TM TT BI GING

L THUYT THNG TIN

CHNG 1:

TIN TC

1.1H THNG TRUYN TIN (HT3)

Ngun
tin

Si(t)

S0(t)

Ngun
tin

Ngun
tin

Nhiu

Ngun tin:

+ L tp hp cc tin HT3 dng lp cc bn tin khc nhau trong s truyn.

+ Ngun tin c m hnh ho ton hc bng bn qu trnh sau:
-

Qu trnh ngu nhin lin tc.

Qu trnh ngu nhin ri rc.

Dy ngu nhin lin tc.

Dy ngu nhin ri rc.

Knh tin: l ni din ra s truyn lan ca tn hiu mang tin v chu tc ng ca nhiu.
S0(t) = Nm Si(t) + Na(t)
+ Si(t): Tn hiu vo & S0(t): tn hiu ra ca knh tin
+ Nm (t), Na(t) : c trng cho nhiu nhn, nhiu cng.

Nhn tin: l u cui ca HT3 lm nhim v khi phc tin tc ban u.

Nguon tin

Nhan tin

M ha
ngun

Gii m
ngun

M ha
knh

Gii m
knh

B iu ch

Gii iu ch

Pht cao
tn

Knh
tin

Thu cao tn

H thng truyn tin s (ri rc)

Hai vn c bn ca h thng truyn tin:

+ Vn hiu sut, ni cch khc l tc truyn tin ca h thng.

+ Vn chnh xc, ni cch khc l kh nng chng nhiu ca h thng.
1.2 S O THNG TIN
Ly thuyet thong tin

trang: 1

a. Lng o tin tc: Ngun A c m tn hiu ng xc xut, mt tin do ngun A hnh thnh l
mt dy n k hiu ai bt k (ai A).

Lng tin cha trong mt ai bt k:

I(ai)=logm
-

(1)

Lng tin cha trong mt dy x gm n k hiu:

I(x) = n.log m

(2)

n v lng o thng tin thng c chn l c s 2.

- Khi m k hiu ca ngun tin c xc xut khc nhau v khng c lp thng k vi
nhau th
I(xi) = log (1/p(ai))

(3)

Lng tr ring:
I(xi) = -log p(xi)

(4)

L lng tin ban u c xc nh bng xc xut tin nghim.

Lng tin cn li ca xi sau khi nhn c yj c xc nh bng xc xut hu nghim.

I ( xi / y i ) = log p (

xi
)
yj

(5)

Lng tin tng h:

p(
I ( xi / y i ) = I ( xi ) I ( xi / y i ) = log

xi
)
yj

(6)

p ( xi )

c tnh ca lng tin:

+ I(xi) I(xi ; yi)

(7)

+ I(xi) 0

(8)

+ I(xi.yi) = I(xi) + I(yi) - I(xi; yi)

(9)

Khi cp xi, yj c lp thng k vi nhau th I(xi; yi) = 0

Ta c: I(xi; yi) = I(xi) + I(yi)

(10)
Lng tin trung bnh: l lng tin tc trung bnh cha trong m k hiu bt k ca ngun
cho.
I ( x) = p ( x ) log p ( x)
X

(11)

Lng tin tng h trung bnh:

I ( X , Y ) = p ( x, y ) log
XY

p( x / y)
p( x)

(12)

Lng tin ring trung bnh c iu kin:

I (Y / X ) = p ( x, y ) log( y / x )

(13)

XY

b. Entrpi ngun ri rc: l mt thng s thng k c bn ca ngun. V ngha vt l bt

ng v lng thng tin tri ngc nhau, nhng v s o chng bng nhau:
H ( X ) = I ( X ) = p ( x ) log p ( x )

Ly thuyet thong tin

(1)

trang: 2

c tnh ca Entrpi H(X):

+ H(X) 0
+ H(X) = 0 khi ngun tin ch c mt k hiu
+ H(X)max khi xc sut xut hin cc k hiu ca ngun bng nhau.

Entrpi ng thi: l bt nh trung bnh ca mt cp (x,y) bt k trong tch XY.

H ( XY ) = p ( x, y ) log p ( x, y )

(2)

XY

Entrpi c iu kin:
H ( X / Y ) = p ( x, y ) log p ( x / y )

(3)

XY

1.3 THNG LNG CA KNH THNG TIN:

Tc thit lp tin ca ngun:

R= n0.H(X) (bps)

(1)

+ H(X); entrpi ca ngun.

+ n0 : s k hiu c lp trong mt n v thi gian

Thng lng ca knh C l lng thng tin ti a knh cho qua i trong mt n v thi
gian m khng gy sai nhm. C(bps)

Thng thng R < C, R tin ti gn C ta dng php m ho thng k ti u tng

Entrpi.

a. Thng lng knh ri rc khng nhiu:

C = Rmax = n0. H(X)max

(bps)

(2)

d ca ngun:
r =1

H (X )
H ( X ) max

(3)

Dng phng php m ha ti u gim d ca ngun n khng hoc s dng d

ca ngun xy dng m hiu chng nhiu.
b. Thng lng knh ri rc c nhiu:
R = noI(X;Y) = n0[H(X)-H(X/Y)] (bps)

(4)

Tc lp tin cc i trong knh c nhiu:

C = Rmax = n0[H(X)-H(X/Y)]max

Ly thuyet thong tin

(bps) (5)

trang: 3

CHNG 2: M HA NGUN TIN

2-1. M HIU
2-1-1 M hiu v cc thng s c bn ca m hiu:

C s ca m (m) l s cc k hiu khc nhau trong bng ch ca m. i vi m nh phn

m= 2.

di ca m n l s k hiu trong mt t m. Nn di cc t m nh nhau ta gi l m

u, ngc li l m khng u.

di trung bnh ca b m:
n = p ( x i )n i
i =1

(1)

+ p(xi): xc sut xut hin tin xi ca ngun X c m ha.

+ ni : di t m tng ng vi tin xi.
+ N: Tng s t m tng ng vi tng s cc tin ca xi

Tng hp cc t hp m c th c c: N0=2n., nu:

+ N<N0 ta gi l m vi.
+ N>N0 ta gi l m y
2-1-2 iu kin thit lp m hiu:

iu kin chung cho cc loi m l quy lut m bo s phn tch cc t hp m.

iu kin ring cho cc loi m:

+ i vi m thng k ti u: di trung bnh ti thiu ca m.

+ i vi m sa sai: kh nng pht hin v sa sai cao.
2-1-3. PHNG PHP BIU DIN M.
a-

Cc bng m:
Tin
T m

a1
00

a2
01

a3
100

a4
1010

a5
1011

Mt to m:
n

bi = K 2 K 1

(1)

K =1

=0 hay 1;

K: s th t ca k hiu trong t m

c. hnh m:
Cy m

Ly thuyet thong tin

trang: 4

0v1

3
a1(00) a2(01)

a3(100)

0V1
3

a4(1010) a5(1011)

o hnh ket cau

a-

Hm cu trc ca m:
2
Khi ni = 2
G(ni) =
1
Khi ni= 3
2
Khi ni = 4
2-1-4 iu kin m phn tch c :

M c tnh Prphic
Bt k dy cc t m no ca b m cng khng c trng vi mt dy t m khc ca
cng b m.
M c tnh prphic nu bt k t hp m no cng khng phi l prphic ca mt t hp
no khc cng b m. iu kin m c tnh prphic:
n

G( j) 1

j =1

M h thng c tnh phphic c xy dng t mt m prphic no bng cch ly mt

s t hp ca m prphic gc lm t hp s ng v cc t hp cn li lm t hp cui.
Ghp cc t hp s ng vi nhau v ni mt trong cc t hp cui vo thnh t hp m
mi gi l m h thng c tnh prphic.

