, Muong Khuong, Bac Ha, Si Ma Cai) to
afforest barren land and denuded hills with 7,176.000 seedlings. The project was
implemented over 4 years (1997-2000). If forest density is calculated as 2,500
trees/ha, 2,870 ha will be planted.
For forest plantation credit support, only national investment support funds are
available in Lao Cai. These funds are provided for industrial input forest plantation
(paper, artificial board) with an interest rate of 5.4%/year over a period of 8-10 years
without compounded interest. Both the original loan and interest are paid once after
carrying out forest exploitation. Loans are provided on the basis of individual projects
approved by competent agencies. However, only 3 forest enterprises, Van Ban, Bao
Thang, Bao Yen are eligible to ask for soft loans from the fund. Farmer's households
can’t get loans directly from the national investment support fund. They are invested
by forest enterprises under joint ventures, cooperations or contracts.
Organizations, households and individuals can get loans from other credit
organizations with commercial interest rates for production development. Farmers
can also apply for loans of up to 10 million VND from the Agricultural Bank without
any collateral.
Other policies involving forestry production are no different from policies at a national
level. People exploiting forest products from natural forest have to pay a natural
resource tax (0-45%). People planting production forest are obliged to pay land use
tax equivalent to 4% of their products’ value (Vu, 2001).
23
The population of Hoa Binh totals 770 000 with 57% at working age. The province
has 7 ethnic groups: Muong, Kinh, Thai, Dao, Tay, H'mong, Hoa, of which Muong
accounts for 60% and Kinh accounts for 30%.
Hoa Binh has rich mineral resources such as granite, coal, gold, and iron. Several
factories of medium scale have been constructed, including 3 cement factories (with
a capacity of 88 thousand ton each), a tunnel brick factory (20 million units), a cane
sugar mill (700 T/cane/day), a mineral water plant, a construction material plant, an
agro-forestry product processing plant and has attracted 4 enterprises with foreign
investment funds involved in agro-forestry products processing, fine art handicrafts
and electronic assemblage. The province also has many scenic places, cultural and
historic remnants, old pagodas such as Kim Boi mineral spring, Tien Lac Thuy
pagoda, and the Da river dam, which make good tourism centers (Ha Cong Dong,
2003).
As for agriculture, the province has developed areas specialising in industrial crops
and fruit trees such as tea, sugar cane, peanuts, soy bean, oranges, mandarins, and
pineapples.
The area of natural forest in Hoa Binh at present is 152 thousand ha and the area of
plantation forest is 42 thousand ha. However, natural forest has been heavily
depleted, with no timber trees that are large enough for ethnic minority people to
build houses on stilts. Forest is now dominated with small trees and bamboos.
Farmers are now attracted to forest non-timber products, selling firewood and
bamboo shoots. This is an important source of income for Hmong people living near
national road No 12. Since 1992, Hoa Binh has constructed factories that process
forest timber into chopsticks to be exported to Japan (Donovan, et al. 1997:31).
Hoa Binh has been involved with most of the projects funded by the state such as
Project 661, Project 747 supporting Da catchment people and Project 472. It has also
been supported by other projects funded by foreign donors.
24
Unlike other provinces, Phu Tho did not assign tasks from Project 327 (previously)
and Project 661 (currently) project owners to state forest enterprises because it
wants forest enterprises to concentrate on business production. It has neither
established protection forest management boards as regulated at decision Nr.08 nor
allocated natural forest or forest land planned for protection forest plantations to state
forest enterprises. The 9 SFEs only have 36 362 ha of forest they established from
barren land and denuded hills previously. This area is planted with paper material
trees.
Thanks to land allocation for forest garden establishment, forestry farms have
developed well in Phu Tho. At present, there are about 2 059 farms with sized from 1
ha upward, and a total area of 9 340 ha. Districts that have many forestry farms are
Doan Hung (601), Thanh Son (423).
Apart from forestry farm production, households, individuals and communities are
also contracted to protect, regenerate and plant forest managed by the Special-use
Forest Management Board, the management board of project 661 and state forest
enterprises. Longterm and stable contracts (for 50 years) as regulated by Decree
Nr.01/CP have not been applied in this province.
For credit support, national support fund is also the only source of credit support for
forest growers. State forest enterprises and forest farms are entitled to get loan from
the fund. Loan period is from 8 to 10 years without calculating compound interest; the
principal and interest expense are paid up when timber is harvested. The interest
rates vary in different periods and is not compounded. From 1990 to 1995, the
interest rate is 30 - 50% of commercial interest rate (around 3,5-5%/year) (Decision
Nr. 264). From 1996 to present, the interest rate is changing within the following
years:
+ 1996 - 1997: 0.81%/month (= 9,7%/year).
+ 1998 - 1999: 7%/year.
+ 2000 - 2001: 5.4%/year, not as similar as the level applied previously under
decision 264: 4.5%/year.
In practice, people are reluctant to ask loan to invest in forest plantation because of
high interest rate, complex procedures and the current low price of wood material.
Phu Tho forest growers have to pay the same tax as in Lao Cai.
6. Summary
Over the reform process, the agricultural sector plays an important role in the
economy. The development of agriculture contributes not only to the economy growth
but also help to reduce the heat of the economy for smooth development, specifically
it helps to slow down the widening of the income gap, reduce the poverty rate, the
unemployment rate in the rural area, and reduce the migration flow from rural area to
urban area and therefore, reduce the pressure of social problems caused by idle
labour in cities.
25
In the agriculture sector, forestry is still very primary, has not been paid attention for
development. The share of forestry in total product value of agriculture sector
remained low over the whole sector. The potential of the forestry development is
therefore still large. Moreover, most of forestry production locates in remote areas
where infrastructure and market access are seriously lacking compared to other
agricultural production fields and therefore forestry is concentrated with poor
population. Should forestry be appropriately developed, the development of forestry
will help reduce poor and hunger rate remarkably, decreasing the social pressure in
big cities as well as improving the environment (water resource preserving, land
protection, air refreshing...), which will considerably benefit the society.
Up to now, forests have been planted mostly in the framework of projects invested by
the state. There have been 2 big projects implemented over large scale with the
objectives of increasing the cover rate of forest. Trees planted are mainly imported
species that are easy to plant and have high survival rate. Program 327 implemented
over 6 years (1992-1998) with the total investment capital of 2 978 billion VND has
help to increase the area of planted forest by 1.4 million ha. Following Program 327,
the government invested 13,650 billion VND in Program 5 million ha reforestation to
plant 2 million ha of protection forest and 3 M ha of production forest. This program is
still beeing implemented.
Although the two programs help increase the area of planted forest dramatically, this
occurs with high cost and not sustainable. The serious problem of the two programs
is that the government did not pay attention to ensure the long-term benefits of the
forest growers. Forest growers cannot get ownership of forest land while the rent
period only last 50 years, which prohibits them from growing long life cycle trees,
especially native species. The main objectives of the two programs focus too much
on increasing covering rate of forest but do not pay attention to measures ensuring
that forest products are sold at reasonable price to encourage farmers to plant forest
with their own capital and protect the existing forest area carefully. Even worse, the
plantation of forest with one or two tree species that have the same life cycle at large
scale has resulted in oversupply of timber in many areas, which drives down the
timber price and make forest plantation less attractive to the farmers. Future forest
projects need to pay more attention to forest product market study, the diversification
of trees planted with appropriate plan.
In addition, the government needs to change some policies to provide incentives for
farmers, such as support for forestry products instead of the current high tax,
increase infrastructure investment, increase reseach investment for forest plantation,
and provide capital to forest growers with favorable conditions and low interest rate.
The plantation of native trees and mixture of native trees and other trees has
occurred mostly by chance. There have not been large scale programs, project for
native trees. Some native trees that are widely planted include Illicium verum Hook. f
in Lang Son, Cinnamon in Yen Bai, Thanh Hoa, Quang Nam, Quang Ngai;
Erythroloeum fordii in Thanh Hoa, Hoa Binh, Vinh Phuc, Cau Hai (Phu Tho); Styrax
tonkinensis and Manglietia glauca are the main trees of Centre region and North
Eastern region supplying materials of paper industry. Pinus merkusii in Northern
midland and Central region can live on arid and Laterite land; Verciania montana
Lour in Northern Mountainous region and the Central North region; Anisoptera
costata, Dipterocarpus, Hopea odorata in the South; trees producing lac (Protium
serratum, Dalbergia hupeana) in the North West. Demdrocalanrus membranaceus is
easy to plant and is the tree for hunger elimination and poverty reduction to not only
people in Thanh Hoa but also in Hoa Binh, Phu Tho province.
26
Besides, some trees are planted for test in different kind of land and climate like
Afzelia xylocarpa, Toona surei, Litsea glutinosa in Central Highland; Aquilaria
crassna Pierre, Tarietia Javanica, Sinosideroxylon Wightianum in the Centre region;
Toona surenii, Paulownia fortunei, Machilus bonii H. Lee-lauraceae, Castanea
mollissima, Castanopsis boisii in the North East; Docynia indica in the North West;
Chukrasia tabularis in Son La, Hoa Binh and Nghe An; bamboo species for bamboo
and shoot, Calamus are scatteredly planted in many places.
Native gene resource is being seriously degraded due to forest exploitation, shifting
cultivation that living environment destroying. Recovering forest by planting more
native trees becomes urgent. However, planting and developing native trees has
some difficulties. Firstly, most of native trees are wild ones having long life cycle,
which has not been carefully and fully researched, especially there is a lack in
research in biology characteristics such as demand for soil, climate, sun light,
relationship with the surrounding community, capacity to regenerate. Current
researches are limited to small - scaled experiments in specific locations and have
not been checked at large scale. Secondly, the long life cycle of native trees (50
years or more) also reduce the profitability and growers often want to invest in trees
with shorter life cycle (5-7 years) for quick harvest and recovering their capital.
Thirdly, It is not so easy to plant native trees on stunted and barren land and hills.
Investment to native tree research and research results available are still limited and
do not satisfy the demand from the production process. Fourthly, regions that
demand for planting and recovering forest with native trees are usually remote ones
where people face so many difficulties in their lives, lack of investment capital, hard
to access to new technology, and land planning is not clear. Apart from that, lack of
market for forest products is the major factor preventing people from planting native
trees. Mixed plantation of native trees and others also face many difficulties due to
the lack of research on the interaction of trees when mix-planting.
27
Chapter 2
Survey Methodology
1. Sampling Method
Based on the objectives of the ACIAR project, staff of the ACIAR project designed a
draft of questionaire for the survey and a guideline on how the sample is selected. It
was decided that the FRC would provide advice on locations selected for the survey.
The survey was to be carried out in four provinces, for each one, one district would
be selected and households in five communes of that district will be selected by the
probability proportional to size (PPS) sampling method. The total sample size was
decided to include at least 200 farmers from 200 households. These farmers would
be personally interviewed. It was also specified at the beginning that at least one
district to be selected was to be relatively remote and distant from the pulpmill and
Bai Bang.
After receiving the contract, the ICARD research group reviewed the literature and
held meetings with forestry experts, including experts from the FRC, who specialized
in policy, technical and economic areas to make the questionaire more detailed and
adjust it to capture practical issues from the field. A meeting was held between the
ICARD research group and ACIAR project staff to get approval for the final draft of
the questionaire and survey site selection. It was agreed that 3 provinces were to be
chosen for survey, including Lao Cai, Hoa Binh and Phu Tho and 70 households to
be surveyed in each province. The questionaire was then tested in one district in Hoa
Binh and adjusted to make the final version. Interviewers were selected at the
beginning of the process and got involved in the discussion on the objectives of the
survey and the contents of the questionaire provided by ACIAR project staff. They
were involved in the whole process from questionaire review to field test and
contributed to questionaire adjustment.
For each province, the group worked with the Provincial Department of Agricultural
and Rural Development to select the district and worked with the extension worker to
select communes where the growing of native tree species by households is most
common. Then, communal extension workers were contacted to obtain lists of
households growing forest trees and select households to interview in a random
manner. The communal extension workers also helped the research group to make
appointments with households for interviews.
2. Response Rate
Due to the nature of the districts chosen in each provinces, the number of communes
chosen was lower than the required number (Table 2.2-1). Due to the raining weather
in the survey week in Phu Tho, the low turning-up number of households was low
and the survey team had to increase the sample size in Hoa Binh to compensate. As
a result, the sample is a bit biased towards Hoa Binh province.
