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n tp HKI - Ha hc 10 nng cao GV: Dng Khnh Hong

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Chng 1: NGUYN T

I. THNH PHN NGUYN T













II. CU TO LP V ELECTRON CA NGUYN T























III. S PHN B E VO CC OBITAN IV. NGUYN T HA HC











V. C IM E NGOI CNG

Electron
mang in m
m
e
= 0,00055u
q
e
= -1 (vt)

Proton
mang in dng
m
p
= 1u
q
e
= +1 (vt)

Notron
khng mang in
m
n
= 1u
q
n
= 0

Ht nhn V
Nguyn t
S phn b electron trong lp v
tun theo
Nguyn l vng bn: cc e phn b
theo mc nng lng thp cao
Trt t cc mc nng lng:
1s2s2p3s3p4s3d4p5s.
Nguyn l Pauli: mi AO ch c ti
a 2e c chiu t quay ngc nhau
Quy tc Hun: cc e phn b sao
cho s e c thn l ti a
LP ELECTRON
n = 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Tn lp K L M N O P Q
Gm cc e c mc nng lng
gn bng nhau
PHN LP ELECTRON
K hiu phn lp theo chiu mc nng
lng tng dn: s p d f
Gm cc e c mc nng lng
bng nhau
OBITAN NGUYN T
Phn lp s p d f
S AO 1 3 5 7
S e ti a 2 6 10 14
Khong khng gian xung quanh ht nhn m
xc sut c mt e l ln nht (khong 90%)
ng vi lp n c n phn lp, n
2
obitan v 2n
2
e ti a
Gm cc nguyn t c cng in
tch ht nhn (Z+)
ng v: cng Z, khc N
Nguyn t khi trung bnh:
Ax By
A
x y
+
=
+

1, 2, 3
Kim loi
5, 6, 7
Phi kim
8
Kh him
n tp HKI - Ha hc 10 nng cao GV: Dng Khnh Hong
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CU HI TRC NGHIM CHNG I
Cu: 1 Nguyn t X c tng s ht proton, ntrn v
electron l 34 trong s ntrn ln hn s proton l 1
ht. S khi ca ht nhn X l:
A) 19 B) 23 C) 21 D) 11
Cu: 2 Tm pht biu sai:
A) Cc electron trong cng mt AO c cng mc nng
lng
B) Cc electron trong cng mt phn lp c s nh
hng ging nhau trong khng gian
C) C 7 lp electron v lp K l lp c mc nng
lng thp nht
D) Cc electron c mc nng lng gn bng nhau
thuc cng mt lp electron
Cu: 3 Nguyn t
17
X c cu hnh electron lp
ngoi cng l 2s
2
2p
4
. Nguyn t X c:
A) 8e, 9p, 9n B) 9e, 8p, 8n
C) 8e, 8p, 9n D) 9e, 9p, 8n
Cu: 4 Phn t R c cng thc tng qut l X
a
Y
b
.
Tng s nguyn t v electron trong R ln lt l 5 v
90. Cng thc phn t ca R l:
A) Fe
2
O
3
B) Al
2
O
3
C) Ca
3
P
2
D) CCl
4
Cu: 5 Nguyn t B c 2 ng v v c nguyn t
khi trung bnh l 10,812. Nu c 94 nguyn t
10
B th
c bao nhiu nguyn t
11
B ?
A) 85 B) 406 C) 22 D) 103
Cu: 6 Nguyn t Z c 2 ng v vi tng s khi l
128, ng v th 2 t hn ng v th nht 2 ntrn. S
nguyn t ca ng v th nht bng 37% s nguyn t
ng v th 2. Nguyn t khi trung bnh ca Z l:
A) 64,26 B) 64 C) 63,54 D) 64,46
Cu: 7 Trong thnh phn ca mi nguyn t nht
thit phi c cc loi ht no sau y?
A) Proton v ntrn B) Ntrn v electron
C) Proton, ntrn v electron D) Proton v electron
Cu: 8 Chn pht biu sai:
A) Lp electron th n c n
2
AO
B) S phn lp trong mt lp electron bng s th t
ca lp
C) Lp electron th n c 2n
2
electron
D) S AO trong cc phn lp s, p, d, f ln lt l 1, 3,
5, 7
Cu: 9 Trong t nhin, nguyn t brom c 2 ng v
l
79
35
Br v
81
35
Br . Nu nguyn t khi trung bnh ca
brom l 79,91 th % s nguyn t ca ng v th nht
l:
A) 61,8 B) 45,5 C) 54,5 D) 35
Cu: 10 Nguyn t x c cu to bi 21 ht. S ht
ntrn v proton cch nhau khng qu 2 n v. Tng
s AO ca nguyn t X l:
A) 5 B) 7 C) 6 D) 3
Cu: 11 Pht biu no v nguyn t
19
9
F l sai?
A) C 2 lp electron
B) C 5 electron ngoi cng
C) C 1 electron c thn
D) Thuc loi nguyn t phi kim
Cu: 12 Mt nguyn t X gm 2 ng v X
1
, X
2
. Gi
s % s nguyn t ca 2 ng v l bng nhau v 3 loi
ht trong X
1
cng bng nhau. Tng s ht trong X
1
v
X
2
ln lt l 18 v 20 th nguyn t khi trung bnh
ca X l bao nhiu?
A) 6,5 B) 7 C) 13 D) 12,5
Cu: 13 Nguyn t R c electron cui cng l
electron c thn phn lp s v thuc lp N. Tng s
electron ca R l:
A) 24 B) 19 C) 29 D) Tt c ng
Cu: 14 Trong anion AO
2
3

