Bao Cao Thuc Tap Dien Tu

Phng th nghim in- in t
GVHD: Nguyn Kiu Tam
TNG LIN ON LAO NG VIT NAM

TRNG I HC TN C THNG
GVHD
: NGUYN KIU TAM
H V TN : NGUYN VN DUN
LP
: 07DD3D
MSSV
: 070571D
TP.H CH MINH NM 2010
- -
GVHD: Nguyn Kiu Tam
LI M U
Hin nay trong thi k Cng Nghip Ha - Hin i Ha t nc, in
in T gi vai tr then cht trong cc ngnh, bt k ngnh no
cng u cn n in in T, do vy nn vic hc tp,
nghin cu hiu su hn v in in T l vic lm ht sc
quan trng i vi bt k mt Sinh Vin ngnh in no.
Bn cnh vic lm vng l thuyt th Thc Hnh lm thc t cng
rt quan trng, n khng ch i hi ngi hc c vn kin thc v
l thuyt vng chc, m n i hi ngi lm phi c k nng v s
sng to. Trong sut thi gian hc mn Thc Tp in T vi s
dn dt nhit tnh v ci m ca thy Nguyn Kiu Tam, gip em
hc hi c rt nhiu iu b ch, gip em nm chc v hiu su
hn v phn l thuyt c hc trn lp, thng qua nhng bui
lm nhng mch in t n gin, gip cho em hiu c bn v
cc mch in t v cch lm ra cc mch in t nh th no, iu
m t trc ti gi, khng ch em m bt k bn no khi cha tri qua
thc hnh th u m h v cc mch in t v lm cch no lm ra
c chng. V iu thc mc ny c gii p sau nhng bui thc
2
GVHD: Nguyn Kiu Tam
hnh .
Qua nhng bui thc hnh ny gip cho em lm quen vi
nhng vic lm thc t, cho em nhng kinh nghim, k nng thc
hnh v lm vic theo nhm mt cch c hiu qu nht.
Cun bo co ny l ton b qu trnh hc tp, nghin cu c l
thuyt v thc hnh m em hc trong thi gian qua.
Do kinh nghim cha nhiu nn khng th chnh khi thiu xt, em
rt mong nhn c kin ng gp ca thy v cc bn v bi Bo
Co ny.
Em xin chn thnh cm n !
GVHD: Nguyn Kiu Tam
A. L THUYT
Gii Thiu V Cc Linh Kin in T
I.
in Tr
1. Khi nim v in tr.
in tr l g ? Ta hiu mt cch n gin in tr l s cn tr dng in ca

mt vt dn in, nu mt vt dn in tt th in tr nh, vt dn in km th
in tr ln, vt cch in th in tr l v cng ln.
in tr ca dy dn :
in tr ca dy dn ph thc vo cht liu, di v tit din ca dy. c tnh
theo cng thc sau:
R = .L / S
Trong l in tr xut ph thuc vo cht liu

L l chiu di dy dn
S l tit din dy dn
R l in tr n v l Ohm
2. in tr trong thit b in t.
a) Hnh dng v k hiu : Trong thit b in t in tr l mt linh kin quan
trng, chng c lm t hp cht cacbon v kim loi tu theo t l pha trn m
ngi ta to ra c cc loi in tr c tr s khc nhau.
Hnh dng ca in tr trong thit b in t.

4
GVHD: Nguyn Kiu Tam
K hiu ca in tr trn cc s nguyn l.
b) n v ca in tr
n v in tr l (Ohm) , K , M
1K = 1000
1M = 1000 K = 1000.000
b) Cch ghi tr s ca in tr
Cc in tr c kch thc nh c ghi tr s bng cc vch mu theo mt

quy c chung ca th gii.( xem hnh trn )
Cc in tr c kch thc ln hn t 2W tr ln thng c ghi tr s trc
tip trn thn. V d nh cc in tr cng xut, in tr s.
Tr s cng xut ln , tr s c ghi trc tip.
3. Cch c tr s in tr .
Quy c mu Quc t
Mu sc Gi tr
en
0
Nu
1
2
Cam
3
Vng
4
Mu sc
Xanh l
Xanh l
Tm
Xm
Trng
Nh vng
Nh bc
Gi tr
5
6
7
8
9
-1
-2
GVHD: Nguyn Kiu Tam
in tr thng c k hiu bng 4 vng mu , in tr chnh xc th k hiu

bng 5 vng mu.
* Cch c tr s in tr 4 vng mu :
Cch c in tr 4 vng mu
GVHD: Nguyn Kiu Tam
Vng s 4 l vng cui lun lun c mu nh vng hay nh bc, y l

vng ch sai s ca in tr, khi c tr s ta b qua vng ny.
i din vi vng cui l vng s 1, tip theo n vng s 2, s 3
Vng s 1 v vng s 2 l hng chc v hng n v
Vng s 3 l bi s ca c s 10.
Tr s = (vng 1)(vng 2) x 10 ( m vng 3)
C th tnh vng s 3 l s con s khng 0 thm vo
Mu nh ch c vng sai s hoc vng s 3, nu vng s 3 l nh th s m
ca c s 10 l s m.
Cch c tr s in tr 5 vng mu : ( in tr chnh xc )
Vng s 5 l vng cui cng , l vng ghi sai s, tr 5 vng mu th mu sai

s c nhiu mu, do gy kh khn cho ta khi xc inh u l vng cui
cng, tuy nhin vng cui lun c khong cch xa hn mt cht.
i din vng cui l vng s 1
Tng t cch c tr s ca tr 4 vng mu nhng y vng s 4 l bi s
ca c s 10, vng s 1, s 2, s 3 ln lt l hng trm, hng chc v hng
n v.
Tr s = (vng 1)(vng 2)(vng 3) x 10 ( m vng 4)
GVHD: Nguyn Kiu Tam
C th tnh vng s 4 l s con s khng 0 thm vo
4 Thc hnh c tr s in tr.
Cc in tr khc nhau vng mu th 3
Khi cc in tr khc nhau vng mu th 3, th ta thy vng mu bi s

ny thng thay i t mu nh bc cho n mu xanh l , tng ng vi
in tr < 1 n hng M.
Cc in tr c vng mu s 1 v s 2 thay i .
hnh trn l cc gi tr in tr ta thng gp trong thc t, khi vng mu

s 3 thay i th cc gi tr in tr trn tng gim 10 ln.
5 Cc tr s in tr thng dng.
Ta khng th kim c mt in tr c tr s bt k, cc nh sn xut ch a ra
khong 150 loi tr s in tr thng dng , bng di y l mu sc v tr s ca
cc in tr thng dng.
GVHD: Nguyn Kiu Tam
Cc gi tr in tr thng dng.
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GVHD: Nguyn Kiu Tam
6 -. Phn loi in tr.
in tr thng : in tr thng l cc in tr c cng xut nh t

0,125W n 0,5W
in tr cng xut : L cc in tr c cng xut ln hn t 1W, 2W, 5W,
10W.
in tr s, in tr nhit : L cch gi khc ca cc in tr cng xut ,
in tr ny c v bc s, khi hot ng chng to nhit.
Cc in tr : 2W 1W 0,5W 0,25W
in tr s hay tr nhit
7 Cng xut ca in tr.

Khi mc in tr vo mt on mch, bn thn in tr tiu th mt cng xut P
tnh c theo cng thc
P = U . I = U2 / R = I2.R
Theo cng thc trn ta thy, cng xut tiu th ca in tr ph thuc vo

dng in i qua in tr hoc ph thuc vo in p trn hai u in tr.
Cng xut tiu th ca in tr l hon ton tnh c trc khi lp in tr
vo mch.
Nu em mt in tr c cng xut danh nh nh hn cng xut n s tiu
th th in tr s b chy.
Thng thng ngi ta lp in tr vo mch c cng xut danh nh > = 2
ln cng xut m n s tiu th.
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GVHD: Nguyn Kiu Tam
in tr chy do qu cng xut
s trn cho ta thy : Ngun Vcc l 12V, cc in tr u c tr s l

120 nhng c cng xut khc nhau, khi cc cng tc K1 v K2 ng, cc
in tr u tiu th mt cng xut l
P = U2 / R = (12 x 12) / 120 = 1,2W
Khi K1 ng, do in tr c cng xut ln hn cng xut tiu th , nn in

tr khng chy.
Khi K2 ng, in tr c cng xut nh hn cng xut tiu th , nn in tr
b chy .
8 Bin tr, trit p :

Bin tr L in tr c th chnh thay i gi tr, c k hiu l VR chng c
hnh dng nh sau :
Hnh dng bin tr K hiu trn s

Bin tr thng rp trong my phc v cho qu trnh sa cha, cn chnh ca k
thut vin, bin tr c cu to nh hnh bn di.
11
GVHD: Nguyn Kiu Tam
Cu to ca bin tr
Trit p : Trit p cng tng t bin tr nhng c thm cn chnh v thng b

tr pha trc mt my cho ngi s dng iu chnh. V d nh Trit p Volume,
trit p Bass, Treec v.v.. , trit p ngha l trit ra mt phn in p t u vo tu
theo mc chnh.
K hiu trit p trn s nguyn l.
Hnh dng trit p Cu to trong trit p
9 in tr mc ni tip .
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GVHD: Nguyn Kiu Tam
in tr mc ni tip.
Cc in tr mc ni tip c gi tr tng ng bng tng cc in tr thnh

phn cng li. Rtd = R1 + R2 + R3
Dng in chy qua cc in tr mc ni tip c gi tr bng nhau v bng I I
= ( U1 / R1) = ( U2 / R2) = ( U3 / R3 )
T cng thc trn ta thy rng , st p trn cc in tr mc ni tip t l
thun vi gi tr int tr .
10 in tr mc song song.
in tr mc song song
Cc in tr mc song song c gi tr tng ng Rtd c tnh bi cng

thc (1 / Rtd) = (1 / R1) + (1 / R2) + (1 / R3)
Nu mch ch c 2 in tr song song th
Rtd = R1.R2 / ( R1 + R2)
Dng in chy qua cc in tr mc song song t l nghch vi gi tr in
tr .
I1 = ( U / R1) , I2 = ( U / R2) , I3 =( U / R3 )
in p trn cc in tr mc song song lun bng nhau
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GVHD: Nguyn Kiu Tam
11 in tr mc hn hp
in tr mc hn hp.
Mc hn hp cc in tr to ra in tr ti u hn .
V d: nu ta cn mt in tr 9K ta c th mc 2 in tr 15K song song sau
mc ni tip vi in tr 1,5K .
12 ng dng ca in tr
in tr c mt mi ni trong thit b in t v nh vy in tr l linh kin
quan trng khng th thiu c , trong mch in , in tr c nhng tc dng sau
:
Khng ch dng in qua ti cho ph hp, V d c mt bng n 9V,

nhng ta ch c ngun 12V, ta c th u ni tip bng n vi in tr
st p bt 3V trn in tr.
u ni tip vi bng n mt in tr.

