Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Tn loi
Protozoa
21
Trematoda
22
Monogenea
11
Cestoda
10
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Nematoda
15
Acanthocephala
Mollusca
Copepoda
Branchiura
Isopoda
Cha xc nh
38
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Tn loi
Apicomplexa
Ciliophora
16
Mastigophora
Microspora
Myxozoa
Trematoda
90
Monogenea
22
Cestoda
Nematoda
20
Acanthocephala
Mollusca
Branchiura
Copepoda
21
Isopoda
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S lng ( loi)
Mastigophora
Myxozoa
18
Ciliophora
17
Monogenea
42
Cestoda
Trematoda
Nematoda
12
Acanthocephala
Crustacea
15
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Hnh 1. Myxobonus
Hnh 2. Chidonela
ca
trng
roi
Hnh 3. Trng hai t bo Gregarine
Hnh dng Cng khc nhau ty tng loi v ty tng giai on pht trin, c khi
cng mt loi k sinh trng nhng giai on khc nhau, chng to thnh ngoi hnh
khc nhau hon ton
V d : loi sn l song ch trong mu c ( Sanguinicolosis). Sn l song ch pht
trin c th qua 2 giai on u trng v k ch trung gian.
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11
- nh sng thch hp
- Thi gian thch hp.
2.4. Khi nim v k sinh vt, k ch, k ch trung gian, k ch cui cng, k ch bt
buc, k ch d tr, k ch thng qua
2.4.1. K sinh vt: Sinh vt sng k sinh vo sinh vt khc.
2.4.2. K ch : Sinh vt b sinh vt khc sng k sinh v gy tc hi
2.4.3. K ch bt buc: L k ch c cu trc c th v c im sinh l, sinh thi ph
hp vi nhu cu dinh dng v sinh thi ca k sinh trng, do KST ny d xm
nhp v pht trin thun li. Do vy mc cm nhim ca KST trn k ch ny
thng cao v chng thng gy tc hi ln. Nu v mt l do no , KST khng tm
thy nhng k ch bt buc, chng kh duy tr ni ging v d b dit vong.
2.4.4. K ch khng bt buc: L k ch c cu trc c th v c im sinh l, sinh
thi khng ph hp vi c im sinh l, sinh thi ca k sinh trng, do k sinh
trng kh xm nhp v pht trin khng thun li. Do vy mc cm nhim ca
KST ny trn k ch thng thp, tc hi khng ng k. Trong t nhin nu v
mt l do no , KST ch tm thy k ch khng bt buc trong mi trng sng ca
n, chng cng kh duy tr ni ging v d b dit vong.
2.4.5. K ch thng qua: L k ch khng bt buc ca mt loi k sinh trng no ,
nhng trong c th k ch ny, KST khng hon thnh chu k pht trin ca mnh v
b o thi ra ngoi mi trng. Nh vy c th k ch c xut hin du hiu bnh l
nhng khng tm thy tc nhn, k ch ny gi l k ch thng qua.
V d: Giun a (Ascaris spp) l k sinh trng c tnh la chn k ch rt cao, c
chu k pht trin trc tip khng qua k ch trung gian, nhng i hi s di chuyn
ch ng trong c th k ch. Mi loi giun a khc nhau thng c mt loi k ch
bt buc ring bit, chng thng k sinh rut nhiu ng vt khc nhau, trong
c con ngi. Nu trng ca loi giun ny xm nhp vo ng tiu ho ca mt loi k
ch khng bt buc, chng cng tri qua qu trnh pht trin v di chuyn ch ng
trong c th k ch theo chu trnh: Rut gan - phi - rut nh khi xm nhp vo k
ch bt buc, nhng khi ri vo rut ln th hai, chng s b nhu ng rut o thi ra
ngoi theo phn k ch nn khng khp kn c vng i ca k sinh trng. Nh
trng hp giun a nga ri vo ng tiu ha ca th, n vn hon thnh mt vi giai
on, n khi giun a nga khi ri vo rut ln hai ca th th b o thi ra ngoi
qua phn. Hin tng k sinh nh vy gi l hin tng k sinh thng qua. y l
hin tng c ngha trong y hc v th y v khng tm ra nguyn nhn khi c du
hiu bnh l.
2.4.6. K ch cui cng: L k ch m k sinh trng tn ti giai on trng
thnh v tin hnh sinh sn hu tnh.
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K sinh c tnh cht tm thi: L k sinh trng k sinh trn c th k ch thi gian rt
ngn, ch lc no ly thc n mi k sinh nh a c Piscola sp k sinh ht mu c.