c 30 proton v nguyn
t A c s ntrn chim 1/3 tng s ht. Tng s ht
trong ion AO
2
3

l:
A) 92 B) 32 C) 96 D) 42
Cu: 15 Chn pht biu ng
A) ng v l tp hp cc nguyn t c cng s proton
trong nguyn t
B) Nguyn t khi l khi lng ngt tnh bng u
C) Trong nguyn t, s khi bng tng khi lng
proton v ntrn
D) Trong nguyn t, s hiu nguyn t = in tch ht
nhn = s proton = s electron
Cu: 16 Nguyn t Y c 12 ntrn v c s ht
mang in chim 2/3 tng s ht. S hiu nguyn t
ca Y l:
A) 12 B) 18 C) 24 D) 8
Cu: 17 Cho cc nguyn t
1
H ;
3
Li ;
7
N ;
8
O;
9
F ;
10
Ne ;
11
Na . S nguyn t c 1 electron c thn
l:
A) 5 B) 4 C) 3 D) 2
Cu: 18 Nguyn t no sau y khng phi c 18
ntrn?
A)
34
16
S B)
40
18
Ar C)
35
17
Cl D)
36
18
Ar
Cu: 19 Cho 4 nguyn t
13
6
X ;
14
7
Y ;
14
6
Z ;
15
7
T .
Chn pht biu sai
A) X v Z ng lin k nhau trong BTH
B) Y v T l ng v ca nhau
C) Y v Z c cng s khi
D) X v Y c cng s ntrn
Cu: 20 Pht biu no sau y ng cho c anion
19
9
F
-
v nguyn t
20
10
Ne ?
A) Khc s ntrn B) Cng s khi
C) Cng s electron D) Cng s proton
Cu: 21 Nguyn t M c cu hnh electron phn
lp c mc nlng cao nht l 3d
5
. S proton ca M:
n tp HKI - Ha hc 10 nng cao GV: Dng Khnh Hong
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A) 27 B) 23 C) 24 D) 26
Cu: 22 Cho cc nguyn t
2
He ;
6
C ;
14
Si ;
18
Ar ;
20
Ca ;
25
Mn. S nguyn t thuc khi nguyn t s v
p ln lt l:
A) 2 ; 4 B) 2 ; 3 C) 3 ; 3 D) 3 ; 2
Cu: 23 ng c 2 ng v l
63
Cu v
65
Cu (chim
27% s nguyn t). Hi 0,5 mol ng c khi lng l
bao nhiu?
A) 31,5g B) 32g C) 31,77g D) 32,5g
Cu: 24 Nit c 1 ng v v hidro c 3 ng v. C
bao nhiu loi phn t NH
3
c to thnh t cc ng
v trn?
A) 9 B) 10 C) 3 D) 6
Cu: 25 Nguyn t ca 2 nguyn t X, Y c phn
lp ngoi cng ln lt l 3p v 4s. Kt lun no sau
y v loi nguyn t ca X, Y l ng?
A) X: kh him, Y:kim loi B) X:phi kim, Y:kim loi
C) X:kim loi, Y:phi kim D) Cha kt lun c

BI TP T LUN CHNG I
Bi 1: Xc nh s hiu nguyn t ca cc nguyn t v vit cu hnh e nguyn t ca n khi bit:
a. Nguyn t A c tng s ht ca cc nguyn t l 40
b. Nguyn t B c tng s ht l 92. S ht mang in nhiu hn s ht khng mang in l 24 ht

Bi 2: Ion M
+
v X
2-
u c cu hnh e nh sau: 1s
2
2s
2
2p
6
3s
2
3p
6

a. Vit cu hnh e ca M v X
b. Tnh tng s ht mang in ca hp cht to nn t 2 ion trn

Bi 3: Nguyn t X c tng cc ht c bn l 82. S ht mang in nhiu hn s ht khng mang in l 22 ht
a. Xc nh A, Z ca nguyn t nguyn t X
b. Xc nh s lng cc ht c bn trong ion X
2+
v vit cu hnh electron ca ion .

Bi 4: Nguyn t A c 10 electron p. Nguyn t B c eletron cui cng l electron ghp i AO 4s

a) Vit cu hnh electron v xc nh loi nguyn t ca nguyn t A, B.
b) Phn b electron vo cc lng t v xc nh s electron c thn ca nguyn t A, B.

Bi 5: Nguyn t X c s ht mang in nhiu hn s ht khng mang in l 10 ht v c s ntron chim
35,294% tng s ht.
a) Vit k hiu nguyn t X.
b) Hp cht M c cng thc X
a
Y
b
, trong tng s proton v tng s nguyn t trong phn t M ln
lt l 30 v 3. Xc nh cng thc phn t ca M. (S: Na
2
O)
Bi 6: ng v X
1
ca nguyn t X c cu to bi 54 ht. Trong ht nhn ng v X
1
, s ht khng mang
in nhiu hn s ht mang in l 3 ht.
a) Vit k hiu nguyn t X
1

b) ng v cn li X
2
ca nguyn t X c t l s khng ht mang in v tng s ht mang in l
9
17
. Tnh
% s nguyn t v % khi lng ca tng ng v bit NTKTB ca X

= 35,5.
(S: 75%; 25% v 73,94%; 26,06)

Bi 7: Phn t R c cng thc MX
3
. Tng s ht trong R l 196 trong s ht mang in nhiu hn s ht
khng mang in l 60. S khi ca X ln hn ca M l 8. Tng s ht trong ion X

nhiu hn trong ion M


3+

l 16 ht. Xc nh cng thc phn t ca R. (S: AlCl
3
)

Bi 8: Hp cht M c to thnh t cation X
+
v anion Y
2
. Mi ion u do 5 nguyn t ca 2 nguyn t to
nn. Tng s proton trong X
+
l 11, cn tng s electron trong Y
2
l 50. Bit 2 nguyn t trong thuc cng mt
nhm A v thuc hai chu k lin tip trong bng tun hon. Xc nh CT phn t ca M.
(S: (NH
4
)
2
SO
4
)

Bi 9: Nguyn t X c ha tr cao nht vi oxi cao 3 ln ha tr trong hp cht kh vi hidro. t A l cng
thc hp cht oxit cao nht, B l cng thc hp cht kh vi hidro ca X. Khi t khi hi ca A i vi B l
2,353. Xc nh X, A, B. (S: S, SO
3
, H
2
S)
n tp HKI - Ha hc 10 nng cao GV: Dng Khnh Hong
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Chng 2: BNG TUN HON CC NGUYN T HA HC
V NH LUT TUN HON

