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B GIO DC V O TO

TRNG I HC NNG NGHIP H NI

KHOA TI NGUYN & MI TRNG

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BI TIU LUN

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CH TH SINH HC MI TRNG

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S dng to lm sinh vt ch th
trong nghin cu nh gi mi trng nc

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Gio vin hng dn: PGS.TS Nguyn Nh H


Sinh vin thc hin: on Th Hng_MSSV:10411325
Lp : LT3MT

H Ni, ngy 18 thng 11 nm 2011

3Khoa ti nguyn v mi trng


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Bi tiu lun mn Ch th sinh hc mi

Mc lc

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29I.Khi nim nc b ph dng:......................................................................................................3
30II.Nguyn nhn gy ph dng:......................................................................................................3
31III.c im ca to.........................................................................................................................4
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III.1S pht trin ni tip nhau ca To..............................................................................4
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III.2Tc pht trin ca cc nhm to..............................................................................5
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III.3nh hng ca cc yu t dinh dng ln s pht trin ca To................................6
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III.4T l N:P v to Lam....................................................................................................7
36IV.Cch thc s dng to lm ch th sinh hc cho mi trng nc b ph dng.......................8
37V.ng dng...................................................................................................................................12

5Sinh vin thc hin: on Th Hng_ Lp LT3MT

6Khoa ti nguyn v mi trng


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Bi tiu lun mn Ch th sinh hc mi

S dng sinh vt ch th trong nghin cu nh gi mi trng


To v mi trng nc b ph dng

40
41 I. Khi nim nc b ph dng:

Nc b ph dng l hin tng tha cc cht dinh dng khong trong mi


43trng nc( dng d tiu) lm pht trin mnh mt s loi thc vt thy
44sinh( thuc nhm thc vt sn xut: to, rong, ru) pht trin mnh, nh hng
45n cn bng sinh vt trong mi trng nc ( a dng sinh hc mt i). Kt qu l
46to ra lng ln sinh khi hu c. D cho c pht trin thun li nhng chng vn
47cht i v lm tng mn y. Dn n hin tng y ha thy vc v mi trng
48ym kh. To ra nhiu cht kh ( H2S, CH4, NH3), ngoi ra n cn chuyn ha cc
49ion KLN thnh dng kh ha tan lm tng tnh c trong ngun nc.
50 II. Nguyn nhn gy ph dng:
51
Do cc ngun thi cha N, P, Si trong Si quyt nh thnh phn to. Trong
52 t l N:P> v hm lng Si d tiu thp to mi trng thun li cho to
53c ( to silic) pht trin. To ny c mu xm hng, xut hin loi to ny ngi
54ta thng gi y l hin tng thy triu .
55
Ngun thi cha m v ln:
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Ngun nc thi sinh hot, nc thi cng nghip : Do trong cha nhiu P
57trong bt git, N trong thc n;
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Ngun t sn xut nng nghip do s dng phn bn khng hp l; t qu
59trnh xi mn ra tri t; t nc ma em xung.
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Ngoi nguyn nhn trc tip k trn cn do nguyn nhn gin tip nh: nh
61sng, nhit , thi gian c tr.
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Trong nc khng b nhim th t l N:P <10, nhng t l N:P trong nc
63thi l 3( Nc thi th : 30mg/l N; 10mg/l P), t l N:P trong h nui tm cng
64khc ty vo vic chm sc ca ngi dn. Trong khi To thng s dng N
65cao gp 4 ln P, c ngha t l phi l 4N:1P, iu chng t trong ngun nc
66tip nhn nc thi th t l N:P khng m bo s c mt ca To s gim mc
67 nhim (ph dng) m tri li li lm tng kh nng nhim ln do tc dng hai
68mt ca To. Trong trng hp xu th P c xem chnh l nguyn nhn chnh
69ca s ph dng( so vi N) v y l yu t hn ch tng trng ca To.
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8Sinh vin thc hin: on Th Hng_ Lp LT3MT

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71
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73III. c im ca to
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III.1 S pht trin ni tip nhau ca To.