- Nh hnh trn ta c th tnh c tr s v cng xut ca in tr cho ph hp nh
sau: Bng n c in p 9V v cng xut 2W vy dng tiu th l I = P / U = (2 /
9 ) = Ampe cng chnh l dng in i qua in tr.
- V ngun l 12V, bng n 9V nn cn st p trn R l 3V vy ta suy ra in tr
cn tm l R = U/ I = 3 / (2/9) = 27 / 2 = 13,5
- Cng xut tiu th trn in tr l : P = U.I = 3.(2/9) = 6/9 W v vy ta phi dng
in tr c cng xut P > 6/9 W
14
GVHD: Nguyn Kiu Tam
Mc in tr thnh cu phn p c c mt in p theo mun t

mt in p cho trc.
Cu phn p ly ra p U1 tu .
T ngun 12V trn thng qua cu phn p R1 v R2 ta ly ra in p U1, p U1
ph thuc vo gi tr hai in tr R1 v R2.theo cng thc .
U1 / U = R1 / (R1 + R2) => U1 = U.R1/(R1 + R2)
Thay i gi tr R1 hoc R2 ta s thu c in p U1 theo mun.
Phn cc cho bng bn dn hot ng .
Mch phn cc cho Transistor
Tham gia vo cc mch to dao ng R C
15
GVHD: Nguyn Kiu Tam
Mch to dao ng s dng IC 555
16
GVHD: Nguyn Kiu Tam
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GVHD: Nguyn Kiu Tam
II. T in (capacitor)
T in : T in l linh kin in t th ng c s dng rt rng ri trong cc
mch in t, chng c s dng trong cc mch lc ngun, lc nhiu, mch
truyn tn hiu xoay chiu, mch to dao ng .vv
1. Cu to ca t in .
Cu to ca t in gm hai bn cc t song song, gia c mt lp cch in gi
l in mi.
Ngi ta thng dng giy, gm , mica, giy tm ho cht lm cht in mi v t
in cng c phn loi theo tn gi ca cc cht in mi ny nh T giy, T
gm, T ho.
Cu to t gm Cu to t ho
2. Hnh dng thc t ca t in.
Hnh dng ca t gm.

18
GVHD: Nguyn Kiu Tam
Hnh dng ca t ho
3. in dung , n v v k hiu ca t in.

* in dung : L i lng ni ln kh nng tch in trn hai bn cc ca t in,
in dung ca t in ph thuc vo din tch bn cc, vt liu lm cht in mi
v khong cch gi hai bn cc theo cng thc
C=.S/d
Trong C : l in dung t in , n v l Fara (F)

: L hng s in mi ca lp cch in.
d : l chiu dy ca lp cch in.
S : l din tch bn cc ca t in.
* n v in dung ca t : n v l Fara (F) , 1Fara l rt ln do trong thc

t thng dng cc n v nh hn nh MicroFara (F) , NanoFara (nF), PicoFara
(pF).
1 Fara = 1.000.000 Fara = 1.000.000.000 n F = 1.000.000.000.000 p F

1 Fara = 1.000 n Fara
1 n Fara = 1.000 p Fara
* K hiu : T in c k hiu l C (Capacitor)
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GVHD: Nguyn Kiu Tam
K hiu ca t in trn s nguyn l.
4 . S phng np ca t in .
Mt tnh cht quan trng ca t in l tnh cht phng np ca t , nh tnh cht
ny m t c kh nng dn in xoay chiu.
Minh ho v tnh cht phng np ca t in.

* T np in : Nh hnh nh trn ta thy rng , khi cng tc K1 ng, dng in
t ngun U i qua bng n np vo t, dng np ny lm bng n lo sng,
khi t np y th dng np gim bng 0 v vy bng n tt.
* T phng in : Khi t np y, nu cng tc K1 m, cng tc K2 ng th
dng in t cc dng (+) ca t phng qua bng n v cc m (-) lm bng n
lo sng, khi t phng ht in th bng n tt.
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GVHD: Nguyn Kiu Tam
=> Nu in dung t cng ln th bng n lo sng cng lu hay thi gian phng
np cng lu.
5 . Cch c gi tr in dung trn t in.

* Vi t ho : Gi tr in dung ca t ho c ghi trc tip trn thn t
=> T ho l t c phn cc (-) , (+) v lun lun c hnh tr .
T ho ghi in dung l 185 F / 320 V

* Vi t giy , t gm : T giy v t gm c tr s ghi bng k hiu
T gm ghi tr s bng k hiu.
Cch c : Ly hai ch s u nhn vi 10(M s th 3 )

V d t gm bn phi hnh nh trn ghi 474K ngha l
Gi tr = 47 x 10 4 = 470000 p ( Ly n v l pic Fara)
= 470 n Fara = 0,47 F
Ch K hoc J cui l ch sai s 5% hay 10% ca t in .
21
GVHD: Nguyn Kiu Tam
* Thc hnh c tr s ca t in.
Cch c tr s t git v t gm .
Ch : ch K l sai s ca t .
50V l in p cc i m t chu c.
* T giy v t gm cn c mt cch ghi tr s khc l ghi theo s thp phn v ly
n v l MicroFara
Mt cch ghi tr s khc ca t giy v t gm.
6. ngha ca gi tr in p ghi trn thn t :
Ta thy rng bt k t in no cng c ghi tr s in p ngay sau gi tr

in dung, y chnh l gi tr in p cc i m t chu c, qu in p
ny t s b n.
Khi lp t vo trong mt mch in c in p l U th bao gi ngi ta cng
lp t in c gi tr in p Max cao gp khong 1,4 ln.
V d mch 12V phi lp t 16V, mch 24V phi lp t 35V. vv..
7 Phn loi t in
7.1) T giy, T gm, T mica. (T khng phn cc )
Cc loi t ny khng phn bit m dng v thng c in dung nh t 0,47 F

tr xung, cc t ny thng c s dng trong cc mch in c tn s cao hoc
mch lc nhiu.
22
GVHD: Nguyn Kiu Tam
T gm l t khng phn cc.

7.2) T ho ( T c phn cc )
T ho l t c phn cc m dng , t ho c tr s ln hn v gi tr t 0,47F
n khong 4.700 F , t ho thng c s dng trong cc mch c tn s thp
hoc dng lc ngun, t ho lun lun c hnh tr..
T ho L t c phn cc m dng.
7.3) T xoay .
T xoay l t c th xoay thay i gi tr in dung, t ny thng
c lp trong Radio thay i tn s cng hng khi ta d i.
23
GVHD: Nguyn Kiu Tam
T xoay s dng trong Radio
8 Phng php kim tra t in

8.1) o kim tra t giy v t gm.
T giy v t gm thng hng dng b d r hoc b chp, pht
hin t d r hoc b chp ta quan st hnh nh sau y .
o kim tra t giy hoc t gm .

24
GVHD: Nguyn Kiu Tam
hnh nh trn l php o kim tra t gm, c ba t C1 , C2 v C3 c in

dung bng nhau, trong C1 l t tt, C2 l t b d v C3 l t b chp.
Khi o t C1 ( T tt ) kim phng ln 1 cht ri tr v v tr c. ( Lu cc
t nh qu < 1nF th kim s khng phng np )
Khi o t C2 ( T b d ) ta thy kim ln lng chng thang o v dng li
khng tr v v tr c.
Khi o t C3 ( T b chp ) ta thy kim ln = 0 v khng tr v.
Lu : Khi o kim tra t giy hoc t gm ta phi ng h thang
x1K hoc x10K, v phi o chiu kim ng h vi ln khi o.
8.2) o kim tra t ho

T ho t khi b d hay b chp nh t giy, nhng chng li hay hng dng b
kh ( kh ho cht bn trong lp in mi ) lm in dung ca t b gim , kim
tra t ho , ta thng so snh phng np ca t vi mt t cn tt c cng in
dung, hnh nh di y minh ho cc bc kim tra t ho.
o kim tra t ho
kim tra t ho C2 c tr s 100F c b gim in dung hay khng, ta

dng t C1 cn mi c cng in dung v o so snh.
ng h thang t x1 n x100 ( in dung cng ln th thang
cng thp )
o vo hai t v so snh phng np , khi o ta o chiu que o vi ln.
25
GVHD: Nguyn Kiu Tam
Nu hai t phng np bng nhau l t cn kim tra cn tt, trn ta thy t

C2 phng np km hn do t C2 trn b kh.
Trng hp kim ln m khng tr v l t b d.
Ch : Nu kim tra t in trc tip trn mch , ta cn phi ht rng mt chn

t khi mch in, sau kim tra nh trn.
9 Cc kiu mc v ng dng
9.1 . T in mc ni tip .
Cc t in mc ni tip c in dung tng ng C t c tnh bi cng

thc : 1 / C t = (1 / C1 ) + ( 1 / C2 ) + ( 1 / C3 )
Trng hp ch c 2 t mc ni tip th C t = C1.C2 / ( C1 + C2 )
Khi mc ni tip th in p chu ng ca t tng ng bng tng in p
ca cc t cng li. U t = U1 + U2 + U3
Khi mc ni tip cc t in, nu l cc t ho ta cn ch chiu ca t in,
cc m t trc phi ni vi cc dng t sau:
T in mc ni tip T in mc song song

9.2 T in mc song song.
Cc t in mc song song th c in dung tng ng bng tng in

dung ca cc t cng li . C = C1 + C2 + C3
in p chu ng ca t in tng tng bng in p ca t c in p
thp nht.
Nu l t ho th cc t phi c u cng chiu m dng.
26
GVHD: Nguyn Kiu Tam
9.3 ng dng ca t in .
T in c s dng rt nhiu trong k thut in v in t, trong cc thit b
in t, t in l mt linh kin khng th thiu c, mi mch in t u c mt
cng dng nht nh nh truyn dn tn hiu , lc nhiu, lc in ngun, to dao
ng ..vv
Di y l mt s nhng hnh nh minh ho v ng dng ca t in.
* T in trong mch lc ngun.
T ho trong mch lc ngun.
Trong mch lc ngun nh hnh trn , t ho c tc dng lc cho in p mt

chiu sau khi chnh lu c bng phng cung cp cho ti tiu th, ta
thy nu khng c t th p DC sau i t l in p nhp nh, khi c t in
p ny c lc tng i phng, t in cng ln th in p DC ny cng
phng.
* T in trong mch dao ng a hi to xung vung.
Mch dao ng a hi s dng 2 Transistor