V d: Ly b m prphic 1,00,010,011

Cc t hp s ng: 1,00,010

Mt t hp cui: 011

Gi :

n1, n2,, ni l di cc t hp s ng

1, 2,, k l di cc t hp cui

- S c th c c cc dy ghp bng cc t hp s ng c di nj bng :

g(nj) = g(nj-n1) + g(nj-n2) + + g(nj-ni)

(1)

Trong : nj 1; g(0) = 1 ; g(nj < 0) = 0

Nu ch dng mt t hp cui , hm cu trc m s l:

G(nj) = g(nj- )

(2)

+ T (1) v (2) ta c cng thc truy chng tnh G(nj)

G(nj) = G(nj-n1) + G(nj-n2) + + G(nj-ni)

(3)

Trong : nj +1; G(nj = ) = 1; G(nj < ) = 0

+ T (1) ta c: n1=1, n2=2, n3=3 v =3
g(nj) = g(nj-1) + g(nj-2) + g(nj-3)
Ly thuyet thong tin

trang: 5

g(nj=1) = g(0) + g(-1) + g(-2) = 1 c 1 dy 1

g(nj=2) = g(1) + g(0) + g(-1) = 2 c 2 dy: 00 v 11
g(nj=3) = g(2) + g(1) + g(0) = 4 c 4 dy: 111, 100, 001, 010
+ T (3) ta c:
G(nj) = G(nj-1) + G(nj-2) +G(nj-3)
Trong : nj= +1=4 ; G(nj=3) = 1 ; G(nj<3) = 0
G(4) = G(3) + G(2) + G(1) = 1 c 1dy 1011
G(5) = G(4) + G(3) + G(2) = 2 c 2 dy: 11011 v 00011
G(6) = G(5) + G(4) + G(3) = 4 c 4 dy: 111011, 100011, 001011, 010011
G(7) = G(6) + G(5) + G(4) = 7
+ Ta c th tm G(nj) t cng thc (2) :
G(nj) = g(nj-3)
G(4) = g(4-3) = g(1) = 1
G(5) = g(5-3) = g(2) = 2
G(6) = g(6-3) = g(3) = 4

Nu dng nhiu t hp cui ghp 1, 2, I, cch ghp cc dy t hp s ng vi

mt trong cc t hp cui c nhiu cch.
G(nj) = g(nj - 1) + g(nj - 2) + .+ g(nj - k)

(4)

- V d: Vi b m trn ta ly
+ Hai t hp s ng : 1, 00 n1= 1, n2= 2
+ Hai t hp cui: 010, 011 1 = 2 = 3
+ T (1) ta tnh c s c th c c cc dy ghp bng cc t hp s ng c di n j
bng:
g(nj) = g(nj 1) + g(nj-2)
Trong nj 1, g(0) = 1, g (0) = 0
g(1) = g(0) + g(-1) = 1 1dy :1
g(2) = g(1) + g(0) = 2 2 dy :11 v 00
g(3) = g(2) + g(1) = 3 3 dy :111, 100, 001
g(4) = g(3) + g(2) = 5 5dy :1111, 0000, 1100, 0011, 1001
+ T (2) ta c:
G(nj) = 2g(nj-3) trong nj 4; G(3) =1; G(<3) =0
G(4) = 2g(1) = 2x1 = 2 1010 v 1011
G(5) = 2g(2) = 2x2 = 4 11010, 00010, 11011, v 00011
G(6) = 2g(3) = 2x3 = 6 111010, 100010, 001010, 111011, 100011, v 001011
G(7) = 2g(4) = 2x5 = 10
2-2. CC LOI M THNG K TI U (TKT)
2-2-1. Mt s nh l c bn ca m TKT

nh l gii hn v di trung bnh ca t m:

H(U)

H(U) +1
Ly thuyet thong tin

(1)
trang: 6

m thng k c hai c im sau:

Cc k hiu khc nhau ca b ch phi ng xc sut.
Xc sut xut hin cc k hiu trong t m khng ph thuc s c mt ca cc k hiu ra
trc.
Tiu chun m kinh t ti u:
H (U )
=
(2) H(U): Entrpi ca ngun
n
n : di trung bnh ca t m.
cng tin ti 1 tnh kinh t ca m cng cao.
M thng k c tnh prephic.

2 ni p(ui ) (3) &

ni

i =1

(4)

2-2-2 M Thng k ti u Sannon:

Cc bc thc hin m thng k ti u Sannon:
Bc 1: Lit k cc tin ca ngun Ui v cc xc sut pi tng ng theo xc sut gim dn.
Bc 2: ng vi mi hng ui, pi ghi mt s Pi theo biu thc:
Pi = p1 + p2 +.+ pi-1
Bc 3: i cc s thp phn Pi thnh cc s nh phn
Bc 4: Tnh di t m:

2 ni p (ui ) 21 ni

(2)

Bc 5: T m (ni, bi) s l ni k hiu nh phn (k t s l tr i) ca s nh phn Pi

V d: lp m cho ngun U c s thng k:
Ui
pi

Ui
0,34

U2
0,23

Ui

pi

Pi

Ui
U2
U3
U4
U5
U6
U7

0,34
0,23
0,19
0,1
0,07
0,06
0,01

0
0,34
0,57
0,76
0,86
0,93
0,99

U3
0,19

U4
0,1

U5
0,07

S nh phn
Pi
0,0000
0,0101
0,1001
0,1100
0,11011
0,11101
0,1111110

ni

U6
U7
0,06 0,01
T m

2
3
3
4
4
5
7

00
010
100
1100
1101
11101
1111110

+ Pi c tnh theo bc 2: i = 1 P1 = p0 = 0
i = 2 P2 = p1 = 0,34
i =3 P3 = p1 + p2 = 0,57
+ i Pi sang s nh phn:
Pi = 0,34
x2
0,68 0
x2
1,36 1

Pi = 0,86
x2
1,72 1
-1
0,72
Ly thuyet thong tin

trang: 7

-1
0,36
x2
0,72 0
x2
1,44 1
Khi Pi = 0,34
0,0101

x2
1,44 1
-1
0,44
x2
0,88 0
x2
1,76 1
-1
0,76
x2
1,52 1
Khi Pi = 0,86
0,11011

+ Tnh ni theo (2)

ni = 1 2-1 = 0,5 > pi=0,34 b loi
ni = 2 2-2 = 0,25 < pi=0,34 < 31-2 =0,5 tha mn vy ta ly ni = 2 suy ra t m: 00
ni = 3 2-3 = 0,125 < pi=0,23 <0,25 ly ni =3 010
Tnh kinh t ca m:
7

= [ 0,34 log 2 0,34 + ... + 0,01 log 2 0,01] 2,37

H(U)= p i log 2 pi
i =1

p n = ( 0,34 x2) + ( 0,23 x3) + ... + ( 0,01x7) = 2,99

i =1

p=

H (U )
2,37
=
= 0,81
2,99
n

2-2-3 M thng k ti u Fano:

Cc bc thc hin m ho m thng k ti u Fano:
Bc 1: Lit k cc tin ni trong mt ct theo th t pi gim dn.
Bc 2: Chia lm 2 nhm c tng xc sut gn bng nhau nht. K hiu m dng cho nhm
u l 0, th nhm th 2 l 1.
Bc 3: Mi nhm li chia thnh hai nhm nh c xc sut gn bng nhau nht (k hiu 0 v
1). Qu trnh c tip tc cho n khi ch cn mt k hiu th kt thc.
Ui
U1
U2
U3
U4
U5
U6
U7

pi
0,34
0,23
0,19
0,1
0,07
0,06
0,01

1
0
0
1
1
1
1
1

2
0
1
0
1
1
1
1

0
1
1
1

0
1
1

0
1

T m
00
01
10
110
1110
11110
11111

Thc hin bc 2:
Cch 1:
p1+ p2 = 0,34 + 0,23 = 0,57
p3+ p4 + p5 + p6 + p7 = 0,43
chnh lch :
0,14
Ly thuyet thong tin

trang: 8

Cch 2:
p1+ p2 + P3
= 0,76
p4 + p5 + p6 + p7 = 0,24
chnh lch : 0,52
Vy cch chia th nht c xc sut gn bng nhau hn cch chia th hai, nn ta chn cch
chia th nht. Qu trnh c th tip din.
Thc hin bc 3:
Cch 1:
p3 = 0,19
p4 + p5 + p6 + p7 = 0,24
chnh lch : -0,05
Cch 2:
p3 + p4
= 0,29
p5 + p6 + p7 = -0,14
chnh lch : 0,15
Vy ta chn cch th nht.

i =1

n i = ( 0,34 x 2 ) + ( 0,23 x 2 ) + ( 0,19 x 2 ) + ( 0,1x3)

+ ( 0,07 x 4 ) + ( 0,06 x5) + ( 0,01 x5) = 2,41

p=

H (U )
2,37
=
= 0,98
2,41
n

c th v cy m cho TKT Fano.