I. CU TO BNG TUN HON




















II. S BIN I TUN HON MT S I LNG V TNH CHT:














NGUYN T: mi ngt trong
BTH chim 1 . ngt cho bit
S hiu nguyn t
CHU K: tp hp cc nguyn t c
cng s lp e (STT CK = s lp)
Chu k ln: cc chu k 4, 5, 6, 7 gm cc nguyn
t s, p, d, f (CK 4, 5 c 18 ngt, CK 6 c 32 ngt,
CK 7 cha hon thnh)
Chu k nh: cc chu k 1, 2, 3 gm cc nguyn t
s v p (chu k 1 c 2 ngt, chu k 2, 3 c 8 ngt)
NHM: gm cc ngt c cu hnh
e nguyn t tng t nhau
Nhm B: (gm 10 ct: IB VIIIB, VIIIB c 3 ct)
- STT nhm = s e ha tr
- Gm cc nguyn t d v f
Nhm A: (gm 8 ct: IA VIIIA)
- STT nhm = s e lp ngoi cng
- Gm cc nguyn t s v p
K hiu nguyn t
Nguyn t khi
Tn nguyn t
CHU K
Z
R
I
1

_
Tnh kim loi
Tnh phi kim
Tnh baz
Tnh axit
NHM
n
R
I
1

_
Tnh kim loi
Tnh phi kim
Tnh baz
Tnh axit
Ha tr cao nht vi oxi (n = STT nhm) tng dn t 1 7;
Ha tr vi hidro ca nguyn t phi kim (m = 8 STT nhm) gim dn t 4 1
n tp HKI - Ha hc 10 nng cao GV: Dng Khnh Hong
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CU HI TRC NGHIM CHNG II
Cu: 26 X l kim loi ha tr II, Y l kim loi ha tr
III. Tng s ht trong mt nguyn t X, Y ln lt l
36, 40. X, Y l:
A) Ca, Al B) Ca, Cr C) Mg, Cr D) Mg, Al
Cu: 27 Cho cu hnh electron nguyn t ca cc
nguyn t sau: X(1s
2
2s
2
2p
6
3s
2
), Y(1s
2
2s
2
2p
6
3s
2
3p
5
), Z
(1s
2
2s
2
2p
6
3s
2
3p
6
3d
5
4s
2
), T (1s
2
2s
2
2p
6
). Nguyn t kim
loi gm:
A) X, Y, T B) Y, Z, T C) X, Z D) Y, T
Cu: 28 Khng nh no sau y l ng?
A) Tnh cht ha hc ca cc nguyn t trong cng
nhm A bin i tun hon
B) Nhm A gm cc nguyn t s v p, nhm B gm
cc nguyn t d v f
C) STT ca nhm bng s electron lp ngoi cng ca
nguyn t nguyn t trong nhm
D) C 16 ct tng ng vi 16 nhm, gm 8 nhm A
v 8 nhm B
Cu: 29 Khng nh no sau y sai?
A) C 7 chu k gm 3 chu k nh v 4 chu k ln
B) Trong chu k, cc nguyn t c xp theo chiu s
electron tng dn
C) Nguyn t cc nguyn t cung chu k c s lp
electron bng nhau
D) Chu k thng bt u bng kim loi kim, kt thc
bng halogen
Cu: 30 Trong mt chu k, i lng no sau y
khng bin i tun hon?
A) S khi B) Thnh phn cc oxit, hidroxit
C) Ha tr vi hidro D) S electron ha tr
Cu: 31 Anion X
-
v cation Y
2+
u c cu hnh
electron lp ngoi cng l 3s
2
3p
6
. Chn phng n
ng v v tr ca X, Y trong bng tun hon:
A) X: chu k 3, nhm VIIA; Y: chu k 4, nhm IIA
B) X: chu k 4, nhm IA; Y: chu k 3, nhm VIA
C) X: chu k 3, nhm VIIB; Y: chu k 4, nhm IIB
D) X: chu k 4, nhm VIIA; Y: chu k 3, nhm IIA
Cu: 32 Nguyn t nguyn t R c cu hnh e lp
ngoi cng 2s
2
2p
2
. Cng thc hp cht kh vi hidro
v cng thc oxit cao nht ca X l:
A) RH
2
; RO B) RH
4
; RO
2
C) RH
5
; R
2
O
3
D) RH
3
; R
2
O
5
Cu: 33 Tm pht biu ng nht khi ni v quy lut
bin i tun hon trong mt chu k i t tri sang
phi:
A) Ha tr i vi oxi tng dn t 1 n 7
B) Ha tr i vi hidro gim dn t 7 n 1
C) Tnh kim loi tng dn, tnh phi kim gim dn
D) Hidroxit tng ng c tnh baz gim dn
Cu: 34 Nguyn t X thuc CK nh to c cc
hcht sau: XH
3
, XCl
5
, X
2
O
5
, Na
3
XO
4
. Trong BTH
nguyn t X thuc cng nhm vi nguyn t no sau
y?
A) F B) N C) Al D) P
Cu: 35 Nguyn t nguyn t Y c cu hnh electron
lp ngoi cng (n-1)d
o
ns
1
. V tr ca Y trong bng
tun hon l:
A) Chu k n, nhm VIB B) Chu k n, nhm IA
C) Chu k n, nhm IB D) C A, B, C c
Cu: 36 Nguyn t Z thuc chu k 4, nhm IB. S
proton ca Z l:
A) 21 B) 19 C) 29 D) 23
Cu: 37 Nguyn t X c phn lp electron ngoi
cng l 3p
4
. Ch ra cu sai khi ni v nguyn t X.
A) Ht nhn nguyn t X c 16 proton
B) Hidroxit tng ng ca X: H
2
XO
4
C) X c 6 electron lp ngoi cng
D) X nm chu k 3, nhm IVA
Cu: 38 X, Y, Z l cc nguyn t thuc cng chu k
trong bng tun hon. Oxit ca X tan trong nc to
thnh mt dd lm qu tm ha . Y td vi nc to
thnh dd lm phenolphtalein ha hng. Hidroxit ca Z
td c vi c dd HCl v dd NaOH. Th t tng dn
s hiu nguyn t ca X, Y, Z l:
A)X, Y, Z B)X, Z, Y C)Z, Y, X D)Y, Z, X
Cu: 39 Hidroxit ca nguyn t R c dng HRO
4
.
Trong hp cht kh ca R vi H c 2,74% hidro theo
khi lng. R l:
A) Cacbon B) Iot C) Clo D) Brom
Cu: 40 Mt nguyn t c ha tr trong oxit cao nht
bng ha tr trong hp cht kh vi hidro. Phn t khi
ca oxit cao nht bng 1,875 ln phn t khi ca hp
cht vi hidro. R l:
A) C B) S C) N D) Si
Cu: 41 Dy no sau y sp xp cc nguyn t theo
chiu bn knh nguyn t gim dn?
A) Mg > S > Cl > F B) Cl > F > S > Mg
C) S > Mg > Cl > F D) F > Cl > S > Mg
Cu: 42 Nguyn t R thuc nhm A. Trong cng
thc oxit cao nht, R chim 40% v khi lng. Cng
thc oxit l:
A) CO B) SO
3
C) CO
2
D) SO
2