27
GVHD: Nguyn Kiu Tam
Bn c th lp mch trn vi cc thng s cho trn s .

Hai n bo sng s dng n Led du song song vi cc CE ca hai
Transistor, ch u ng chiu m dng.
Phn loi t in v cch c gi tr

Mt t in l mt linh kin in t th ng to bi hai b mt dn in c
ngn cch bi in mi. Khi c chnh lch in th ti hai b mt, ti cc b mt s
xut hin in tch cng cng , nhng tri du.
S tch t ca in tch trn hai b mt to ra kh nng tch tr nng lng in
trng ca t in. Khi chnh lch in th trn hai b mt l in th xoay chiu,
s tch lu in tch b chm pha so vi in p, to nn tr khng ca t in trong
mch in xoay chiu.
V mt lu tr nng lng, t in c phn ging vi c-quy. Mc d cch hot
ng ca chng th hon ton khc nhau, nhng chng u cng lu tr nng lng
in. c qui c 2 cc, bn trong xy ra phn ng ha hc to ra electron cc
ny v chuyn electron sang cc cn li. T in th n gin hn, n khng th to
ra electron - n ch lu tr chng. T in c kh nng np v x rt nhanh. y l
mt u th ca n so vi c qui.
in:
SMD
ceramic
SMD
tantali
28
pha
trn
bn
tri;
pha
di
bn
tri;
GVHD: Nguyn Kiu Tam
through-hole tantali pha trn bn phi;

through-hole electrolytic pha di bn phi.
T l phn chia trn thc l cm
T in theo ng tn gi chnh l linh kin c chc nng tch t nng lng in,
ni mt cch nm na. Chng thng c dng kt hp vi cc in tr trong cc
mch nh thi bi kh nng tch t nng lng in trong mt khong thi gian
nht nh. ng thi t in cng c s dng trong cc ngun in vi chc
nng lm gim gn sng ca ngun trong cc ngun xoay chiu, hay trong cc
mch lc bi chc nng ca t ni mt cch n gin l t ngn mch (cho dng
in i qua) i vi dng in xoay chiu v h mch i vi dng in 1 chiu.
Trong mt s cc mch in n gin, n gin ha trong qu trnh tnh ton
hay thay th tng ng th chng ta thng thay th mt t in bng mt dy
dn khi c dng xoay chiu i qua hay tho t ra khi mch khi c dng mt chiu
trong mch. iu ny kh l cn thit khi thc hin tnh ton hay xc nh cc s
mch tng ng cho cc mch in t thng thng.
Hin nay, trn th gii c rt nhiu loi t in khc nhau nhng v c bn, chng
ta c th chia t in thnh hai loi: T c phn cc (c cc xc nh) v t in
khng phn cc (khng xc nh cc dng m c th).
c trng cho kh nng tch tr nng lng in ca t in, ngi ta a ra
khi nim l in dung ca t in. in dung cng cao th kh nng tch tr nng
lng ca t in cng ln v ngc li. Gi tr in dung c o bng n v
Farad (k hiu l F). Gi tr F l rt ln nn thng thng trong cc mch in t,
cc gi tr t ch o bng cc gi tr nh hn nh micro fara (F), nano Fara (nF)
hay picro Fara (pF).
1F=106F=109nF=1012pF
T ho
29
GVHD: Nguyn Kiu Tam
K hiu t ho v hnh dng t ho

T ha l mt loi t c phn cc. Chnh v th khi s dng t ha yu cu ngi
s dng phi cm ng chn ca t in vi in p cung cp. Thng thng, cc
loi t ha thng c k hiu chn c th cho ngi s dng bng cc k hiu +
hoc = tng ng vi chn t.
C hai dng t ha thng thng l t ha c chn ti hai u tr trn ca t (t
c ghi 220F trn hnh a) v loi t ha c 2 chn ni ra cng 1 u tr trn (t c
ghi gi tr 10F trn hnh a). ng thi trn cc t ha, ngi ta thng ghi km
gi tr in p cc i m t c th chu c. Nu trng hp in p ln hn so
vi gi tr in p trn t th t s b phng hoc n t ty thuc vo gi tr in p
cung cp. Thng thng, khi chn cc loi t ha ny ngi ta thng chn cc
loi t c gi tr in p ln hn cc gi tr in p i qua t m bo t hot
ng tt v m bo tui th ca t ha.
30
GVHD: Nguyn Kiu Tam
T Tantali
T Tantali
T Tantali cng l loi t ha nhng c in p thp hn so vi t ha. Chng kh
t nhng nh v chng c dng khi yu cu v t dung ln nhng kch thc
nh.
Cc loi t Tantali hin nay thng ghi r trn n gi tr t, in p cng nh cc
ca t. Cc loi t Tantali ngy xa s dng m mu phn bit. Chng thng
c 3 ct mu (biu din gi tr t, mt ct biu din gi tr in p) v mt chm
mu c trng cho s cc s khng sau du phy tnh theo gi tr F. Chng cng
dng m mu chun cho vic nh ngha cc gi tr nhng i vi cc im mu th
im mu xm c ngha l gi tr t nhn vi 0,01; trng nhn 0,1 v en l nhn 1.
Ct mu nh ngha gi tr in p thng nm gn chn ca t v c cc gi tr
nh sau:
Vng=6,3V
en= 10V
Xanh l cy= 16V
Xanh da tri= 20V
Xm= 25V
Trng= 30V
Hng= 35V
31
GVHD: Nguyn Kiu Tam
T khng phn cc
T thng v k hiu
Cc loi t nh thng khng phn cc. Cc loi t ny thng chu c cc in
p cao m thng thng l khong 50V hay 250V. Cc loi t khng phn cc ny
c rt nhiu loi v c rt nhiu cc h thng chun c gi tr khc nhau.
Rt nhiu cc loi t c gi tr nh c ghi thng ra ngoi m khng cn c h s

nhn no, nhng cng c cc loi t c thm cc gi tr cho h s nhn. V d c
cc t ghi 0.1 c ngha gi tr ca n l 0,1F=100nF hay c cc t ghi l 4n7 th c
ngha gi tr ca t chnh l 4,7nF
Cc loi t c dng m
32
GVHD: Nguyn Kiu Tam
M s thng c dng cho cc loi t c gi tr nh trong cc gi tr c

nh ngha ln lt nh sau:
- Gi tr th 1 l s hng chc
- Gi tr th 2 l s hng n v
- Gi tr th 3 l s s khng ni tip theo gi tr ca s to t gi tr 1 v 2.Gi
tr ca t c c theo chun l gi tr picro Fara (pF)
- Ch s i km sau cng l ch gi tr sai s ca t.
V d: t ghi gi tr 102 th c ngha l 10 v thm 2 s 0 ng sau =1000pF = 1nF
ch khng phi 102pF
Hoc v d t 272J th c ngha l 2700pF=2,7nF v sai s l 5%
T c dng m mu
T dng m mu
S dng ch yu trn cc t loi polyester trong rt nhiu nm. Hin nay cc loi t
ny khng cn bn trn th trng na nhng chng vn tn ti trong kh nhiu
cc mch in t c. Mu c nh ngha cng tng t nh i vi mu trn in
tr. 3 mu trn cng ln lt ch gi tr t tnh theo pF, mu th 4 l ch dung sai v
mu th 5 ch ra gi tr in p.
V d t c mu nu/en/cam c ngha l 10000pF= 10nF= 0.01uF.
33
GVHD: Nguyn Kiu Tam
Ch rng ko c khong trng no gia cc mu nn thc t khi c 2 mu cnh

nhau ging nhau th n to ra mt mng mu rng. V d Di rng/vng=
220nF=0.22uF
T Polyester
Ngy nay, loi t ny cng him khi c s dng. Gi tr ca cc loi t ny
thng c in ngay trn t theo gi tr pF. T ny c mt nhc im l d b
hng do nhit hn nng. Chnh v th khi hn cc loi t ny ngi ta thng c
cc k thut ring thc hin hn, trnh lm hng t.
T polyester
T in bin i
T in bin i thng c s dng trong cc mch iu chnh radio v chng
thng c gi l t xoay. Chng thng c cc gi tr rt nh, thng thng nm
trong khong t 100pF n 500pF.
T xoay
Rt nhiu cc t xoay c vng xoay ngn nn chng khng ph hp cho cc di
bin i rng nh l in tr hoc cc chuyn mch xoay. Chnh v th trong nhiu
ng dng, c bit l trong cc mch nh thi hay cc mch iu chnh thi gian
th ngi ta thng thay cc t xoay bng cc in tr xoay v kt hp vi 1 gi tr
t in xc nh.
34
GVHD: Nguyn Kiu Tam
T chn
T chn l cc t xoay c gi tr rt nh. Chng thng c gn trc tip ln bn
mch in t v iu chnh sau khi mch c ch to xong. Tng t cc bin
tr hin ny th khi iu chnh cc t chn ny ngi ta cng dng cc tuc n vt
loi nh iu chnh. Tuy nhin do gi tr cc t ny kh nh nn khi iu chnh,
ngi ta thng phi rt cn thn v kin tr v trong qu trnh iu chnh c s nh
hng ca tay v tuc-n-vt ti gi tr t.
T chn
Cc t chn ny thng c gi tr rt nh, thng thng nh hn khong 100pF. C
iu c bit l khng th gim nh c cc gi tr t chn v 0 nn chng thng
c ch nh vi cc gi tr t in ti thiu, khong t 2 ti 10 pF
35
GVHD: Nguyn Kiu Tam
III. Cun Cm ( Inductor )

1. Cu to ca cun cm.
Cun cm gm mt s vng dy qun li thnh nhiu vng, dy qun c sn
emay cch in, li cun dy c th l khng kh, hoc l vt liu dn t nh
Ferrite hay li thp k thut .
Cun dy li khng kh
Cun dy li Ferit
K hiu cun dy trn s : L1 l cun dy li

khng kh, L2 l cun dy li ferit, L3 l cun
dy c li chnh, L4 l cun dy li thp k thut
2. Cc i lng c trng ca cun cm.
a) H s t cm ( nh lut Faraday)
H s t cm l i lng c trng cho sc in ng cm ng ca cun dy khi
c dng in bin thin chy qua.
L = ( r.4.3,14.n2.S.10-7 ) / l
L : l h s t cm ca cun dy, n v l Henrry (H)
36
GVHD: Nguyn Kiu Tam
n : l s vng dy ca cun dy.