28
Table 0.2-9. Survey Sample
Province District Commune Number of Percentage
households (%)
Lao Cai Bảo Phố Lu 74 35.24
Thắng Phong Hải
Sơn Hà
Phu Tho Thanh Tân Phú 54 25.71
Sơn Thu Cúc
Hoa Binh Mai Mai Hịch 82 39.05
Châu Vạn Mai
Phúc Sạn
29
Chapter 3
Characteristics of Respondents
1. Characteristics of Interviewees +
Most of the interviewees were male (82% of the sample), especially in Phu Tho which
had 100% of respondents to be male (Table 3.1-1)
Most of husbands were also the household head (83% of interviewees, Table 3.1-2).
This is not by chance but due to the customs of the rural areas in Vietnam where
husbands are usually the head of the household, taking care of meetings and
participating in training courses. The wife is only the head of household in some
special cases like the husband is sick or the family belongs to the minority ethnic
group (for example Ede people in Central Highland) where the wife is always the
head of household.
For interviewed households, 83% had forest plantation decisions made by the
husband alone (Table 3.1-3). There were some households where the decision was
made from the discussion between husband and wife but not many (10%). The
number of households where the wife alone made the decision on forest plantation
was even smaller (7%).
30
Table 0.1-12. Forest Plantation Decision Maker
Decision Makera Lao Cai Phu Tho Hoa Binh Whole sample
HH No 53 44 75 172
Husband
% 72.6 83.02 91.46 82.69
HH No 10 0 5 15
Wife
% 13.7 0 6.1 7.21
Both Husband HH No 10 9 2 21
and Wife % 13.7 16.98 2.44 10.1
HH No 73 53 82 208
Total
% 100 100 100 100
a. The sample includes two households that did not grow trees and did not know who would actually
make the decision.
For interviewees who were not the household head, most of them were the wife of
the head (85.7%), and few were the husband or children of the head (Table 3.1-4).
Most of interviewees were of working age with 80% under the age of 48. (Table 3.1-
5). The youngest was 19 years while the oldest 73 years.
There were many ethnicities involved in the sample, including Kinh, Muong, Dao,
Thai, Tay. As indicated in Table 3.1-6, Kinh, Muong and Thai accounted for the
highest proportion and nearly equaled to each other, at about 30%. Kinh was the
majority in Lao Cai (69%) while Muong was the majority in Phu Tho (89%) and Thai
was the majority in Hoa Binh (74%).
31
Table 3.1-6. Ethnicity of Interviewees
Non-farm earning source Lao Cai Phu Tho Hoa Binh Whole
sample
Working for other HH No 8 1 5 14
households % 26.67 4.17 33.33 20.29
HH No 7 3 2 12
Working for enterprises
% 23.33 12.5 13.33 17.39
HH No 7 2 2 11
Doing small business
% 23.33 8.33 13.33 15.94
HH No 8 18 6 32
Pensions
% 26.67 75 40 46.38
HH No 30 24 15 69
Total
% 100 100 100 100
33
Have enough food but no No. 14 9 24 47
spare income % 18.92 16.67 29.27 22.38
Have enough food and some No. 44 34 52 130
spare income % 59.46 62.96 63.41 61.9
No. 13 11 5 29
Well off
% 17.57 20.37 6.1 13.81
No. 74 54 82 210
Total
% 100 100 100 100
4. Summary
The sample reflects the typical living style of Vietnam rural areas where husbands
are usually the head of the household, taking care of meeting, participating training
and are the ones who make important decisions for the family. Here, most of
respondents were male, the head of the households and the one who made
decisions on forest planting. For interviewees who were not the head of the
households, they were mostly the wife of the head of households. Most of
interviewees were in the working age and so they were the ones who directly
involved in forest management and planting.
The sample involved many ethnicities, including Kinh, Muong, Dao, Thai, Tay. Kinh is
the majority in Lao Cai while Muong is the majority in Phu Tho and Thai is the
majority in Hoa Binh.
The number of households that depend totally on farming activities is large. Only one
third of of households have non-farm incomes and only 17.6% of the households
have off-farm activities. This number is low compared with the national average of
33.9% of households in rural areas having off-farm activities.
The hunger rate in the sample is also high compared with the national rate (24.3%
compared with 15%). The proportion of households that are well-off is low (13.8%).
Still, households that have enough food and some spared income account for the
majority.
34
Chapter 4
Forest Ownership and Tree
Distribution
On average, a household had managed natural forest for 8.35 years. The average
management period is longer in Phu Tho (11.23 years) compared to Lao Cai and Hoa
Binh, for which the average periods are 7.37 years and 7.26 years, respectively
(Table 4.1-2).
For plantation forest, on average, a household had managed for 8 years. Lao Cai has
the longest average management period (9 years) compared to Phu Tho (7 years)
and Hoa Binh (6 years) (Table 4.1-3).
35
Table 4.1-3. Time length of plantation forest management (years)
13
Red books have important influence on land use. They certify that farmers have right to use land for 30 years
if the land is agricultural land and 50 years if it is forestry land. Farmers can use red books as collateral for loans
in banks.
36
Table 4.2-1. Agricultural Land Sources
38
3. Land Area per Household
Almost all households have paddy land (95%), many have ACOTR land (69%) and
fruit tree land (66%). The number of households that have industrial cropping land is,
however, very low (20%) (Table 4.3-1).
The average area of annual crop land (paddy and other annual crops including corn,
vegetable, peanut) per household is small, about 0.5 ha, equivalent to the average
land area per household of the Red River Delta. Most of this is the land for ACOTR,
about 70%. The average industrial cropping land per household is about that of the
annual crop other than rice land area per household. The average fruit cropping land
area per household is about the area of paddy land area.
Lao Cai has the highest proportion of households having fruit tree land (76%) and the
average area of fruit tree land per household is 2-3 times as large as that of Phu Tho
and Hoa Binh. Phu Tho has the lowest rate of fruit tree growing (46%) but the
average area of fruit tree per household in Phu Tho is larger than in Hoa Binh (873
m2 compared with 669 m2).
Industrial crop plantation in Phu Tho is common, accounting for 54% of the
interviewed households, but relatively rare in Lao Cai (16%) and very rare in Hoa
Binh (0% of interviewed households). However, the average area of industrial crop
per household in Phu Tho is smaller than in Lao Cai (0.2 ha compared with 0.6 ha).
Some households in Lao Cai have up to 2.5 ha of industrial crop while the maximum
area a household in Phu Tho has is 1 ha.
39
Paddy Land 209 100 1,458 1,216 300 10,000
Residential Land 208 99 317 347 35 3,000
Whole ACOTR Land 144 69 3,605 5,512 50 32,000
sample Pond Land 65 31 695 1,120 30 8,000
Industrial Crop Land 41 20 3,266 4,362 200 25,000
Fruit tree Land 139 66 1,172 1,863 70 12,500
40
Distribution of forest types is province-characterised. Most of households in Lao Cai
have production planting forest while the number of households having other forest
types is very small (lower than 10%). In Hoa Binh, households mostly have protection
forest (the number having protection natural forest and protection planting forest
accounts for 80%) while very few households have production forest. In Phu Tho,
both production and protection forests are common, but the number of households
having production forests is larger (61% compared to about 40%) (Table 4.3-2).
Tree species Lao Cai Phu Tho Hoa Binh Whole sample
% Area % Area % Area % Area
Bambusoidae 36.82 125,300 21.38 1,400,500 7.73 568,000 14.75 2,093,800
Dracontumelum 10.87 712,000 6.63 487,000 8.44 1,199,000
duperranum
Styrax tonkinensis 29.09 99,000 8.49 556,000 6.94 510,000 8.2 1,165,000
Canarium album 10.29 35,000 2.62 171,360 12.49 917,700 7.92 1,124,060
Chukrasia tabularis 9.68 634,000 3.83 281,700 6.45 915,700
Fagaceae 10.38 762,700 5.37 762,700
Parashorea chinensis 9.65 632,000 0.68 50,000 4.8 682,000
Oak 6.07 397,500 3.51 258,000 4.62 655,500
Anogeissus Acuminata 8.78 645,300 4.54 645,300
14
This is the Vietnamese name of the tree. The name means “Cow Lungs”. The author tried to find English
name but could not.
15
The area of each tree is calculated by adding the area of these trees across households
( ∑ percentage of each tree * Natural forest area ).
Householdi
These numbers are only estimated
numbers that help to evaluate the popularity of each tree with the assumption that the
density of plantation is the same between households and between the types of trees.
41
Milleta ichthyotona 6.29 461,900 3.25 461,900
Ormosia Balansae Drake 1.83 120,000 4.06 298,000 2.94 418,000
Manglietia glauca 11.75 40,000 4.03 263,860 0.98 72,000 2.65 375,860
Vatica fleuryana 4.89 320,000 2.25 320,000
Phoi bo 4.84 317,000 2.23 317,000
Phoebe Cuneata 10.58 36,000 0.92 60,000 2.94 216,000 2.2 312,000
Sapotaceae 4.13 303,700 2.14 303,700
Burretiodendron hsienmu 3.48 255,700 1.8 255,700
Verciania montana Lour 1.37 90,000 1.36 100,000 1.34 190,000
Toona surei 0.23 15,000 2.18 160,000 1.23 175,000
Michelia mediocris 0.92 60,000 1.36 100,000 1.13 160,000
Anogeissus Acuminata 2.05 150,400 1.06 150,400
Cinnamomum illicioides 0.92 60,000 1.05 77,000 0.96 137,000
Livistona saribus 1.69 110,860 0.78 110,860
Peltophorum tonkinense 1.36 100,000 0.7 100,000
Milleta ichthyotona 0.84 61,600 0.43 61,600
Engelhardta 1.47 5,000 0.38 25,000 0.21 30,000
Garcinia Fagraeoides 0.41 30,000 0.21 30,000
Cinnamon 0.34 25,000 0.18 25,000
Dendrocalamus 0.28 20,700 0.15 20,700
menpranace
Markhamia stipulate 0.15 10,000 0.07 10,000
Other trees 9.07 594,000 5.92 435,200 7.25 1,029,200
Total 100 340,300 100 6,549,080 100 7,347,600 100 14,200,000
Most of the trees have the height of 5-10 m, except for Parashorea chinensis with
67% having the height of above 20m and Anogeissus Acuminata with 53% having
the height of 10 – 15m. About ¾ of the Bambusoidae is 5-10m high and ¼ is 10-15m
height. For other trees like Dracontumelum duperranum, Styrax tonkinensis,
Canarium, 10-15m high is most common, accounting for about 30%. The proportion
of trees at 15-20 m is also high, 25%, except for Styrax tonkinensis, the proportion is
8% (Table 4.4-2).
Species Height
5-10m 10-15m 15-20m >20m
Bambusoidae spp. 73.37 23.84 2.33 0.47
Dracontumelum 36.67 27.83 24.39 11.11
duperranum
Styrax tonkinensis 51.35 32.69 8.46 7.50
Canarium album 35.00 32.49 25.14 7.37
Chukrasia tabularis 74.67 9.33 14.67 1.33
Fagaceae spp. 45.11 21.50 20.71 12.68
Parashorea chinensis 16.67 8.33 8.33 66.67
Oak 45.00 15.71 30.71 8.57
Anogeissus Acuminata 16.38 53.45 18.79 11.38
Milleta ichthyotona 29.17 30.28 32.22 8.33
Ormosia Balansae 49.17 31.67 12.50 6.67
Drake
Manglietia glauca 58.33 20.83 20.00 0.83
42
Vatica fleuryana 76.67 20.00 3.33 0.00
Phoi bo 66.67 16.67 16.67 0.00
Phoebe Cuneata 46.82 21.82 16.36 15.00
Sapotaceae 33.50 33.50 31.00 2.00
Burretiodendron 33.18 49.55 13.64 3.64
hsienmu
Verciania montana 80.00 10.00 10.00 0.00
Lour surei
Toona 70.00 30.00 0.00 0.00
Michelia mediocris 38.57 20.00 30.00 11.43
Anogeissus Acuminata 27.14 60.71 12.14 0.00
Cinnamomum illicioides 92.00 8.00 0.00 0.00
A.Chev.