Nhn xt v m thng k ti u Fano:
u: Vi cch chia nhm ng xc sut, s lp m TK ti u ng thi cng l m prphic.
Khuyt: Khng cho php lp m duy nht, ngha l c nhiu m tng ng v tnh kinh t.
V d: i vi ngun tin di y t nht c hai cch chia c tnh kinh t nh sau:
Ui

pi

U1
U2
U3
U4
U5
U6
U7

0,19
0,19
0,19
0,19
0,08
0,08
0,08

Cch
chia 1
00
010
011
10
110
1110
1111

T m
00
010
011
10
110
1110
1111

Cch
chia 2
000
001
01
10
1100
1101
111

T m
000
001
01
10
1100
1101
111

n1 = p i ni = (0,19x2) + (0,19x3) + (0,19x3) + (0,19x2) + (0,08x3) + (0,08x4)

i =1

+(0,08x4)=2,46

n2 = pi ni = (0,19x3) + (0,19x3) + (0,19x2) + (0,19x2) + (0,08x4) + (0,08x4)

i =1

+(0,08x3)=2,46
Cng mt b m nn H(u1) = H(u2) suy ra 1 = 2.
khc phc nhc im ca m thng k ti u Fano ta nghin cu m thng k ti u
Huffman.

Ly thuyet thong tin

trang: 9

u3

u4

u2

u1

0
u6

1
u2

u3

u1

1
u7

u5

Cch chia 2

u4

u1

0
0
u5

u4

1
u3

u2

u5

1
u6

u7

u7

u6

Cch chia 1
2-2-4 M TK ti u Huffman:
Theo Hpman c mt b m Pre6phic c di t m ti thiu, iu kin cn v l tha
mn 3 tnh cht sau:
Tnh th t di cc t m: pi pj vi i <j th ni nj.

1-

2Tnh nhng t cui: c di bng nhau, ch khc nhau v trng s ca k hiu

cui cng.
3Tnh lin h gia nhng t cui v t trc cui.
Cc bc thc hin m ha TK ti u Hpman.
Bc 1: Cc ngun tin c lit k trong ct theo th t xc sut xut hin gim dn.
Bc 2: Hai tin cui c xc sut b nht c hp thnh tin ph mi c xc sut bng tng xc
sut cc tin hp thnh.
Bc 3: Cc tin cn li (N-2) vi tin ph mi c lit k trong ct ph th nht theo th t
xc sut gim dn.
Bc 4: Qu trnh c th tip tc cho n khi hp thnh mt tin ph c xc sut xut hin bng
1.
ui

pi

T
m
0

u1

0,34

u2
u3

0,23

0,19

0,58

00

1
0,42

10
11
0

u4
u5

0,10

0,24

0,07

0.14

011
0100

u6
u7

0,06

0,01

0,07

01010
01011

Ly thuyet thong tin

trang: 10

 T m c c ngc t u ra v u vo. Cng c th dng cy m xc nh m Hp

nam:

gc
1

0,42
1

0,42
0

u1(0,34)

1 u2(0,23)

0,14
1

u6(0,06)

u3(0,19)

u4(0,1)

0,07
1

u5(0,07)

u7(0,01)

Tnh kinh t: = 0,98

Mc d ti u hn so vi m Sannon v Fano, nhng khi b m ngun c nhiu tin th b m

tr nn cng knh. Khi ngi ta kt hp 2 phng php m ha: M Hp man + m u.
ui

Pi

M Hp man

u1
u2
u3
u4
u5
u6
u7
u8
u9
u10
u11
u12
u13
u14

0,5

M
u
0

0,25
0,0315

0,51

T m
0
10

00

11000

0,0315

0,125

01

11001

0,031

10

11010

11

11011

0,031
0,0157

000

111000

0,0157

0,25

001

111001

0,0157

010

111010

0,0157

0,125

011

111011

0,0156

100

111100

0,0156

101

111101

0,0155

110

111110

0,0155

111

111111

H(u) = pi log 2 pi =
i =1

-[0,5log20,5 + 0,25log20,25 + 0,125log20,125] =

n = pi ni = (0,5x1) +(0,25x2) + ((0,125x5) +0,125x6 = 0,5 +0,5+0,625+0.75=2,375

i =1

H (u )

2,375

Ly thuyet thong tin

trang: 11

CHNG 3: M HA KNH TRUYN

(M pht hin v sa sai)
3-1 KHI NIM V M PHT HIN V SA SAI:
Dng sai lm ca m hiu c truyn tu thuc tnh cht thng k ca knh:
- sai c lp dn n sai ngu nhin: 1 hoc 2 sai.
- Sai tng quan dn n sai chm (sai cm)
Ngi ta thng k: sai ngu nhin xy ra 80%, sai chm xy ra 20%.
Xc sut xut hin mt t m n k hiu c t sai bt k:
p(n,t) = Cntpst(1-ps)n-t
(1)
3-1-1 C ch pht hin sai ca m hiu

S t m c th c: N0 = 2n
S t m mang tin: N = 2k.
S t m khng dng n: 2n 2k (s t hp cm)

mch c th pht hin ht i li th phi tha mn iu kin:

2k

2n
1+ E

(2)

Trong E = E1 + E2+ . . . + Ei (3)

E1, E2, . . Ei l tp hp cc vector sai 1,2 . . .i li.
pht hin v sa ht sai 1 li ta c:
2k

2n
n +1

(4)

3-1-2 Kh nng pht hin v sa sai:

Trng s Hamming ca vector t: k hiu, w(t) c xc nh theo s cc thnh phn khc

khng ca vector.
V d: t1 = 1 0 0 1 0 1 1 w(t1) = 4

Khong cch gia 2 vector t1, t2: k hiu, d(t1, t2) c nh ngha l s cc thnh phn khc
nhau gia chng.

V d: t2 = 0 1 0 0 0 1 1 d(t1, t2) = 3 chng khc nhau v tr 0, 1 v 3

Khong cch Hamming gia 2 vector m t1, t2 bng trng s ca vector tng t1 t2:

d(t1, t2)=w(t1 t2) .

t1 = 1 0 0 1 0 1 1
t2 = 0 1 0 0 0 1 1
t1 t2 = 1 1 0 1 0 0 0 w(t1 t2) = 3 = d(t1, t2)
iu kin mt m tuyn tnh c th pht hin c t sai:
d t+1
(5)
v d: t = 1 d 2; t = 2 d 3
t = 5 d 6

iu kin mt m tuyn tnh c th pht hin v sa c t sai: d 2t + 1

(6)

t = 1 d 3; t = 2 d 5; t = 5 d 11
3-1-3 H s sai khng pht hin c:

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V d: i vi b m (5,2) c trng s Hamming w =2 ta xc nh c h s sai khng pht

hin c:
p = C21pqC31 pq2 + C22p2C32p2q (7)
nu p = 10-3 p 6p2 = 6.10-6 ngha l c 106 bit truyn i, 103 bit b sai th c 6 bit sai khng
pht hin c.
3-1-4 Phng trnh ng truyn Vector sai c ch sa li:
- Gi t m pht i l T.
- Gi t m nhn c l R
- Gi t m sai do ng truyn gy ra l E.
phng trnh ng truyn: R = T E
T = R E
(8)
E = T R
i vi m nh phn 3 phng trnh trn tng ng nhau.