Theo nghin cu ca Lewis (nm 1978) trn sng Lanao Philippines thy
76rng, khi mi trng dinh dng thp, thng thng to Khu v lp to Gip trn
77pht trin trc tin. Khi cht dinh dng tng, tip ni s l to Lc n to Lam
78v sao l to Gip hai roi.
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11Sinh vin thc hin: on Th Hng_ Lp LT3MT

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80

Theo nghin cu ca Sze ( 1981), trn sng Potomac, qun th to pht trin
81dc theo dng chy, to Khu c kch thc nh vi tc sinh trng nhanh pht
82trin u ngun ni c dng chy mnh c t cht dinh dng, k tip chng
83c thay th bi nhm to c tc sinh trng chm hn l to Khu c kch
84thc ln hn v to Lc, cui cng ni c dng chy chm mang nhiu cht dinh
85dng th To Lam pht trin. Th nghim ng tm s trn b t ngoi tri cng
86cho thy trong sut 30 ngy s pht trin ca to theo trnh t to Khu, to lc sau
87cng l to Lam. To Khu pht trin t ngy th 1 v t cc i ngy th 5 sau
88 gim dn v thp nht ngy th 9 ko di v sau; tip l s pht trin mnh
89ca to Lc, chng t cc i ngy th 8-9, qun th to sau c thay th
90bi to Lam sinh lng ca chng t cc i ngy th 10-11. ng thi th
91nghim trn cng cho thy hm lng ammonia v nitrite thp t ban u v c
92chiu hng tng dn v cui th nghim.
93
III.2 Tc pht trin ca cc nhm to.
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Theo ng Hoogenhuot & Amesz (1965); Reynolds (1984) tc pht trin
95ca to Lam lun km hn cc nhm to khc. nhit 200C, nh sang bo ha,
96trong mt ngy, phn ln to Lam c h s phn i t 0,3-1,4, trong khi to
97Khu l 0,8-1,9 v to Lc n bo l 1,3-2,3.
98
Vi tc pht trin chm nn to Lam thng n hoa sau cc nhm to
99khc. Theo Reynolds(1997), vic hiu r v xc nh tc pht trin ca cc
100nhm to c bit l nhm to Lam vi cc iu kin thc nghim khc nhau th
101rt hu ch cho gii php kim sot s pht trin ca nhm ny.
14Sinh vin thc hin: on Th Hng_ Lp LT3MT

15Khoa ti nguyn v mi trng


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Bi tiu lun mn Ch th sinh hc mi

Ngoi tr to Lam, cc nhm to khc b n bi cc nhm Copepoda, Daphnia


103v Protozoa, trong khi to Lam ch b tn cng bi virus, vi khun v
104antinimycetes m cc nhm ny c t v lun hn ch trong cc thy vc nui. Nh
105vy, v c t k th v kh nng t phc hi qun th trnh lng ng cao nn mc
106d to lam c tc pht trin chm nhng tc suy gim ca qun th thp v
107c s n nh mt qun th cao hn cc nhm to khc.
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Theo Robarts & Zohary (1987), nhit trn 250C phn ln to Lam c tc
109 pht trin cao nht, nhit ny cao hn nhit ti u ca nhm to Lc v
110to Khu. iu ny gii thch ti sao phn ln to Lam n hoa trong sut ma h.
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III.3 nh hng ca cc yu t dinh dng ln s pht trin ca To.
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S n hoa ca to c th c kim sot thng qua vic xc nh cht dinh
113dng cn thit cho s pht trin ca chng. Thm vo , iu c bn cho s pht
114trin ca to Lam v cc loi to khc trong thy vc l s ph dng m ch yu
115l cc nhn t phosphor, nito v nh sng.
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Kh nng lu tr cht dinh dng ca to.
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Kh nng lu tr cht dinh dng trong c th to c lin quan mt thit n
118kh nng duy tr sinh khi ca to trong thy vc. Cc yu t quyt nh n sinh
119khi v kh nng duy tr qun th to bao gm:
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Hm lng Nito v phospho cn bn sn c trong thy vc.
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Cng nh sng chiu vo thy vc.
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Kh nng lu tr ny cao hay thp.
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Trong cng mt thi im ch cn hn ch 1 trong 3 nhn t trn l c th gii
124hn sinh khi ca to. Cc yu t gii hn s pht trin ca to thng thay i
125theo v tr a l v theo thi gian, th d ni c v cao ( vng n i, hn i)
126cng chiu sng vo nc thay i lin quan n gc ti v di ca ngy.
127vng nhit i, cng chiu sng v nc thng thay i lin quan n c
128ca nc. Trong sut ma ng hoc trong vc nc c, nh sng lun l nhn t
129gii hn, trong lc hm lng N v P lun y cho s pht trin ca thc vt.
130Khi cng nh sng gia tng vo ma xun hoc khi thy vc tr nn trong
131hn, cc nhm to bt u pht trin cho n khi cc ngun dinh dng hon ton
132cn kit. Nu hm lng cht dinh dng cao, to s pht trin mnh lm c
133gia tng v lc ny nh sng tr thnh nhn t gii hn s pht trin ca to.
134
Nito:
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17Sinh vin thc hin: on Th Hng_ Lp LT3MT