l : l chiu di ca cun dy tnh bng mt (m)
S : l tit din ca li, tnh bng m2
r : l h s t thm ca vt liu lm li .
B) Cm khng
Cm khng ca cun dy l i lng c trng cho s cn tr dng in ca
cun dy i vi dng in xoay chiu .
ZL = 2.3,14.f.L
Trong : ZL l cm khng, n v l
f : l tn s n v l Hz
L : l h s t cm , n v l Henry
Th nghim v cm khng ca cun

dy vi dng in xoay chiu
* Th nghim trn minh ho : Cun dy ni tip vi bng n sau c u
vo cc ngun in 12V nhng c tn s khc nhau thng qua cc cng tc K1,
K2 , K3 , khi K1 ng dng in mt chiu i qua cun dy mnh nht ( V ZL =
0 ) => do bng n sng nht, khi K2 ng dng in xoay chu 50Hz i qua
cun dy yy hn ( do ZL tng ) => bng n sng yu i, khi K3 ng , dng
in xoay chiu 200Hz i qua cun dy yu nht ( do ZL tng cao nht) => bng
n sng yu nht.
37
GVHD: Nguyn Kiu Tam
=> Kt lun : Cm khng ca cun dy t l vi h s t cm ca cun dy v t

l vi tn s dng in xoay chiu, ngha l dng in xoay chiu c tn s cng
cao th i qua cun dy cng kh, dng in mt chiu c tn s f = 0 Hz v vy
vi dng mt chiu cun dy c cm khng ZL = 0
c) in tr thun ca cun dy.
in tr thun ca cun dy l in tr m ta c th o c bng ng h vn
nng, thng thng cun dy c phm cht tt th in tr thun phi tng i
nh so vi cm khng, in tr thun cn gi l in tr tn hao v chnh in tr
ny sinh ra nhit khi cun dy hot ng.
3. Tnh cht np , x ca cun cm
* Cun dy np nng lng : Khi cho mt dng in chy qua cun dy, cun
dy np mt nng lng di dng t trng c tnh theo cng thc
W = L.I 2 / 2
W : nng lng ( June )
L : H s t cm ( H )
I dng in.
Th nghim v tnh np x ca cun dy.

th nghim trn : Khi K1 ng, dng in qua cun dy tng dn ( do cun dy
sinh ra cm khng chng li dng in tng t ngt ) v vy bng n sng t t,
khi K1 va ngt v K2 ng , nng lng np trong cun dy to thnh in p
38
GVHD: Nguyn Kiu Tam
cm ng phng ngc li qua bng n lm bng n lo sng => l hin

tng cun dy x in.
Cun Dy l mt linh kin in t th ng l thuc vo tn s to t mt dy dn in
vi vi vng qun. Mt cng c sanh t khi mc ni vi in.
Cun dy c biu tng mch in
bng n v Hen Ry (H)
c mt T Cm L o
Tnh Cht in DC
Dng in Mt Chiu l dng in c cng khng i v khng l thuc vo tn
s. i vi dng in mt chiu, Cun dy hot ng nh mt in tr c in khng
bng khng hay ni khc hn Cun dy Ni Mch
Tnh Cht in AC
Khi mc in AC vi cun dy, dng in trn cun dy sinh ra mt in Trng, E.
Thay i ca in trng trong cc vng qun ca cun dy sinh ra mt T Trng, B,
vung gc vi in Trng
T Trng
T trng sn sinh t l vi T Dung v Dng in
B=IL
Khi dng in bng khng, B = 0. Vy khi c dng in th c t khi khng c dng
in th khng c t
Khi Cun dy dn in vi I 0 cun dy s tr thnh Nam Chm in.
T Dung
T Dung l tnh cht Vt l ca cun dy, c k hiu L, o bng n v Henry - H
T Dung t l thun vi Chiu di, S vng qun bnh phng v t l nghch vi din
tch b mt ca cun dy
39
GVHD: Nguyn Kiu Tam
T Dung, L, l kh nng sn sinh t ca cun dy bi mt dng in bng t l T Sn

Sinh trn Dng in
in Th
Thay i t theo thi gian to mt in th trn cun dy V_L c chiu cng chiu vi
dng in to ra T trng
Dng in
in Khng
V mi vt dn in u c in Tr R nn
Theo Tn s thi gian
Z = R + XL
Z=R+jL
Theo Gc
Z = |R|/_
Z = [(RL)2 + (L)2] /_Tan-1 L / RL
Phn ng Tn S
Cun dy l mt cng c l thuc tn s
= 0, XL = 0, I 0. Cun dy ng Mch
= 00, XL = 00, I = 0. Cun dy H Mch
= RL / L, XL = RL, I = V / 2 RL.
40
GVHD: Nguyn Kiu Tam
Vi Dng in ti ba im tn s thi gian c th v th I - f

Gc Gia in th v Dng in
Trong trng hp cun dy khng c in tr, in th i trc dng in mt gc 90.
Trong trng hp cun dy c in tr, in th i trc dng in mt gc
Tan =
= 2
Khi i Gc , Tn s thi gian, T Dung, in Tr cng thay i

f = (Tan / 2) (RL / L)
V t = 1 / f
t = (2 / Tan) (L / RL )
Nng Lng Lu Tr
Nng Lng Lu Tr trn cun dy bng kh nng ca Dng in to t
Ch S Cht Lng
Hiu sut lm vic ca cun dy c biu th qua Ch S Cht Lng, Q. Ch S Cht
Lng c nh ngha l t s ca in ng trn in Khng
in t Cm
T trn cc vng qun N ca cun dy c t dung L
=NB
41
GVHD: Nguyn Kiu Tam
-
Thay i t trn cc vng qun theo thi gian to mt in th trn cc vng qun ca
cun dy c chiu ngc chiu vi dng in to ra T trng
Phng Php Ni Kt
Nhiu Cun Dy c th mc ni tip vi nhau tng T Dung hay song song vi nhau
d gim T Dung
Ni Tip
Khi mc ni tip nhiu cun dy li vi nhau, tng t dung s tng v bng tng ca cc
t dung
Lt = L1 + L2 + Ln
Khi mc ni tip 2 cun dy cng gi tr t dung, tng t dung s tng gp i
Lt = L + L = 2L
Song Song
Khi mc song song nhiu t dung li vi nhau, tng t dung s gim v bng Tch ca
cc t dung trn tng ca cc t dung
200px
Khi mc song song 2 cun dy cng gi tr t dung, tng t dung s bng mt na t

dung ca cun dy
Lt = (L L) / (L + L) = L
Cch c gi tr cun cm thng qua m mu:

42
GVHD: Nguyn Kiu Tam
Tng t nh i vi in tr, trn th gii c mt s loi cun cm c cu trc tng

t nh in tr. Quy nh mu v cch c mu u tng t nh i vi cc in tr.
Tuy nhin, do cc gi tr ca cc cun cm thng kh linh ng i vi yu cu thit
k mch cho nn cc cun cm thng c tnh ton v qun theo s vng dy xc
nh. Vi mi loi dy, vi mi loi li khc nhau th gi tr cun cm s khc nhau.
Trong phn gio trnh ny khng cp c th ti cch tnh ton v qun cc cun cm
khc nhau. Phn ny s c cp c th trong phn sch sau ny.
43
GVHD: Nguyn Kiu Tam
4. ng dng ca cun cm
a) Loa (speaker)
Loa l mt ng dng ca cun dy v t trng
- Cu to ca loa: Loa gm mt nam chm hnh tr c hai cc lng

vo nhau, cc N gia v cc S xung quanh, gia hai cc to thnh
mt khe t c t trng kh mnh, mt cun dy c gn vi mng
loa t trong khe t, mng loa c bng chn cao su mm, gip
cho mng loa c th d dng dao ng ra vo.
- Hot ng: khi ta cho dng in m tn ( in xoay chiu t 20 HZ
=> 20.000 HZ ) chy qua cun dy,cun dy to ra t trng bin
thin, v b t trng c nh ca nam chm y ra, y vo lm cho
cun dy dao ng => mng loa dao ng theo v pht ra m thanh.
- ch : tuyt i khng a dng in mt chiu vo loa, v dng
in mt chiu ch to ra t trng c nh, v cun dy ca loa ch
dao ng lch v mt hng ri dng lai, khi dng mt chiu qua
cun dy tng mnh ( do khng c in p cm ng theo chiu ngc
lai ) v vy cun dy s b chy.
b) Micro
Thc cht cu to ca micro l mt chic loa thu nh,v cu to micro

ging loa nhng c s vng cung trn cun dy ln hn loa rt
nhiu,v vy tr khng ca cun dy micro l rt ln khong 600
44
GVHD: Nguyn Kiu Tam
( tr khng loa t 4 n 16 ) ngoi ra mng micro cng c cu to rt

mng c th d dng dao ng khi c m thanh tc ng vo .
Loa l thit b chuyn i dng in thnh m thanh, cn micro th ngc li,
chuyn m thanh thnh dng in m tn.
c) Rle ( Relay )
R le cng l mt ng dng ca cun dy trong sn xut linh kin

in t, nguyn l hot ng ca r le l bin i dng in thnh t
trng thng qua cun dy, t trng li to thnh lc c hc thng
qua lc ht thc hin mt ng tc v c kh nh ng m cng
tc, ng m hnh trnh ca mt thit b t ng
d) Bin p
- Bin p ngun:
Bin p ngun thng gp trong cassete, amply bin p ny hot ng li in p

c tn s 50 hz, l bin p s dng cc l Tnsilic hnh ch E v ch I ghp li, bin p
ny c t s vng/ volt ln.
45
GVHD: Nguyn Kiu Tam
Bin p m tn s dng lm bin p v bin p ra loa trong cc mch khuch i cng

sut, bin p cng s dng nhng l tnsilic lm li, nhng mng hn trnh tn hao,
bin p m tn hot ng tn s cao hn, v vy c s vng/ volt thp hn. Khi thit
k bin p m tn ngi ta thng ly tn s trung binh t 1 khz n 3 khz.
- Bin p xung v cao p
Bin p xung l bin p hot ng tn s cao vi chc khz nh bin p trong cc b

ngun xung,bin p cao p, li bin p xung lm bng ferit, do hot ng tn s cao
nn bin p xung cho cng sut rt mnh, so vi bin p ngun thng thng th bin p
xung cho cng xut gp hng chc ln.
46
GVHD: Nguyn Kiu Tam
IV. Diode
1.1 - Cht bn dn l g ?
Cht bn dn l nguyn liu sn xut ra cc loi linh kin bn dn nh
Diode, Transistor, IC m ta thy trong cc thit b in t ngy
nay.
Cht bn dn l nhng cht c c im trung gian gia
cht dn in v cht cch in, v phng din ho hc th bn dn l
nhng cht c 4 in t lp ngoi cng ca nguyn t. l cc cht
Germanium ( Ge) v Silicium (Si)
T cc cht bn dn ban u ( tinh khit) ngi ta phi
to ra hai loi bn dn l bn dn loi N v bn dn loi P, sau
ghp cc ming bn dn loi N v P li ta thu c Diode hay Transistor.
Si v Ge u c ho tr 4, tc l lp ngoi cng c 4
in t, th tinh khit cc nguyn t Si (Ge) lin kt vi nhau theo
lin kt cng ho tr nh hnh di.
Cht bn dn tinh khit .