K sinh mang tnh cht thng xuyn: Mt giai on, nhiu giai on hay c qa trnh
sng k sinh trng nht thit phi k sinh trn k ch. K sinh thng xuyn li chia
ra k sinh giai on v k sinh sut i.
3.1.3. K sinh giai on
Ch mt giai on nht nh trong qu trnh pht trin k sinh trng sng k sinh.
Trong ton b qu trnh sng ca k sinh trng c giai on sng t do, c giai on
sng k sinh nh: Ging gip xc chn t Sinergasilus giai on u trng sng t do,
giai on trng thnh sng k sinh trn mang ca nhiu loi c.
3.1.4. K sinh sut i
Sut c qu trnh sng, k sinh trng u sng k sinh, n c th k sinh trn mt
hoc nhiu k ch, khng c giai on sng t do nn khi tch khi k ch, n b cht.
V d k sinh trng Trypanosoma k sinh trong mu c, bo t trng Eimeria k sinh
trong thnh rut c.
3.2. Cn c vo v tr k sinh
3.2.1. Ngoi k sinh
K sinh trng k sinh trn b mt c th trong tng giai on hay sut i u
gi l ngoi k sinh. c k sinh trng k sinh trn da, trn vy, trn mang, hc mi,
xoang ming u l ngoi k sinh, v d nh cc ging k sinh trng Trichodina,
Ichthyopthirius, Argulus, Lernea...
3.2.2. Ni k sinh
L ch k sinh trng k sinh trong cc c quan ni tng, trong t chc, trong
xoang ca k ch nh: Sn l Sanguinicola sp k sinh trong mu c; sn dy
Cariophylloeus sp, giun u mc Acanthocephala k sinh trong rut c.
Ngoi hai loi k sinh trn cn c hin tng siu k sinh, bn thn k sinh trng c
th lm k ch ca k sinh trng khc. V d: Sn l n ch Gyrodactylus sp k sinh
trn c nhng nguyn sinh ng vt Trichodina sp li k sinh trn sn l n ch. Nh
vy sn l n ch Gyrodactylus l k ch ca Trichodina nhng li l k sinh trng
ca c. Tng t nh trng m neo Lernea sp k sinh trn c, nguyn sinh ng vt
Zoothamnium sp k sinh trn trng m neo Lernea sp.
4. PHNG PHP NGHIN CU K SINH TRNG V BNH K SINH
TRNG
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mt sinh vt pht sinh ra cc c quan mi, c th ly cht dinh dng ca sinh vt kia,
nh vy t phng thc sng cng sinh chuyn sang phng thc sng k sinh.
V d: Trng n bo Amp Entamobia histokytica Schaudinn sng trong rut ca
ngi di dng th dinh dng nh, ly cc cht cn b on rut sau tn ti v
khng gy tc hi cho ngi, lc ny n l cng sinh phin li (hay cn gi l hi
sinh). Khi c th vt ch b bnh, t bo t chc thnh rut b tn thng, sc
khng yu, amp th dinh dng nh c kh nng tit ra men ph hoi t bo t chc
rut, chui vo tng nim mc rut chuyn thnh amp th dinh dng ln c th gy
bnh cho ngi. Nh vy t i sng cng sinh amp chuyn sang i sng k sinh.
2. QUAN H GIA K SINH TRNG - K CH - MI TRNG
K sinh trng, k ch v iu kin mi trng c quan h mt thit. Quan h
gia k sinh trng vi k ch ph thuc vo giai on pht trin, chng loi, s lng
k sinh trng, v tr k sinh v tnh trng c th k ch. iu kin mi trng sng ca
k ch nh hng trc tip hoc gin tip n k sinh trng, k ch v mi quan h
gia chng vi nhau.
2.1. Mi quan h qua li gia k sinh trng - k ch
2.1.1. Tc hi ca k sinh trng vi k ch
K sinh trng khi k sinh ln k ch gy tc hi mc tuy c khc nhau
nhng nhn chung lm cho c th k ch pht trin chm, pht dc khng tt, sc
khng gim, c th b cht. C th tm tt nh hng ca k sinh trng vi k ch nh
sau:
2.1.1.1. Tc dng kch thch c hc v gy tn thng t bo t chc
y l loi tc dng thng thng nht ca k sinh trng i vi k ch. Rn c
Argulus dng ming v gai bng co ln da c kch thch lm cho c kh chu bi li
lon x hoc nhy ln mt nc. K sinh trng gy tn thng cc t chc c quan k
ch, hin tng ny rt ph bin nhng mc c khc nhau nu gy tn thng
nghim trng c th lm cho cc c quan b ph hoi, cc t bo bong ra gy thnh
so, t chc b t mu v tit ra nhiu nim dch.