Cu: 43 Nguyn t nguyn t X c cu hnh electron
lp ngoi cng 4s
2
4p
3
. V tr ca X trong bng tun
hon l:
A) Chu k 4, nhm VA, STT 23
B) Chu k 3, nhm VB, STT 33
C) Chu k 4, nhm IIIB, STT 23
D) Chu k 4, nhm VA, STT 33
Cu: 44 Nguyn t R thuc nhm IIA. 6 gam R tc
dng ht vi dd HCl thu c 6,16 lt kh hidro (o
27,3
o
C ; 1 atm). R l:
A) Be B) Mg C) Ba D) Ca
n tp HKI - Ha hc 10 nng cao GV: Dng Khnh Hong
6
Cu: 45 Hai nguyn t A, B c hiu s n v in
tch ht nhn l 16. Phn t Z gm 5 ngt ca 2 ngt
A, B v c tng cng 72 proton. Cng thc ca Z l:
A) Cr
3
O
2
B) Cr
2
O
3
C) Fe
2
O
3
D) Al
2
O
3
Cu: 46 Dy no sau y sp xp cc nguyn t
(ion) theo chiu bn knh nguyn t (ion) tng dn?
A) Na
+
< Mg
2+
< Ne B) Na
+
< Ne < Mg
2+

C) Mg
2+
< Na
+
< Ne D) Ne < Na
+
< Mg
2+
Cu: 47 Cho 3 nguyn t c cc lp electron ln lt
l X (2/8/4), Y (2/8/5), Z (2/5). Dy no sau y xp
ng th t gim dn tnh axit:
A)HZO
3
>H
3
YO
4
>H
2
XO
3
B)HZO
3
>H
2
XO
3
>H
3
YO
4

C)H
3
YO
4
>H
2
XO
3
>HZO
3
D)H
2
XO
3
>H
3
YO
4
>HZO
3
Cu: 48 Cho cc nguyn t Al (z=13), Br(z=35), Na
(z=11), Li (z=3). Nguyn t c m in nh nht l:
A) Al B) Li C) Br D) Na
Cu: 49 Nguyn t M, N c s th t trong bng
tun hon ln lt l 13 v 16. Chn cu sai:
A) Tnh kim loi: M > N B) Bn knh nt: M < N
C) Ha tr vi oxi: M < N D) m in: M < N
Cu: 50 Phn lp c mc nng lng cao nht ca
cc nguyn t X, Y, Z, T ln lt nh sau: 4s
1
, 3s
1
,
3p
4
, 2p
4
. Dy no sau y xp ng th t tng dn
tnh phi kim:
A) X < Y < Z < T B) Z < T < Y < X
C) Y < X < Z < T D) X < Y < T < Z


BI TP T LUN CHNG II
Bi 1: Oxit cao nht ca nguyn t R c cng thc l RO
3
. Trong hp cht kh ca nguyn t R vi hidro, R
chim 94,12% v khi lng.
a) Xc nh tn R
b) Nu nhng tnh cht c bn ca R
c) So snh tnh phi kim ca R vi cc nguyn t ln cn

Bi 2: Hp cht kh ca nguyn t X vi H c dng XH
4
. Oxit cao nht ca n cha 53,33% oxi v khi lng
a) Xc nh tn X
b) So snh tnh axit ca oxit cao nht v hidroxit tng ng ca X vi cc ngt ln cn trong cng chu k.

Bi 3: Nguyn t R l phi kim thuc chu k 2 ca BTH. Hp cht kh ca R vi hidro c cng thc l RH
2
.
a) Xc nh v tr ca R trong BTH
b) R phn ng va vi 12,8g phi kim X thu c 25,6g XR
2
. Xc nh tn nguyn t X.