1.2 - Cht bn dn loi N
* Khi ta pha mt lng nh cht c ho tr 5 nh Phospho (P) vo cht
bn dn Si th mt nguyn t P lin kt vi 4 nguyn t Si theo lin
kt cng ho tr, nguyn t Phospho ch c 4 in t tham gia lin kt
v cn d mt in t v tr thnh in t t do => Cht bn dn lc
ny tr thnh tha in t ( mang in m) v c gi l bn dn N (
Negative : m ).
47
GVHD: Nguyn Kiu Tam
Cht bn dn N
1.3 - Cht bn dn loi P
Ngc li khi ta pha thm mt lng nh cht c ho tr 3 nh Indium
(In) vo cht bn dn Si th 1 nguyn t Indium s lin kt
vi 4 nguyn t Si theo lin kt cng ho tr v lin kt b thiu mt
in t => tr thnh l trng ( mang in dng) v c
gi l cht bn dn P.
Cht bn dn P
2 - Diode (i t) Bn dn
2.1 - Tip gip P - N v Cu to ca Diode bn dn.
Khi c c hai cht bn dn l P v N , nu ghp hai cht bn dn theo
mt tip gip P - N ta c mt Diode, tip gip P -N c c im
: Ti b mt tip xc, cc in t d tha trong bn dn N khuych tn
sang vng bn dn P lp vo cc l trng => to thnh mt lp Ion
trung ho v in => lp Ion ny to thnh min cch in gia
hai cht bn dn.
48
GVHD: Nguyn Kiu Tam
Mi tip xc P - N => Cu to ca Diode .

* hnh trn l mi tip xc P - N v cng chnh l cu to ca Diode bn dn.
K hiu v hnh dng ca Diode bn dn.

2.2 - Phn cc thun cho Diode.
Khi
ta cp in p dng (+) vo Ant ( vng bn dn P ) v in p m (-)
vo Katt ( vng bn dn N ) , khi di tc dng tng tc ca in
p, min cch in thu hp li, khi in p chnh lch gi hai cc t
0,6V ( vi Diode loi Si ) hoc 0,2V ( vi Diode loi Ge ) th din
tch min cch in gim bng khng => Diode bt u dn in. Nu
tip tc tng in p ngun th dng qua Diode tng nhanh nhng chnh
lch in p gia hai cc ca Diode khng tng (vn gi mc 0,6V )
Diode (Si) phn cc thun - Khi Dode dn

in p thun c gim mc 0,6V
ng c tuyn ca in p thun qua Diode
49
GVHD: Nguyn Kiu Tam
* Kt lun : Khi Diode (loi Si)

c phn cc thun, nu in p phn cc thun < 0,6V th cha c
dng i qua Diode, Nu p phn cc thun t = 0,6V th c dng i qua
Diode sau dng in qua Diode tng nhanh nhng st p thun vn gi
gi tr 0,6V .
2.3 - Phn cc ngc cho Diode.
Khi phn cc ngc cho Diode tc l cp ngun (+) vo Katt (bn
dn N), ngun (-) vo Ant (bn dn P), di s tng tc ca in p
ngc, min cch in cng rng ra v ngn cn dng in i qua
mi tip gip, Diode c th chiu c in p ngc rt ln
khong 1000V th diode mi b nh thng.
Diode ch b chy khi p phn cc ngc tng > = 1000V

2.4 - Phng php o kim tra Diode
o kim tra Diode
t ng h thang x 1 , t hai que o vo hai u Diode, nu :

50
GVHD: Nguyn Kiu Tam
o chiu thun que en vo Ant, que vo Katt => kim ln, o chiu o
kim khng ln l => Diode tt
Nu o c hai chiu kim ln = 0 => l Diode b chp.
Nu o thun chiu m kim khng ln => l Diode b t.
php o trn th Diode D1 tt , Diode D2 b chp v D3 b t
Nu thang 1K m o ngc vo Diode kim vn ln mt cht l Diode b d.
2.5 - ng dng ca Diode bn dn .

* Do tnh cht dn in mt chiu nn Diode
thng c s dng trong cc mch chnh lu ngun xoay chiu thnh mt
chiu, cc mch tch sng, mch gim p phn cc cho transistor hot
ng . trong mch chnh lu Diode c th c tch hp thnh Diode cu
c dng .
Diode cu trong mch chnh lu in xoay chiu .

3 - Cc loi Diode
3.1 - Diode Zener
* Cu to :
Diode Zener c cu to tng t Diode thng nhng c hai lp bn dn P
- N ghp vi nhau, Diode Zener c ng dng trong ch phn cc
ngc, khi phn cc thun Diode zener nh diode thng nhng khi phn
cc ngc Diode zener s gim li mt mc in p c nh bng gi tr
ghi trn diode.
Hnh dng Diode Zener ( Dz )

51
GVHD: Nguyn Kiu Tam
K hiu v ng dng ca Diode zener trong mch.
S trn minh ho ng dng ca Dz, ngun U1 l ngun c in p thay i,

Dz l diode n p, R1 l tr hn dng.
Ta thy rng khi ngun U1 > Dz th p trn Dz lun lun c nh cho d ngun
U1 thay i.
Khi ngun U1 thay i th dng ngc qua Dz thay i, dng ngc qua Dz c
gi tr gii hn khong 30mA.
Thng thng ngi ta s dng ngun U1 > 1,5 => 2
ln Dz v lp tr hn dng R1 sao cho dng ngc ln nht qua Dz
< 30mA.
Nu U1 < Dz th khi U1 thay i p trn Dz cng thay i

Nu U1 > Dz th khi U1 thay i => p trn Dz khng i.
3.2 - Diode Thu quang. ( Photo Diode )
Diode
thu quang hot ng ch phn cc nghch, v diode c mt ming
thu tinh nh sng chiu vo mi P - N , dng in ngc qua diode
t l thun vi cng nh sng chiu vo diode.
K hiu ca Photo Diode
52
GVHD: Nguyn Kiu Tam
Minh ho s hot ng ca Photo Diode

3.3 - Diode Pht quang ( Light Emiting Diode : LED )
Diode pht phang l Diode pht ra nh sng khi c phn cc thun, in p
lm vic ca LED khong 1,7 => 2,2V dng qua Led khong t 5mA n
20mA
Led c s dng lm n bo ngun, n nhy trang tr, bo trng thi c in .
vv
Diode pht quang LED

3.4 - Diode Varicap ( Diode bin dung )
Diode bin dung l Diode c in dung nh t in, v in dung bin i khi ta thay
i in p ngc t vo Diode.
n dng ca Diode bin dung Varicap ( VD )

trong mch cng hng
hnh trn khi ta chnh trit p VR, in p

ngc t vo Diode Varicap thay i , in dung ca diode thay i
=> lm thay i tn s cng hng ca mch.
Diode bin dung c s dng trong cc b knh Ti vi mu, trong cc mch iu
chnh tn s cng hng bng in p.
53
GVHD: Nguyn Kiu Tam
3.5 - Diode xung

Trong cc b ngun xung th u ra ca bin p xung , ta phi dng Diode
xung chnh lu. diode xung l diode lm vic tn s cao khong vi
chc KHz , diode nn in thng thng khng th thay th vo v tr
diode xung c, nhng ngc li diode xung c th thay th cho v tr
diode thng, diode xung c gi thnh cao hn diode thng nhiu ln.
V c im , hnh dng th Diode xung khng c g khc bit vi Diode
thng, tuy nhin Diode xung thng c vng dnh du t nt hoc
nh du bng hai vng
K hiu ca Diode xung
3.6 - Diode tch sng.
L loi Diode nh v bng thu tinh v cn gi l diode tip im v
mt tip xc gia hai cht bn dn P - N ti mt im trnh in
dung k sinh, diode tch sng thng dng trong cc mch cao tn dng
tch sng tn hiu.
3.7 - Diode nn in.
L Diode tip mt dng nn in trong cc b chnh lu ngun AC 50Hz
, Diode ny thng c 3 loi l 1A, 2A v 5A.
Diode nn in 5A
Ngun: hocnghe.com.vn
V.Thyristor
1. Cu to v nguyn l hot ng ca Thyristor
54
GVHD: Nguyn Kiu Tam
Cu to Thyristor K hiu ca Thyristor S

tng tng
Thyristor c cu to gm 4 lp bn dn ghp li to
thnh hai Transistor mc ni tip, mt Transistor thun v mt Transistor
ngc ( nh s tng ng trn ) . Thyristor c 3 cc l Anot, Katot
v Gate gi l A-K-G, Thyristor l Diode c iu khin , bnh thng khi
c phn cc thun, Thyristor cha dn in, khi c mt in p kch vo
chn G => Thyristor dn cho n khi in p o chiu hoc ct in p ngun
Thyristor mi ngng dn..
Th nghim sau y minh ho s hot ng ca Thyristor
Th nghim minh ho s hot ng ca Thyristor.
Ban u cng tc K2 ng, Thyristor mc d c phn cc

thun nhng vn khng c dng in chy qua, n khng sng.
55
GVHD: Nguyn Kiu Tam
Khi cng tc K1 ng, in p U1 cp vo chn G lm n