2.1.1.2. Tc dng nn v lm tc
C mt s k sinh trng k sinh cc c quan bn trong lm cho mt s t chc
t bo b teo nh li hoc b t lit ri cht, loi tc dng ny thng thy cc t chc
gan, thn, tuyn sinh dc nh sn dy Ligula sp, k sinh trong xoang h c chp lm
cho tuyn sinh dc ca c ch pht trin n giai on II. Mt s k sinh trng k sinh
c th chn p mt s c quan quan trng nh tim, no... lm cho k ch cht nhanh
chng. K sinh trng k sinh s lng ln trong rut c th lm tc rut ca c nh
Acanthocephala sp. C mt s k sinh trng s lng t nhng n c th lm kch
thch dy thn kinh, lm c co git, cng c th gy tc ngn rut, tc ng n tnh
mch.
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cao t l n ca trng s rt thp. K sinh trng Trichodina pht trin mnh cui xun
u ma h, nhit nc trn 300C cng v t l cm nhim ca c i vi k
sinh trng Trichodina gim r rt...
2.2.3. c im ca thy vc
Thy vc t nhin, thy vc nui ng vt thy sn do c din tch su,
bo khc nhau nn nh hng n thnh phn, s lng v cng cm nhim
ca k sinh trng. Trong cc thy vc t nhin s loi k sinh trng phong ph hn
trong cc ao nui c do khu h c, khu h ng vt l k ch trung gian, k ch cui
cng cng a dng hn, mt khc thy vc ao nui thng xuyn c ty dn, dit
tp, tiu c ng thi c nui trong thi gian ngn. Tuy nhin tm, c nui trong ao
mt dy c bn phn v cho n nn mi trng nc bn hn lm cho k sinh trng
k sinh trn tm, c pht trin thun li v d ly lan nn ging loi t nhng t l v
cng cm nhim ca k sinh trng trn tm c cao hn cc thy vc mt nc
ln.
2.3. Quan h gia k sinh trng vi nhau
Trn cng mt k ch ng thi tn ti mt ging h nhiu ging loi k sinh
trng khc nhau v gia chng s ny sinh mi quan h tng h hay i khng. C
khi k sinh trng ny tn ti s c ch s pht trin ca k sinh trng kia, t mi quan
h ny lm nh hng n khu h k sinh trng.
Theo E.G.Skruptrenko 1967, khi c b cm nhim k sinh trng Apiosoma
(Glossatella) th khng cm nhim k sinh trng Chilodonella v ngc li. Thng
chng ta gp u trng ng vt nhuyn th hai v k sinh trn mang c vi cng
cm nhim cao th t gp sn l n ch v gip xc k sinh v ngc li.
Mt s ging loi k sinh trng tuy khc nhau nhng cng sng trn c th mt
k ch n c tc dng h tr nhau nn khi k sinh trng ny ng thi cng gp k
sinh trng kia cng tn ti nh Lernea vi Trichodina; Trichodina vi Chilodonella ...
3. NH HNG CA I SNG K SINH N C IM THI CH NGHI
CA K SINH TRNG
3.1. Nhng bin i thch nghi thoi ho ca k sinh trng
3.1.1. C quan vn ng
Do ky sinh trung sng k sinh bn trn hay bn trong mt sinh vt khc nn
khng cn phi vn ng tm kim thc n, hay trn trnh k th, chnh v vy c
quan vn ng ca k sinh trng thng pht trin rt km hoc khng c c quan vn
ng (trng bo t Sporozoa), hoc ch c giai on sng t do nhng khi chuyn
sang giai on sng k sinh , c quan vn ng se tiu bin nh San la song chu
(Trematoda) ch tn ti c quan vn ng mt s giai oan cua vong i
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Nc
Miracidium
Trng
Trematoda
Cescaria
(khng vn ng)
(Xut hin tim mao tr li)
Hnh 4. Chu k pht trin ca trematoda
Vic tiu bin cac c quan vn ng cua ky sinh trung thng nhm giup ky
sinh trung ti u hoa vic sng k sinh trn c th vt chu , c quan vn ng tn ti
trong gia on sng t do nhm gip k sinh trng tng c hi gp g k ch, hiups k
sinh trng c th hon thnh vng i ca n.
Cc ky sinh trung thuc lp gip xc thi cc phn ph c chc nng vn n g,
tm mi, bt mi khi sng t do, khi chuyn sang i sng ky sinh thi cac c quan vn
ng o b thoi ho , hoc km pht trin hn rt nhiu so vi thi ky sng t do
hoc phat trin thnh c quan bm
3.1.2. C quan tiu ha
C quan tiu hoa l b phn c chc nng bt mi , nghin mi, tiu ho, hp thu
v o thi cc cht cn b. Do vy hot ng ca c quan ny cung cp nng
lng v cc vt cht dinh dng cho c th sinh vt khi sng t do ngoi mi trng.