Livistona saribus 42.00 54.00 2.00 2.00
Peltophorum 32.50 52.50 15.00 0.00
tonkinense
Milleta ichthyotona 12.00 54.00 28.00 6.00
Engelhardta 63.33 26.67 3.33 6.67
Garcinia Fagraeoides 0.00 100.00 0.00 0.00
A.Chev.
Cinnamon 50.00 45.00 5.00 0.00
Dendrocalamus 100.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
menpranacestipulate
Markhamia 50.00 0.00 0.00 50.00
Others 90.91 0.00 4.55 4.55
Diameters depend on the kind of trees (Table 4.4-3). Most of the Bambusoidae has
the diameter of 5-10 cm. The shares of different diameter categories are pretty close
to each other for Dracontumelum duperranum, Styrax tonkinensis, Melaleuca,
Chukrasia tabularis, Oak, Anogeissus Acuminata (about 20-30%). Most of Fagaceae
has the diameter of above 30cm (40%) and Parashorea chinensis has the diameter
of 20-30 cm (76%).
44
Planting Imported Trees Lao Cai Phu Tho Hoa Binh Whole sample
No of planting 1 25 16 42
% of Sample 1.35 46.3 19.51 20
% in total No of HH planting 2.38 59.52 38.1 100
native trees
Exotic tree species grown are Acacia and Eucalyptus, where Acacia is much more
common (19% of the number of interviewed households, compared to 2% for
Eucalyptus) (Table 4.5-3). Most of exotic trees were grown in 1996-1997. Acacia was
first grown in 1993 and Eucalyptus was first grown in 1994. At the time of growing,
each household on average has about 1300 Acacia trees and about 2200 Eucalyptus
trees. The largest number of trees per household reaches 6400 trees for each tree
species. However, until now, the average number of tree per household is only 810
trees for Acacia and 1450 trees for Eucalyptus.
Variable Species
Acacia Eucalyptus
Household % Whole sample 19 2
planting No of HH planting 40 4
Plantation Year Mean 1997 1996
Min 1993 1994
Max 2002 1998
Number of Mean 1329 2225
trees/household S.D. 1456 2810
Min 40 300
Max 6400 6400
Number of Mean 810 1450
remained trees S.D. 985 2269
Min 0 0
Max 3200 4800
Households grow exotic trees for different reasons (Table 4.5-4). Most of households
growing Eucalyptus because of its high growth rate while a majority of people
growing Acacia because of the support they are provided by projects (Project 661,
Project 327).
Native Tree Plantation Lao Cai Phu Tho Hoa Binh Whole
sample
No of HH 74 48 78 200
% 100 88.89 95.12 95.24
Whole sample 74 54 82 210
(%) 100 100 100 100
More than 14 native species are grown in planting forest and forest garden of
households interviewed (Table 4.5-6). The most common species include Manglietia
glauca, Dendrocalamus menpranace, Chukrasia tabularis, Cinnamon and Styrax
tonkinensis with the respective percentage of households growing to be 45%, 40%,
31%, 24% and 22%. In Lao Cai, Manglietia glauca, Cinnamon and Styrax
tonkinensis are the most popular species with the growing rate of 81%, 61% and
36%. In Phu Tho, Manglietia glauca, Styrax tonkinensis and Canarium album are the
most popular species with the growing rate of 63%, 35% and 31%. In Hoa Binh, most
of households grow Dendrocalamus menpranace (93%) and Chukrasia tabularis
(73%).
Native trees are grown scatterly in different years. The first ones were grown in 1960
and the majority were grown in the 1990s (Table 4.5-7). Popular native trees like
Styrax tonkinensis, Manglietia glauca, Dendrocalamus menpranace, Chukrasia
tabularis and Cinnamon were grown first in the 1980s and the majority was grown in
1995 – 2002. These trees are still grown in the recent years (Table 4.5-7).
Species Planting Year Lao Cai Phu Tho Hoa Binh Whole sample
Min 1986 1992 1986
Styrax Max 2003 2000 2003
tonkinensis
Mean 1996 1996 1996
Min 1985 1980 1991 1980
Manglietia Max 2003 2001 1991 2003
glauca
Mean 1996 1996 1991 1996
Min 1997 1995 1987 1987
Dendrocalamus Max 1997 2000 2002 2002
menpranace
Mean 1997 1997 1997 1997
Min 1998 1992 1995 1992
Canarium album Max 1999 2000 2001 2001
Mean 1999 1997 1998 1999
Min 1998 1991 1991
Chukrasia Max 2002 2002 2002
tabularis
Mean 2001 1999 2001
Min 1983 1990 2002 1983
Cinnamon Max 2003 1998 2002 2003
Mean 1995 1995 2002 2002
Min 1996 1996
Dracontumelum Max 1996 1996
duperranum
Mean 1996 1996
Min 1995 1995
Peltophorum Max 2000 2000
tonkinense
Mean 1998 1998
Min 1990 1990
Phoebe Cuneata Max 1999 1999
Mean 1995 1995
Min 2001 2001
Parashorea Max 2002 2002
chinensis
Mean 2002 2002
47
Min 1999 1980 1980
Bambusoidae Max 1999 2000 2000
Mean 1999 1994 1999
Min 1995 1997 1995
Toona surei Max 2000 2001 2001
Mean 1998 1999 1999
Min 1993 1994 1993
Verciania Max 1998 1997 1998
montana Lour
Mean 1997 1996 1997
Min 1996 1996
Cassia Max 2001 2001
rotundifolia
Mean 1998 1998
Min 1996 1960 1998 1960
Other Max 1996 2001 1998 2001
Mean 1996 1993 1998 1998
Among popular species, Manglietia glauca, Styrax tonkinensis and Cinnamon are
often grown in large quantity, on average 2000 – 3000 trees/household (Table 4.5-8).
Some households grow up to 10000 trees. However, the difference among
households is very large, about 3000 trees on average. Species such as
Dendrocalamus menpranace, Chukrasia tabularis and Canarium album are grown in
a smaller number, on average 300 – 500 trees/household. Some households grew up
to some thousands of trees and the average difference among households is about
500 – 1000 trees.
Compared with the growing time, the average number of trees per household for
common species (Manglietia glauca, Dendrocalamus menpranace, Canarium album,
Chukrasia tabularis) remained at the survey time is not much different, except for
Styrax tonkinensis with the number reduced to 1545 trees/household (a reduction of
40%) (Table 4.5-9).
48
Table 4.5-9. Number of Trees per Household at Time of Survey
Many different factors influence the selection of native trees to grow, but the common
factors mentioned most by the households are trees’growth rate, suitability to land
and climate and support of projects. For Manglietia glauca, the tree that is grown
most, suitability to land and climate and high growth rate are the main reasons its
planting. For Styrax tonkinensis, high growth rate, suitability to land and climate and
products are easy to sell are the main reasons. For Dendrocalamus menpranace,
Chukrasia tabularis, Canarium album and Peltophorum tonkinense, most of
households growing them because they are supported by projects (Project 661, 327,
747), and because the trees are suitable to land and climate, and high growth rate
(Table 4.5-10).
49
Table 4.5-10. Importance of Factors for the Selection of Native Trees to Grow
(% of HH stated that these factors make them select the tree out of the number of households that grow that tree)
Factors Styrax Manglietia Dendrocalamus Canarium Chukrasia Cinnamon Dracontumelum Peltophorum Parashorea Bambusoidae Toona Verciania Cassia Other tree
tonkinensis glauca menpranace album tabularis duperranum tonkinense chinensis surei montana rotundifolia
Lour
Grow fast 51 32 10 27 14 4 0 10 75 15 18 30 0 25
Suit land 27 35 3 32 2 21 0 60 50 38 36 30 67 17
High value 20 19 0 5 6 37 25 0 0 15 18 0 0 0
timber
High quality 8 5 1 0 2 4 0 0 0 0 0 10 0 17
timber
Disease 8 10 1 14 0 2 0 20 0 0 0 0 50 17
resistant
Easy to sell 27 17 3 23 3 19 0 0 0 15 18 0 0 8
Little care 4 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 50 0 0 0 17 0
High 4 3 1 5 0 0 25 0 25 0 9 30 17 8
survival rate
Support 4 2 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 31 9 0 0 0
other
plants/tree
Many grow 18 11 0 0 0 19 0 0 0 15 0 0 0 17
Diversified 0 0 0 0 0 60 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
products
Project 661 0 2 47 18 65 0 0 10 0 8 9 0 17 0
Project327 2 6 2 23 0 4 50 40 0 0 0 10 0 8
Project 747 0 1 24 0 5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Project 472 0 0 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Coop with 4 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
SFF
Foreign 0 4 13 0 22 5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Projects
Total 49 102 105 22 65 57 4 10 4 13 11 10 6 12
number of
HH grow
6. Mixed plantation of trees and agro-forestry
production
Table 4.6-1 shows the proportion of households growing trees in mix in forest land.
According to Table 4.6-1, more than a half of households grows trees in a mix. Hoa
Binh has the highest ratio of households with mixed planting (nearly 70%), followed
by Phu Tho (53.7%) and Lao Cai (37.8%).
Mixed planting types are also different among provinces (Table 4.6-2). Only Styrax
tonkinensis - Manglietia glauca mix is grown in all the 3 provinces. Styrax tonkinensis
- Manglietia glauca -(Cinnamon/Verciania montana Lour/Acacia) mix; Chukrasia
tabularis – Canarium mix and Manglietia glauca - Cinnamon mix are grown in 2
provinces. Other mixes are only grown in one province. In Hoa Binh, Chukrasia
tabularis-Dendrocalamus menpranace mix is most popular, accounting for 67% of the
households who grow trees in mix, followed by Acacia-Chukrasia tabularis-
Dendrocalamus menpranace mix (25%). In Phu Tho, Acacia-Manglietia glauca
-Cassia rotundifolia mix is most popular (16% of the households growing trees in
mix), followed by Styrax tonkinensis -Manglietia glauca -(Cinnamon/Verciania
montana Lour/Acacia) mix (13%); Acacia-Peltophorum tonkinense -Canarium mix
(13%) and Manglietia glauca -Dracontumelum duperranum -Canarium-Verciania
montana Lour mix (13%). In Lao Cai, Styrax tonkinensis -Manglietia glauca mix is
most popular (35%), followed by Styrax tonkinensis - Manglietia glauca -
(Cinnamon/Verciania montana Lour/Acacia) mix (19%), Cinnamon-Cassava mix
(19%) and Manglietia glauca - Cinnamon mix (16%).
Table 4.6-2. Proportion of different tree mixes grown in forest land
In ACOTR land, Corn-Sugar Cane-Cassava is the most popular mix (accounting for
45.5% of the households growing annual crops in mix) (Table 4.6-3). This mix is
especially popular in Hoa Binh (83%) and Lao Cai (50%). Besides, there is Bean-
Peanut-Corn mix that is grown in Phu Tho and Lao Cai and is most popular Phu Tho
(37.5%) and the second popular in Lao Cai (12.5%), after Corn-Sugar Cane-Cassava
mix.
52
Table 4.6-3. Proportion of plant mixes in ACOTR land
Plant Mix Lao Cai Phu Tho Hoa Binh Whole sample
% No % No % No % No
Green Bean Corn 25 2 17 1 13.6 3
Bean Peanut 12.5 1 37.5 3 18.2 4
Corn
Sophora japonica 12.5 1 4.6 1
L. Corn Cassava
Potato Vegetable 12.5 1 4.6 1
Corn Mia 50 4 12.5 1 83 5 45.5 10
Cassava
Tea Cassava 12.5 1 4.6 1
Sophora japonica 12.5 1 4.6 1
L. Na
Bean Vegetable 12.5 1 4.6 1
Cassava Litchi
Total 100 8 100 8 100 6 100 22
For fruit land, mixed planting is similar among provinces (Table 4.6-4). Logan-Litchi
mix is the most popular (accounting for 45.5% of the total number of households
growing fruit trees), grown in all 3 provinces. This is the mix that is the most popular
in Hoa Binh (33% of households growing fruit trees in mix) and in Lao Cai (61%) and
is the second most popular mix in Phu Tho (22%). The second most popular fruit tree
mix in the whole sample is Custard apple – Longan – Litchi (15.2%). This mix is the
most popular in Phu Tho (33%) and the second most popular in Hoa Binh (17%).