Bi 4:
a) Vit cu hnh e, cng thc hp cht kh vi hidro ca cc nguyn t c s hiu ln lt l 7, 8, 9. Sp xp
cc nguyn t trn theo chiu tnh phi kim tng dn v gii thch
b) Cho 0,72g kim loi M thuc nhm IIA trong BTH tc dng vi HCl thu c 0,672 lit kh (kc). Tm kim
loi M. Vit cu hnh e nguyn t, nu v tr trong BTH v so snh tnh cht ha hc ca M vi
19
K (gii thch)

Bi 5:
a) Cho 2 nguyn t A, B ng k tip nhau trong BTH v c tng s n v in tch ht nhn l 37. Xc
nh A, B v cho bit TCHH c trng ca chng.
b) Cho 8,8g hn hp 2 kim loi nm 2 chu k lin tip v thuc nhm IIIA tc dng vi HCl d thu c
6,72 lit kh (kc). Xc nh 2 kim loi .
Bi 6: Ha tan 17,45g hn hp 2 kim loi kim thuc 2 chu k lin tip trong bng tun hon bng 400 ml dung
dch HCl 5,475% (D = 1,25g/ml) thu c dung dch X v 6,16 lt kh (ktc).
a) Xc nh 2 kim loi kim.
b) Tnh nng phn trm cc cht trong dung dch X. (S: Na, K; 2,83%, 4,32%; 1,41%)

Bi 7: Ha tan 4,32g kim loi R bng 350g dung dch H
2
SO
4
19,6% (D = 1,4g/ml) thu c dung dch A v kh
B. C cn dung dch A thu c 21,6g mui khan.
a) Xc nh kim loi R.
b) Tnh nng mol/l cc cht trong dung dch A. (S: Mg; 0,72M; 2,08M)
n tp HKI - Ha hc 10 nng cao GV: Dng Khnh Hong
7
Chng 3: LIN KT HA HC
I. LIN KT HA HC
1. Lin kt ion










2. Lin kt cng ha tr













II. HIU M IN V LIN KT HA HC

III. S LAI HA











IV. S XEN PH TRC - S XEN PH BN






Hiu Loi lin kt c im
0 s A_ < 0,4 Lin kt cng ha tr khng cc Cp e chung khng b lch
0,4 s A_ < 1,7 Lin kt cng ha tr c cc Cp e chung lch v ngt c ln
1,7 s A_ Lin kt ion Kim loi nhng e cho ngt phi kim
Cc khi nim:
- Cation: l ion mang in tch dng;
- Anion: l ion mang in tch m
- Lin kt ion: hnh thnh do lc ht tnh in
gia cc ion mang in tri du
LIN
KT
ION
iu kin lin kt: xy ra vi cc kim loi in
hnh v phi kim in hnh
Tinh th ion (VD: tinh th NaCl, CaCl
2
)
- To nn t nhng ion mang in tch tri du
- Lc lin kt: c bn cht tnh in
- c tnh: bn,
0
nc
t v
0
s
t cao, d tan trong nc
Ha tr ca ngt trong hp cht ion
- Tn gi: in ha tr
- Cch xc nh: HT = in tch ion
LIN
KT
CNG
HO
TR
Khi nim:l lin kt hnh thnh gia hai ngt
bng 1 hay nhiu cp e chung
iu kin lin kt: xy ra vi cc ngt ging
nhau hoc gn ging nhau v bn cht ( thng
xy ra vi cc ngt t nhm IVAVIIA)
Ha tr ca ngt trong hp cht cng ha tr
- Tn gi: cng ha tr
- Cch xc nh: CHT = s lin kt ca ngt
to ra vi cc ngt khc trong phn t
Tinh th nguyn t (VD: kim cng)
- To nn t cc nguyn t
- Lc lin kt: lin kt cng ha tr
- c tnh:
0
nc
t v
0
s
t cao, c cng ln
Tinh th phn t (VD: tinh th I
2
, H
2
O)
- To nn t cc phn t
- Lc lin kt: lc tng tc gia cc phn t
- c tnh: t bn, cng nh,
0
nc
t v
0
s
t thp
Khi nim: l s t hp mt s AO khc nhau
to thnh tng y AO lai ha ging nhau
nhng nh hng khc nhau trong khng gian

S
LAI
HA
Lai ha sp: 1 AO s + 1AO p 1 AO lai ha sp
nh hng theo ng thng, gc lin kt 180
0

Lai ha sp
2
: 1AO s + 2AO p 3 AO lai ha sp
2

nh hng t tm n nh ca mt tam gic
u, gc lin kt 120
0

S xen ph trc: ng ni tm 2 AO xen
ph trng vi trc lin kt ca chng. S xen
ph trc to ra lin kt o
S xen ph bn: ng ni tm 2 AO xen ph
song song vi nhau v vung gc vi trc lin
kt ca chng. S xen ph trc to ra lin kt t
Lin kt n: l lin kt o
Lin kt i: gm 1 lin kt o v 1 lin kt t
Lin kt ba: gm 1 lin kt o v 2 lin kt t
Lai ha sp
3
: 1AO s + 3AO p 4 AO lai ha sp
3

nh hng t tm n nh ca mt t din u,
gc lin kt 109
0
28
n tp HKI - Ha hc 10 nng cao GV: Dng Khnh Hong
8
CU HI TRC NGHIM CHNG III
Cu: 51 Dy no sau y ch xut hin lin kt o ?
A) CO
2
, NH
3
B) HCl, O
2
C) NO, H
2
O D) SiH
4
, C
2
H
6
Cu: 52 Ion no khng c cu hnh e ca kh him?
A) Mg
2+
B) Al
3+
C) Na
+
D) Fe
3+
Cu: 53 Dy no sau y xp ng th t s oxi ha
tng dn ca nit?
A) NH
3
, N
2
, NO
2
, NaNO
2
B) N
2
, NH
3
, NO
2
, NaNO
2
C) NH
3
, N
2
, NaNO
2
, NO
2
D) N
2
, NH
3
, NaNO
2
, NO
2

Cu: 54 Trong nhm phn t no sau y u c
cha nguyn t c s lai ha sp
3
?
A) BF
3
, H
2
O, CH
4
B) NH
3
, H
2
SO
4
, H
2
O
2
C) C
2
H
4
, PH
3
, H
2
S D) H
2
CO
3
, SiH
4
, NH
3
Cu: 55 Nguyn t A c 2e ha tr, nguyn t B c
5e ngoi cng. Cng thc ca hp cht to bi A v B:
A) A
5
B
2
B) A
2
B
3
C) A
3
B
2
D) A
2
B
5