Nhng khi chuyn sang i sng k sinh, vt cht dinh dng c hp thu trc tip
t c th vt ch cho nn mt s chc nng ca c quan tiu ho t dng n, chng b
thoi ho, km pht trin hoc tiu bin hon ton, do vy a phn k sinh trng c c
quan tiu ha pht trin km hoc tiu bin hon ton. in hnh: Sn l n ch 16
mc (Dactylogyrus) hoc sn l n ch 18 mc (Gyrodactylus) thuc lp sn l n
ch (Monogenea) c quan tiu ho ch l ci ti cha cht dinh dng, c ming
ht cht dinh dng ca k ch, c rut trc cha cht dinh dng ht c
nhng hon ton khng c rut sau, khng c hu mn.
Mt trong nhng loi c c im thch nghi su sc nht vi i sng k sinh l
cc loi sn l: Dynphylobothrium, ligula thuc lp Sn dy (Cestoidea), hon ton
khng c c quan tiu ho , c quan tiu hoa cua chung hoan toan thoi ha , v chng
ly dinh dng trc tip t mi trng bn ngoai bng cach thm thu trn toan b b
mt c th.
3.1.3. C quan cm gic
Do i sng ch ng chuyn sang i sng b ng nn mt s c quan cm
gic ca k sinh trng tiu gim
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khong 200.000 trng/ngy, trong khi mt con giun trn sng t do, trong t cung ca
n ch c vi chc trng. Sn l gan c ti 45.000 trng trong t cung ca n.
3.3. Nhng bin i v hnh thi v sinh l
Ngoi cc thay i trn , ky sinh trung cn c mt s bin i khc . Ty theo
hnh thc k sinh m c s bin i v hnh thi v sinh l khc nhau gip ky sinh
trng c th tn ti v duy tr ni ging.
3.3.1. Bin i v hnh thi
Tu theo c quan k sinh m hnh dng ky sinh trung c th thay i.
K sinh trong ng tiu ha: C th ko di, c bit nhng k sinh trng hp th
cht dinh dng trn ton b b mt th ko di tng din tch tip xc. Nh sn dy
Dyphyllobothrium latum giai on trng thnh c th di t 3-10m.
K sinh trong c: C xu th co trn li d di chuyn t t bo ny sang t bo
khc. Chng hn nhng loi k sinh trng thuc lp sn l song ch khi k sinh trong
c c li c xu hng co trn.
3.3.2. Bin i v sinh l
Nhiu k sinh trng k sinh hu v minh c nhiu tuyn n bo, tuyn n
bo c kh nng tit ra nhiu cht c ph hy t chc c th vt ch, mt s bn
ht mu tit ra cht chng ng mu; mt s k sinh trong ng tiu ha th tit ra cht
trung ha men tiu ha (anti proteaza, anti lipaza,...). a c (Piscicola) trong tuyn
nc bt c enzyme hyalrunidaza c tc dng lm tan lp t bo thng b gip n c
th ht mu c. Ngoi ra, trong tuyn nc bt ca a c cn cha enzyme Trypsine
gip chng qu trnh ng mu.
Mt s k sinh trng c bo v bng mt lp v kitin trong sut gip chng
chng li c tc ng ca mi trng khi ri ra ngoi c th k ch v cc cht ho
hc dng tiu dit n trong nui trng thu sn, nh ng vt n bo thuc ngnh
bo t trng Sporpzoa hay trng mng nhy Myxobolus.
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S lng S lng K ch
ging
loi
1
4
C nc ngt, bin
nt
C nc ngt
C nc ngt
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1
c, gip xc v
ng vt thn mm
1
1
1
3
3
1
1
41
C nc ngt v
c nc mn
C nc ngt
C nc ngt, bin, v
baba
C nc ngt
C nc ngt, mn
1
1
1
1
2
1
1
1
1
3
3
2
3
6
7
26
35
117
30
C nc ngt
Tm nc ngt, t bin
Tm nc ngt, bin
Tm nc ngt
C nc ngt
VTS nc ngt,
mn
C nc ngt, mn
C nc ngt, mn
31
B
A
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1.1.2. c im dch t
1.1.2.1. Phn b
K sinh trng Trypanosoma k sinh trong mu , mt ca nhiu loi c nc ngt ,
c bin. Ngoi ra ngi ta cn pht hin ra trng cn k sinh mt s ng vt trn
cn. Cc loi Trypanosoma k sinh trn c bin c kch thc ln hn.