18Khoa ti nguyn v mi trng


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Bi tiu lun mn Ch th sinh hc mi

Nito c th i vo thy vc t t, hoc t s cho n qu d tha, v t vic


136phn hy cht thi hu c trong thy vc. To ly nito ha tan v c dng
137nitrate, nitrite v ammonia. Theo Reynolds (1997), trong nhng vng t acid, nito
138c xem l nhn t ch yu gii hn s pht trin ca to. Tuy nhin, cng c
139nhiu kin khng xem nito l yu t gii hn s pht trin ca to Lam v mt s
140ging loi to Lam (Anabaena, Aphanizomenon) c th ly nito t khng kh
141b vo s thiu ht nito cho qu trnh pht trin ca chng, nhng nhng ging
142loi ny li ch xut hin khi mi trng d tha nito. Quan trng hn qu trnh c
143nh nito i hi nng lng nh sng cao v s khng c hiu qu khi thy vc b
144c do mt to qu dy bi hin tng n hoa.
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Phospho
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Cng ging nit, phospho c t vic phn hy cht thi hu c nn y thy
147vc, dng phosphate sinh hc sn c n gn kt vi vi keo t cht hn nitrate. V
148vy, ngun phospho ch yu i vo thy vc l t t nh t b mt b ra tri v
149s xi mn. Mc d t l P:N cn thit cho sinh khi to pht trin ch l 1:7 nhng
150phospho cn hn nit v n l nhn t gii hn s pht trin ca to. To lam v
151nhiu ging loi to c kh nng thu nhn v d tr phosphate cho c th chng.
152Chng c th cha phophate cho 3-4 ln phn chia, kt qu l 1 t bo c th
153phn chia thnh 8-16 t bo m khng cn thu nhn phosphate v sinh khi ca
154chng c th tng gp 10 hoc hn na khi phosphate ha tan hu nh cn kit. V
155nguyn nhn ny, nn khng th da vo nng ln ha tan m d on s pht
156trin ca sinh khi to.
157
Phospho trong cc thy vc t nhin c rt t, ch c nhiu mt s thy vc
158nh: cc vng t thp ca sng, mt vi h to ra bi ni la v mch nc ngm.
159Hn na, kim sot phospho i vo vc nc d dng hn l kim sot nit, bi v
160phng php hn ch phophorus t cht thi ni ti th n gin v tt hn kim
161sot nit thng qua qu trnh nitrate v kh nitrate. Hn na, vic hn ch nit li
162c th c n b bi qu trnh c nh nit t khng kh bi nhm to Lam
163trong khi khng c c ch n b phospho.
164
III.4 T l N:P v to Lam
165
Theo Schindler (1977) v Smith (1983), vic xc nh t l nit:phospho l
166quan trng bit c khi no to Lc hoc to Lam pht trin vo ma h. Mt
167cch tng qut, t bo to i hi khong 10-15 nguyn t nit cho mi nguyn t
168phospho. Khi N:P cao, tc phospho ca mi trng thp, t bo i hi cung cp
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20Sinh vin thc hin: on Th Hng_ Lp LT3MT

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Bi tiu lun mn Ch th sinh hc mi