Cu: 56 Dy no sau y, cc cht u c lkt t ?
A) CO
2
, PH
3
B) SO
2
, H
2
O
2
C) HBr, N
2
D) C
2
H
2
, N
2
O
5

Cu: 57 Nhm phn t no sau y u c cu trc
thng hng?
A) H
2
O, CO
2
B) BeCl
2
, SiO
2
C) C
2
H
2
, H
2
O
2
D) SO
2
, CO
2
Cu: 58 Ba nguyn t X, Y, Z, T c s hiu nguyn
t ln lt l 13, 16, 17, 19. Cu no sau y sai khi
ni v lin kt gia cc nguyn t?
A) Z v T: lin kt ion B) Y v T: lin kt ion
C) X v Z: lin kt ion D) Y v Z: lkt cng ha tr
Cu: 59 Cation R
+
c 10 electron. Lin kt gia
nguyn t R vi nguyn t clo thuc loi lin kt g?
A) Lin kt cho-nhn B) Lin kt ion
C) Lin kt cng ha tr D) Khng xc nh c
Cu: 60 in ha tr ca cc nguyn t nhm VIA
trong hp cht ion vi cc nguyn t nhm IA l:
A) 2- B) 6+ C) 2+ D) 6-
Cu: 61 Phn t no sau y c lin kt cho-nhn?
A) H
2
O
2
B) SiO
2
C) SO
2
D) CO
2
Cu: 62 Trong phn t CS
2
,

s cp electron cha
tham gia lin kt l:

A) 2 B) 4 C) 5 D) 3
Cu: 63 Cho cc ion: NO
3

(1); SO
2
3

(2); CO
2
3

(3);
ClO
4

(4); SO
2
4

(5); PO
3
4

(6). Lin kt cho-nhn c


trong cc ion:
A) (1), (2), (3), (5), (6) B) (1), (2), (4), (5), (6)
C) (1), (2), (3), (4), (5) D) (2), (3), (4), (5), (6)
Cu: 64 M thuc nhm IIA, N thuc nhm VIA.
Trong oxit cao nht M chim 71,43% khi lng, cn
N chim 40% khi lng. Lin kt gia M v N thuc
loi lin kt:
A) Cho-nhn B) Ion
C) Cng ha tr D) Khng xc nh c
Cu: 65 phn t no sau y, nit c cng ha tr
v gi tr tuyt i ca s oxi ha bng nhau?
A) NH
3
B) NH
4
Cl C) N
2
D) HNO
3
Cu: 66 Lin kt trong phn t no sau y mang
nhiu tnh ion nht?
A) CaCl
2
B) AlCl
3
C) KCl D) NaCl
Cu: 67 Cho cc ion sau: NO
3

; SO
2
4

; CO
2
3

; Br

;
NH
4
+
. S electron trong mi ion trn ln lt l:
A) 32, 50, 32, 36, 10 B) 32, 42, 32, 34, 12
C) 30, 50, 32, 35, 10 D) Kt qu khc
Cu: 68 Cho cc cht sau: KCl, H
2
O, N
2
, Si, Ne, Fe.
Cht no c th to thnh tinh th phn t?
A) N
2
, Si, Ne, Fe B) H
2
O, N
2

C) H
2
O, N
2
, Ne D) KCl, H
2
O, Si
Cu: 69 Nu nguyn t X c 3e ha tr v nguyn t
Y c 6e ha tr. Hp cht ion to thnh t X v Y l:
A) X
3
Y
2
B) X
2
Y
3
C) X
2
Y D) XY
2
Cu: 70 Cp cht no sau y m trong mi cht u
c c 3 loi lin kt (ion, cng ha tr, cho-nhn)?
A) Ba(OH)
2
, Na
2
CO
3
B) CaSO
4
, NH
4
Cl
C) NaOH, H
3
PO
4
D) K
2
SO
4
, HNO
3

Cu: 71 S xen ph trc p-p xut hin trong dy
phn t no sau y:
A)H
2
, NaCl B)ClF, Br
2
C)HCl, O
2
D)KI, Cl
2
Cu: 72 Khng nh no sau y ng?
A) Tinh th ion bn, kh nng chy, d tan trong nc
B) Tinh th ngt bn, cng, dn in khi nng chy
C) Tth pt km bn, d thng hoa, d tan trong nc
D)Tth KL c tnh n hi,dn in,dn nhit, nh kim
Cu: 73 C th tm thy lin kt ba trong pt no?
A)N
2
, C
2
H
2
B)O
2
, SO
3
C)O
3
, N
2
D)FeCl
3
, HNO
3
Cu: 74 Trong cc phn t no sau y u c xut
hin gc lin kt 120
0
?
A) C
2
H
4
, BF
3
, HNO
3
B) H
2
O, C
2
H
6
, NO
2
C) SO
3
, PCl
3
, H
2
CO
3
D) NH
3
, SO
2
, C
6
H
6
Cu: 75 Cho cc hp cht hoc ion sau: CaO (1),
BaCl
2
(2), NaClO
3
(3), SO
2
4

(4), H
3
PO
4
(5). Hp cht
hoc ion no c lin kt ion?
A) (2), (3), (5)
B) (1), (2)
C) (1), (2), (3)
D) (2), (3), (4), (5)

n tp HKI - Ha hc 10 nng cao GV: Dng Khnh Hong
9
Chng 4: PHN NG HA HC
I. PHN NG OXI HA - KH


