1.1.3. Du hiu bnh l
Bnh do Trypanosoma gy ra co du hiu bnh ly khng ro rang
1.1.4. Phng php chn on
1.1.4.1. Chn oan lm sang
Bnh do trypanosoma gy ra co du hiu bnh ly khng ro rang , chnh v th rt
kh c th pht hin nhng bnh do Trypanosoma gy ra trn ng vt thuy san
1.1.4.2. Chn oan trong phong thi nghim
Dng phng php ly tm mu , tc la sau khi hut lay mau cua ng vt thuy san ,
ta tin hanh cho vao ng nghim ri a vo my quay ly tm , sau qua tri nh quay ly
tm chung ta tin hanh ly phn dung di ch phn trn ri ly ra em quan sat di
knh hin vi. Rt kh c th quan st c bng mt thng
1.1.5. Bin php phng v tr
i vi bnh nay, do khng co du hiu bnh ly ro rang co th xac i nh bnh ,
chnh v th bin php i vi bnh ny vn l phng bnh l ch yu . Ch yu dng
vi ty ao, dit ky chu trung gian bng CuSO 4 v Ca(OCl)4, Formol.
1.2. Bnh Criptobiosis c
1.2.1. Tc nhn gy bnh
1.2.1.1. Phn loai
B Bodonidea
Holland, 1895
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Loi
Cryptobia
branchialis
14-23
3,5-6
7,7-11
Cryptobia agiata
4,6-7,7
3,2-
6-7
10-15
4,6
1.2.1.2. c im cu tao
Cryptobia c c th dp, on trc rng, sau nh dn ging nh l liu. Pha
trc c th c 2 gc roi, t sinh ra roi trc hng ra pha trc, roi sau tip vi
c th hnh thnh mng sng v vt qu chiu di c th, on cui ca roi sau nhn,
thng cm vo t chc k ch. Mng un ca Cryptobia c np gp t hn
Trypanosoma. Trong nguyn sinh cht c 1 hch ln hnh trn bt mu m v cc
khng bo, ht vt cht dinh dng. Kch thc c th ln hay nh tu theo loi. Lc
vn ng, roi trc khng rung chuyn, roi sau thng ging nh mt ci ui di. Nh
mng sng p ln p xung m c th vn ng chm chp tin v pha trc.Kch
thc nh:Cryptobia branchialis c di: 14-23 m, rng 3,5-6m
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36
, Hi Phng, Nam
1.3.2.2. K ch k sinh
Bnh thng g p Cua Xanh ( Scylla serrata), gh xanh ( Portunus pelagicus),
cc loi gip xc nc mn u c th nhim Hematodinium
1.3.2.3. Ma v xut hin
Bnh xut hin quanh nm , c bit la giai oan cua nui thng phm tai cac
tri nui.
Bnh xut hin tt ca cac giai oan phat trin cua Cua tuy nhin , giai on u
trng t l nhim thp thng t 3 22%, cha gy thanh bnh . n giai oan cua
thng phm ty l nhim 50 - 75% , vi cng nhim cao (+++) a gy thanh bnh
cua sa lam cua cht giai rac
1.3.3. Du hiu bnh l
Cua nhim bn nng mt bung va vung ngc xut hin mau trng uc hoc bi nh
thng. Huyt tng cua Cua nhim bnh nng mau trng sa , ng k t chm, khng
c hng cu v cha nhiu t bo khng chuyn ng , t bao hi nh cu hoc hi nh trng
th hp bao ( Plasmodium) c cha khng bo v cc ht phn quang . Khi boc mai
cua, huyt tng mau trng uc ong trong mai , mang co th chuyn mau trng . Khi
nu chi n cua n co vi ng
1.3.4. Phng php chn on
1.3.4.1. Chn oan lm sang
Da vao du hiu bnh ly xut hin trn cua
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1.4.2. c im dch t
1.4.2.1. Phn b
Bnh xy ra trn cc loi c bin nui lng b, b c c c t nhin, nhng loi c
rn san h cng mc bnh ny
Vit Nam bnh ny pht hin Hn Chng, Nha Trang
1.4.2.2. K ch k sinh
Bnh xy ra trn trn cc loi c bin nh C M, c ivv. Bnh gy thit hi
ng k cho ngi nui c bin. Th Ha, 1998 pht hin loi bnh ny trn
nhiu loi c cnh bin khc nhau, ang c nui dng trong mt c s sn xut t
Hn Chng, Nha Trang. Bnh gy thit hi ng k v kinh t cho c s sn xut
ny.