Tree Mix Lao Cai Phu Tho Hoa Binh Whole sample
% No % No % No % No
Orange Manglietia glauca Man 11 1 17 1 6.06 2
Mandarin
Custard-Apple, Longan, Litchi 6 1 33 3 17 1 15.15 5
Longan- Manglietia glauca 17 3 17 1 12.12 4
Longan Corn Cassava Litchi 6 1 22 2 9.09 3
Mango
Longan Litchi 61 11 22 2 33 2 45.45 15
Litchi Mango 11 1 3.03 1
Banana Longan Mango 11 2 17 1 9.09 3
Total 100 18 100 9 100 6 100 33
In industrial cropping land, very few households grow trees in mix (Table 4.6-5).
There are some in Phu Tho and only one in Lao Cai. Tree mixes grown are Tea-
Cassava, Tea-Cassia-Cassava and Tea-Cassia.
53
Table 4.6-5. Number of HHs mixplanting in industrial land
Table 4.6-6 describes the picture of plantation under trees. According to this table,
households that underplant only account for 29% of the sample. The rate is highest
in Hoa Binh (37.7%) and lowest in Phu Tho (12%).
In Lao Cai, cassava is the most common crop that is underplanted and usually
planted under Manglietia glauca and Cinnamon (11% of households growing
Manglietia glauca and 12% of households growing Cinnamon) (Table 4.6-7). Some
households grow Corn and Lemon grass under Manglietia glauca. Other plants that
are underplanted are pine apple, potatoes, soy bean, ginger, usually under fruit trees.
Table 4.6-7. Proportion of households planting under trees in Lao Cai (%)
54
In Phu Tho, cassava is usually grown under trees like Cassia rotundifolia (17% of
households growing Cassia rotundifolia in Phu Tho), Peltophorum tonkinense (10%),
Styrax tonkinensis (5%), Acacia (4%) and Manglietia glauca (3%) (Table 4.6-8).
However, cassava is not planted under fruit trees but tea is planted instead (10% of
households growing fruit trees).
Table 4.6-8 Proportion of households planting under trees in Phu Tho (%)
In Hoa Binh, Cassava is also the most popular plant that are underplanted, followed
by Corn and Soy bean (Table 4.6-9). Of the households growing Chukrasia tabularis,
15% plants Cassava and 12% plants Corn underneath. Cassava and Corn are also
planted under Acacia (each accounts for 14% of households growing Acacia). These
plants are also planted under Dendrocalamus menpranace but not so common (7.8%
of households growing Dendrocalamus menpranace).
Table 4.6-9 Proportion of households planting under trees in Hoa Binh (%)
7. Summary
In the sample, households often have planting forest rather than natural forest. This
may be due to the selection method that oriented towards choosing the households
that plant native trees. Households that have only planting forest account for the
majority of the sample (52%), followed by households having both planting and
natural forests (43%). Households that have only natural forest account for a small
proportion (4.3%).
The forest management experience of households is relatively short compared to the
tree life cycle. On average, households have the 8.35 years of experience in
managing natural forest and 8 years in managing planting forest.
55
The process of land use certificate issuance, which help secure the right of farmers
for their investment into their forest, is not completed yet. 23% of households having
planting forest and 18% of households having natural forest have not been issued
with red books. The number of households that were allocated forest by the state but
have not got red book remains at about 10% of households for each kind of forests.
Very few households have forest land from clearing land.
Even for agricultural land, land use certificate issuance is not completed either. Most
of land that has not been issued with red books fall in the categories of land
allocated, waiting for red books and clearing land. It is also mostly the land to grow
ACOTR.
Almost all households have agricultural activities. 99.5% of households have paddy
land, 69% have ACOTR land and 66% have fruit tree land. Households that have
industrial cropping land are few (20%).
The average area of annual crop land (paddy and other annual crops like corn,
vegetable, peanut…) per household is small, about 0.5 ha, 70% of which is the land
for crops other than rice. The average industrial cropping land per household is about
that of the annual crop other than rice land area per household. The average fruit
cropping land area/household is about the area of paddy land area.
The average area per household for production plantation forest is 2.4 ha, for
production natural forest it is 2.05 ha, for protection natural forest it is 4.3 ha and for
protection plantation forest it is 1.7 ha. The difference between households tends to
be large.
Distribution of forest types is province-characterised. Households in Lao Cai often
have production plantation forest while those in Hoa Binh often have protection forest
(both natural and plantation) and those in Phu Tho have both production and
protection forests.
Natural forests have a good variety of timber trees. There are more than 30 species
of native trees, of which Bambusoidae is most popular (account for 15% of the total
natural forest area), followed by Dracontumelum duperranum (8.4%), Styrax
tonkinensis (8.2%), Canarium album (7.9%). Chukrasia tabularis, Fagaceae,
Parashorea chinensis, Oak, Anogeissus Acuminata account for 4-6% each.
Natural forest in Hoa Binh has the largest range of tree species, of which Canarium
album, Fagaceae are most common, accounting for 12.5% and 10.4% of the total
area, respectively. Anogeissus Acuminata, Bambusoidae, Styrax tonkinensis,
Dracontumelum duperranum, Milleta ichthyotona, account for 6-8%.
In Phu Tho, natural forest has mainly Bambusoidae (21%), Dracontumelum
duperranum (11%) and Chukrasia tabularis, Parashorea chinensis, Styrax
tonkinensis accounting for about 9% each. Other trees with the share from 4-6%
include Oak, Manglietia glauca, Vatica fleuryana, Phoi bo.
Natural forest in Lao Cai is less diversified. Main species include Bambusoidae and
Styrax tonkinensis (30% each). Other species including Canarium album, Manglietia
glauca, Phoebe Cuneata account for 10% each.
56
Trees in natural forests are not very high. Most of the trees has the height of 5-10 m,
except for Parashorea chinensis with 67% having the height of above 20m and
Anogeissus Acuminata with 53% having the height of 10 – 15m. About ¾ of the
Bambusoidae is 5-10m high and ¼ is 10-15m height. For other trees like
Dracontumelum duperranum, Styrax tonkinensis, Canarium, 10-15m high is most
common, accounting for about 30%. Tthe proportion of trees at 15-20 m is also high,
25%, except for Styrax tonkinensis, the proportion is 8%.
Most of the Bambusoidae has the diameter of 5-10 cm. The shares of different
diameter categories are prety close to each other for Dracontumelum duperranum,
Styrax tonkinensis, Melaleuca, Chukrasia tabularis, Oak,
Anogeissus Acuminataabout (20-30%). Most of Fagaceae has the diameter of above
30cm (40%) and Parashorea chinensis has the diameter of 20-30 cm (76%).
For plantation forest and garden forest, plantation of timber trees and multi-purpose
trees that supply timber is very common. 98% of households grow trees in their land,
96% grow timber trees and 96% grow multi-purpose tree that supply timber.
Households growing exotic trees account for only 20% of the whole sample. Phu Tho
has the highest rate of exotic species plantation while Lao Cai almost has none. The
number of exotic species is limited to two, Acacia and Eucalyptus, where Acacia is
much more common (19% of the interviewed households, compared to 2%). Most of
households growing Eucalyptus because of the high growth rate while a majority of
people growing Acacia because of the support provided by projects (Project 661,
Project 327).
Exotic trees were mostly grown in 1996-97. Acacia was first grown in 1993 and
Eucalyptus was first grown in 1994. At the time of growing, on average, each
household grew about 1300 acacia tree and about 2200 eucalyptus tree. The
maximum number of tree grown by one household was 6400 trees for each kind.
However, the current average number of trees per household is only 810 for Acacia
and 1450 for Eucalyptus.
The number of households growing native species dominates the sample (95%). The
province that has the lowest proportion of households growing native species also
reaches 90% (Phu Tho province).
More than 14 native species are planted by households interviewed. The most
common species include Manglietia glauca, Dendrocalamus menpranace, Chukrasia
tabularis, Cinnamon and Styrax tonkinensis with the percentage of household
growing to be 45%, 40%, 31%, 24% and 22% respectively. In Lao Cai, Manglietia
glauca, Cinnamon and Styrax tonkinensis are the most popular species with the
growing rate of 81%, 61% and 36%. In Phu Tho, Manglietia glauca, Styrax
tonkinensis and Canarium album are the most popular species with the growing rate
of 63%, 35% and 31%. In Hoa Binh, most of households grow Dendrocalamus
menpranace (93%) and Chukrasia tabularis (73%).
Native trees are grown scatterly in different years with the first ones grown in 1960
and the majority grown in the 1990s. Popular native trees like Styrax tonkinensis,
Manglietia glauca, Dendrocalamus menpranace, Chukrasia tabularis and Cinnamon
were grown first in the 80s and the majority was grown in 1995 – 2002. These trees
are still grown in the recent years.
57
Among popular species, Manglietia glauca, Styrax tonkinensis and Cinnamon are
often grown with large quantity, on average 2000 – 3000 trees/household. Some
households grow up to 10000 trees. The difference between households is very
large, about 3000 trees. Species such as Dendrocalamus menpranace, Chukrasia
tabularis, Canarium album are grown with smaller number, on average 300 – 500
trees/household. Some households grow up to some thousands of trees and the
difference between households is about 500 – 1000 trees.
Compared to the time of growing, the average number of trees per household for
common species (Manglietia glauca, Dendrocalamus menpranace, Canarium album,
Chukrasia tabularis) remained at the survey time is not much different, except for
Styrax tonkinensis which has the quantity reduced to 1545 tree/household (40%).
For households growing native trees, the factors that have largest impact on their
tree selection include growth rate, suitability to land and climate and support from
forestry projects. For Manglietia glauca, the tree that is grown most, suitability to land
and climate and high growth rate are the main reasons why it is chosen for
plantation. For Styrax tonkinensis, high growth rate, suitability to land and climate
and products are easy to sell are the main reasons. For Dendrocalamus
menpranace, Chukrasia tabularis, Canarium album, Peltophorum tonkinense, most of
households growing them because they are supported by projects (Project 661, 327,
747), and because the trees are suitable to land and climate, and high growth rate
Mixed planting of timber trees is not really popular and varied between provinces.
The ratio of households growing trees in a mix is just above a half. Hoa Binh has the
highest ratio of households with mixed planting (nearly 70%), followed by Phu Tho
(53.7%) and Lao Cai (37.8%).
Mixed planting types are also different among provinces. Only Styrax tonkinensis -
Manglietia glauca mix is grown in all the 3 provinces. Besides, Styrax tonkinensis -
Manglietia glauca -(Cinnamon/Verciania montana Lour/Acacia) mix and Chukrasia
tabularis – Canarium mix and Manglietia glauca - Cinnamon mix are grown in 2
provinces, other mixes are only grown in one province. In Hoa Binh, Chukrasia
tabularis-Dendrocalamus menpranace mix is most popular, accounting for 67% of the
households who grow trees in mix, followed by Acacia-Chukrasia tabularis-
Dendrocalamus menpranace mix (25%). In Phu Tho, Acacia-Manglietia glauca
-Cassia rotundifolia mix is most popular (16% of the households growing trees in
mix), followed by Styrax tonkinensis -Manglietia glauca -(Cinnamon/Verciania
montana Lour/Acacia) mix (13%); Acacia-Peltophorum tonkinense -Canarium mix
(13%) and Manglietia glauca -Dracontumelum duperranum -Canarium-Verciania
montana Lour mix (13%). In Lao Cai, Styrax tonkinensis -Manglietia glauca mix is
most popular (35%), followed by Styrax tonkinensis - Manglietia glauca -
(Cinnamon/Verciania montana Lour/Acacia) mix (19%), Cinnamon-Cassava mix
(19%) and Manglietia glauca - Cinnamon mix (16%).
In ACOTR land, Corn-Sugar Cane-Cassava is the most popular mix (accounting for
45.5% of the households growing annual crops in mix). This mix is especially popular
in Hoa Binh (83%) and Lao Cai (50%). Besides, there is Bean-Peanut-Corn mix that
is grown in Phu Tho and Lao Cai and is most popular Phu Tho (37.5%) and the
second popular in Lao Cai (12.5%), after Corn-Sugar Cane-Cassava mix.