II. PHN LOI PHN NG HA HC




















III. PHNG PHP CN BNG P OXH - KH THEO PP THNG BNG ELECTRON










PHN
NG
HA
HC
P khng c s
thay i s oxh
PHN NG OXI
HA KH V
PHN NG
KHNG OXI
HA KH
PHN NG TA
NHIT V PHN
NG THU NHIT
P c s thay
i s oxh
Phn ng trao i
Phn ng th
Phn ng ha hp
Phn ng phn hy
P hp thu nng
lng di dng nhit
P ta ra nng lng
di dng nhit
Phn ng ta nhit (AH < 0)
Phn ng thu nhit (AH > 0)
Phng trnh nhit ha hc
PHN
NG
OXI
HA
KH
Khi nim: l p c s thay i s oxh hay p
c s chuyn e gia cc cht
Cht kh: l cht nhng e
hay c s oxh tng sau p
Cht oxh: l cht nhn e hay
c s oxh gim sau p
S oxh: l qu trnh lm cht
kh nhng e hay lm tng s
oxh cht kh sau p
S kh: l qu trnh lm cht
oxi ha nhn e hay lm gim s
oxh cht oxi ha sau p
Nguyn tc cn bng p oxh - kh: tng s e do
cht kh nhng = tng s e do cht oxh nhn
- Xc nh s oxi ha tm cht kh, cht oxi ha
- Vit qu trnh oxi ha, qu trnh kh
+ Nu trong phng trnh c mt cc cht O
2
, H
2
, N
2
, Cl
2
, Br
2
, I
2
, N
2
O, Fe
2
(SO
4
)
3
,
h s 2 c gi li
+ Cn bng s nguyn t 2 v bn phn ng
+ Tm s e nhng hoc nhn
- Tm h s sao cho tng s e nhng = tng s e nhn
- a h s vo s phn ng v hon thnh phng trnh phn ng.
n tp HKI - Ha hc 10 nng cao GV: Dng Khnh Hong
10
CU HI TRC NGHIM CHNG IV
Cu: 76 Loi p no sau y lun l p oxh - kh
A) Trao i B) Phn hy C) Ha hp D) Th
Cu: 77 Cho PTP sau CuO + CO
0
t
Cu +
CO
2
. Cht oxh l
A) CO B) CO
2
C) CuO D) Cu
Cu: 78 chuyn t SO
2
sang SO
3
ta cho SO
2
p
vi cht
A) Kh B) Oxh C) H
2
D) Axit
Cu: 79 S oxh ca N trong NO
2
, NO
3

, NH
4
+
ll l:
A) +4, +5, +3 B) +4, +5, -3
C) -4, -5, + 3 D) -4, +5, -3
Cu: 80 H s ca p Cu + HCl + NaNO
3

Cu(NO
3
)
2
+ NO + NaCl + H
2
O ln lt l
A) 3, 8, 2, 3, 2, 2, 4 B) 3, 4, 2, 3, 4, 2, 4
C) 2, 6, 2, 6, 4, 2, 4 D) 3, 8, 8, 3, 2, 8, 4
Cu: 81 P no sau y khng phi l p oxh - kh
A) NO
2
+ O
2
+ H
2
O HNO
3

B) NH
3
+ CO
2
+ H
2
O NH
4
HCO
3
C) N
2
+ H
2
NH
3
D) NO + O
2
NO
2

Cu: 82 Dy no di y sp theo chiu s oxh
tng dn ca clo
A) HCl, HClO
3
, HClO, HClO
4

B) HClO
2
, HCl, HClO
3
, HClO, HClO
4
C) HCl, HClO
2
, HClO
3
, HClO
4

D) HClO
4
, HClO
3
, HClO
2
, HClO
Cu: 83 P no sau y khng c s thay i s oxh
ca cc nguyn t
A) Cho natri clorua tc dng vi bc nitrat
B) Ha tan km vo dd H
2
SO
4
long
C) Nhit phn kali clorat
D) St phn ng vi clo
Cu: 84 Qu trnh no sau y l qu trnh kh trong
phn ng sau: CuO + CO Cu + CO
2
A)
2 0
Cu 2e Cu
+
+ B)
2 4
C C 2e
+ +
+
C)
4 2
C 2e C
+ +
+ D)
0 2
Cu Cu 2e
+
+

Cu: 85 Cho phng trnh ha hc: NH
3
+ O
2
NO
+ H
2
O. Tng cc h s trong phng trnh ha hc l
A) 21 B) 19 C) 18 D) 20
Cu: 86 P no sau y SO
2
th hin tnh kh
A) SO
2
+ H
2
O H
2
SO
3
B) 2SO
2
+ O
2
2SO
3
C) SO
2
+ CaO CaSO
3
D) SO
2
+ 2NaOH Na
2
SO
3
+ H
2
O
Cu: 87 NH
3
ng vai tr cht kh trong phn ng:
A) NH
3
+ AlCl
3
+ H
2
O NH
4
Cl + Al(OH)
3

B) NH
3
+ H
2
SO
4
(NH
4
)
2
SO
4
C) NH
3
+ O
2
N
2
+ H
2
O
D) NH
3
+ HCl NH
4
Cl
Cu: 88 Cho cc p sau: Cc p l p oxh - kh l
Fe + 2HCl FeCl
2
+ H
2
(1)
FeO + 2HCl FeCl
2
+ H
2
O (2)
Fe + 2FeCl
3
3FeCl
2
(3)
FeSO
4
+ BaCl
2
FeCl
2
+ BaSO
4
(4)
A) 1, 2 B) 1, 3 C) 2, 3 D) 3, 4
Cu: 89 Cho p: CaCO
3
(r)
0
t
CaO (r) + CO
2
(k)
AH = +572 kJ/mol. Gi tr AH = + 572 kJ/mol cho bit
A) lng nhit ta ra khi phn hy 1g CaCO
3
B) lng nhit cn hp th to thnh 1g CaCO
3