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2.1.1.2. c im cu to
Bo nang Goussia thng c dng hnh cu, kch thc thay i theo loi, thng
khong t 8-14 m. Bn ngoi c mt mng kitin cng v trong sut bao bc. Trong
bo nang c 4 bo t hnh bu dc c mng kitin bc trong sut. Mi bo t li c 2
trng bo t hnh dng nh tri chui. Bo t 1 u to, 1 u nh v thng sp xp
ngc u ui nhau. T bo cht ca trng bo t ng u. Hch hnh trn nm lch
v u rng.
Hnh 11. Goussia: A. 2 bo nang thnh thc trong t bo t chc k ch, B. Bo nang m
phng C. Bo nang cha thnh thc.
1. Mng bo nang, 2. Bo t v mng bo t, 3. Trng bo t, 4. Hch t bo, 5. Cht thi bo t, 6.
Cc c th, 7. Cht thi bo nang
2.1.1.3. c im sinh sn
Goussia c phng php sinh sn v tnh v sinh sn hu tnh
Sinh sn v tnh: Bo nang Goussia trong mi trng nc, c n vo rut
di tc dng ca dch tiu ho, trng bo t c gii phng ra ngoi. Trng bo t
xm nhp vo t bo thnh rut sinh sn v tnh cho nhiu lit trng (Meirozoit).
Lit trng ph t bo vo xoang rut, sau li xm nhp vo cc t bo thnh rut
khc v bt u mt th h mi
Sinh sn hu tnh: Sau 4-5 th h sinh sn v tnh, lit trng li xm nhp vo t
bo thnh rut v chuyn thnh mm giao t: mm giao t ln khng phn chia, ln
ln thnh mt giao t ln- mang tnh ci, cn mm giao t b phn chia cho nhiu giao
t b mang tnh c. giao t b di chuyn tm gp giao t ln, hin tng th tinh xy
ra, thnh hp t.
Hp t tit ra cht hnh thnh v bao bc thnh bo nang. Trong bo nang phn
chia 2 ln lin tip cho 4 mm bo t, mi mm bo t phn chia thnh 2 trng bo t.
Bo nang theo phn ca k ch ra ngoi mi trng, chm xung y ao, vng vo
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2.1.2. c im dch t hc
2.1.2.1. Phn b
Bnh phn b rng rai trn cac quc gia chu A . Chu u nh Lin X , Ba Lan,
Tip Khc, c ..vv
2.1.2.2. K ch k sinh
K sinh trng Goussia k sinh trong rut mt s loi c nui, v c t nhin, gy
tc hi v c th lm c cht, nhng mc nhim c ln thng cao hn cc nh.
K sinh trng Goussia khi ra mi trng nc tn ti thi gian kh lu, bo nang
lng xung y thu vc hay ln trong c rc. Cm nhim trc tip vo c khe theo
con ng thc n, khng qua k ch trung gian. Goussia sinh sn thch hp nhit
nc 24-300C. Bnh pht trin mnh vo ma h. Tnh chn lc k ch kh cao
nhng trn mt con c c th gp t mt n vi loi khc nhau Goussia k sinh.
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A
Hnh 8. Cu trng trong rut c
A- Cu trng trong rut c chp; B- Cu trng trong rut c r phi
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y l loi k sinh trng rt kh dit hon ton. Mt khc, k sinh trng ny sng
trong rut c, nn vic tr bnh cng khng d dng
2.1.5.1.Bin phap phong bnh
p dng phng php phng bnh tng hp , cn ch cc bin php nh lm
tt cng tc ty dn ao, dng vi nung (CaO) ty ao trc khi th c..
2.1.5.2. Bin phap tri bnh
tr bnh, ngi ta dng Sulfathiazolum (ST ) trn vo thc n vi nng
1g/ 100 kg c, cho n lin tc trong 6 ngy, nhng t ngy th 2 tr i lng thc n
ch dng 0,5 gram.
Ngoi ra, ngi Trung Quc cn c th dng bt lu hunh v Iode cha
bnh ny cho c: Liu dng 1,2 gram Iode hoc 50 gram bt lu hunh cho 50 kg
khi lng c, cho n lin tc trong 4 ngy.
2.2. Bnh trung hai t bao giap xac - Gregarinosis
2.2.1. Tc nhn gy bnh
2.2.1.1. Phn loai
Lp Eugregarinida
H Gregarinidae
Ging Gregarines
- Nematopsis spp
- Cephalolobus spp
- Paraophiodina spp
2.2.1.2. c im cu to
Cu to Gregarine giai on trng thnh (cn gi l th dinh dng) gm c 2
t bo. T bo pha trc (Protomerite - P) c cu to phc tp gi l t trc, c c
quan nh ca k sinh trng (Epimerite - E) v t bo pha sau (Deutomerite - D).
