Tr-ng 'i hc Bch Khoa H Ni

Khoa in - B mn T ng Ho

E n

iu 'hiOn 1ogic




Gio vin h-ng dn: nguyn vn dong








SV: Trn Bnh D-ng
Lp: TH3- K43








Nm 2001-2002

Li cm n

Em xin chn thnh cm n thy gio Nguyn Vn Ung, ng-i trc
tip, tn tnh gip em hon thnh a n ny. Ngoi ra, em cng xin gi
li cm n n thy Phan Cung gip em nhiu kin qu bu.
a n ny mc d rt c gng hon thin, nh-ng chc chn
khng trnh khi mt s hn ch. Mong cc thy ng gp nhng kin
qu bu -c hon thin hn.
Xin chn thnh cm n thy!
Sinh vin thc hin a n.
Trn Bnh D-ng

h-ng I

Xy dng cu roc iu 'hiOn

M t v phn tYch cng ngh
c ch ca n l xy dng cu trc iu khin chuyn ng thun
nghch ca my bo gi-ng.






Theo cng ngh yu cu: Sau khi n nt m my ng c s ko bn my chuyn
ng thun vi vn tc V
1
( vn tc nh), hnh trnh ny ko di t A B. Khi bn
my n B, cn phi gia tc bn my chuyn ng vi vn tc V
2
> V
1
, nhm thc
hin chuyn ng n dao (ct gt vt liu, chi tit). n C, sau khi lm xong cng
vic, cn phi gim tc xung V
1
phc v cho qu trnh o chiu quay ca
ng c, ko bn my chuyn ng theo hnh trnh ng-c. tng nng sut, yu cu
trong hnh trnh ng-c t D B , iu khin bn my chy vi vn tc V
3
> V
2
> V
1

nhm -a nhanh bn my v u hnh trnh thun. Gp B ca hnh trnh ng-c, s
gim vn tc ca bn my t V
3
xung V
1
nhm phc v cho trng thi bt u hnh
trnh thun tip theo.
Qu trnh o chiu quay cui hnh trnh thun -c thc hin t ng. Bn
my s t ng dng li u hnh trnh thun sau khi thc hin xong mt hnh trnh.
un thc hin cc hnh trnh tip theo phi n nt m my. un dng hon ton
trng thi lm vic ca h thng th n nt dng, dng v tr A; tc l u hnh
trnh thun.
T, V
1 T, V
2
T, V
1
N, V
3 N, V
1
B C
D
V
1
< V
2
< V
3
T vic m t yu cu cng ngh trn ta thy rng vic thc hin c th s
dng iu khin theo nguyn tc hnh trnh. Bng vic t ti cc v tr A, B, C, D
cc cm bin v tr, thc t l s dng cc cngtct hnh trnh, ta s thc hin -c
trnh t ng ct mch iu khin mt cch hp l, p ng -c yu cu cng ngh.
Ngoi vic c bn dng nguyn tc hnh trnh iu khin ta c th s dng
thm cc nguyn tc iu khin khc, nh- : nguyn tc thi gian, nguyn tc dng in
c th hon thin cu trc iu khin.
Chi tit vic thit k cu trc mch iu khin v cu trc mch lc s -c trnh
by d-i y.
Trnh t cc b-c xy dng cu trc iu khiOn
Theo yu cu ca ti, d-i y xin trnh by vic tng hp mch iu khin
bng ph-ng php phn tng.
1 Xc nh cc tYn hiu iu khiOn & cc tYn hiu chp hnh
T phn tch trn, ta xc nh nguyn tc iu khin chuyn ng thun
nghch ca bn my l nguyn tc hnh trnh. V vy, cc tn hiu iu khin a, b, c
,d xc nhn v tr ca bn my ti A, B, C, D trong mi chu k chuyn ng thun
nghch.
Quy -c cc trng thi ca cc tn hiu iu khin nh- sau:
+ a =1: Nu bn my qua A & ra lnh iu khin bn my chy thun vi vn tc
V
1
(nu bn my ang ng yn ti A).
+ a =0: Khi bn my ri khi A.
+ b =1: Xc nhn bn my ti B. Ra lnh bn my tip tc chuyn ng thun vi
V
2
nu tr-c bn my chuyn ng thun vi V
1
; cn ra lnh cho bn my gim tc
t V
3
xung V
1
, nu tr-c bn my ang chuyn ng ng-c vi vn tc V
3
.
+ b =0: Khi bn my ri khi v tr B.
+ c =1: Xc nhn bn my qua C. Ra lnh cho bn my gim tc t V
2
xung V
1
v
tip tc chuyn ng thun, nu tr-c bn my chuyn ng thun vi V
2
; cn nu
tr-c ang chuyn ng ng-c vi V
3
th tip tc duy tr trng thi c.
+ c =0: Khi bn my ri khi C.
+ d=1: Xc nhn bn my ti D. Ra lnh cho bn my chy ng-c vi V
3
.
+ d =0: Khi bn my ri khi D.
Nh- vy, cc tn hiu a, b, c, d l cc tn hiu xung.
Cc tn hiu chp hnh (tn hiu ra) l: T, N, V
1
, V
2
, V
3
.
Trong :
T _ l tn hiu chp hnh ng tip im bn my chy thun.
N _ l tn hiu chp hnh ng tip im bn my chy ng-c.
V
1
_ l tn hiu chp hnh ng tip im bn my chuyn ng vi
vn tc V
1
.
V
2
_ l tn hiu chp hnh ng tip im bn my chuyn ng vi
vn tc V
2
.
V
3
_ l tn hiu chp hnh ng tip im bn my chuyn ng vi
vn tc V
3
.
Cc tn hiu chp hnh s xut hin khi mt t hp nht nh ca cc tn hiu
iu khin tc ng nhm iu khin bn my chy ng thit k.
Xc nh cc trng thi c thO c ca h thng
T cng ngh ta thy cc trng thi c th c ca h thng trong mt chu k nh-
sau:
S
1
: l trng thi bn my chy thun vi vn tc V
1
t A B.
S
2
: l trng thi bn my chy thun vi vn tc V
1
t B C.
S
3
: l trng thi bn my chy thun vi vn tc V
1
t C D.
S
4
: l trng thi bn my chy ng-c vi vn tc V
3
t D C.
S
5
: l trng thi bn my chy ng-c vi vn tc V
3
t C B.
S
6
: l trng thi bn my chy ng-c vi vn tc V
1
t B A.
Lp l-u chuyOn trng thi
K hiu:

' ' %'
,-./

T hot ng ca h thng ta m t trng thi ca h thng bng l-u chuyn
trng thi trong mi chu k hot ng nh- sau:










T l-u chuyn trng thi ta thy rng:
+ Trng thi S
2
v S
6
l cc trng thi n-c i. V cng mt t hp tn hiu vo cho
hai trng thi khc nhau.
+ Trng thi S
3
v S
5
cng l cc trng thi n-c i.




1
4

phn lp cc trng thi n-c i ny ta cn ti thiu 2 bin trung gian p, q. Ta

tin hnh m ho cc trng thi n-c i bng hai bin trung gian nh- sau:








Nh- vy, nh vic -a thm bin trung gian vo, ta phn lp -c cc trng thi
n-c i:





Lp l-u phn tng
T qu trnh m ho bin trung gian v theo quan im ca ph-ng php phn
tng tng hp mch kp, ta c s phn tng nh- sau:





3

5
4
1
2
5
5
6
6
2

6 5

6 5

56

6 5

3
d
Q

-
6
56














Tm hm tc ng
T s phn tng ta vit -c hm tc ng ca cc bin ra nh- sau:

- 6 5 . 6 5 - 6 5 . 6 5 ! 1
- 6 5 !
. 6 5 !
+ + = =

=
=

/ 6 5 , 6 5 56/ , 6 5 " 1
/ 56 "
, 6 5 "
+ + = =

=
=

+

6 56 6 5 56 - 6 5 6 5 % 1 = + = + + =
6 6 5 6 5 6 5 . 56 6 5 1 = + = + + =
5 6 6 5 6 6 5 56 6 5 ' 1 + = + = + + =

a
Q

+
6
6 5
4
c
P
-
5
6 5
5
b
1
b
P

+
5
6 5
2
c
- 6 5 ' 1

=
6 5 ' 1 =

hn xt:
+ Do b l tn hiu xung, nn hm iu khin bin V
2
l f(V
2
) trn s b thay
i gi tr theo s thay i ca b. V vy, hm tho mn cng ngh th cn thm
bin duy tr trng thi ra khi mt tn hiu xung cho n khi c tn hiu lm cho
hm ct tc ng th mi chuyn trng thi.
f(V
2
) = (b+v
2
). 6 5
+ Phn tch hm ng ca bin trung gian p ta thy rng:
. 6 5 ! ! 1
/
= =
+

do c l tn hiu xung nn hm ng s b thay i gi tr trong giai on ng. V
vy, cn phi thm bin ph, c th ly lun bin ra lm bin ph hm hiu
chnh nh- sau:

- 6 5 5 . 6 ! 1 5 . 6 5 . 6 5 ! 1
/
+ + + = + = + =
T-ng t:
/ 6 5 6 , 5 " 1 + + + =
Vy:
- 6 5 5 . 6 ! 1 + + + =

/ 6 5 6 , 5 " 1 + + + =
6 % 1 =
6 1 =
6 5 ' 1 + =

6 5 ; - ' 1

+ =
6 5 ' 1 =

Xy dng s cu trc iu khiOn
T vic tng hp tm hm iu khin mi bin ra ca h thng ta c quy -c
l: Ch ci th-ng ch r n l chi t ca k hiu ch ci in hoa.
VD: p l chi t ca P; ngha l nu P l cun ht th p l cc tip im th-ng
m ca P; cn 5 l tip im th-ng ng ca P.
T quy -c trn ta xy dng s cu trc nh- sau:
















!
c
-
6
-
5
6
%
6
"
a
/
6
5
6
5

6
5

'
6
5
6

' -
6

'
5




KiOm tra v hiu chnh s cu trc
+ Gi thit, ban u a=1 c Q q = 1; p = 0 c T & c V
1
.
+ n B: b =1 . Vn c Q (do c tn hiu t duy tr), ch-a c P. Vn cn T. Lc
ny, do (b=1, 5 =1, q=1) c V
2
, sau t duy tr. un mt V
1
cn chn thm bin

; ni tip vi V
1
.
+ n C: c = 1. Do tr-c y = 5 & q=1 nn s c P p=1 mt V
2
& li c V
1
.
Vn c Q vn c T.
+ n D: d = 1 mt Q q =0 mt T, c N. Do vn cn P = 5 mt V
1
,
c V
3
.
+ n C (trong hnh trnh ng-c) c = 1. Vn c P, vn mt Q Vn cn N &
V
3
.
+ n B (trong hnh trnh ng-c) b=1, = - mt P v mt Q. Vn c N,
nh-ng mt V
3
(do p=0) c V
1
( do = 5 ).
Nh- vy s cu trc nh- trn tho mn cng ngh t ra.
Qua vic phn tch trong qu trnh kim tra, ta nhn thy rng:
+ Vic ng hm P, ch quyt nh bi bin c; vic ct in ca P cng ch
quyt nh bi bin b . Vy ta co th n gin ho bng cch vit li hm iu khin
ca P nh- sau:
- 5 . ! 1 + =
+ T-ng t, cho bin Q ta c:
/ 6 , " 1 + =
Vy s cu trc iu khin -c hiu chnh li nh- sau:














h-ng II
y dng s nguy^n l

Qu trnh tng hp mch iu khin ch-ng -a ra -c mt cu trc iu
khin v c bn p ng -c yu cu ca cng ngh. Tuy vy, nu em ngay cu
trc ny vo lp rp th thc t l khng p ng -c cc yu cu v bo v cc s c
( ngn mch, qu ti ngn hn, di hn ). hon thin mch iu khin ta s b
xung thm vo cu trc iu khin c mt s mch ph tr phc v mc ch bo
v v nng cao tin cy ca s .
!
c
-
5
%
6
"
a
/
6