C) lng nhit cn hp th phn hy 1 mol CaCO
3
D) lng nhit ta ra khi phn hy 1 mol CaCO
3
Cu: 90 Cho PT: M
2
O
x
+ HNO
3
M(NO
3
)
3
+ .
Vi gi tr no ca x th p trn l p trao i
A) 1 hoc 3 B) 1 C) 2 D) 3
Cu: 91 H s ca p HNO
3
+ H
2
S NO + S +
H
2
O sau khi cn bng ln lt l
A) 3, 2, 3, 2, 4 B) 2, 2, 3, 2, 4
C) 2, 6, 2, 2, 4 D) 2, 3, 2, 3, 4
Cu: 92 S bin i no sau y l s oxh
A)
0 1
Cl Cl 1e
+
+ B)
6 3
Cr 3e Cr
+ +
+
C)
5 2
N 3e N
+ +
+ D)
6 4
S 2e S
+ +
+
Cu: 93 Trong p Zn+CuSO
4
ZnSO
4
+ Cu. Zn
A) Cho 1e B) Nhn 2e C) Nhn 1e D) Cho 2e
Cu: 94 Pht biu no sau y ng
A) P trung ha l p oxh - kh
B) P phn hy lun l p oxh - kh
C) P trao i lun l p oxh - kh
D) P c kim loi tham gia lun l p oxh - kh
Cu: 95 Cho p KMnO
4
+ HCl KCl + MnCl
2
+
Cl
2
+ H
2
O. H s ca cc cht trong p trn ln lt l
A) 1, 8, 1, 1, 4, 2 B) 2, 16, 1 ,1, 4, 5
C) 2, 16, 2, 2, 5, 8 D) 12, 2, 1, 1, 4, 3
Cu: 96 Trong p Fe+CuSO
4
FeSO
4
+Cu. Cu
2+

A) nhn 2 e B) nhn 1 mol e
C) nhng 2e D) nhng 2 mol e
Cu: 97 H s ca p Mg + HNO
3
Mg(NO
3
)
2
+
NH
4
NO
3
+ H
2
O ln lt l
A) 4, 5, 4, 1, 3 B) 4, 10, 4, 1, 3
C) 2, 5, 4, 1, 6 D) 4, 8, 4, 2, 4
Cu: 98 S mol e cn dng kh 0,5 mol Al
3+

thnh Al l
A) 0,5 mol B) 3,0 mol C) 1,5 mol D) 4,5 mol
Cu: 99 Cho phng trnh ha hc Cl
2
+ 2NaOH
NaCl + NaClO + H
2
O. Trong p Cl
2
ng vai tr
A) cht kh B) va l cht oxh, va l cht kh
C) mi trng D) cht oxh
Cu: 100 Th mt mu vi vo dd H
2
SO
4
, p ha
hc xy ra l p
A) Th B) Ha hp C) Phn hy D) Trao i
n tp HKI - Ha hc 10 nng cao GV: Dng Khnh Hong
11
BI TP T LUN CHNG 3 + 4

Bi 1: Cho m gam KMnO
4
tc dng vi HCl c thu c 3,36 lit Cl
2
(kc)
a) Vit PTHH xy ra v cn bng theo phng php thng bng e
b) Tnh m. (S: 9,g)

Bi 2: Cho 5,1g hn hp gm 2 kim loi Mg v Al tc dng vi H
2
SO
4
c, nng. Sau p thu c hn hp 2
mui v 5,6 lit kh SO
2
(kc).
a) Hon thnh cc PTP xy ra
b) Tnh % khi lng mi kim loi trong hn hp. (S: 47% ; 53%)

Bi 3:
a) Hy gii thch s to thnh lin kt cng ha tr trong phn t Cl
2
, HBr bng m hnh xen ph cc obitan
nguyn t
b) Cho bit loi lin kt trong cc phn t sau y: NaCl, MgCl
2
, AlCl
3
, I
2
, HCl, O
2
, CH
4


Bi 4:
a) Hy cho bit in ha tr v cng ha tr ca cc nguyn t trong cc hp cht sau: CaO, Al
2
O
3
, NaCl,
CaCl
2
, H
2
O, CH
4
, HCl, NH
3

b) Hy gii thch s to thnh lin kt trong phn t F
2
, KCl, CH
4
, CaO bng cch gp chung hoc nhng
nhn e

Bi 5:
a) Gii thch s to thnh lin kt trong phn t CH
4
, BCl
3
, CO
2
theo thuyt lai ha
b) M t s to thnh lin kt o, lin kt t trong cc hp cht sau: C
2
H
4
, N
2
, C
2
H
2


Bi 6: Vit cng thc e v cng thc cu to ca cc hp cht sau:
a) O
2
, O
3
, NH
3
, HNO
3
, H
3
PO
4

b) Cl
2
, HCl, HClO
4

c) CaC
2
, Al
4
C
3
, SO
2

d) Na
2
SO
4
, KNO
3
, MgCl
2
, NH
4
Cl

Bi 7:
a) Clo c th to thnh cc loi lin kt ha hc no ? Cho v d minh ha.
b) Ti sao SO
2
c th nhn thm 1 nguyn t Oxi to thnh SO
3
cn CO
2
khng c kh nng ny.

Bi 8: Hon thnh cc phn ng oxi ha kh sau bng phng php thng bng electron.
1) H
2
SO
4
+ HI I
2
+ H
2
S + H
2
O
2) NO
2
+ O
2
+ H
2
O HNO
3

3) S + HNO
3
H
2
SO
4

+ NO
4) NaBr + KMnO
4
+ H
2
SO
4
Br
2
+ MnSO
4
+ Na
2
SO
4
+ K
2
SO
4
+ H
2
O
5) Mg + HNO
3
Mg(NO
3
)
2
+ NO + H
2
O
6) CrCl
3
+ Na
2
O
2
+ NaOH Na
2
CrO
4
+ NaCl + H
2
O
7) MnO
2
+ K
2
MnO
4
+ H
2
SO
4
KMnO
4
+ MnSO
4
+ K
2
SO
4
+ H
2
O
8) Br
2
+ NaOH NaBr + NaBrO
3
+ H
2
O
9) S + NaOH Na
2
SO
4
+ Na
2
S + H
2
O
10) FeS
2
+ HNO
3
Fe(NO
3
)
3
+ NO + H
2
SO
4
+ H
2
O

n tp HKI - Ha hc 10 nng cao GV: Dng Khnh Hong
12

p n phn trc nghim

Cu 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
A
B
C
D

Cu 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40
A
B
C
D

Cu 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60
A
B
C
D

Cu 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80
A
B
C
D


Cu 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99
100
A
B
C
D

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