Vector sai: E = (e0, e1, , en)

(9)

V d: E = (1 0 0 1 0 1 0) sai v tr 0, 3, 5
Trong cc h thng truyn s liu c 2 c ch sa li:
C ch ARQ: c ch yu cu pht li s liu mt cch t ng (khi pht hin sai) . c ch ny c
3 dng c bn:
- C ch ARQ dng & ch (stop and wait ARQ)
- C ch ARQ quay ngc N vector (N go back ARQ).
- C ch ARQ chn la vit lp li.
Cc c ch ny c hc trong mn Truyn s liu.

C ch FEC (Forward Error Control): pht hin v t sa sai s dng cc loi m sa li.
Khi c sai n (1 sai) ngi ta thng dng cc loi m nh: m khi tuyn tnh, m
Hamming, m vng
Khi c sai chm (> 2 sai) ngi ta thng dng cc loi m nh: m BCH, m tch chp,
m Trellis, m Tubor, m Tubor Block, m tng hp GC

3-2 M KHI TUYN TNH:

3-2-1 nh ngha:
Khi cc bits mang tin v cc bits kim tra c phn thnh tng khi tch bch, s m ha
& gii m c th tin hnh theo tng khi bng cc t m ring r & s dng cc php tnh
ca i s tuyn tnh.

nh ngha: m khi di n & k bits mang tin c gi l m khi tuyn tnh C(n,k) nu

v ch nu 2k t m lp thnh khng gian vector n chiu 2n trn trng Galois s cp GF (2)

3-2-2 Phng php to m khi tuyn tnh:

V m khi tuyn tnh C(n,k) c khng gian con tuyn tnh k chiu ca khng gian vector n

chiu, nn tn ti k t m c lp tuyn tnh g0, g1, , gk-1 trong C, sao cho mi t m trong
C l t hp tuyn tnh ca k t m :
t = u0g0 + u1g1+ +uk-1gk-1
(1)
Trong ui = 0 hoc 1 vi 1 i k-1
Gi G l ma trn sinh:

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g0
g1

gk-1

G(k,n)
=

g00 g01 . . .
g10 g11 . . .
. . . .. . .
gk-1,0 gk-1,1 . .

g0,n-1
g1,n-1

(2)

. gk-1,n-1

Trong : gi = (gi0, gi1, ., gi,n-1,) vi 0 i k-1

Gi u l thng bo cn m ha:
U = u0 , u1,. , uk-1 ,
(3)
Vi ui = 0 hoc 1 v 0 i k-1

Gi t l t m pht i: t = t0 t1 .tn-1 (4)

Vi tj = 0 hoc 1 v 0 j k-1
Khi bit ma trn sinh G ta c th to c t m pht i:

g0
g
1
]
. .

.g k 1

t = u.G = [u0 u1 .. uk-1

(5)

T m pht i t t (5) cha phi l m khi tuyn tnh.

M khi tuyn tnh h thng c cu trc:

n-k bits kim tra
di t m : n

K bits mang tin

Khi ta cn tm ma trn sinh dng chnh tc G:

G ( k , n) =
~

g0
g1

P00 P01
P10 P11
..

P0,n-k-1 1 0 0
P1,n-k-1 0 1 0

gk-1
Pk-1 Pk-1,1 Pk-1,n-k-1 0 0 1
Trong pij = 0 hoc 1 v
G(k,n) = [p(k,n-k),IK} (7)
Khi t = u. G s l m ha khi tuyn tnh.
~

Theo 6 & 8 cc s hng ca t l:

tn-k+i = ui vi 0 i k-1
(9)
tj
= u0p0j + u1p1j + u2p2j + + uk-1pk-1,j
(10)
T (9) ta thy k bits bn phi ca t m t trng vi k bits thng tin u 0, u1, , uk-1 v (n-k)
bits bn tri l cc bits kim tra.
V d: xt m khi tuyn tnh C(7,4)c thng bo cn m ha u = (u0, u1, u2, u3) & t m
pht i tng ng t = (t0, t1, t2, t3, t4, t5, t6)
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G(4,7)=

Cho G(4,7) dng khng chnh tc ta i tm G(4,7) dng chnh tc:

1101000
0110100
0011010
0001101

(1)
(2)
(3)

G ( 4,7)
~

=
(4)

110
011
111
101

1000
0100
0010
0001

1=1
2=2
3=1+3
4=1+2+4

Cho tin cn pht i: u = (u0, u1, u2, u3) = (1 0 1 1) ta tm t m pht i theo 2 cng thc 5 &
8 t rt ra nhn xt

1 1 0 1 0 0 0
0 1 1 0 1 0 0
t = u.G = (u0, u1, u2, u3) 1 1 1 0 0 1 0
~
~
1 0 1 0 0 0 1
t0 = u0.1 + u1.0 + u2.0 + u3.0 = u0 = 1
t1 = u0.1 + u1.1 + u2.0 + u3.0 = u0 + u1= 1+0 = 1
t2 = u0.0 + u1.1 + u2.1 + u3.0 = u1 + u2= 0+1 = 1
t3 = u0.1 + u1.0 + u2.1 + u3.1 = u0 + u2 + u3= 1+1 + 1 = 1
t4 = u0.0 + u1.1 + u2.0 + u3.1 = u1 + u3= 0+1 = 1
t5 = u0.0 + u1.0 + u2.1 + u3.0 = u2= 1
t6 = u0.0 + u1.0 + u2.0 + u3.1 = u3= 1
Vy ta c t m pht i t = (1 1 1 1 1 1 1) khng c dng m khi tuyn tnh.
1101000
0110100
1110010
1010001
t0 = u0.1 + u1.0 + u2.1 + u3.1 = u0+ u2 + u3 = 1 + 1 +1 = 1
t1 = u0.1 + u1.1 + u2.1 + u3.0 = u0 + u1 + u2 = 1+ 0 + 1 = 0
t2 = u0.0 + u1.1 + u2.1 + u3.1 = u1 + u2 + u3 = 0+1+ 1 = 0
t3 = u0.1 + u1.0 + u2.0 + u3.0 = u0 = 1
t4 = u0.0 + u1.1 + u2.0 + u3.0 = u1 = 0
t5 = u0.0 + u1.0 + u2.1 + u3.0 = u2= 1
t6 = u0.0 + u1.0 + u2.0 + u3.1 = u3= 1
Vy ta c t m pht i: t = ( 1 0 0 1 0 1 1) c dng m khi tuyn tnh.

t = u.G = (u0, u1, u2, u3)

~
~

Cho u = 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 ta s lp c t hp 16 m pht i tng ng vi cc tin cn

pht.

Vi mi ma trn G(k,n) vi k hng c lp tuyn tnh sao cho mi vector thuc khng gian

c c s l hng ca G trc giao vi H v ngc li, ngha l G.HT =0 (11). H chnh l ma

trn kim tra.
nh l: Vector t gm n s hng l mt t m ca m khi tuyn tnh C(n,k) sinh ra bi
H nu v ch nu t.HT = 0 (12)
Khi ma trn H dng chnh tc s c dng:

H [ (n k ) xn] = I n k P T
~

1 0 . .. 0 p00 . . . pk-1,0
0 1 . .. 0 p01 . . . pk-1,1
=.. . . .. .