58
For fruit land, mixed planting is similar among provinces. Longan-Litchi mix is the
most popular (accounting for 45.5% of the total number of households growing fruit
trees), grown in all 3 provinces. This is the mix that is the most popular in Hoa Binh
(33% of households growing fruit trees in mix) and in Lao Cai (61%) and is the
second most popular mix in Phu Tho (22%). The second most popular fruit tree mix
in the whole sample is Custard apple – Longan – Litchi (15.2%). This mix is the most
popular in Phu Tho (33%) and the second most popular in Hoa Binh (17%).
In industrial cropping land, very few households grow trees in mix. There are some in
Phu Tho and only one in Lao Cai. Tree mixes grown are Tea-Cassava, Tea-Cassia-
Cassava and Tea-Cassia.
Underplanting is not so popular either. Households that underplant only account for
29% of the sample. The rate is highest in Hoa Binh (37.7%) and lowest in Phu Tho
(12%).
In Lao Cai, cassava is the most common crop that is underplanted and usually
planted under Manglietia glauca and Cinnamon (11% of households grow Manglietia
glauca and 12% of households grow Cinnamon). Some households grow Corn and
Lemon grass under Manglietia glauca. Other plants that are underplanted are pine
apple, potatoes, soy bean, and ginger, usually under fruit trees.
In Phu Tho, cassava is usually grown under trees like Cassia rotundifolia (17% of
households growing Cassia rotundifolia in Phu Tho), Peltophorum tonkinense (10%),
Styrax tonkinensis (5%), Acacia (4%) and Manglietia glauca (3%). However, cassava
is not planted under fruit trees but tea is planted instead (10% of households growing
fruit trees).
59
Chapter 5
Inputs for Tree Plantation
Of the projects, Project 661 reached the largest number of households (52% of HH
participating projects), followed by projects funded by foreign organizations (24%),
Project 327 (20%) and Project 747 (18%) (Table 4.6-2). In Lao Cai, projects funded
by foreign organizations are most popular (57%), followed by Project 327 (29%). In
Phu Tho, Project 327 is most popular (63%), then Project 661 (34%). Project 661 and
327 are also most popular in Hoa Binh, accounting for 63% and 32%, respectively,
followed by Project 747 and Project 472 (27% and 14%, respectively).
60
However, the ratios of households receiving financial support are high (more than
70% for Projects 661, 747, 472 and 58% for Project 327).
61
chinensis
Fagaceae 100 1 100 1
Cassia rotundifolia 17 6 17 6
Garcinia 0 1 100 1
Fagraeoides A.Chev.
Acacia 0 1 48 25 0 14 30 40
Multi-purpose tree in 49 51 5 21 8 64 23 136
general
Table 5.2-2 describes the proportions of households applying each kind of fertilizers
to each kind of tree out of the number of households that grow that tree. Among the
types of fertilizers used, biofertilizer is the most popular, followed by chemical
fertilizer. Manual is the fertilizer households can produce and do not have to buy but
rarely used for timber trees.
Little fertilizer is applied for trees (Table 5.2-3). The quantities of fertilizers an average
household have applied from the time of planting up to the interviewing time are 0.3-3
kg/tree for biofertilizer, 0.03 – 6 kg/tree for chemical fertilizer and 0.1-25 kg/tree for
manual fertilizer, depending on each kind of trees.
62
Tree Chemical Manual Biofertilizer
Fertilizer Fertilizer
Styrax tonkinensis 6.00 1.00
Manglietia glauca 1.70 25.03 0.54
Dendrocalamus menpranace 2.67 7.75 3.00
Canarium album 2.04 5.00 0.56
Canarium nigrum 0 0 1.00
Chukrasia tabularis 1.01 12.50
Cinnamon 0.17 0 0.33
Dracontumelum duperranum 0 0 1.00
Peltophorum tonkinense 3.05 20.00 0.57
Parashorea chinensis 0.03 0 0
Fagaceae 0.10 0 0
Erythroloeum fordii 3.01 0 0
Cassia rotundifolia 6.00 0 0
Garcinia Fagraeoides 0 10.00 0
A.Chev.
Acacia 1.80 2.55 0.53
Litchi 3.45 20.38 0
Mango 0 20.00 0
Persimmon 0 0.10 0.40
Longan 3.92 19.82 0
3. Seedlings Supply
According to the pre-survey, seedlings used to grow trees are from different sources:
s
elf-making, commercial sources and provided by projects. Projects are the main
source, supplying 46% of the seedlings. Self-making accounts for 29% and
commercial sources account for 25% (Table 5.3-1).
Most of households growing Dendrocalamus menpranace, Canarium, Chukrasia
tabularis, Dracontumelum duperranum, Acacia were supplied with seedlings by
projects. The ratio of households supplied with seedlings out of the total number
growing these trees are 71%, 74%, 82%, 67% and 87%, respectively. For
Dendrocalamus menpranace, Project 747 (Song Da Watershed Protection Project) is
the main project that supplies seedings in Hoa Binh.
Other popular trees like Manglietia glauca, Styrax tonkinensis, Cinnamon have high
rates of sell-making for seedlings (42%, 62% and 43%, respectively). Trees that have
the high rate of buying seedlings include Manglietia glauca (36%) and Cinnamon
(47%).
63
Table 5.3-1. Seedling Sources
64
commonly planted trees such as Manglietia glauca, Styrax tonkinensis, Cinnamon,
Acacia have seedlings created by seed-germination, except for Dendrocalamus
menpranace which has most of seedlings created from branch transplatation (Table
5.3-3).
65
Tree Thinning (%) Trimming (%) No of HH plant
Styrax tonkinensis 46.94 31 46
Manglietia glauca 61.76 48 95
Dendrocalamus 40 23 84
menpranace
Canarium album 9.09 9 22
Chukrasia tabularis 3.08 3 65
Cinnamon 56.14 40 57
Peltophorum tonkinense 20 20 10
Bambusoidae 7.69 8 13
Verciania montana Lour 30 10 10
Cassia rotundifolia 33.33 33 6
Toona surei 18.18 9 11
Acacia 25 23 40
Similar to thinning, trimming also helps to increase the growth rate of trees by cutting
down unnecessary branches. In Table 5.4-1, the order of trees according to the rate
of trimming is similar to that of thinning.
The age of thinning varies between trees (Table 5.4-2). The tree that has youngest
thinning age is Verciania montana Lour (2.5 years old) and the one that has oldest
thinning age is oak (6 years old). Common trees like Styrax tonkinensis, Manglietia
glauca, Dendrocalamus menpranace, Cinnamon are usually thined at the age of 3-5
years old. The remained densities also vary between types of trees, from 400 trees to
1650 trees/ha.
66
Table 5.5-1. Communication through Telephone
For the most important sources of information, the survey provides some interesting
results. For information on forestry products prices and market, most of households
use information from private business agents (30.57%) and radio-TV (30.05%).
However, there are a number of households using information from people they know
(19.69%) and from extension workers (16.58%). For information on input prices and
markets, information from private business agents is used most (33%). The
proportions of households using information from radio-TV or people they know or
extension workers are similar, about 20%. For information on technics of trowing and
caring trees, most of households rely on extension workers (64%) or learn from
people they know (22%). For information on policies (policies supporting product
sales, polices supporting input prices, polices on credit supply for forest growers),
radio-TV is the main source used by about 50% of the households. Extension
workers are also a popular source, used by about 20% of households, while the
proportion using personal relationship is only above 10%. For information necessary
67
for forest growing in general, radio-TV is the source used most by farmers (33.5%),
followed by extension workers (28.5%), personal relationship (17.4%) and private
business agents (12.97%).
The survey also reveals that there is a small proportion of households do not receive
information they need for forest plantation from any sources at all. The proportion for
information on output prices and market is 2%, for information on input prices and
market is 1.54%, for information on technics of growing and caring trees is 1.05%.
For information on policies, the proportions that do not have information are higher.
6.13% of households do not have information on policies supporting product sales,
6.25% do not have information on policies supporting input prices and 5.16% do not
have information on credit policies for forest growers.
When asked about the most important information sources, most of households
considered personal relationship is source they would turn to if they do not have
information from the other sources (Table 5.5-2). For all type of information, the
proportions of farmers considered personal relationship to be the second most
important source exceed 50% (Table 5.5-3).
The current situation of information supply is such, but the quality of information
supplied is not very good. Most of households interviewed still need more information
on technics of tree plantation and market information for tree plantation (92.8% and
91.8%, Table 5.5-4). This may be the most difficult point for forest growers at present,
lacking infomration on good markets for forestry products and information on how to
plant forest effectively. The number of households encounter difficulties on capital is
lower than for difficulties on information. According to Table 5.5-4, more than half of
households (56.4%) is self-sufficient in capital.
68
Table 5.5-4. Needs for Outside Supports
6. Summary
Not many households were supported by projects (57%). Hoa Binh has the highest
proportion of households participating projects (95%), followed by Phu Tho (65%)
and Lao Cai (9%). Project 661 reached the largest number of households (52% of
HH participating projects), followed by projects funded by foreign organizations
(24%), Project 327 (20%) and Project 747 (18%). In Lao Cai, projects funded by
foreign organizations are most popular (57%), followed by Project 327 (29%). In Phu
Tho, Project 327 is most popular (63%), then Project 661 (34%). Project 661 and 327
are also most popular in Hoa Binh, accounting for 63% and 32%, respectively,
followed by Project 747 and Project 472 (27% and 14%, respectively).
Most of households participating projects were supported with seedlings and
technical services. The ratios of households provided with fertilizers are relatively low
(the highest are 46% by Project 327 and 18% by Project 661). However, the
proportion of households receiving financial support are high (more than 70% for
Projects 661, 747, 472 and 58% for Project 327).
Trees planted are usually not fertilized. For common trees like Manglietia glauca,
Styrax tonkinensis, Dendrocalamus menpranace, less than 25% of the households
applied fertilizers. For less common trees, the proportion of household applied
fertilizers is higher, for example, the rate is 41% for Canarium album, 50% for
Peltophorum tonkinense …For multi-purpose trees, households applying fertilizers
account for 23%.
Among the types of fertilizers used, biofertilizer is the most popular, followed by
chemical fertilizer. Manual is the fertilizer households can produce and do not have to
buy but is rarely used for timber trees. It seems farmers just apply the fertilizers they
are provided free of charge for timber trees and do not buy extra fertilizers or use the
fertilizers they have for timber trees.
The quantity of fertilizer used for each tree is also very little. The quantities of
fertilizers an average household have applied from the time of planting up to the
interviewing time are 0.3-3 kg/tree for biofertilizer, 0.03 – 6 kg/tree for chemical
fertilizer and 0.1-25 kg/tree for manual fertilizer, depending on each kind of trees. It
seems trees are often just fertilized at the time they are grown.
Seedlings are obtained from various sources, including self-making, commercial
sources and forestry projects. Projects are the main source, supplying 46% of the
seedlings. Self-making accounts for 29% and commercial sources account for 25%.
Most of households growing Dendrocalamus menpranace, Canarium, Chukrasia
tabularis, Dracontumelum duperranum, Acacia were supplied with seedlings by
projects. The ratio of households supplied with seedlings out of the total number
69
growing these trees are 71%, 74%, 82%, 67% and 87%, respectively. For
Dendrocalamus menpranace, Project 747 (Song Da Watershed Protection Project) is
the main project that supplies seedings in Hoa Binh.
Other popular trees like Manglietia glauca, Styrax tonkinensis, Cinnamon have high
rates of sell-making for seedlings (42%, 62% and 43%, respectively). Trees that have
the high rate of buying seedlings are Manglietia glauca (36%) and Cinnamon (47%).
Seedling supply source is province-characterized. Most of seedlings in Hoa Binh and
Phu Tho were supplied by projects or programs (77% and 58%, respectively) but in
Lao Cai, seedlings were mostly bought (49%) and self-made (43%).
Seed germination or branch transplantation are the two ways of making seedlings.
How seedlings are produced depends on each kind of tree. Most of timber trees,
including commonly planted trees such as Manglietia glauca, Styrax tonkinensis,
Cinnamon, Acacia have seedlings created by seed-germination, except for
Dendrocalamus menpranace which has most of seedlings created from branch
transplatation.