Q2 dn => ko theo n Q1 dn => dng in t ngun U2 i qua Thyristor
lm n sng.
Tip theo ta thy cng tc K1 ngt nhng n vn sng, v
khi Q1 dn, in p chn B n Q2 tng lm Q2 dn, khi Q2 dn lm p chn
B n Q1 gim lm n Q1 dn , nh vy hai n nh thin cho nhau v duy
tr trang thi dn in.
n sng duy tr cho n khi K2 ngt => Thyristor khng
c cp in v ngng trang thi hot ng.
Khi Thyristor ngng dn, ta ng K2 nhng n vn khng
sng nh trng hp ban u.
Hnh dng Thyristor

o kim tra Thyristor
o kim tra Thyristor
t ng h thang x1 , t
que en vo Anot, que vo Katot ban u kim khng ln , dng Tovit chp
chn A vo chn G => thy ng h ln kim , sau b Tovit ra => ng h
vn ln kim => nh vy l Thyristor tt .
56
GVHD: Nguyn Kiu Tam
ng dng ca Thyristor
Thyristor thng c s dng trong cc mch chnh lu
nhn i t ng ca ngun xung Ti vi mu .
Th d mch chnh lu nhn 2 trong ngun Ti vi mu JVC
1490 c s nh sau :
ng dng ca Thyristor trong mch chnh lu

nhn 2 t ng ca ngun xung Tivi mu JVC
Ngun: hocnghe.com.vn
VI. Mosfet
1. Gii thiu v Mosfet
Mosfet l Transistor hiu ng trng
( Metal Oxide Semiconductor Field Effect Transistor ) l mt Transistor
c bit c cu to v hot ng khc vi Transistor thng thng
m ta bit, Mosfet c nguyn tc hot ng da trn hiu ng t
trng to ra dng in, l linh kin c tr khng u vo ln thch
hn cho khuych i cc ngun tn hiu yu, Mosfet c s dng nhiu
trong cc mch ngun Monitor, ngun my tnh .
57
GVHD: Nguyn Kiu Tam
Transistor hiu ng trng Mosfet

2. Cu to v k hiu ca Mosfet.
K hiu v s chn tng ng

gia Mosfet v Transistor
* Cu to ca Mosfet.
58
GVHD: Nguyn Kiu Tam
Cu to ca Mosfet ngc Knh N
G : Gate gi l cc cng
S : Source gi l cc ngun
D : Drain gi l cc mng
Mosfet kn N c hai ming bn dn loi P t trn nn bn dn N, gia hai lp PN c cch in bi lp SiO2
hai ming bn dn P c ni ra thnh cc D v cc S, nn bn dn N
c ni vi lp mng mng trn sau c du ra thnh cc G.
Mosfet c in tr gia cc G vi cc S v gia
cc G vi cc D l v cng ln , cn in tr gia cc D v cc S
ph thuc vo in p chnh lch gia cc G v cc S ( UGS )
Khi in p UGS = 0 th in tr RDS rt ln, khi in p UGS > 0 => do hiu
ng t trng lm cho in tr RDS gim, in p UGS cng ln th in tr
RDS cng nh.
3. Nguyn tc hot ng ca Mosfet

Mch in th nghim.
Mch th nghim s hot ng ca Mosfet
Th nghim : Cp ngun mt chiu UD

qua mt bng n D vo hai cc D v S ca Mosfet Q (Phn cc thun cho
59
GVHD: Nguyn Kiu Tam
Mosfet ngc) ta thy bng n khng sng ngha l khng c dng in

i qua cc DS khi chn G khng c cp in.
Khi cng tc K1 ng, ngun UG cp vo hai cc GS lm in p UGS > 0V =>
n Q1 dn => bng n D sng.
Khi cng tc K1 ngt, in p tch trn t C1 (t gm)
vn duy tr cho n Q dn => chng t khng c dng in i qua cc
GS.
Khi cng tc K2 ng, in p tch trn t C1 gim bng 0 => UGS= 0V => n
tt
=> T thc nghim trn ta thy rng : in p t
vo chn G khng to ra dng GS nh trong Transistor thng thng m
in p ny ch to ra t trng => lm cho in tr RDS gim xung .
4. o kim tra Mosfet
Mt Mosfet cn tt : L khi o tr khng

gia G vi S v gia G vi D c in tr bng v cng ( kim khng ln
c hai chiu o) v khi G c thot in th tr khng gia D
v S phi l v cng.
Cc bc kim tra nh sau :
60
GVHD: Nguyn Kiu Tam
o kim tra Mosfet ngc thy cn tt.
Bc 1 : Chun b thang x1K

Bc 2 : Np cho G mt in tch ( que en vo G que vo S hoc D )
Bc 3 : Sau khi np cho G mt in tch ta o gia D v S ( que en vo D que
vo S ) => kim s ln.
Bc 4 : Chp G vo D hoc G vo S thot in chn G.
Bc 5 : Sau khi thot in chn G o li DS nh bc 3 kim khng ln.
=> Kt qu nh vy l Mosfet tt.
o kim tra Mosfet ngc thy b chp
Bc 1 : ng h thang x 1K
o gia G v S hoc gia G v D nu kim ln = 0 l chp
o gia D v S m c hai chiu o kim ln = 0 l chp D S
5. ng dung ca Mosfet trong thc t

Mosfet trong ngun xung ca Monitor
61
GVHD: Nguyn Kiu Tam
Mosfet c s dng lm n cng xut ngun Monitor

Trong b ngun xung ca
Monitor hoc my vi tnh, ngi ta thng dng cp linh kin l IC to
dao ng v n Mosfet, dao ng to ra t IC c dng xung vung c
a n chn G ca Mosfet, ti thi im xung c in p > 0V =>
n Mosfet dn, khi xung dao ng = 0V Mosfet ngt => nh vy dao
ng to ra s iu khin cho Mosfet lin tc ng ngt to thnh dng
in bin thin lin tc chy qua cun s cp => sinh ra t trng
bin thin cm ng ln cc cun th cp => cho ta in p ra.
* o kim tra Mosfet trong mch .
Khi kim tra Mosfet trong mch , ta ch cn thang x1
v o gia D v S => Nu 1 chiu kim ln o chiu o kim khng ln
=> l Mosfet bnh thng, Nu c hai chiu kim ln = 0 l Mosfet b chp DS.
VII. Transistor
1 - Gii thiu v Transistor
1.1 - Cu to ca Transistor. ( Bng bn dn )
Transistor gm ba lp bn dn ghp vi nhau hnh thnh hai mi
tip gip P-N , nu ghp theo th t PNP ta c Transistor thun , nu
ghp theo th t NPN ta c Transistor ngc. v phng din cu to
Transistor tng ng vi hai Diode u ngc chiu nhau .
62
GVHD: Nguyn Kiu Tam
Cu to Transistor
Ba lp bn dn c ni ra thnh ba cc , lp gia gi
l cc gc k hiu l B ( Base ), lp bn dn B rt mng v c nng
tp cht thp.
Hai lp bn dn bn ngoi c ni ra thnh cc pht (
Emitter ) vit tt l E, v cc thu hay cc gp ( Collector )
vit tt l C, vng bn dn E v C c cng loi bn dn (loi N hay P )
nhng c kch thc v nng tp cht khc nhau nn khng hon v cho
nhau c.
1.2 - Nguyn tc hot ng ca Transistor.

* Xt hot ng ca Transistor NPN .
63
GVHD: Nguyn Kiu Tam
Mch kho st v nguyn tc hot

ng ca transistor NPN
Ta cp mt ngun mt chiu UCE vo hai cc C v E trong (+) ngun vo cc

C v (-) ngun vo cc E.
Cp ngun mt chiu UBE i qua cng tc v tr hn dng vo hai cc B v E ,
trong cc (+) vo chn B, cc (-) vo chn E.
Khi cng tc m , ta thy rng, mc d hai cc C v E
c cp in nhng vn khng c dng in chy qua mi C E ( lc
ny dng IC = 0 )
Khi cng tc ng, mi P-N c phn cc thun do c mt dng in chy t
(+) ngun UBE qua cng tc => qua R hn dng => qua mi BE v cc (-) to
thnh dng IB
Ngay khi dng IB xut hin => lp tc cng c dng IC chy qua mi CE lm
bng n pht sng, v dng IC mnh gp nhiu ln dng IB
Nh vy r rng dng IC hon ton ph thuc vo dng IB v ph thuc theo mt
cng thc .
IC = .IB
Trong IC l dng chy qua mi CE

IB l dng chy qua mi BE
l h s khuch i ca Transistor
64
GVHD: Nguyn Kiu Tam
Gii thch : Khi c in p UCE nhng cc in t v l trng khng th vt qua mi

tip gip P-N to thnh dng in, khi xut hin dng IBE
do lp bn dn P ti cc B rt mng v nng pha tp thp, v vy s
in t t do t lp bn dn N ( cc E ) vt qua tip gip sang lp
bn dn P( cc B ) ln hn s lng l trng rt nhiu, mt phn nh
trong s cc in t th vo l trng to thnh dng IB cn phn ln s in t b ht
v pha cc C di tc dng ca in p UCE => to thnh dng ICE chy qua
Transistor.
* Xt hot ng ca Transistor PNP .
S hot ng ca Transistor PNP hon ton tng t Transistor NPN nhng cc tnh
ca cc ngun in UCE v UBE ngc li . Dng IC i t E sang C cn dng IB i t
E sang B.
2 - K hiu v hnh dng ca Transistor
2.1 - K hiu & hnh dng Transistor .
K hiu ca Transistor
Transistor cng xut nh Transistor cng xut ln

2.2 - K hiu ( trn thn Transistor )
*
Hin nay trn th trng c nhiu loi Transistor ca nhiu nc sn
xut nhng thng dng nht l cc transistor ca Nht bn, M v Trung
quc.
Transistor Nht bn : thng k hiu l A, B, C, D V d A564,

B733, C828, D1555
trong cc Transistor k hiu l A v B l Transistor thun PNP cn
k hiu l C v D l Transistor ngc NPN. cc
Transistor A v C thng c cng xut nh v tn s lm vic cao
cn cc Transistor B v D thng c cng xut ln v tn s lm vic
thp hn.
65
GVHD: Nguyn Kiu Tam
Transistor do M sn xut. thng k hiu l 2N v d 2N3055,

2N4073 vv
Transistor do Trung quc sn xut :
Bt u bng s 3, tip theo l hai ch ci. Ch ci thc nht cho bit
loi bng : Ch A v B l bng thun , ch C v D l bng ngc, ch
th hai cho bit c im : X v P l bng m tn, A v G l bng cao
tn. Cc ch s sau ch th t sn phm. Th d : 3CP25 ,
3AP20 vv..
2.3 - Cch xc nh chn E, B, C ca Transistor.
Vi cc loi Transistor cng xut nh th th t chn C v B tu theo bng ca

nc no s xut , nhng chn E lun bn tri nu ta Transistor nh hnh
di
Nu l Transistor do Nht sn xut : th d Transistor C828, A564 th chn C
gia , chn B bn phi.
Nu l Transistor Trung quc sn xut th chn B gia , chn C bn phi.
Tuy nhin mt s Transistor c sn xut nhi th
khng theo th t ny => bit chnh xc ta dng phng php o
bng ng h vn nng.
Transistor cng xut nh.
Vi loi Transistor cng xut ln (nh hnh di ) th hu ht u c chung th

t chn l : Bn tri l cc B, gia l cc C v bn phi l cc E.
66
GVHD: Nguyn Kiu Tam
Transistor cng xut ln thng

c th t chn nh trn.
* o xc nh chn B v C
Vi Transistor cng xut nh th thng thng chn E

bn tri nh vy ta ch xc nh chn B v suy ra chn C l chn cn
li.
ng h thang x1 , t c nh mt que o vo tng
chn , que kia chuyn sang hai chn cn li, nu kim ln = nhau
th chn c que t c nh l chn B, nu que ng h c nh l que
en th l Transistor ngc, l que th l Transistor thun..
3- Phng php kim tra Transistor