(13)

0 0 . .. 1 p0, n-k-1 . pk-1,n-k-1

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T m pht i tng ng dng m khi tuyn tnh s l:

t = [t0 t1 . . . tn-k-1 u0 u1 . . . uk-1] (14) nn t (12) ta c:
tj + u0p0j + u1p1j + . . . + uk-1pk-1,j = 0
vi 0 j n-k-1
(15)

V d: t G(4,7) ta hon v hng thnh ct ta s c ma trn kim

tra dng chnh tc:
1001011
H [ 3,7] = 0 1 0 1 1 1 0
~
0010111

Kt lun: tin hnh to m khi tuyn tnh gm 2 bc:

Bc 1: Xc nh ma trn sinh G hoc P, hoc ma trn kim tra H hoc ma trn PT.
Bc 2: Da vo cng thc t = U.G hoc t.H T = 0 thit lp cc t m tng ng vi cc
thng bo u bit.
Ta c s m ha m khi tuyn tnh da trn phng trnh 9 v 10 nh sau:
1

u0

....

u1

uk-1

en kenh truyen
2

Pk-1,n-k-1

P0,n-k-1
p00

p01

p01

p11
Pk-1,1

pk-1,0
+

t0

t1

P1,n-k-1
+

...

tn-k-1

: Thanh ghi dch

: Bo cong Modulo K
au vao

pij =1 : Ngan mach

pij =0 : h mach

p11

S khi m ha khi tuyn tnh c cu trc h thng

Thng bo u = (u0 u1 . . . uk-1) c dch vo thanh ghi thng bo ng thi c a n knh
truyn ( kha K v tr 1 trong K nhp). Sau khi thng bo c dch ton b vo thanh ghi thng
bo, (n-k) bits kim tra cng c to ra t ng ra ca (n-k) b cng modulo 2 nhiu u vo.
Sau nhp th (k+1) kha k v tr 2, nn cc bits kim tra cng c dch ni tip theo cc
bits thng bo ra knh truyn. Phc tp ca b m ha t l vi di ca t m. Mch m ha
khi tuyn tnh C(7,4) nh sau:

u0

u1

u2

u3
1 k

2
+

t0

t1

t2

en kenh
tr u y e n

3-2-3 Phng php gii m m khi tuyn tnh:

+ Gi t m pht i : t = (t0 t1 . . . . tn-1) (1)

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+ Gi t m thu c: r = (r0 r1 . . . . rn-1) (2)

+ Vector sai
: e = (e0 e1 . . . en-1)
(3)
Trong ei = 1 nu ti ri v ei = 0 nu ti = ri
pht hin sai ta dng thut ton th Syndrome:
S = r.HT = (s0 s1 . . . . sn-k-1) (4)
gm n-k thnh phn
+ S=0 nu v ch nu r l t m pht (r t) hoc l t hp tuyn tnh ca cc t m (gi l
vector sai khng pht hin c).
+ S 0 th r khng phi l t m pht i (r t) v do c sai (e 0)
T ma trn kim tra H (n k , n) thnh phn ca Syndrome nh sau:
~

S0 = r0 + rn-kp00 + rn-k-1p10 + . . . + rn-ipk-1,0

S1 = r1 + rn-kp01 + rn-k-1p11 + . . . + rn-ipk-1,1
.
(5)
Sn-k-1 = rn-k-1 + rn-kp0,n-k-1 + rn-k+ip11 + .+ rn-ipk-1,n-k-1
T (5) tng t nh mch m ha, ta c mch tnh Syndrome nh sau:
r0

r1

....

rn-k

...

rn-1

P0,n-k-1
p00

p01
Pk-1,1

pk-1,0
+

Pk-1,n-k-1

sn-k-1

s1

so

V d: Tnh Syndrome ca m khi tuyn tnh C(7,4) vi ma trn H cho vi vector thu
r = (r0 r1 r2 r3 r4 r5 r6)
100
010
001
1 1 0 = (S0 S1 S2)
T
S=r.H = (r0 r1 r2 r3 r4 r5 r6)
011
111
101
S0 = r0.1 + r1.0 + r2.0 + r3.1 + r4.0 + r5.1 + r6.1 = r0+ r3 + r5 + r6
S1 = r0.0 + r1.1 + r2.0 + r3.1 + r4.1 + r5.1 + r6.0 = r1+ r3 + r4 + r5
S2 = r0.0 + r1.0 + r2.1 + r3.0 + r4.1 + r5.1 + r6.1 = r2+ r4 + r5 + r6
r0

r1

r2

r3

r4

so

s1

r5

r6

s2

Mch tnh Syndrome ca m h thng tuyn tnh C(7,4)

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Khi xc nh c mt gi tr Syndrome S = (S0, S1. . . . Sn-k-1) ta c n 2k vector sai tng

ng, nhng ta ch chn cc vector sai no c trng s nh nht l vector sai c nhiu kh nng
nht. Trong thc t khi tm c Syndrome ta thy S trng vi ct no ca ma trn kim tra
H th c sai v tr tng ng. V d: 1 1 1 trng vi ct th su tnh t tri sang ca ma trn
H, ta kt lun vector nhn c r sai v tr r5. ta ch vic i tr s ca r5 t 0 sang 1 hoc ngc
li l c vector nhn c ng (r=t)
r=1001001
e=0000010
t=1001011
o bit ti r5
gii m khi tuyn tnh khi nhn c vector thu r ta tin hnh 3 bc:
Bc 1: Tnh Syndrome S = r.HT
Bc 2: Tm phn t dn ei trng vi r.HT , phn t dn ny c gi thit l vector sai gy
bi knh truyn.
Bc 3: Gii m tn hiu th r: t = r + e
r

Bo em cho cac vector th r

r0

...

r1

rn-1

Mach tnh Syndrom e

...

s1

s0

sn-k-1

Mach to hp tnh vector sai

e1

e0
r0

r1

rn-1
+

en-1
+

t1

to

t2

B gii m tng qut cho m khi tuyn tnh

3-3 M HAMMING:
M hamming l lp m khi u tin nhm vo vic sa sai m khi v cc bin th ca n
c s dng rng ri trong vic truyn thng s ha v lu tr s liu.
Vi mi s nguyn dng m 3, tn ti m Hamming vi cc thng s sau:

Chiu di t m: n = 2m 1.

Chiu di phn kim tra: m = n k

Kh nng sa sai: t = 1 (dmin =3)

Ma trn kim tra H vi cc ct l mt vector m chiu khc khng.

Chiu di phn tin: k = 2m m 1.

Di dng cu trc h thng H = [Im.Q]

Trong Im l ma trn n v mxm v ma trn Q gm 2 m m 1 ct, mi ct l vector m chiu
c trng s l 2 hoc ln hn. V d: vi m = 3, ma trn kim tra ca m (7,4) c vit di dng.

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1001011
0101110
0010111

H(3,7) =

(1)

Trong thc t vic to v gii m Hamming mt cch n gin ngi ta i v tr cc ct

trong ma trn H. Khi cc bit kim tra xen k vi cc bit mang tin ch khng cn tnh
cht khi, t (1) ta c:
H=

0001111
0110011
1010101

(2)

vic to m n gin ta chn cc bit kim tra x, y, z cc v tr tng ng 2i vi i = 0,

1, 2, . . ., ngha l cc v tr th nht, th hai & th t ca cc k hiu t m:
t = (x, y, u0, z, u1, u2, u3)
(3)

to m:
0 0 1
0 1 0
0 1 1
T
t.H = (x, y, u0, z, u1, u2, u3)x
1 0 0 =0
1 0 1
1 1 0
1 1 1
x.0 +y.0 +u0.0 +z.1 + u1.1 + u2.1 + u3.1 =0
z = u1 + u2 + u3
x.0 +y.1 +u0.1 +z.1 + u1.0 + u2.1 + u3.1 =0
y = u0 + u2 + u3
x.1 +y.0 +u0.1 +z.1 + u1.1 + u2.0 + u3.1 =0

x = u0 + u1 + u3
V d: Tin cn pht i:
U = (u0, u1, u2, u3) = (1 0 1 1)
x = u0 + u1 + u3 = 1+ 0+1= 0
y = u0 + u2 + u3 = 1+1+1 = 1
z = u1 + u2 + u3 = 0+1+1 = 0
Vy t m pht i s l: t = ( 0 1 1 0 0 1 1) khng c dng m khi.