Thinning forest is not so commonly done. For most of trees, trimming is even less
commonly done. Manglietia glauca has the highest rate of thinning (61.8% of
households growing Manglietia glauca), followed by Cinnamon (56.14%), Oak (50%),
Styrax tonkinensis (47%), Dendrocalamus menpranace 40%.
The age of thinning varies between trees. The tree that has youngest thinning age is
Verciania montana Lour (2.5 years old) and the one that has oldest thinning age is
sồi (6 years old). Common trees like Styrax tonkinensis, Manglietia glauca,
Dendrocalamus menpranace, Cinnamon are usually thined at the age of 3-5 years
old. The remained densities also vary between types of trees, from 400 trees to 1650
trees/ha.
Farmers also lack information that supports tree plantation. Communication means at
the household level are very primary. Most of households do not have telephone
(98.97%), not mention internet. The number of households near telephone service is
not many either, only accounts for 25.5% (Table ). Communicating with farmers is
therefore not easy.
Households use information from 5 main sources, including information from
extension workers; radio, television; personal relationship; private business agents
and other source. Radio – television is the most important information source for
information on prices, domestic market situation, and policies including forestry
product sales support, input subsidy and credit support for forestry growers. Private
bussiness agents are the most important information source for output prices, input
prices and domestic market situation. Extension workers are the most important
source for technical aspects of plantation and necessary care of trees. Personal
relationship is assessed to be the second most important information source for all
kind of information, i.e the source that farmers turn to when they cannot have the
information they need from the previous sources.
At present, many househods lack information seriously. Most of households
interviewed still need more information on techniques of tree plantation and market
information for tree plantation (92.8% and 91.8%). The number of households
encounter difficulties on capital is lower than for difficulties on information. More than
half of households (56.4%) are self-sufficient in capital. However, lacking capital is
still a very large obstacle for 31% of households growing forest. Many households
70
lacking capital do not want to borrow because of high interest rate. 22% of the
households interviewed stated that the current interest rate is the substantial obstacle
for tree plantation and 22% said that it is a relatively large obstacle.
71
Chapter 6
Plantation Results and Forest
Harvest
72
With the current growing rate of timber trees, only 19% of households are not
satisfied (Table 6.1-2). Phu Tho has the highest proportion unsatisfied (29%),
followed by Lao Cai (24%). Only 8% of households in Hoa Binh are not satisfied.
Of the unsatisfied households, most of them claimed that the slow growth of trees is due to
the lack of fertilizers (53%), diseases (39%), lack of care (39%) and lack of technical support
(39%) (Table 6.1-3). In Phu Tho where the unsatisfied proportion is highest, lack of fertilizers
is the main reason causing slow growth of trees, while in Lao Cai, it is due to the lack of
technical support.
73
Canarium album 1000.0 2.0
Chukrasia tabularis 1100.0
Cinnamon 5.4 1648.4 57.5
Peltophorum tonkinense 1000.0
Bambusoidae 1.0
Toona surei 4.0 400.0 5.0
Acacia 3.6 633.3 2.4
Persimmon 0.0
Verciania montana Lour 2.5 800.0 5.5
Oak 6.0 4000.0
Cassia rotundifolia 4.0 650.0 5.0
Products gained from thinning and trimming are used for manual production, selling,
firewood and other family usage. Table 6.2-2 shows that most of the products are
used as firewood (66% of the households thinning Styrax tonkinensis, 59% of
households thinnign Manglietia glauca, 52% of household thinning Dendrocalamus
menpranace). Selling is the second most popular usage, accounting for 26.3% of
households thinning Styrax tonkinensis and 23% for Manglietia glauca, 25% for
Dendrocalamus menpranace, 38% for cinnamon. Few households used thinning
products for manual production and other family usage.
74
3. Household firewood consumption
In rural area, firewood is a very popular kind of fuel. Forest growers can obtain
firewood regularly by collecting dead branch, trees or tree trimming, thinning and
save the cost of fuel. The values of firewood to households varied between
provinces, depending on the climate of the province, the substitutes (electricity, by-
products of agriculture like rice straw, biogas…) and depending on the fuel demand
from processing activities, for example drying tea in Phu Tho. According to the
survey, there are 71% of households using firewood as fuel (Table 6.3-1). Lao Cai
has the highest rate (88%) and Hoa Binh has the lowest rate (60%). Phu Tho has the
highest average demand for firewood, about 15.6 m3/household in the summer and
17.8 m3/household in the winter while Hoa Binh has the lowest average demand for
firewood, 6.5m3/household in the summer and 7.5 m3 in the winter. Lao Cai has the
demand for firewood/household similar to Phu Tho.
75
Canarium album 50 50 0 2
Cinnamon 43 79 14 14
Dracontumelum 100 100 0 1
duperranum
Burretiodendron hsienmu 100 0 0 1
Bambusoidae 50 100 50 2
Toona surei 0 100 0 3
Livistona saribus 100 100 100 1
Acacia 60 60 0 5
Verciania montana Lour 0 100 0 1
Oak 0 100 0 1
Garcinia Fagraeoides 100 0 0 1
A.Chev.
Whole sample 28 61 5.5 72
* As % of No of HH exploited timber
Selling is the most common purpose for exploiting timber in the above 3 purposes but
according to Table 6.4-3, the number of households exploited timber for selling is
small compared to the number of households growing timber trees, only account for
31.9%. Lao Cai has the highest rate of household exploiting timber for sell (39.2%),
followed by Hoa Binh (29.3%) and Phu Tho (26%). Among common trees,
Dendrocalamus menpranace is most often exploited for selling (accounting for
54.76% of the households growing Dendrocalamus menpranace), followed by Styrax
tonkinensis (32.6%), Cinnamon (26%), Manglietia glauca (22%).
76
Timber is sold by m3 or trees, but mostly by m3, except for Dendrocalamus menpranace
(Table 6.4-4). Most of households sell to collectors within the district, very few sell to
collectors outside district or processing company. Styrax tonkinensis and Manglietia glauca
have the highest average quantity of timber sold per household (48.2 m3 for Styrax
tonkinensis sold within the district, 10m3 for Styrax tonkinensis sold to processing company
and 39.18 m3 for Manglietia glauca sold within the district, 5 m3 for Manglietia glauca sold
outside the district).
The selling prices for one kind of tree varies strongly between households (Table 6.4-
5). This may be due to the size of timber sold that was not taken into account in the
survey. The purpose of putting Table 6.4-5 and 6.4-6 here is not to compare the
prices but to provide some notions of prices that farmers might get.
77
Acacia Within 205 330 80
district
Of the households selling timber, just above half of households (54.5%) take care of
harvest and deliver timber to the buyer, the others selling standing trees (Table 6.4-
7).
78
5. Harvest from Natural Forest
Most of households having natural forest have harvested products from their forest
(71%). However, these households concentrate in Hoa Binh and Phu Tho (account
for 81% and 63% of the households having natural forest in each provinces). Few
households have harvested products from natural forest in Lao Cai (22%) (Table 6.5-
3).
Products harvested from the natural forest are varied. The main products include
timber, firewood, calamus thread, grains of Amomum echinosphaera K.,
Neohouzeaua dulloa A. Camus, bamboo shoot, other grain and leaves of Livistona
saribus, of which firewood, timber and Neohouzeaua dulloa A. Camus are the most
common (account for 79.73%, 59.5% and 56.76% of the number of households
having products from natural forest, respectively). Two provinces with the highest
ratio of household having products from natural forest are Hoa Binh and Phu Tho.
Firewood, timber and Neohouzeaua dulloa A. Camus are also the most common
products in these two provinces (Table 6.5-4).
79
Common products (firewood, timber and Neohouzeaua dulloa A. Camus) are mostly
used at home (90%, 90% and 60% of the households harvested the corresponding
product) (Table 6.5-5). Products that have high rate of selling include Amomum
echinosphaera K. grains, other grains and leaves of Livistona saribus (83%, 67% and
56% of the number of households harvesting the corresponding product). Amomum
echinosphaera K. grains and other grains are mostly sold in Hoa Binh while leaves of
Livistona saribus are mainly sold in Phu Tho.
6. Summary
Different provinces have different trees that are suitable to their climate and land
conditions. In Hoa Binh, Dendrocalamus menpranace is the tree that has the highest
growth rate and is almost the only tree that receives good assessment from farmers.
Manglietia glauca is rated by 55% of the households to be the best grown tree in Lao
Cai, followed by Cinnamon and Styrax tonkinensis with the rates of 20% and 19%,
respectively. In Phu Tho, Acacia is rated to be the best grown tree by the majority of
farmers (38% of the total number of household growing timber tree in Phu Tho),
followed by Manglietia glauca (23%) and Styrax tonkinensis (21%). In the whole
sample, Dendrocalamus menpranace, Manglietia glauca, Styrax tonkinensis,
Cinnamon and Acacia are the best grown trees.
Most of households are satisfied with the current growing rate of timber trees (81%).
Of the households unsatisfied, most of them claimed that the slow growth of trees is
due to the lack of fertilizers (53%), diseases (39%), lack of care (39%) and lack of
technical support (39%).
80
Trees planted provide timber in thinning time and harvest. The quantity of timber
products gained from thinning is highest in Styrax tonkinensis (574 m3/ha), followed
by Manglietia glauca (150 m3/ha) and Cinnamon (57.5m3/ha).
Products gained from thinning and trimming are used for manual production, selling,
firewood and other family usage. Most of the products are used as firewood (66% of
the households thinning Styrax tonkinensis, 59% of households thinning Manglietia
glauca, 52% of household thinning Dendrocalamus menpranace). Selling is the
second most popular usage, accounting for 26.3% of households thinning Styrax
tonkinensis and 23% for Manglietia glauca, 25% for Dendrocalamus menpranace,
38% for cinnamon. Few housholds used thinning products for manual production and
other family usage.
Firewood is often the main source of fuel for farmers. Forest growers can obtain
firewood regularly by collecting dead branch, trees or tree trimming, thinning and
save the cost of fuel. 71% of households use firewood as fuel. Lao Cai has the
highest rate (88%) and Hoa Binh has the lowest rate (60%). Phu Tho has the highest
average demand for firewood, about 15.6 m3/household in the summer and 17.8
m3/household in the winter while Hoa Binh has the lowest average demand for
firewood, 6.5m3/household in the summer and 7.5 m3 in the winter. Lao Cai has the
demand for firewood similar to Phu Tho.
Apart from firewood, households usually exploit timber to build houses, to sell or to
make furniture for family usage. Exploiting timber for selling is the most popular for
most of the trees (100% for households exploiting Dendrocalamus menpranace, 88%
for Styrax tonkinensis, 71% for Manglietia glauca and 79% for Cinnamon). Exploiting
timber for house building is less popular and very few households exploit timber for
furniture making.
However, the number of households exploited timber for selling is small compared to
the number of households growing timber trees, only account for 31.9%. Lao Cai has
the highest rate of household exploiting timber for sell (39.2%), followed by Hoa Binh
(29.3%) and Phu Tho (26%). Among common trees, Dendrocalamus menpranace is
most often exploited for selling (accounting for 54.76% of the households growing
Dendrocalamus menpranace), followed by Styrax tonkinensis (32.6%), Cinnamon
(26%), Manglietia glauca (22%).
Timber is sold by m3 or trees, but mostly by m3, except for Dendrocalamus
menpranace. Most of households sell to collectors within the district, very few sell to
collectors outside district or processing company. Just above half of households
(54.5%) take care of harvest and deliver timber to the buyer, the others selling
standing trees.
Among the kinds of trees households exploit for selling, Styrax tonkinensis,
Manglietia glauca provide the highest average quantity of timber (48.2m3 for Styrax
tonkinensis sold within the district, 10m3 for Styrax tonkinensis sold to processing
companies; 39.18 m3 for Manglietia glauca sold within the distric, 5 m3 for Manglietia
glauca sold outside district). The selling prices for one kind of tree vary strongly
between households. This may be due to the size of timber sold that was not taken
into account in the survey.
81
Most of households that have natural forest have harvested products from their forest
(71%). However, these households concentrate in Hoa Binh and Phu Tho (account
for 81% and 63% of the households having natural forest in each provinces). Few
households have harvested products from natural forest in Lao Cai (22%).