6
5

'
6
5
6

' -
6

'
5
Cc mch bo v
1 Bo v ngn mch
Ta bit dng ngn mch ln hn nhiu ln dng in bnh th-ng, gy cc tc
hi to ln l lm hng dng c, cc thit b iu khin.
Yu cu ca thit b bo v l phi tc ng ct nhanh h thng ra khi l-i in
tr-c khi dng ngn mch kp ph hu thit b in.
C th thc hin bo v ngn mch bng cu ch hoc r-le dng cc i tc
ng nhanh hoc ptmt.
i vi tr-ng hp ng c ko ti l bn my chuyn ng thun nghch hot
ng theo ch chu k ( ch ngn hn lp li) ta c th dng r-le dng cc i
va lm nhim v bo v ngn mch & va lm nhim v bo v s c qu ti xung
kch.
Bo v qu ti ngn hn xung kYch
Hin t-ng qu ti xung kch tuy tn ti trong thi gian ngn, tc dng ph hu v
nhit l th yu, nh-ng dng xung kch ln c th gy nn lc in ng ln, lm h-
hng cc b phn ca my nh- cc bi dy, c gp, lm hongr c cu c kh c lin
quan khc.
bo v ct trong tr-ng hp ny ta dng r-le dng cc i hay ptmt c c
cu tc ng nhanh.
Nh- cp trn, ta s s dng r-le dng cc i va bo v ngn mch
va bo v qu ti xung kch.
Bo v qu ti di hn
S c qu ti di hn s gy pht nng lm hng cch in hoc lm gim tui
th ca kh c in. bo v my in ta c th dng loi ptmt chnh nh c
c cu nh hn hp hoc dng r-le nhit.
Do r-le nhit khng nhy vi cc qu ti ngn hn & c tnh nhit ca ng c
lm vic ch chu k ( nh- tr-ng hp ng c s dng ko bn my chuyn
ng thun- nghch trong n ang cp) nn khng phi hp -c vi c tnh
pht nng ca r-le nhit ta khng cn thit phi s dng r-le nhit trong tr-ng hp
ny.
Bo v cc tiOu v bo v iOm khng
Khi in p l-i b mt hoc gim thp d-i tr s cho php, th phi ct mi lin
h gia ngun v ng c, phng tr-ng hp khi c li in th h thng khng th
hot ng khng theo mun ca ng-i vn hnh.
thc hin bo v cc tiu hoc bo v im khng, ta s dng r-le in
p thp kiu in t. Cun dy ca r-le -c mc vo in p l-i, cn tip im ca
n ng ngun cung cp cho mch iu khin ng c.
Bo v lin ng
Trong tr-ng hp ng c ko ti l ng c 3 pha, r to dy qun th vic s
dng khu lin ng (c & in) trnh -c ngn mch 3 pha trong mch iu khin
o th t pha.
Trong s nguyn l y ta s dng lin ng v in bng cch gi cc tip
im ph th-ng ng ca cc cngtct iu khin chuyn ng quay thun v
quay ng-c cho nhau.
Xy dng s nguyn l
T s cu trc ta c quy -c cc k hiu nh- sau:
+ a _ thay th bng cng tc hnh trnh 1KH.
+ b _ thay th bng cng tc hnh trnh 2KH.
+ c _ thay th bng cng tc hnh trnh 3KH.
+ d _ thay th bng cng tc hnh trnh 4KH.
+ P & Q _ thay th bng cc r-le trung gian 1RTr v 2RTr.
+ V
1
, V
2
, V
3
_ thay th bng cc cng tc t gia tc 1G, 2G, 3G iu khin tc
lm vic ca ng c.
+ T, N _ thay th bng cc cng tc t -ng dy iu kin cc hnh trnh thun
& ng-c (T, N) .
T phn tch s cn thit ca vic bo v cc s c trn, ta s s dng thm
cc kh c ph tr gm
+ t r-le in p thp RA hoc mt cng tc t -ng dy Dg lm nhim
v bo v cc tiu v im khng.
+ R-le dng cc i 1R, 2R, 3R va lm nhim v bo v ngn mch