S to m Hamming (7,4) tng t nh s to m khi tuyn tnh (7,4) nhng n

gin hn.
Tin can phat

r0

r1

r2

r3

u0 z

u1 u2

u3

s o tao ma Hamming (7,4)

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S to m Hamming (7,4)

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Gii m Haming cng ging nh gii m khi tuyn tnh nhng n gin hn nh s dng
ma trn kim tra H c dng 2. Khi vic xc nh v tr k hiu sai tng i thun tin.
V d: Ph thu nhn c t m: r = (r0, r1, r2, r3, r4, r5, r6) ta tnh Syndrome:

001
010
011
s = r.H T = (r0 , r1, r2 , r3 , r4 , r5 , r6 )1 0 =0 ( S0 , S1, S2 )
101
110
111
s0 = r0.0 + r1.0 + r2.0 + r3.1 + r4.1 + r5.1 + r6.1= r3 + r4 + r5 + r6
s1 = r0.0 + r1.1 + r2.1 + r3.0 + r4.0 + r5.1 + r6.1= r1 + r2 + r5 + r6
s2 = r0.1 + r1.0 + r2.1 + r3.0 + r4.1 + r5.0 + r6.1= r0 + r2 + r4 + r5
Khi ta c s gii m haming (7.4) nh sau:
Tn hieu
thu r

r0

r1

r2

r3

r4

s2

r5

r6

s1

s0

mach chuyen oi so nh phan ra thap phan

S gii m Hamming (7,4)

V d: tn hiu thu c:
r = (r0, r1, r2, r3, r4, r5, r6)
(0 0 1 1 0 1 1)
Khi
s0 = r3 + r4 + r5 + r6 =1+0+1+1=1
s1 = r1 + r2 + r5 + r6= 0+1+1+ 1=1
s2 = r0 + r2 + r4 + r5=0+1+0+1=0
S=( 1 1 0), nu i ra thp phn l 6. ta nhn thy S trng vi ct s 6 ca ma trn H ca ma
trn H, c ngha k hiu sai l k hiu th 6(r) u ra th 6 ca s gii m s c i=1. Ta ch cn
o bit th 6 theo thut ton:
(3)
r nu i = 1
r nu i = 0

r =i r ir

r=

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r =1

r =0

(a a o bit)
i=1

3-4. M VNG
M vng nm trong h m khi tuyn tnh, c s dng rng ri do c 2 u im ni bt:
- Vic m ha v tnh ton Syndrome c th c thc hin mt cch d dng qua cc thanh
ghi dch c ni vng hi tip.
- Cu trc i s ca m vng cho php s dng nhiu phng php thc hin m ha.
3-4-1. Khi nim
nh ngha: mt m khi tuyn tnh c(n,k) c gi l m vng. Nu mi khi dch vng
mt vector m trong C th vector mi to thnh cng l mt vector m thuc C.
a thc m vng.
T(X)= t0+t1X+t2X2++ tn-1Xn-1
(1)
Trong : vector m t=( t0, t1, t2tn-1)
- Nu tn-1 0 th bc ca T(X) l n-1.

Nu tn-1 = 0 th bc ca T(X) nh hn n-1.

Mi a thc m t(x) trong mt m vng C(n,k) c th c biu din di dng:

t(x) =u(x)g(x) = (u0+u1x+u2x2++ un-1xn-1)g(x) (2)

a thc sinh g(x) ca m vng C(n,k) l mt tha s ca Xn+1: Xn+1=[Xk+a(x)]g(x)

(3)
Mt m vng gm nhiu a thc sinh:
V d: m vng C(7,4) c
X7+1=(x+1)(x3+x+1) (x3+x2+1)
C hai a thc sinh: g1(x) = (x3+x+1) v
g2(x) = (x3+x2+1).
3-4-2: Thit lp m vng.

Cc bc thit lp m vng c dng chnh tc:

Bc 1: Xn-k.u(x)= u0xn-k+u1xn-k+1++uk-1xn-1
(4)
Bc 2: tnh phn d b(x) t:
Xn-k.u(x)=a(x).g(x)+b(x)
(5)
2
n-k-1
Trong : b(x) =b0+b1x+b2x ++bn-k-1x
(6)
Bc 3: vector m pht i:
t(x)=b(x) +xn-k.u(x) = a(x).g(x)
(7)
2
Ngha l t(x)= b0+ b1x+b2x ++bn-k-1xn-k-1+u0xn-k++ uk-1xn-1
Khi t(x) = (b0, b1, b2, , bn-k-1, u0, uk-1)

(8)

T m pht i c dng khi tuyn tnh.

V d: xt m vng C(7,4) ng vi a thc sinh:

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G1(x)= X3+X+1 v tin cn m ha: u=1 0 0 1

Suy ra u(x) =1+ x3
Bc 1: xn-k.u(x) = x3(1+x3) =x6+x3
Bc 2: tm phn d b(x)
X6
+ X3
X3 + X + 1
X6 + X4 + X3
X3 + X = a(x)
4
X
X4
+ X2 +X
X2 +X = b(x)
Bc 3: t(x) =b(x)+xn-ku(x) = x+x2+x3+x6
Ngha l t m pht i t = (0 1 1 0 0 1) trong 0 1 1 l cc bits kim tra. Hc sinh t lm vi
g2(x) = x3+x2+1
3-4-3 Ma trn sinh v ma trn kim tra ca m vng:

Ma trn sinh G(k,n) c to ra t a thc sinh g(x) bng cch dch vng:
g0 g1 . . .gn-k 0
0 . . .. 0
0 g1 . . . gn-k-1 gn-k 0 . . . 0
(1)
G(k,n)= . . .
...
0 0 . . . g0 g1 g2 . . .gn-k
V d: xt m vng C(7,4) c g(x) = x3+x+1 ta c ma trn sinh G(4,7):
1 1 0 1 0 0 0 (1)
0 1 1 0 1 0 0 (2)
G(k,n)=
0 0 1 1 0 1 0 (3)
0 0 0 1 1 0 1 (4)

G (k,n)

1
0
1
1

1
1
1
0

0
1
1
1

1
0
0
0

0
1
0
0

0
0
1
0

0
0
0
1

(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)

2
1+3
1+2+4

Cc bc thip lp ma trn sinh theo dng chnh tc:

Bc 1: Tnh xn-k+i= ai(x).g(x)+bi(x)
(2)
Trong : i=0, 1, 2 , k-1
+ bi (x) l phn d c dng:
bi(x) =bi0+bi1x+ +bi, n-k-1xn-k-1
(3)
Bc 2: To cc a thc m:
ti(x) = ai(x).g(x)=bi(x) +xn-k+i
(4)
Bc 3: Sp xp k a thc m ny thnh k hng ca mt ma trn k x n ta c mt a thc
sinh c dng chnh tc nh sau:

G (k,n)
~
=

b00 b01 . . .b0,n-k-1 1 0 0. . .. 0

b10 b11 . . . b1,n-k-1 0 1 0. . . 0
...
...
bk-1,0 bk-1,0 . .bk-1,n-k-1 0 0 0 . . 1

(5)

G(k,n) = [B(k,n-k, Ik} (6)