169phospho, lc ny to lc chim u th hn cc nhm khc bi kh nng sinh


170trng cao hn ca chng. Khi t l N:P thp mt s to Lam c th pht trin
171mnh v chng c kh nng tng hp nit ca kh tri. Seymour (1980), ngh
172thay i t l nit:phospho ngn chn s pht trin ca to Lam. Tuy nhin theo
173Smith (1988), iu ny ch c tc ng n thnh phn ging loi ca to m t c
174tc ng ci thin tnh trng thiu oxy do s n hoa ca chng gy nn. To Lam
175dng nh cht t ngt nhiu hn v gy nn mi hi hn cc to khc, cho nn
176vic tm ra t l nit:phospho ngn chn s pht trin ca to Lam th cn thit.
177Theo bo co ca Shillo (1965) khi nghin cu h Canada cho thy khi bn nit
178t 7-18g/m3/tun, hon ton loi c to Lam, ng thi to Lc v to Khu s
179thay th. Tuy nhin, nhng ao nui thy sn lun c nng nit v c cao s c
180to Lam pht trin mnh.

Theo Luuc et al. (1999), to Lam c mi lin h cht ch vi nng nit v


182phospho trong thy vc hn l cc loi to khc. iu ny c ngha l chng c th
183cnh tranh mnh hn cc nhm to khc iu kin mi trng phospho v nit b
184gii hn. Hn na, to Lam c kh nng d tr phospho mt cch ng k, chng
185c th cha lng phospho thc hin vic phn chia t 2 n 4 t bo, iu
186ny tng ng vi vic gia tng sinh khi ca chng gp 4-32 ln. T l
187nit:phospho thp c l thun li cho s n hoa ca to Lam. Theo Schreurs
188(1992), t l ti u N:P ca nhm to c nhn tht (16-23 phn t N:1 phn t P)
189vi t l ti u N:P ca nhm to tin nhn (10-16 phn t N: 1 phn t P ), t l
190ny cho to Lam l thp hn cc nhm to khc.
191IV. Cch thc s dng to lm ch th sinh hc cho mi trng nc b ph
192dng.
181

193Quan st mu nc trong h bng mt, c cc dng mu nc nh sau:


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195
196
197

Xanh m
Nu m
Vng nu

Vng t
Trong
c ph sa

Bng so snh mu nc trong ao nui tm


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Nc thin nhin khng c mu. Mu sc ca nc ao h do cht ha tan
200trong nc to nn.
201
+ Mu xanh: do s pht trin ca to lc, to lam v cc loi thy sinh. (Mu
202xanh t chui v mu vng nht l tt cho c. Khi mu nc t xanh xm th
203phi cho thm nc mi pha long, v khi c nng nhiu, to s quang hp v
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23Sinh vin thc hin: on Th Hng_ Lp LT3MT

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Bi tiu lun mn Ch th sinh hc mi

204tng nhanh sinh khi. Khi v m s lng to cht nhiu, s phn hy ca chng
205s lm tng mc tiu hao oxy, tc s lm nhim nc nc ao)
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+ Mu nu : do cc cht mn hu c. (Khi mu nc ao chuyn sang dng
207ny th cn tin hnh ht bn y ao).
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+ Mu vng gch: do c nhiu st. Mu xm, xanh en: do nc thi sinh
209hot v nc thi cng nghip. (Loi nc ny nu dng nui c th qu trnh x l
210s lm chi ph tng cao)
211
Ch : Nu ao c mu xanh qu m do to th phi ngng bn phn hay thay
212nc.

+ Hin tng thy triu (red tide) v hin tng n hoa nc (water
214bloom) thng lm cho cc Ao nui thy sn tht thu hay lm gim cht lng
215thy sn , c bit l cc c t c tnh cht tch ly trong c th vt nui.
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26Sinh vin thc hin: on Th Hng_ Lp LT3MT

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217
218Mi e da ca khu h ng - thc vt nc

Thy triu (red tide), hin tng n hoa nc (water bloom) l thut ng
220ch s n hoa ca cc loi vi to. y l hin tng t nhin xy ra do mt t
221bo vi to gia tng ln n hng triu t bo/lt (thng thng c khong 10 - 100
222t bo vi to/ml, nhng trong trng hp n hoa mt c th ln trn 10.000 t
223bo/ml) lm bin i mu ca nc bin t xanh lc m, cho n vng xm
224(ngi dn ven bin thng gi l nc cm, nc mn ca).
225
Hin tng thy triu c lin quan cht ch ti s ph dng ca thy vc.
226Nguyn nhn ca hin tng trn c lin quan n cc yu t mi trng nh:
227nhit , mn v hm lng mui dinh dng cng nh cc trng kh - thy
228vn. Ngoi ra, cc cht thi t hot ng ca con ngi nh nui trng thy sn
229thiu quy hoch, s pht trin ca cc nh my ch bin thy sn, ha cht cng
230l mt trong cc nguyn nhn dn n s hnh thnh Thy triu . Hu ht cc
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30Khoa ti nguyn v mi trng


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Bi tiu lun mn Ch th sinh hc mi

231loi vi to bin n hoa thng a n hu qu lm cho mi trng xu i, hm


232lng oxy ha tan suy gim nhanh chng, gy nh hng nghim trng n i
233sng thy sinh vt.