li va lm nhim v bo v qu ti xung kch.
Ngoi ra, dng thm cc nt n m my , nt n dng my D & nt n xc lp trng
thi ban u G.
1 V s nguyn l mch ng lc & mch iu khiOn
Xem hnh v H1.
Thuyt minh hot ng ca s
S tng hp thc hin iu khin chuyn ng thun nghch ca mt
my bo gi-ng. Ht mt hnh trnh bn my s t ng dng li u hnh trnh
thun. un lm tip mt hnh trnh th phi nhn li nt m my .
Hot ng ca s nh- sau:
Tr-c ht, nhn nt n G (3,5) xc lp ng in cho mch iu khin. R-le
in p RA s duy tr in p cp cho mch iu khin chng no in p t tr s
cho php.
un thc hin mt hnh trnh, ta nhn nt m my . Do ban u bn my
hnh trnh thun, nn tip im ca cng tc hnh trnh 1KH (5,11) s ng in
cho 2RTr (10,2) tip im 2RTr (13,15) ng li, 2RTr (2.17) m ra, bo m chc
chn ng c khng th quay ng-c. Khi nhn (5,23) cun ht cng tc t T
(12,2) c in, ng cc tip im ni ng c vo l-i bn my s chuyn ng
thun vi vn tc V
1
.
n B, 2KH (5,23) ng in cho 2G (18,2) 2G (21,16) m ra, ct in ca
1G (16,2). Do vy, bn my chuyn ng thun vi V
1
.
n C, 3KH (5,9) s ng in cho 1RTr (8,2) lm cho 1RTr(23,25) m ra, ct
in ca 2G (18,2), ng thi ng in cho 1G (16,2) bn my chuyn ng
thun vi V
1
.
n D, 4KH (11,10) ct in ca 2RTr (10,2) 2RTr(13,15) m ra, ct in
ca T (12,2); ng thi 2RTr (5,17) ng li. Do b tr thm tip im th-ng ng
ng chm ca r-le thi gian 2RTh nn cun ht N (14,2) ch-a -c cp in ngay m
ch thi gian ng chm ca 2RTh(17,19). ng c lc ny tm thi b ct khi l-i v
thc hin qu trnh dng t do. Khi tc r to gim nh phc v cho qu trnh hm
ng-c o chiu quay, th tip im 2RTh(17,9) mi ng li cp in cho N
(14,2). ng c khi -c ni vo l-i nh-ng vi th t pha khc so vi lc tr-c y, v
vy n b hm ng-c v o chiu quay bn my s -c ko chuyn ng theo
chiu ng-c. Do 1RTr (5,27) ng nn 3G (20,2) -c cp in. V vy, bn my s
chuyn ng ng-c vi vn tc V
3
.
Trong hnh trnh ng-c, bn my gp li C, do 3KH tc ng. Nh-ng iu ny
cng khng lm thay i trng thi tr-c ca h thng. Tc l bn my vn chuyn
ng ng-c vi V
3
. Ch n khi gp li B , 2KH (9,8) tc ng ct in ca 1RTr
(8,2) lm m 1RTr(5,27) ct in ca 3G (20,2) & ng 1RTr (5,21) cp in
cho 1G (16,2). V vy, bn my s chuyn ng ng-c vi V
1
.
n A, 1KH (5,11) tc ng 2RTr (10,2) li c in, lm N (14,2) mt in.
ng c -c ct khi l-i.
un thc hin tip mt hnh trnh ta phi nhn li nt m my .
Trong s trn:
+ 1R & 2R l cc r-le dng cc i bo v qu ti ngn hn xung kch & ch
lm vic hai pha. V vy, ta chnh nh dng in ht ca n b hn dng lm
vic hai pha. Do dng ny b hn dng khi ng nn bo m khi ng -c, ta
phi phn mch bng tip im th-ng m, m chm 1RTh (5,6) ca r-le thi gian
1RTh.
+ 3R bo v ngn mch. R-le ny c tip im loi khng t phc hi. V
vy, khi xy ra s c ngn mch, ta cn phi nhn nt n phc hi cho 3R th mch
mi lm vic -c.
+ RA l r-le in p thp c tc dng bo v cc tiu v bo v khng.