2.2.1.3. c im sng, sinh san
Phn ln Gregarine c chu k sng trc tip (John v ctv,1979), tuy nhin c 1
s loi gy bnh trn ng vt gip xc, trong chu k sng c i hi vt ch trung
gian l thn mm (Mollusca).
Khi tm n thc n l vt ch trung gian nhim bo t (spore) ca Gregarine.
Bo t trong thc n ny mm thnh ht bo t (Sporozoite) bm vo thnh v cc
mu li ca d dy hoc cc t bo biu m ca rut trc. Bo t bm vo d dy v
rut bng mt gc bm c bit (holdfast).
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Trong giai on th dinh dng (trophozoite), chng ly cht dinh dng v pht
trin n mc nht nh s hnh thnh mt s bo t . Bo t di chuyn v pha rut
sau, tn ti trong cc np gp ca rut, tip tc giai on bo t ca k sinh trng. Cc
bo t thng c tr cc np gp ca rut, mi bo t pht trin thnh mt kn giao
t (Gametocyst), gm c cc giao t nh v giao t ln. Khi kn giao t v ra, cc
giao t nh mang tnh c, giao t ln mang tnh ci, kt hp vi nhau hnh thnh cc
hp t (Zygote), theo phn k ch ra mi trng.
Hp t (Zygospore) l thc n ca nhuyn th hai v (Bivalvia) v giun t
(Polydora cirrhosa) chng l cc ng vt sng y ao tm. Qua con ng thc n,
hp t xm nhp vo rut nhuyn th hoc giun t, hnh thnh cc bo t trong t
bo biu m rut ca giun t v ng vt thn mm. Kn bo t (Sporocyste) theo
phn ca nhuyn th, ra ngoi mi trng v cng vi giun t mang bo t ca
B
Gregarine s l thc n ca tm. Tip tc, bo t theo thc n vo d dy v rut ca
tm, bm vo, ly cht dinh dng ln ln v bt u mt chu k sng mi
2.2.2. c im dch t
2.2.2.1. Phn b
Bnh Gregarine xut hin nhiu loi gip xc nui bin khc nhau ti Chu ,
Chu M.
Vit Nam kim tra tm th, tm s nui u pht hin nhim Gregarine
thuc ging Nematopsis sp rut v d dy, mc nhim rt cao, t l t 70-100%,
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Hnh 14. Mt s dy phn trng c thi ra mi trng ao nui t nhng con tm b nhim
Gregarine
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Hnh 15 . S cu to ca trng bo t si - Myxosporida (theo Schulman, 1960): 1phi amip; 2- khng bo; 3- mm gia cc nang; 4- nhn bo nang; 5- cc nang; 6- v; 7si t xon; 8- ng ni; 9- trc ng ni; 10-nhn ca phi amip
Hnh 16. Mt s loi bo t si k sinh c: A,J- Myxobolus koi; C- Myxobolus artus; B,EMyxobolus semiformis; D- Myxobolus toyamai; F,G- Myxobolus minutus;
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3.1.2. c im dch t
3.1.2.1. Phn b
Myxobolus k sinh trn hu ht cc loi c nc ngt trn th gii . Vit Nam
Myxobolus spp k sinh hn 30 loi c nc ngt , pht hin c gn 30 loi
khc nhau. Bnh ny c th gp mi vng nui c, min Bc, Trung, Ty nguyn v
Nam b. Mc cm nhim Myxobolus mt s loi c kh cao v gy thnh
bnh lm c cht hng lot
V d : C chp knh Hungari nhp ni, giai on c ging thng b bnh bo t si
(Myxobolus koi, M. toyamai...) t l nhim ti 96%, cng nhim rt cao, c rt
nhiu bo nang mu trng, bm dy c trn cung mang, lm xng np mang khng
khp kn c. bnh pht trin nhit nc cao 30 - 320C, n c chp ging b
bnh thng c t l t vong rt cao. Ti Bun Ma Thut, c tri c ging khng
th thc hin c khu ng c con do tc hi ca bnh ny ( Th Ha).
3.1.2.2. K ch k sinh
Myxobolus ky sinh hu ht tr n cac loai ca nc ngot Vit Nam nh ca trm , c m,
c chp, ...
C bin cng thng gp Myxobolus spp (Palianskii, 1958).