Products harvested from the natural forest are varied. The main products include
timber, firewood, calamus thread, grains of Amomum echinosphaera K.,
Neohouzeaua dulloa A. Camus, bamboo shoot, other grain and leaves of Livistona
saribus, of which firewood, timber and Neohouzeaua dulloa A. Camus are the most
common (account for 79.73%, 59.5% and 56.76% of the number of households
having products from natural forest, respectively). Two provinces with the highest
ratio of household having products from natural forest are Hoa Binh and Phu Tho.
Firewood, timber and Neohouzeaua dulloa A. Camus are also the most common
products in these two provinces.
Common products (firewood, timber and Neohouzeaua dulloa A. Camus) are mostly
used at home (90%, 90% and 60% of the households harvested the corresponding
product). Products that have high rate of selling include Amomum echinosphaera K.
grains, other grains and leaves of Livistona saribus (83%, 67% and 56% of the
number of households harvesting the corresponding product). Amomum
echinosphaera K. grains and other grains are mostly sold in Hoa Binh while leaves of
Livistona saribus are mainly sold in Phu Tho.
82
Chapter 7
Households’ Forest Plantation Plan
Planting more trees Lao Cai Phu Tho Hoa Binh Whole sample
Yes No of HH 54 31 33 117
% 72.97 57.41 40.24 55.71
No No of HH 20 23 49 93
% 27.03 42.59 59.76 44.29
Total No of HH 74 54 82 210
% 100 100 100 100
Most of households that wants to plant more trees actually intend to expand their
forest area (74%). The rest intend to plant more trees in their current forest (Table
7.1-2).
Ways of tree plantation Lao Cai Phu Tho Hoà Binh Whole sample
Plant more tree in the No of HH 19 9 3 31
current forest % 35.19 29.03 9.09 26.27
Explanding forest No of HH 35 22 30 87
area % 64.81 70.97 90.91 73.73
Total No of HH 54 31 33 118
% 100 100 100 100
The area that households are able to expand for forest plantation is relatively large
compared to the area of their current planted forest which is 2.4 ha (Table 7.1-3). In
Hoa Binh, an average household is able to expand by 0.66 ha while in Lao Cai and
Phu Tho, the expandable areas are 1.3 ha and 1.47 ha, respectively.
83
Table 7.1-3. Area of land still available for expansion of timber tree plantation
For the 21 households intend to expand forest area by buying or renting land, 71.4%
intend to buy/rent land because they do not have any land left, the rest buy/rent land
because the area of their land remained for forest plantation is less than the area
they would like to expand (Table 7.1-4).
Reasons for buying/renting Lao Cai Phu Tho Hoa Binh Whole
more land sample
There’s no land left No of HH 11 3 1 15
% 78.57 75 33.33 71.43
There’s still land but want to No of HH 3 1 2 6
expand larger % 21.43 25 66.67 28.57
Total No of HH 14 4 3 21
% 100 100 100 100
The areas of land an average household would like to buy/rent differ between Hoa
Binh and the other two provinces (Table 7.1-5). On average, a household in Hoa Binh
intend to buy/rent an extra of 0.4 ha while in Lao Cai and Phu Tho, the area is about
2.3 ha.
84
2. Trees to be Planted
Table 7.2-1 shows the percentage each tree accounts for in the total number of times
that households select timber trees for their forest plantation plan. Manglietia glauca
is the most popular tree (account for 25.7%), followed by Cinnamon (18.4%),
Dendrocalamus menpranace (14.11%), Acacia (12.8%), Chukrasia tabularis (10.4%),
Styrax tonkinensis (8.6%). Dendrocalamus menpranace and Chukrasia tabularis are
popular in Hoa Binh, accounting for 45% and 30.6% respectively, while Manglietia
glauca and Cinnamon are popular in Lao Cai, accounting for 46% and 38.4%
respectively. In Phu Tho, Acacia and Manglietia glauca are the most popular,
accounting for 38.9% and 16.7%.
The area that households intend to grow for each kind of trees is under 1.5 ha (Table
7.2-2). For popular trees like Manglietia glauca, Cinnamon, Dendrocalamus
menpranace the average intended area are 0.93 ha, 1.22 ha, 0.34 ha respectively.
Households in Hoa Binh usually intend to expand tree area to a lesser extent than
the other provinces. On average, the intended area for a kind of tree in Hoa Binh is
only about 1/3 of that in the other provinces.
85
Table 7.2-2. Average Area Intended for the Plantation of each trees (m2)
For the trees households intending to grow, most of households have not yet know
what density they should grow (51.13%) (Table 7.2-3). The proportion of households
that definitely need technical information on how to grow these trees is higher in Phu
Tho (60%) and Hoa Binh (59%). The proportion in Lao Cai is only 39.2%.
Knowledge on Growing Density Lao Cai Phu Tho Hoa Binh Whole
for trees intended to grow sample
No of HH 63 26 41 130
Have some idea count17
% 61.76 40 41.41 48.87
No of HH 39 39 58 136
Have no idea count
% 38.24 60 58.59 51.13
No of HH 102 65 99 266
Total count
% 100 100 100 100
17
A household may grow more than 1 tree and this number is sum(household*treek)
86
For households that have some ideas on the density of trees they intend to grow, the
average density for 1 ha is shown in Table 7.2-4. However, the large standard
deviation shows that each households have different ideas on the growing density for
each kind of trees and therefore, maybe most of them need proper training or advice
on how they should grow the trees they plan to. Besides density, these households
probably need other technical information (the ones that are more complicated than
density, which was not asked in the survey).
87
Lack of land, high interest rates, lack of technical guides and lack of information on
the appropriate species for farmers’ land and for the market are also relative
obstacles for large proportions of households (26.34%, 22.44%, 39.02% and 23.96%,
respectively).
Apart from that, uncertainty about future timber prices; current timber price is low;
lack of necessary machinery and equipment; poor road access are also relative
obstacles for many households (29.76%, 29.76%, 23.9% and 20.49%, respectively).
For most of households, long growth cycle of trees; unsuitable land; unsuitable trees;
labour for planting and maintenance; do not want ot remove land from existing
profitable use; future difficulties in land use changes; risk of disease and insect; risk
of storm; risk of stealing; difficulties in obtaining permission for harvest or transport of
timber; risk of changes in regulations that prevent future harvest are not obstacle or
just slight obstacles for most of farmers.
Some difficulties that are relatively large obstacles for large proportions of
households but are also not obstacles for other large proportions include lack of
necessary machinery and equipment; risk of forest fire.
88
Table 7.3-1. Obstacles in forest plantation
89
4. Reasons of Forest Plantation
Table 7.4-1 evaluates the importance of different factors for the timber tree plantation
decision. For forest growing farmers, timber sale, making property for their heirs and
protect the environment are the most important factors considered in the forest
plantation decision. Support from government, non-timber sale are also important
factors but for a smaller number of people. Apart from that, supplying timber for
family usage, providing firewood, creating short-term incomes also affect the forest
plantation decision, but at a lesser extent. Providing non-timber products for family
usage, creating cover for crops, firewood sale almost have no impact on the decision.
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assessed to provide strong incentive and very strong incentive are Better information
available about how to grow trees (70%); Higher market prices for timber (67%);
Availability of high-value tree species (63%); Secure harvest rights (62%); These are
also measures that have highest proportions of households evaluate to be the ones
providing very strong incentive.
Moderate incentive
Strong Incentive
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6. Summary
More than half of households planting forest intend to plant more trees. Lao Cai has
the highest rate (73%) and Hoa Binh has the lowest rate (40.24%). Most of these
households actually intend to expand their forest area (74%). The rest intend to plant
more trees in their current forest.
For households intend to expand their forest area, 76% can expand without having to
buy or rent land.
The area that households are able to expand for forest plantation is relatively large
compared to the area of their current planted forest which is 2.4 ha. In Hoa Binh, an
average household is able to expand by 0.66 ha while in Lao Cai and Phu Tho, the
expandable areas are 1.3 ha and 1.47 ha, respectively.
For the other 24% of households intend to expand forest area, 71.4% intend to
buy/rent land because they do not have any land left, the rest buy/rent land because
the area of their land remained for forest plantation is less than the area they would
like to expand.
The areas of land an average household would like to buy/rent differ between Hoa
Binh and the other two provinces. On average, a household in Hoa Binh intend to
buy/rent an extra of 0.4 ha while in Lao Cai and Phu Tho, the area is about 2.3 ha.
In the households’ plan of tree plantation, Manglietia glauca is the most popular tree
(account for 25.7%), followed by Cinnamon (18.4%), Dendrocalamus menpranace
(14.11%), Acacia (12.8%), Chukrasia tabularis (10.4%), Styrax tonkinensis (8.6%).
Dendrocalamus menpranace and Chukrasia tabularis are popular in Hoa Binh,
accounting for 45% and 30.6% respectivly, while Manglietia glauca and Cinnamon
are popular in Lao Cai, accounting for 46% and 38.4% respectively. In Phu Tho,
Acacia and Manglietia glauca are the most popular, accounting for 38.9% and 16.7%.
The area that households intend to grow for each kind of trees is under 1.5 ha. For
popular trees like Manglietia glauca, Cinnamon, Dendrocalamus menpranace the
average intended area are 0.93 ha, 1.22 ha, 0.34 ha respectively. Households in Hoa
Binh usually intend to expand tree area to a lesser extent than the other provinces.
On average, the intended area for a kind of tree in Hoa Binh is only about 1/3 of that
in the other provinces.
For the trees households intending to grow, most of households have not yet know
what density they should grow (51.13%). The proportion of households that definitely
need technical information on how to grow these trees is higher in Phu Tho (60%)
and Hoa Binh (59%). The proportion in Lao Cai is only 39.2%. For households that
have some ideas on the density of trees they intend to grow, each of them have
different ideas on the growing density for each kind of trees and therefore, proper
training or advice on how the trees should be grown is beneficial for them. Besides
density, these households probably need other technical information (the ones that
are more complicated than density, which was not asked in the survey). For the
plantation of timber trees to be efficient in the coming years, households need more
strong support from forestry extension.
Besides, other difficulties that are large obstacles for farmers in forest plantation are
lack of credits (31.22%), lack of land (30.73%), risk of forest fire (28.78%), high
interest rate (21.95%), lack of information on the appropriate species for farmers’
land and for the market (21.35%), lack of technical guides (18.54%).
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Uncertainty about future timber prices; current timber price is low; lack of necessary
machinery and equipment; poor road access are also relative obstacles for many
households (29.76%, 29.76%, 23.9% and 20.49%, respectively).
For forest growing farmers, timber sale, making property for their heirs and protect
the environment are the most important factors considered in the forest plantation
decision. Support from government, non-timber sale are also important factors but for
a smaller number of people. Apart from that, supplying timber for family usage,
providing firewood, creating short-term incomes also affect the forest plantation
decision, but at a lesser extent. Providing non-timber products for family usage,
creating cover for crops, firewood sale almost have no impact on the decision.
With such difficulties farmers encounter in forest plantation and motivations farmers
have in planting forest, the question is which government support can be most
valuable and most encouraging to farmers to invest into forest. Measures that have
high proportions of households assessed to provide strong incentive and very strong
incentive are Better information available about how to grow trees (70%); Higher
market prices for timber (67%); Availability of high-value tree species (63%); Secure
harvest rights (62%); These are also measures that have highest proportions of
households evaluate to be the ones providing very strong incentive.
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Chapter 8
Conclusion
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Planting and establishing stands of native trees has many difficulties. Most native
species have long rotations, which not only makes technical research difficult but also
reduce the profitability of the plantation business. Native trees have require relatively
favourable sites, unlike imported species that can be easily grown on barren land and
hills with low soil fertility. Regions where the need for planting and recovering forests
with native trees is greatest are usually remote ones where people face so many
difficulties in their lives, lack investment capital, are unable to access new technology,
and face uncertain land planning regulations. Mixed plantations of native trees and
others also face many difficulties due to the lack of research on the interaction of
trees when planted in mixtures.
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For forest land, production planted forest is the most common among the types
managed by households, followed by protection natural forest and protection planting
forest. Almost no households manage special use forest and very few have
production natural forest.