To cht v chm xung y thy vc v b phn hy bi cc vi sinh vt khc


235c bit l vi khun.
236
Kt qu gy nn hin tng thiu xy trong cc tng nc lm cht cc loi
237thy sn. Qu trnh ny lm thay i thnh phn ha hc trong nc, gy tng cc
238kh c. n nay, cc nh khoa hc xc nhn c khong trn 300 loi vi to
239hnh thnh s n hoa lm thay i mu nc. Trong c khong 1/4 loi (70 - 80
240loi) gy hin tng n hoa c kh nng sn sinh c t ang l mi e da n
241khu h ng vt v thc vt t nhin nc, ngh nui trng thy sn v sc khe
242ca con ngi (nguyn nhn do c t to c th c tch ly trong vi loi ng
243vt thn mm s, c hay c v khng b ph hy trong qu trnh un nu, khng
244nh hng n mi v ca thc phm. Do vy c ng dn cng nh ngi tiu
245dng kh c th xc nh c cc thc phm bin b nhim c do to gy ra.
246Hin nay, c 5 loi triu chng ng c do tiu th thc phm bin nhim c t
247to xy ra vi con ngi. Trong , c bit dng ng c gy t lit c (PSP) c
248th gy t vong v dng ng c Ciguatera rt ph bin trong vng nhit i. Theo
249cc nh khoa hc, trong vi thp k qua, hin tng Thy triu v n hoa nc
250ang gia tng c 2 kha cnh tn s/cng xut hin v phn b a l.
251
Ti Vit Nam, hin tng Thy triu cng xy ra nhiu ni. Tuy
252nhin, khu vc bin Bnh Thun l ni c tn sut n hoa ca vi to cao nht, hin
253tng ny dng nh xy ra hng nm vo khong thng 3 n thng 8, khi nhit
254 m li v cng bc x cao nht trong nm. Cng trong thi k thng 7 - 8,
255hin tng nc tri t ra mnh nht, nhiu nh khoa hc cho rng hin tng
256nc tri cng c quan h mt thit n s n hoa ca vi to. ng thi, ngh sn
257xut ging thy sn v nui lng cc loi tm hm, c m cng thi ra mi trng
258mt lng dinh dng ng k cng l mt iu kin kch thch s n hoa. Hi n
259tng n hoa nc thng xy ra trong cc h nc ngt v cc ao nui thy sn.
260
Theo cc nh khoa hc, hin tng Thy triu v n hoa nc l mt trong
261nhng vn cp bch cn c quan tm nghin cu c th, lu di nh: V quy
262lut pht sinh v lan truyn ca hin tng Thy triu v n hoa nc; v sinh
263thi pht trin v sn sinh c t ca mt s loi vi to k c cc loi ang hnh
264thnh c kh nng n hoa. Trn c s , c s cnh bo bo v sc khe cng
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32Sinh vin thc hin: on Th Hng_ Lp LT3MT

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33Khoa ti nguyn v mi trng


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Bi tiu lun mn Ch th sinh hc mi

265ng, ng thi nh gi y v nhng thit hi m n gy ra.


266Cc loi To thng gy n hoa nc gy c hi: Harmful and toxic algae
267Microcystis,

Anabaena, Oscillitoria, Hapalosiphon and Anabaenopsis,


268Cylindrospermopsis and Aphanizomenon. Alexandrium, Pseudo-nitzschia,
269Gyrodiunium, Dinophysis
270
B con nui thy sn nn ch qun l cht ch thc n cng nh ngun thi
271trnh hin tng Ph dng ca ao nui cung nh cc thy vc khc ni ngun
272thi tp trung.
273
274
IV.1
275 V. ng dng
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