h-ng III
Tnh chn cc thit b

Chn cc thit b mch lc
1 Chn ng c:
Vi yu cu dng ng c xoay chiu, ta chn loi ng c xoay chiu 3 pha r to
dy qun, c cc thng s sau:
+ P
m
=7,5 kW; U
m
=380 V; n
m
=1450 v/ph; cos
dm
=0,88.
+ r
1
=0,69 ; r
2
' =0,25 ; x
1
=1 ; =0,88.
+ x
2
' =0,95 ; x
m
=40 ; r
m
=0 ;
m my
/
m
=5.
T cc thng s trn tnh -c:

&
!

/2 /2
/2
/2



.48

= = =

2m
=k
i
.
1m
=5,2L14,7=76,44A.
Chn c cu phc v mch lc
a. Cu dao:
Chn loi P0-3 ca Lin X c ch to c cc thng s:
+ U
m
=500V.
+ Kch th-c : 80L50L75.
b. Chn cc r-le dng cc i:
+ R-le 3R c tc dng bo v ngn mch, nn chn loi c :

c
K 1,2.
k
=1,2L5L14,7 =88,2A.
Vy ta chn 3R dng loi R1 XA016 ca c ch to c cc thng s sau:

m
=11,6 18A.
Gii hn iu chnh: 20 80 A.
Dng cc i: 25A.
+ Cc r-le 1R v 2R bo v ngn hn xung kch v ch lm vic hai
pha, nn chn loi c:
<
2pha
<
k
=73,5A.
Vy c th dng loi R1 XA025 -c chnh nh vi dng t 32 100 A.
Chn cc thit b mch iu khiOn
1 Chn r-le bo v khng & cc tiOu
V t mch iu khin ta ly in p pha c U
m
=220V xoay chiu, nn chn
loi H 528/320 c cc thng s :
+ U
max cp
=220V 440V.
+ Gii hn iu chnh: U= 100V 400V.
+ H s tr v : 1,25.
+ Kch th-c : 94L128mm.
Chn r-le trung gian
Cc r-le trung gian 1RTr v 2RTr u c cun ht mc vo in p pha 220V
v tip im ca n ng ct dng cp cho cc cng tc t iu khin mch
lc. V vy ta chn theo dng nh mc qua cun ht ca cc cng tc t m n
iu khin.
Chn loi PR ca SAWHA c cc thng s:
S l-ng tip im in p U
m
, V Cng
sut P,
W
Th-ng
ng
Th-ng m
4 4 220 250

Chn cc cng tc t ng ct mach lc
Cc cng tc t khng ch ng ct trn mch iu khin m cn ng ct
trc tip dng vo ng c. V vy phi chn loi chu -c dng ln. Nh- vy,
cc tip im ca chng phi chu -c dng nh mc trn Stato ng c.
Vy chn loi: LC1 D70 AC3 c cc thng s:
S l-ng
tip im
chnh
Tip im ph

m
, A U
m
, V U
k
, V P
k
, W
Th-ng m Th-ng ng
3 4 4 70 380 220 60

Chn cc cng tc t gia tc: 1G, G, G
Tip im ca cc cng tc t ny ng ct mch r to ng c v dng
thay i tc , nn ta chn loi phi tho mn:
Vy dng loi KTB 223 c cc thng s:
+ U
m
=220V;
m
= 150A.
+ S l-ng tip im chnh: 2 th-ng m + 1 th-ng ng.
+ S l-ng tip im ph: 2 th-ng m + 2 th-ng ng.
+ C thit b dp h quang.
Chn cu ch bo v mch iu khiOn
Chn loi c
dc
=5A.
Chn cc nt n G, M v D
Dng loi KY 121 do LX ch to c = 12A; U = 220V.
Chn cc cng tc hnh trnh
Dng loi BK 110 do LX c ch to, c cc thng s:

m
= 6A.
nh
=100A. U
m
=220V.



h-ng IV
Bjng b tr thit b v bjng u dy

Bng b trY thit b iu khiOn
Trn c s la chn cc thit b , ta b tr cc thit b trn bng iu khin theo
mt s nguyn tc sau:
+ Cc thit b iu khin gm: Cu dao (CD); cu ch (CC); cc r-le bo v
1R, 2R, 3R, RA; cc r-le trung gian: 1RTr, 2RTr; cc r le thi gian & cc cng tc
t u b tr trn mt bng iu khin.
+ Dng cc u ni trung gian ni cc im trong v ngoi bng in vi
nhau.
+ B tr cc thit b c kch th-c ln v nng pha d-i bng iu khin. VD
nh- cc cng tc t ng ct, cc cng tc t gia tc . Cn cc thit b nh b tr
pha trn.
+ Cc phn t pht nhit (nu c, nh- r le nhit) th phi b tr xa cc thit b
chu nh h-ng ca nhit nh- r le thi gian
Bng u dy
























O O O
O O O
1RM # 3RM
CD
CC
1RTh 2RTh
RA
1
G
2
G
3
G
1RTr
2RTr
T N
K
L
3KH
O O
O O
O O
O O
O O
O O
O O
O O
G

D
1KH
2KH
4KH