Ly thuyet thong tin

trang: 22

V d: Xt m vng C(7,4) c ma trn sinh g(x) =1+x+x3, lp ma trn sinh G dng chnh tc
theo nguyn tc trn.
Bc 1: M vng C(7,4) suy n=7, k=4 i=0,1,2,3, nn x n-k+i ln lt l: x3, x4, x5, x6, chia ln
lt x3, x4, x5, x6 cho g(x) ta c:
x3
x3+x+1 x3=1g(x)+x+1
3
x +x+1
1=a(x)
0 +x +1=b(x)
x4
x3+x+1 x4=x.g(x)+x2+x
4
2
x +x +x x=a(x)
0 +x2 +x=b(x)
x5
x3+x+1
x5=(x2+1).g(x)+x2+x+1
5
3
2
2
x + x +x x +1=a(x)
0 + x3 +x2
3
x + 2 x+1
0 + x +x+1 = b(x)
x6

x6+ x4+x3

x3+x+1
x6=(x3+x+1)g(x) +x2+1
3
x + x+1=a(x)

0 + x4 + x3
x4 +
x2+x

0 + x3 +x2+x
x3
+x+1
2
0
+x + 1= b(x)
Bc 3: Sp xp 4 a thc m ny thnh 4 hng ca ma trn sinh G(kxn) ta s c ma trn
sinh G(4,7) dng chnh tc.
t0(x) =1 + x +
x3
2
t1(x) = + x +x +
x4
t2(x) =1 + x +x2+
x5
2
t3(x) =1 + x
+ x6

suy ra:

G(4,7) =
~

1101000
0110100
1110010
1010001

b. Ma trn kim tra H(n-k,n)

Gi H l ma trn kim tra ta c t.H T=0, theo nh l 4 ta c xn+1=h(x).g(x), cho nn nu ta bit
g(x) ta s tm c h(x). Mt khc: t(x)=a(x).g(x) nn ta c t(x).h(x)=a(x).g(x).h(x)=a(x) (x n+1)
=a(x)+xna(x) (1) v bc ca a(x) l k-1 hoc nh hn nn xk, xk+1+ ..xn-1 khng xut hin trong
a(x) . Nu chng ta m rng t(x)h(x) sang tri th cc h s ca x k, xk+1+ ..xn-1 phi bng khng. Do
ta c:

Ly thuyet thong tin

trang: 23

h t

= o vi 1 j n k

i n i j

i =o

(2)

V G.HT=0 nn t ma trn G, ta c th xc nh ma trn kim tra H

dng chnh tc nh sau:

1 0 0 . . . 0 b00
b01
bk-1,0
b10
bk-1,1
H (n k , n) = 0 1 0 . . . 0 b01
~
....
0 0 0 . . . 1 b0,n-k-1 b1,n-k-1 bk-1,n-k-1

Hay

H(n-k,k)=[In-k,BT]

G (4,7)
~

110
011
111
101

(3,7) =
H
~

(3)

(3)

1000
0100
0010
0001
100

1011

010 1110
001 0111

Ta c th xc nh ma trn kim tra H dng chnh tc t ma trn i ngu ca h(x) l h(x -1)
c nh ngha nh sau:

Xk. h(x-1)=hk+ hk-1x+ + h0xk

(4)

Chng ta d dng nhn ra rng xk.h(x-1) cng l mt hm ca xn+1. Khi xk.h(x-1) s to ra

mt m vng (n,n-k) vi ma trn (n-k,n) ging nh ma trn sinh g(x).
hk hk-1 hk-2 h0 0 0
H(n-k,n) =
0 hk hk-1 . h1 h0 0
(4)
0 0
0 . hk hk-1 h0
V d: Xt m vng (7,4) vi a th sinh g(x)=1+x+x3.
a thc kim tra l:
h( x ) =

x 7 +1
x 7 +1
=
= x 4 + x 2 + x +1
3
g ( x) 1 + x + x

Suy ra: xk.h(x-1)=x4(x-4+ x-2+ x-1+1)=1+ x2+ x3+ x4.

T (4) ta c:
H(3,7)=

1 0 1 1 1 0 0
0 1 0 1 1 1 0
0 0 1 0 1 1 1

1 0 0 1 0 1 1

H (3,7) = 0 1 0 1 1 1 0
~
0 0 1 0 1 1 1

(1)
(2)
(3)
1 = 1+3
2 = 2
3 = 3

Ly thuyet thong tin

trang: 24

Vy t (4) ta cng xc nh c ma trn kim tra H c kt qu nh c xc nh t ma

trn sinh chnh tc G
.
~
3-4-4 S m ha m vng:
a) M ha theo a thc sinh g(x):
m ha m vng (n,k) theo dng chun chnh tc ta tin hnh theo cc bc sau;
Bc 1: Nhn tin u(x).xn-k
Bc 2: Tnh phn d b(x) t:
x n k .u ( x )
x n k .u ( x ) = a ( x ) g ( x ) +b( x )
g ( x)

Bc 3: Thit lp t m pht i: t(x)=b(x)+xn-k.u(x).

Cc bc ny thc hin bng mt mch chia gm mt thanh ghi dch (n-k) tng c vng hi
tip da trn biu thc sinh:
G(x)=1+g1(x)+ g2x2+ gn-k-1xn-k-1+xn-1
Cong

gn-k-1

g0=
1

g1

b0

g2

b1

gn-k=1

b2

bi : tang th i cua
thanh ghi dch
gi : ket noi haygi =0 : khong ket
khong ket noi
noi
gi =1: noi

bn-k-1
U(x)

+
1

T ma
G

bi: tng th i ca thanh ghi dch

gi: kt ni hay khng kt ni
gi = 0 khng ni
gi = 0 ni
Cng modulo-2
S m ha vng theo g(x).
Hot ng ca mch m ho:
Bc 1: khi m cng (Kha G v tr 1), k bit tin u0, u1, u1,, uk-1 (ng vi a thc mu: u0 +
u1 x+ . + uk-1xk-1 ) c dch vo mch t u cc phi tng ng vi vic nhn u(x) vi
xn-k . Ngay sau khi dch xong k bit tin vo mch, ni dung thanh ghi tr thnh phn d ca php
chnh xn-k.u(x) cho g(x). Ni cch khc (n-k) bits ca thanh ghi chnh l cc bits kim tra.
Bc 2: Ngt ng hi tip bng cch ng cng (Kha G chuyn sang v tr 2).
Bc 3: Dch cc bits kim tra ra v gi vo knh truyn. (n-k) bits ca thanh ghi chnh l cc
bits kim tra ny(tc l b0, b1, ., bn-k-1) phi hp vi k bits tin, s to ra thnh mt vector m.
V d: M ha m vng (7,4) vi a thc sinh g(x)=1+x+x 3 gi s cn m ha tin u vi u c
dng sau u=(1011). Khi cc bit tin c dch vo thanh ghi, ni dung thanh ghi ln lt nh bng
sau (ni ng hi tip v m cng kha G v tr 1).
Sau 4 ln dch ni dung ca thanh ghi l (100). Nh vy vector m c thit lp c dng
(1001011) ng vi a thc mu l t(x)=1+x3+ x5+ x6

Ly thuyet thong tin

trang: 25

Cong

g0 = 1

g1 = 1

b0

g2 = 1

b1

g3 = 1
+

b2

U (x)

1011

G
T m a phat i
2

S
ln
dch

0
1
2
3
4

Input
u

Ni dung
thanh ghi
b1
b2

b0

0
0
1
1
1

1
1
0
1

0
0
1
0
0

Ni dung
thanh ghi k tip
b1=

b0=

u
0
1
1
1
1

0
0
0
1
0

b2

b0

b2=
b1

b2 u
0
1
0
0
0

0
0
1
0
0

b) M ha theo a thc h(x):