Transistor
khi hot ng c th h hng do nhiu nguyn nhn, nh hng do nhit
, m, do in p ngun tng cao hoc do cht lng ca bn thn
Transistor, kim tra Transistor bn hy nh cu to ca chng.
Cu to ca Transistor
Kim tra Transistor ngc NPN tng t kim tra

hai Diode u chung cc Ant, im chung l cc B, nu o t B sang C
67
GVHD: Nguyn Kiu Tam
v B sang E ( que en vo B ) th tng ng nh o hai diode thun

chiu => kim ln , tt c cc trng hp o khc kim khng ln.
Kim tra Transistor thun PNP tng t kim tra
hai Diode u chung cc Katt, im chung l cc B ca Transistor, nu
o t B sang C v B sang E ( que vo B ) th tng ng nh o hai
diode thun chiu => kim ln , tt c cc trng hp o khc kim
khng ln.
Tri vi cc iu trn l Transistor b hng.
Transistor c th b hng cc trng hp .
* o thun chiu t B sang E hoc t B sang C => kim
khng ln l transistor t BE hoc t BC
* o t B sang E hoc t B sang C kim ln c hai chiu l chp hay d BE hoc
BC.
* o gia C v E kim ln l b chp CE.
* Cc hnh nh minh ho khi o kim tra Transistor.
Php o cho bit Transistor cn tt .
Minh ho php o trn : Trc ht nhn vo

k hiu ta bit c Transistor trn l bng ngc, v cc
chn ca Transistor ln lt l ECB ( da vo tn Transistor ). < xem li phn
xc nh chn Transistor >
68
GVHD: Nguyn Kiu Tam
Bc 1 : Chun b o ng h thang x1
Bc 2 v bc 3 : o thun chiu BE v BC => kim ln .
Bc 4 v bc 5 : o ngc chiu BE v BC => kim khng ln.
Bc 6 : o gia C v E kim khng ln
=> Bng tt.
-
Php o cho bit Transistor b chp BE
Bc 1 : Chun b .
Bc 2 : o thun gia B v E kim ln = 0
Bc 3: o ngc gia B v E kim ln = 0
=> Bng chp BE
69
GVHD: Nguyn Kiu Tam
Php o cho bit bng b t BE
Bc 1 : Chun b .
Bc 2 v 3 : o c hai chiu gia B v E kim khng ln.
=> Bng t BE
70
GVHD: Nguyn Kiu Tam
Php o cho thy bng b chp CE
Bc 1 : Chun b .
Bc 2 v 4 : o c hai chiu gia C v E kim ln = 0
=> Bng chp CE
Trng hp o gia C v E kim ln mt cht l b d CE.
3- Phng php kim tra Transistor

Transistor khi hot ng c th h hng do nhiu nguyn nhn, nh hng do nhit
, m, do in p ngun tng cao hoc do cht lng ca bn thn
Transistor, kim tra Transistor bn hy nh cu to ca chng.
Cu to ca Transistor
Kim tra Transistor ngc NPN tng t kim tra

hai Diode u chung cc Ant, im chung l cc B, nu o t B sang C
v B sang E ( que en vo B ) th tng ng nh o hai diode thun
chiu => kim ln , tt c cc trng hp o khc kim khng ln.
Kim tra Transistor thun PNP tng t kim tra
hai Diode u chung cc Katt, im chung l cc B ca Transistor, nu
o t B sang C v B sang E ( que vo B ) th tng ng nh o hai
diode thun chiu => kim ln , tt c cc trng hp o khc kim
khng ln.
Tri vi cc iu trn l Transistor b hng.
Transistor c th b hng cc trng hp .
* o thun chiu t B sang E hoc t B sang C => kim
khng ln l transistor t BE hoc t BC
* o t B sang E hoc t B sang C kim ln c hai chiu l chp hay d BE hoc
71
GVHD: Nguyn Kiu Tam
BC.
* o gia C v E kim ln l b chp CE.
* Cc hnh nh minh ho khi o kim tra Transistor.
Php o cho bit Transistor cn tt .
Minh ho php o trn : Trc ht nhn vo

k hiu ta bit c Transistor trn l bng ngc, v cc
chn ca Transistor ln lt l ECB ( da vo tn Transistor ). < xem li phn xc
nh chn Transistor >
Bc 1 : Chun b o ng h thang x1
Bc 2 v bc 3 : o thun chiu BE v BC => kim ln .
Bc 4 v bc 5 : o ngc chiu BE v BC => kim khng ln.
Bc 6 : o gia C v E kim khng ln
=> Bng tt.
-
72
GVHD: Nguyn Kiu Tam
Php o cho bit Transistor b chp BE
Bc 1 : Chun b .
Bc 2 : o thun gia B v E kim ln = 0
Bc 3: o ngc gia B v E kim ln = 0
=> Bng chp BE
73
GVHD: Nguyn Kiu Tam
Php o cho bit bng b t BE
Bc 1 : Chun b .
Bc 2 v 3 : o c hai chiu gia B v E kim khng ln.
=> Bng t BE
74
GVHD: Nguyn Kiu Tam
Php o cho thy bng b chp CE
Bc 1 : Chun b .
Bc 2 v 4 : o c hai chiu gia C v E kim ln = 0
=> Bng chp CE
Trng hp o gia C v E kim ln mt cht l b d CE.
VIII. IC n p :
IC n p h
LA78..
IC n p LA7805
LA7805 IC n p 5V
LA7808 IC n p 8V
LA7809 IC n p 9V
LA7812 IC n p 12V
Lu :
H IC78.. ch cho dng tiu th khong 1A tr xung, khi rp IC trong
mch th U in > Uout t 3 n 5V khi IC mi pht huy tc
dng.
75
GVHD: Nguyn Kiu Tam
3.3 ng dng ca IC n p h 78..

IC n p h 78.. c dng rng ri trong cc b
ngun , nh B ngun ca u VCD, trong Ti vi mu, trong my tnh v
v
ng dng ca IC n p LA7805 v
LA7808 trong b ngun u VCD
4 Mch n p tuyn tnh (c hi tip)
4.1 S khi ca mch n p c hi tip .
76
GVHD: Nguyn Kiu Tam
S khi ca mch n p c hi tip .

* Mt s c im ca mch n p c hi tip :
Cung cp in p mt chiu u ra khng i trong hai

trng hp in p u vo thay i hoc dng tiu th ca ti thay i
, tuy nhin s thay i ny phi c gii hn.
Cho in p mt chiu u ra c cht lng cao, gim thiu c hin tng gn
xoay chiu.
* Nguyn tc hot ng ca mch.
Mch ly mu s theo di in p u ra thng qua mt cu phn p to ra

( Ulm : p ly mu)
Mch to p chun => gim ly mt mc in p c nh (Uc : p chun )
Mch so snh s so snh hai in p ly mu Ulm v p chun Uc to thnh
in p iu khin.
Mch khuch i sa sai s khuch i p iu khin,
sau a v iu chnh s hot ng ca n cng xut theo hng
ngc li, nu in p ra tng => thng qua mch hi tip iu chnh
=> n cng xut dn gim =>in p ra gim xung . Ngc li nu
in p ra gim => thng qua mch hi tip iu chnh => n cng
xut li dn tng => v in p ra tng ln =>>
kt qu in p u ra khng thay i.
77
GVHD: Nguyn Kiu Tam
Mch chnh lu
Mch chnh lu in xoay chiu
1.1 B ngun trong cc mch in t .
Trong cc mch in t ca cc thit b nh
Radio -Cassette, mlpy, Ti vi mu, u VCD v v chng s dng
ngun mt chiu DC cc mc in p khc nhau, nhng ngoi zc cm
ca cc thit b ny li cm trc tip vo ngun in AC 220V 50Hz ,
nh vy cc thit b in t cn c mt b phn chuyn i t ngun
xoay chiu ra in p mt chiu , cung cp cho cc mch trn, b phn
chuyn i bao gm :
Bin p ngun : H th t 220V xung cc in p thp hn nh 6V, 9V, 12V,

24V v v
Mch chnh lu : i in AC thnh DC.
Mch lc Lc gn xoay chiu sau chnh lu cho ngun DC phng hn.
Mch n p : Gi mt in p c nh cung cp cho ti tiu th
S tng qut ca mch cp ngun.

1.2 Mch chnh lu bn chu k .
Mch chnh lu bn chu k s dng
mt Diode mc ni tip vi ti tiu th, chu k dng =>
Diode c phn cc thun do c dng in i qua diode v i qua
ti, chu k m , Diode b phn cc ngc do khng c dng qua ti.
78
GVHD: Nguyn Kiu Tam
Dng in p u ra ca mch chnh lu bn chu k.

1.3 Mch chnh lu c chu k
Mch chnh lu c chu k
thng dng 4 Diode mc theo hnh cu (cn gi l mch chnh lu cu)
nh hnh di.
Mch chnh lu c chu k .
chu k dng ( u dy pha trn dng, pha di m)

dng in i qua diode D1 => qua Rti => qua diode D4 v u dy
m
chu k m, in p trn cun th cp o chiu ( u
dy trn m, di dng) dng in i qua D2 => qua Rti =>
qua D3 v u dy m.
Nh vy c hai chu k u c dng in chy qua ti.
2 Mch lc v mch chnh lu bi p

2.1 Mch lc dng t in.
79
GVHD: Nguyn Kiu Tam
Sau khi chnh lu ta thu c in p mt chiu nhp

nh, nu khng c t lc th in p nhp nh ny cha th dng c
vo cc mch in t , do trong cc mch ngun, ta phi lp thm cc
t lc c tr s t vi trm F n vi ngn F vo sau cu Diode
chnh lu.
Dng in p DC ca mch chnh lu

trong hai trng hp c t v khng c t
S trn minh ho cc trng hp mch ngun c t lc v khng c t lc.