Forest land allocation seems not really equitable with the allocated areas differ
substantially among households. The average area of forest per household is not
lare, 2.4 ha for production planted forest , 4.3 ha for protection natural forest and 1.7
ha for the protection planted forest.
The types of forest allocated to households vary among provinces, characterising the
topography of each province. Most of Lao Cai households have production planted
forest, Hoa Binh households have protection forest and Phu Tho households have
both production and protection forests.
For the natural forests households have, a good variety of timber trees exists with
more than 30 native trees species. Bambusoidae is most popular, then
Dracontumelum duperranum, Styrax tonkinensis and Canarium album. There are
also Chukrasia tabularis, Fagaceae, Parashorea chinensis, Oak,
Anogeissus Acuminata but only few households have them.
The range of tree species in natural forest in Hoa Binh is largest with Canarium
album, Fagaceae are the most common species. Natural forest in Phu Tho has
mainly Bambusoidae, Dracontumelum duperranum, Chukrasia tabularis, Parashorea
chinensis, Styrax tonkinensis. There are fewer kinds of trees in natural forest in Lao
Cai. Main species are Bambusoidae, Styrax tonkinensis, Canarium album,
Manglietia glauca and Phoebe Cuneata.
However, these natural forests seem to have mostly young trees. The diameter and
height of timber trees are not very large. Anyway, most of households benefit from
having natural forest somehow by harvesting timber and non-timber products. These
households concentrate in Hoa Binh and Phu Tho where natural forest is assigned to
households for management.
Products from natural forest, however, do not provide incomes to many households.
Firewood, timber and Neohouzeaua dulloa A. Camus are the most common products
and mostly harvested for domestic use. Other less common product like Amomum
echinosphaera K. grains, other grains and leaves of Livistona saribus are usually
sold. Amomum echinosphaera K. grains and other grains are mostly sold in Hoa Binh
and leaves of Livistona saribus are mainly sold in Phu Tho.
Most of surveyed households plant timber trees and multi-purpose trees. However,
not many households growing exotic trees. The number of exotic species grown is
limited to Acacia and Eucalyptus. Acacia accounts for the majority. Eucalyptus is
grown mostly because of its high growth rate while Acacia is grown mostly because
of the support provided by projects implemented.
Most of exotic species were grown in 1996-97. Acacia was first grown in 1993 and
Eucalyptus was first grown in 1994. At the time of planting, on average, each
household planted about 1300 acacia trees and about 2200 eucalyptus trees, some
households planted up to 6400 trees for each kind. At present, the number of trees
left averages 810/household for Acacia and 1450/household for Eucalyptus.
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In contrast with exotic species, most of households surveyed grow native species.
More than 14 native species are grown in planting forest and garden of these
households. The most common species include Manglietia glauca, Dendrocalamus
menpranace, Chukrasia tabularis, Cinnamon, Styrax tonkinensis. In Lao Cai,
Manglietia glauca, Cinnamon and Styrax tonkinensis are the most popular species. In
Phu Tho, Manglietia glauca, the most popular species are Styrax tonkinensis and
Canarium album while in Hoa Binh, most of households grow Dendrocalamus
menpranace (93%) and Chukrasia tabularis (73%).
Native trees are grown scatterly in different years with the first ones grown in 1960
and the majority grown in the 90s. For more popular native trees like Styrax
tonkinensis, Manglietia glauca, Dendrocalamus menpranace, Chukrasia tabularis
and Cinnamon, they were first grown in the 80s and grown by more households in
1995 – 2002. These trees are still grown in the recent years.
Among popular species, Manglietia glauca, Styrax tonkinensis and Cinnamon are
often grown with large quantity, on average 2000 – 3000 trees/household. However,
this differs very much among households (the average difference between 2
households is 3000 trees). Species like Dendrocalamus menpranace, Chukrasia
tabularis, Canarium album are grown in a smaller number, on average, 300 – 500
trees/household with the average difference between households to be about 500 –
1000 trees. Compared with the planting time, the average number of trees per
household for common species (Manglietia glauca, Dendrocalamus menpranace,
Canarium album, Chukrasia tabularis) remained at the survey time is not much
different, except for Styrax tonkinensis which has the quantity reduced to 1545
tree/household (40%).
For households growing native trees, the factors that have largest impact on their
tree selection include growth rate, suitability to land and climate and support of
project. For Manglietia glauca, the most popular native tree, suitability to land and
climate and high growth rate are the main reasons for its wide acceptance. For
Styrax tonkinensis, besides high growth rate, suitability to land and climate and the
marketability of its products are also the determining factors. For other trees including
Dendrocalamus menpranace, Chukrasia tabularis, Canarium album and
Peltophorum tonkinense, besides their high growth rate and their suitability to land
and climate, support from projects plays an important role.
Mixed planting in planting forest is not yet widespread and varies among provinces.
The ratio of households growing trees in a mix is just above a half, most popular in
Hoa Binh, then Phu Tho and Lao Cai.
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Mixed planting types are also different among provinces. Only Styrax tonkinensis -
Manglietia glauca mix is grown in all the 3 provinces. Styrax tonkinensis - Manglietia
glauca -(Cinnamon/Verciania montana Lour/Acacia) mix, Chukrasia tabularis –
Canarium mix and Manglietia glauca - Cinnamon mix are grown in 2 provinces, other
mixes are only grown in one province. In Hoa Binh, Chukrasia tabularis-
Dendrocalamus menpranace mix is most popular, then Acacia-Chukrasia tabularis-
Dendrocalamus menpranace mix. In Phu Tho, Acacia-Manglietia glauca -Cassia
rotundifolia mix is most popular, followed by Styrax tonkinensis -Manglietia glauca -
(Cinnamon/Verciania montana Lour/Acacia) mix, Acacia-Peltophorum tonkinense
-Canarium mix and Manglietia glauca -Dracontumelum duperranum -Canarium-
Verciania montana Lour mix. In Lao Cai, Styrax tonkinensis -Manglietia glauca mix is
most popular, followed by Styrax tonkinensis - Manglietia glauca -
(Cinnamon/Verciania montana Lour/Acacia) mix, Cinnamon-Cassava mix and
Manglietia glauca - Cinnamon mix.
Mix-planting in fruit tree land is more similar among provinces. Longan-Litchi mix is
most popular, followed by Custard apple – Longan – Litchi
For industrial trees, very few households grow trees in mix. Some tree mixes grown
are Tea-Cassava, Tea-Cassia-Cassava and Tea-Cassia.
Planting agricultural crops under tree branches is not popular either, only practised
by one third of the households. Cassava is the most common crop under-planted,
then corn, soybean. Tea is also planted under trees, but only fruit trees.
Although project support is one of the reason impacting the forest plantation decision
of households, only about half of the households were supported by projects. There
are three main types of projects supporting forest planting. Project 661 reaches the
largest number of households, then projects funded by foreign donors and NGOs and
Project 327.
Most of households participating projects were supported with seedlings and
technical services. Also, a large number of households receive financial support from
projects and some households received fertilizers to plant trees.
The seedlings provided by projects is an important source, accounting for nearly half
of the seedlings quantity used by households. The other half is homemade or bought
from commercial sources. Home-made seedlings are popular for Manglietia glauca,
Styrax tonkinensis, Cinnamon. Seedlings are commonly bought for Cinnamon,
Manglietia glauca and provided by projects for other trees.
Sources of seedlings supply differ among provinces. Most of seedlings in Hoa Binh
and Phu Tho were supplied by projects but in Lao Cai, seedlings were mostly bought
and self-made.
For most of the planted trees, seedlings are created from seeds, except for
Dendrocalamus menpranace, they are created by branch transplantation.
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Most of households do not put much effort in raising timber trees. Few households
apply fertilizers to timber trees. For households applying fertilizers, Biofertilizer is
most popular, followed by chemical fertilizer. Manual is the fertilizer households can
produce and do not have to pay but rarely used for timber trees. Usually, farmers just
apply the fertilizers they are provided free of charge for timber trees and do not buy
extra fertilizers or use the fertilizers they have for timber trees. Households that do
thinning for plantation forest are not many, about a half. Households who do trimming
are even less.
Besides, households lack technical knowledge on tree planting and need strong
support from forestry extension. They also lack market information on tree planting.
Information equipments households currently have are primary and therefore
providing information to households is not easy. Households use information from 5
main sources, including information from extension workers; radio, television;
personal relationship; private business agents and other source. Radio – television is
the most important information source for information on prices, domestic market
situation, and policies including forestry product sales support, input subsidy and
credit support for forestry growers. Private bussiness agents are the most important
information source for output prices, input prices and domestic market situation.
Extension workers are the most important source for technical aspects on plantation
and necessary care of trees. Personal relationship is assessed to be the second
most important information source for all kind of information, i.e the source that
farmers turn to when they cannot have the information they need from the previous
sources.
Lack of capital is also a substantial obstacle for a large number of households (31%).
Many households do not borrow money to grow trees due to high interest rate. 22%
of the households interviewed stated that the current interest rate is the substantial
obstacle for tree plantation and 22% said that it is a relatively large obstacle.
Despite low level and low quality of inputs, most of farmers were satisfied with the
growth rate of trees. For some unsatisfied farmers, lack of fertilizers, diseases, lack
of care and lack of technical support were the main factors that caused the slow
growth.
Trees planted provide timber in thinning time and harvest. Products gained from
thinning and trimming are mostly used as firewood. Only about ¼ of households sell
them and very few use them for manual production and other family usage. Firewood
is widely used as fuel in these provinces in large quantity in Phu Tho, Lao Cai and in
smaller quantity in Hoa Binh.
With newly planted forest, not all households have harvested timber for any
purposes. 70% have harvested to build houses, selling and make furniture for family
usage. Exploiting timber for selling is the most popular for most of the trees. Some
household exploit timber for house building and very few households exploit timber
for furniture making. However, to the time of survey, only 1/3 of households growing
timber trees actually exploit timber to sell. Dendrocalamus menpranace, Styrax
tonkinensis, Cinnamon and Manglietia glauca appear to be most commercial.
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Timber is sold by m3 or trees, but mostly by m3, except for Dendrocalamus
menpranace. Most of households sell to collectors within the district, very few sell to
collectors outside district or processing company. Just above half of households take
care of harvest and deliver timber to the buyer, the others selling standing trees. The
selling prices for one kind of tree vary strongly between households. This may be due
to the size of timber sold that was not taken into account in the survey and also
indicates that households sell timber trees at various ages.
The satisfaction with tree planting activity is further reflected by farmers’ future plan.
Farmers grow trees not soly for money, although timber sale was stated to be the
most important factor. Farmers also grow forest to make property for their heirs and
protect the environment. Support from government, non-timber sale are also
important factors but for a smaller number of farmers. Apart from that, supplying
timber for family usage, providing firewood, creating short-term incomes also affect
the forest planting decision, but at a lesser extent. Providing non-timber products for
family usage, creating cover for crops, firewood sale almost have no impact on the
decision.
More than a half of households intended to plant more trees, with the highest rate in
Lao Cai and the lowest rate in Hoa Binh. Most these households plan to expand their
forest area (74%). The rest intend to plant more trees in their current forest.
For households intend to expand their forest area, about ¼ plans to buy or rent more
land to plant forest, others will plant forest trees in their unused land. The area they
plan to buy is as large as the area of plantation forest an average household
currently has.
In the households’ tree plantation plan, Manglietia glauca will be grown most,
followed by Cinnamon, Dendrocalamus menpranace, Acacia, Chukrasia tabularis,
Styrax tonkinensis. Dendrocalamus menpranace and Chukrasia tabularis are popular
in Hoa Binh while Manglietia glauca and Cinnamon are popular in Lao Cai. Acacia
and Manglietia glauca are popular in Phu Tho.
However, as farmers forsaw, many obstacles exist that hinder farmers planting forest.
These include lack of capital, lack of land, low timber price, unpredictable future
timber price, lack of technical support, lack of information on the kind of trees suitable
to land and climate and information on market situation, bad road system, forest fire
risk.
The government and outside organizations may play an important role in
encouraging the forestry sector to develop. They can help by providing farmers with
technical information to help farmers growing forest better, find solution to stimulate
timber prices (restructure the market, find export market, provide good forcast…),
supply of seedlings for high valued trees and the guarantee on the right of growers to
exploit forest they plant. These supports are also the ones that have the highest
values to farmers.
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