Phng php ny s dng thanh ghi k tng.
k

Ta bit mi vector m c dng t=t0, t1, .., tn-1. Do t.HT=0 & hk = 1 nn t

h t
i =0

j n i j

= 0 vi 1

j n-k
Ta c th vit:
k 1

t n k j = hi .t n i j vi 1 < j< n-k-1 (5)

i =0

i vi mt m vng dng chnh tc cc thnh phn t n-k , tn-k-1, , tn-1 ca mi vector m

chnh l cc bit tin. ng vi k bits tin ta s c (n-k) bits kim tra t0, t1, ..tn-k
Da vo phng trnh (5) ta xy dng c s mch m ha: h(x)=h0+ h1x++ hkxk.
...

hk -1

hk-2

h2

h1

hk= 1
Cong 2

h0 = 1

U (x )
Cong 1

tn -k

tn -k -1

...

tn -2

tn -1

N g o ra e n k e n h
tru y e n

S m ha m vng da trn a thc kim tra h(x)

Cc ng hi tip da theo cc h s h0, h1, , hk trong cc a thc kim tra h(x), vi
h0=hk=1.
Cc m thc hin m ha:
Bc 1: Ban u cng 1 m & cng 2 ng, k bits tin ca u(x) = u0+u1x++ uk-1xk-1 c dch
ng thi vo thanh ghi v ra knh truyn.
Bc 2: Ngay sau khi dch xong k bits tin vo thanh ghi, cng 1 ng v cng 2 m. Ti im
P xut hin bit kim tra u tin tn-k-1 vi tn-k-1 = h0tn-1+ h1tn-2++ hk-1tn-k = uk-1 + h1uk-2++ hk-1u0
(6)

Ly thuyet thong tin

trang: 26

Bc 3: Dch thanh ghi mt ln na bit kim tra u

tn-k-1 c dch ra knh truyn, ng thi c dch vo thanh ghi. Lc ny ti im P xut hin
bit kim tra th tn-k-2 vi tn-k-2 = h0.tn-1+ h1.tn-2++ hk-1.tn-k-1 = uk-2 + h1uk-3++ hk-1 tu-k-1.
Bc 4: Tip tc lp li bc 3 cho n khi (n-k) bits kim tra c hnh thnh v c dch ra
knh truyn. Sau m cng 1 & ng cng 2 m ha tin k tip.
Nhn xt: i vi m c s bit kim tra nhiu hn s bit tin, dng phng php m ha da
trn h(x) c tnh kinh t hn. Ngc li ta dng phng php m ha da trn g(x).
V d: xt m vng C(7,4) c a thc sinh g(x) = 1+x+x3, khi a thc kim tra c dng:
x 7 +1
h( x ) = 3
= 1+ x + x2 + x4
x + x +1
h0=1; h1=1; h2=1; h3=0; h4=1.
Vector m truyn i: t=(t0,t1, t2, t3, t4, t5, t6) = (t0,t1, t2, u0, u1, u2, u3)
3

T (5) ta c: tn-k-j=t3-j= hi .t 7 i j vi 1 < j < 3

i =0

Suy ra: t3-j= h0t7-j+ h1t6-j+ h2t5-j+ h3t4-j

= 1.t7-j+ 1.t6-j+ 1.t5-j+ 0.t4-j
= t7-j + t6-j+ t5-j
Gi s tin cn m ha: u = 1011 khi t3 =1, t4 =0, t5 =1, t6 =1,
+ Bit kim tra u tin tng ng vi j = 1 l:
t2 =t3-1= t7-1 + t6-1+ t5-1=t6+t5+t4=1+1+0=0
+ Bit kim tra th 2 tng ng j=2 l:
t1= t3-2= t7-2 + t6-2+ t5-2=t5+t4+t3=1+0+1=0
+ Bit kim tra th 2 tng ng j=3 l:
t0= t3-3= t7-3 + t6-3+ t5-3=t4+t3+t2=0+1+0=1
Nh vy vector m vng vi tin (10011) l (1001011)
+

Cong 2

h1 =1

h2 =1

h0 =1

D ata
C ong 1

t3

t4

t5

tn-1

N go ra en kenh
truyen

3-4-5. Gii m vng

Gm 2 bc:
Bc 1: Tnh Syndrome
Bc 2: D sai & sa sai.

a- Tnh Syndrome: S=r.HT

Vector thu nhn c:

r(x)=r0+r1x++rn-1xn-1

(1)

Mt Khc: r(x) =a(x)g(x)+S(x)

(2)
Syndrome S(x) l phn d ca php chia r(x) cho g(x), n l bc nh hn hoc bng (n-k-1) v
gm (n-k) phn t.

Mch tnh Syndrome tng t nh mch m ha (n-k) tng, ch khc l r(x) c dch vo
u cc tri ca thanh ghi. Trc khi dch r(x) vo cc tng ca thanh ghi c t v
khng. Ngay sau khi ton b r(x) c dch ht vo thanh ghi, ni dung ca thanh ghi
chnh l Syndrome S(x)
Ly thuyet thong tin

trang: 27

Cong
gn -k -1
g0 = 1

g1

S0

g2

S1

gn -k= 1

...

Sn -k -1

Mch tnh Syndrome (n-k) tng vi ng vo t u cc tri thanh ghi.

V d: Tnh Syndrome ca m vng C(7,4) c a thc sinh g(x) =1+x2+x3.
Cong
g0 =1

g2 =1

g1 =1

S0

S1

S2

Mch tnh Syndrome ca m vng (7,4)

Ta s so snh kt qu tnh Syndrome t cng thc tnh S=r.HT vi kt qu biu hin trn
cc thanh ghi dch.
Gi s vector thu c r=(0010110)

S=r.HT=(0010110)=

1
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
1
1
1
0
0
1
1
1
1
1
1
0
1

= (101)

Ta lp bng trng thi thanh ghi dch:

S
ln
dch
1
2
3
4
5
6
7

r(x) Ni
ghi

0
1
1
0
1
0
0

b0
0
0
0
1
1
0
0
1

dung
b1
0
0
0
0
1
1
1
1

thanh Ni dung thanh ghi k tip

b2
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
1

s0=r+s2
0
0
1
1
0
0
1
1

s1=s0+s2
0
0
0
1
1
1
1
0

s2=s1
0
0
0
0
1
1
1
1

Vy kt qu tnh Syndrome theo hai phng php l nh nhau:

Ly thuyet thong tin

trang: 28

b- D sai v sa sai:

Gi t(x) l t m pht i v
e(x) =e0+e1x++enxn-1
(3)
l mu sai, khi a thc thu c dng:
r(x)=t(x)+e(x)=a(x).g(x)+s(x)
Do t(x) = b(x)g(x) nn e(x)=[a(x)+b(x)]g(x) +S(x) (4)
Nu s(x) =0 th e(x) =0 hoc trng vi mt vector m . Nu e(x) trng vi vector m th
l sai khng pht hin c. Khi s(x) = 0 th t s(x) c th i chiu vi bng pht hin &
sa sai d ra e(x)

Trong v d trn khi s=(101) trng vi ct th 7 trong ma trn kim tra th t, khi e 6=1
ngha l e = 0000001 vy t m nh ng l:
t(x)= r(x)+e(x)=(0010110)+(0000001)=0010111
Cong
r(x )

Thanh ghi em

Cong

Cong

...

Cong
+

V e c to r th u
a sa sai

T h a n h g h i S y n d ro m e

...
M a c h d o m a u Cs ao i n g

S nguyn l mch gii m ca m vng.

Ngo vao
Ngo ra

Bo ghep
kenh

r(x)

t(x)=t(x)

Cong

Cong

S0

S1

S2

Cong

Mch gii m cho m vng c a th sinh

g(x)=1+x+x3
Cu trc vng lm cho mch gii m tr thnh n gin. Tuy nhin mch gii m Meggitt tn
nhiu thi gian gii m xong 1 vector, v vic gii m c thc hin tun t cho tng digit.
Vy khi mun cu hnh mch cng n gin th phi chp nhn tc lm vic cng chm v
ngc li.

Ly thuyet thong tin

trang: 29

Ly thuyet thong tin

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