Khi cng tc K m, mch chnh lu khng c t lc tham gia , v vy in p thu
c c dng nhp nh.
Khi cng tc K ng, mch chnh lu c t C1 tham gia
lc ngun , kt qu l in p u ra c lc tng i phng, nu t
C1 c in dung cng ln th in p u ra cng bng phng, t C1
trong cc b ngun thng c tr s khong vi ngn F .
Minh ho : in dng ca t lc cng ln

th in p u ra cng bng phng.
80
GVHD: Nguyn Kiu Tam
Trong cc mch chnh lu, nu c t lc m khng c ti

hoc ti tiu th mt cng xut khng ng k so vi cng xut ca bin
p th in p DC thu c l DC = 1,4.AC
2.2 Mch chnh lu nhn 2 .
S mch ngun chnh lu nhn 2
tr thnh mch chnh lu nhn 2 ta phi dng

hai t ho cng tr s mc ni tip, sau u 1 u ca in p xoau
chiu vo im gia hai t => ta s thu c in p tng gp
2 ln.
mch trn, khi cng tc K m, mch tr v dng chnh lu thng thng .
Khi cng tc K ng, mch tr thnh mch chnh lu nhn 2, v kt qu l ta thu
c in p ra tng gp 2 ln.
81
GVHD: Nguyn Kiu Tam
B. THC HNH
1.Cch s dng ng h VOM o v kim tra cc linh kin:
ng h vn nng c 4 ch
p AC v o dng in.
u im ca ng h l c
Nhc im: v chnh
vo cc mch cho dng th
82
GVHD: Nguyn Kiu Tam
S dng ng
* Ch
83
GVHD: Nguyn Kiu Tam
nhm thang
=> s hng cc
* Nu thang o p
kim ng h khng b
hng . (i khi kim l
84
GVHD: Nguyn Kiu Tam
o in
nhm thang
ng h s bo
85
GVHD: Nguyn Kiu Tam
Tuyt i khng
in hoc thang o
khi ta o in p m
86
GVHD: Nguyn Kiu Tam
o tr s
cc b c sau
Bc 1 : thang o v
x10 ohm, ho c thang x1
chp hai que o v chn
ohm.
Dng thang in
Bc 2: t que o v o
thang o , Gi tr o
V d : nu thang x 1
tr l = 100 x 27 = 2700 o
87
Khi o i n tr ta ch n
GVHD: Nguyn Kiu Tam
Php o ki
o dng in
Cch 1:Dng thang o
Bc 1 : t ng h
88
GVHD: Nguyn Kiu Tam
Cch 2 : Dn
Ta c th o dng i
trn in tr hn dn
c
chia
cho
gi
tr
Cch c tr s d
dng in, phng p
dng in ln hn kh
v ng h cng an
89
GVHD: Nguyn Kiu Tam
* c gi tr i
*Nu ta thang o
cao nht l 250, tn

c gi tr cao nht l
nhng
khng
cki
vch
Php
o
vch gi tr Max = 10
*Khi o in p AC t
+trn
Php
o cho
bi t tran
vch
AC.10V,
n
90
GVHD: Nguyn Kiu Tam
Ph p o cho b
Php
91
GVHD: Nguyn Kiu Tam
Php o
Php o ki m
+ t ng h thang
+ t que en v o Ano
92
GVHD: Nguyn Kiu Tam
Php ki
+ o thun chiu,que
=>kim ln, o chi

=> Diode cn tt
+ Nu o 2 chiu kim
93
GVHD: Nguyn Kiu Tam
2. Thc hnh o kim tra chn ca Transistor

C 1061 :
t transistor nm hng mt ch ln trn, que en t bn tri, ln lt o que
vo hai chn cn li, kim ln => y l transistor loi N, cc B l chn bn tay tri
( que en ), hai chn cn li l C v E.
C1815:
t trasistor p mt ch xung di, que en t bn tay tri, que ln lt t vo

hai chn cn li, o thy kim ln l loi NPN => chn B que en, 2 chn cn li l
C v E, chn C nm gia.
MJ 2955:
t trasistor hng chn ln trn, que t vo chn bn phi, que en ln lt t
vo hai chn cn li, o kim ln => transistor loi P, cc B ti que , hai cc cn li
l C v E.
C535C:
t transistor p mt ch xung di, que en t vo chn bn tri, que t vo
hai chn cn li, o kim ln => transistor loi N cc B l chn bn tay tri que en,
hai cc cn li l C v Em C nm gia.
Xc nh loi transistor:
Kp que o ni cc dng ca pin ( que en ) c nh vo chn B, sau dng

que cn li ca ng h chm ln hai chn cn li ca transistor
Nu trong c hai ln o kim ng h u ln chnh l NPN
Nu trong c hai ln o kim ng h khng ln th

transistor l NPN
Xc nh chn E v C:
Bt chuyn mch VOM v thang o Rx10k xc nh chn E v C
i vi transistor loi NPN kp que ca

VOM vo hai chn C v E xc nh trn, sau dng ngn tay t trm
vo gia chn v chn ang ni vi cc dng ca ng h, nu kim ng h
khng ln hoc ln rt t tc l ang o sai, o hai que o, gi nguyn dy ni
B vi mt chn bt k, tin hnh o li,
94
GVHD: Nguyn Kiu Tam
+ nu kim ng h ln th chn ang ni vi cc dng ca pin ng h l chn C,

chn cn li l chn E
i vi loi PNP
Dy ni B vi mt cc c nh ch o que o, ni cc B vi que , hai chn
cn li nu o kim ln th chn ang ni vi cc m ca pin ng h l chn C, cn
li l chn E.
3. Thc hnh Hn
Hn hnh cu:
Hn theo b mt:
Hn ch thp:
Thc hnh lp mch trn test board

95
GVHD: Nguyn Kiu Tam
Thc hnh v Orcard trn my ..

o
Mach ngun:
S nguyn l:
Mch in:
96
GVHD: Nguyn Kiu Tam
97
GVHD: Nguyn Kiu Tam
o Mch hin th Led 7 on

S nguyn l:
98
GVHD: Nguyn Kiu Tam
99
GVHD: Nguyn Kiu Tam
100
GVHD: Nguyn Kiu Tam
Mch khuch i tn hiu dung transistor :

S nguyn l:
101
GVHD: Nguyn Kiu Tam
102
GVHD: Nguyn Kiu Tam
Thc hnh lm mch thc t:
1.Mch Dao ng a Hi:

S nguyn l v mch in v tay:
103
GVHD: Nguyn Kiu Tam
2. Mch Ngun chnh lu ton k dung IC 7905
S nguyn l v mch in :
104
GVHD: Nguyn Kiu Tam
3. Mch Dimmer
S nguyn l v mch in :
Nhn xt ca ging vin hng dn

105
GVHD: Nguyn Kiu Tam
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106
GVHD: Nguyn Kiu Tam
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107
GVHD: Nguyn Kiu Tam
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108
GVHD: Nguyn Kiu Tam

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109
GVHD: Nguyn Kiu Tam

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110
GVHD: Nguyn Kiu Tam
MC LC
in Tr........................................................................................1
T in ........................................................................................15
Cun cm.....................................................................................32
Diode ...........................................................................................44
Thyristor......................................................................................51
Transistor....................................................................................62
Thc hnh...................................................................................79
S dung VOM.............................................................................79
o kim tra chn transistor.......................................................91
Thc hanh hn............................................................................92
Thc hnh v orcard..................................................................93
Mach dao ng a hi...............................................................99
Mch Ngun..............................................................................100
Mch Dimmer...........................................................................101
111
GVHD: Nguyn Kiu Tam
112

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Phng th nghim in- in t

GVHD: Nguyn Kiu Tam

TNG LIN ON LAO NG VIT NAM

TP.H CH MINH NM 2010

Phng th nghim in- in t

GVHD: Nguyn Kiu Tam

Phng th nghim in- in t

GVHD: Nguyn Kiu Tam

Phng th nghim in- in t

GVHD: Nguyn Kiu Tam

1. Khi nim v in tr.

in tr l g ? Ta hiu mt cch n gin in tr l s cn tr dng in ca

Trong l in tr xut ph thuc vo cht liu

Hnh dng ca in tr trong thit b in t.

Phng th nghim in- in t

GVHD: Nguyn Kiu Tam

K hiu ca in tr trn cc s nguyn l.

Cc in tr c kch thc nh c ghi tr s bng cc vch mu theo mt

Tr s cng xut ln , tr s c ghi trc tip.

Phng th nghim in- in t

GVHD: Nguyn Kiu Tam

in tr thng c k hiu bng 4 vng mu , in tr chnh xc th k hiu

Phng th nghim in- in t

GVHD: Nguyn Kiu Tam

Vng s 4 l vng cui lun lun c mu nh vng hay nh bc, y l

Cch c tr s in tr 5 vng mu : ( in tr chnh xc )

Vng s 5 l vng cui cng , l vng ghi sai s, tr 5 vng mu th mu sai

Phng th nghim in- in t

GVHD: Nguyn Kiu Tam

C th tnh vng s 4 l s con s khng 0 thm vo

4 Thc hnh c tr s in tr.

Cc in tr khc nhau vng mu th 3

Khi cc in tr khc nhau vng mu th 3, th ta thy vng mu bi s

hnh trn l cc gi tr in tr ta thng gp trong thc t, khi vng mu

Phng th nghim in- in t

GVHD: Nguyn Kiu Tam

Phng th nghim in- in t

GVHD: Nguyn Kiu Tam

6 -. Phn loi in tr.

in tr thng : in tr thng l cc in tr c cng xut nh t

7 Cng xut ca in tr.

Theo cng thc trn ta thy, cng xut tiu th ca in tr ph thuc vo

Phng th nghim in- in t

GVHD: Nguyn Kiu Tam

in tr chy do qu cng xut

s trn cho ta thy : Ngun Vcc l 12V, cc in tr u c tr s l

Khi K1 ng, do in tr c cng xut ln hn cng xut tiu th , nn in

8 Bin tr, trit p :

Hnh dng bin tr K hiu trn s

Phng th nghim in- in t

GVHD: Nguyn Kiu Tam

Trit p : Trit p cng tng t bin tr nhng c thm cn chnh v thng b

K hiu trit p trn s nguyn l.

Hnh dng trit p Cu to trong trit p

Phng th nghim in- in t

GVHD: Nguyn Kiu Tam

Cc in tr mc ni tip c gi tr tng ng bng tng cc in tr thnh

Cc in tr mc song song c gi tr tng ng Rtd c tnh bi cng

Phng th nghim in- in t

GVHD: Nguyn Kiu Tam

Khng ch dng in qua ti cho ph hp, V d c mt bng n 9V,

u ni tip vi bng n mt in tr.

Phng th nghim in- in t

GVHD: Nguyn Kiu Tam