Bng 2. Kich thc cua mt s trung bo t s Myxobolus
Tn loi Myxobolus
Chiu
di Chiu rng Chiu dy Chiu di cc
bo t ( m ) bo t (m ) bo t (m nang (m )
)
17-18,5
15-18
6,6-8,2
13,2-14,4
8,1-9
15,5
11,2-12,8
9,3-10,1
9-10
5,4
9,9-11,5
4,8-6
6,3-7,2
14-15,5
8-8,8
7-7,7
5-7
4,5
8,2
3,6-4,2
6,4
6,2
10-11,2
9-10,3
4,9
5,4-6
3,6-3,8
8,3-9,3
3,2-4
4,7
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Hnh 17. C chp b bnh bo t si: A- mang c cha y bo nang; B,C- C chp ging b
bnh bo t si, trn mang c nhiu bo nang
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Khi bnh xy ra cn dit ton b c trong ao, gi nguyn nc ao, dng vi nung
nng cao kh trng
3.5.1.2. Tr bnh
Hin nay cha co thuc tri bnh hu hiu
3.2. Bnh Henneguossis
3.2.1. Tc nhn gy bnh
3.2.1.1. Phn loai
Ngnh Cnidosporidia
B Cnidosporida
H Myxobolidae Thelohan, 1892.
Ging Henneguya Thelohan, 1892
3.2.1.2. c im cu to
Bo t c dng hnh trng, c 2 cc nang thng pha trc c th. V c 2 mnh
khp li nhng bt u t phn ni pha sau v ko di thnh ui. Kch thc ca bo
t nh thay i theo tng loi Kch thc thng rt nh: di: 9-20 m, rng: 4-9 m,
di ui: 7-40 m, kch thc thay i theo tng loi
Bng 3. Kich thc mt s loi Henneguya
Tn loi Henneguya
Chiu
bo t
di
(m)
(m)
16,8-20,4
4,8-6
8-10,2
12,4-14
4,7-6,2
6,2-7,5
14-15,5
9,3-10,9
4,7
4,7
7,5-9,3
11,2-12,8
8-9,6
4,8-6,4
24-32
12,4
4,7-6,2
3,1
10,9-15,5
9,3-10,9
6,2
4,7
20,2-21,7
14,4-16
4,8-5,6
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Henneguya
hemibagri
Henneguya
schizura
Henneguya ophiocephali
3.2.2. c im dch t
Bnh xay ra trn cac loai ca nc ngot trn khp th gii . Vit Nam pht
hin c 9 loi k sinh trn 10 loi c. C lc bng, r ng, c sc rn l nhng loi
c t l cm nhim cao ( t 46,6-66,6%)
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C
D
3.3.2.2. V tr k sinh.
Trn c th c c th gp trng cm nhim nhiu c quan khc nhau. Mc
phn b cc ging khc nhau th khc nhau. Thelohanellus gp tt c cc v tr:
no, ty sng, gan....
3.3.2.3. Ma v xut hin
Thng gy tc hi ln nhng ma c nhit cao: ma h min bc v ma
kh min nam. Trong thc t bnh ny gy cht c hng lot. Mc cm nhim
thp, nhng khi b nhim bnh nng, trn vy, vy, bo nang bm dy c lm c
chm ln v cht ri rc.
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Tn vi bo t
K ch
C quan k
sinh
S bo
t trong
bo
nang
Kch
thc bo
t m
Ameson nelsoni
=(Nosema)
Penaeus spp
C vn
1,2 x2,0
Nosema sp
-Metapenacus spp
-Penaeus spp
-Macrobrachium
sp
C vn
Agmasoma
(Thelohania) penaei
- P.setiferus
Mu, c, rut,
tuyn
sinh
dc,
2,0 x 5,0
v
5,0 x 8,2
Agmasoma
(Thelohania) sp
- P.monodon
- P.merguiensis
Mu,
c,
rut,
tuyn
sinh dc,
Agmasoma
(Thelohania)
duorara
-Penaeus spp
3,5 x 5,4
Thelohania sp
-Penaeus spp
C vn
Pleistophora sp
-Penaeus spp
C, tim, rut,
gan, mang.
16-40
2,1 x 2,6
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4.2.2. c im dch t
4.2.2.1. Phn b
Bnh gy ra trn cc loi c nc ngt trn cc thy vc khp th gii. M,
Glugea hertwigi k sinh lm cho c Osmerus mordar trong t nhin, gy cht c hng
lot. Theo ti liu Trung Quc ging Glugea k sinh trn c nc ngt nhiu a
phng trong c nc
Vit Nam gp Glugea sp k sinh c he, c chi nui b An Giang,
nhng thng t l cm nhim khng cao, tc hi khng ln
4.2.2.2. K ch k sinh
Bnh gy ra trn cc loi c nc ngt nh c He, c Chai, c m, c chp, c
dic, c vn, c m... vv
Glugea hertwigi k sinh thn, rut, tuyn sinh dc v t chc m, da ,mang ca cc
loi c nc ngt v nc mn, nh c m, c chp, c dic, c vn, c m...
4.2.2.3. Ma v xut hin
Bnh xut hin ch yu vo ma H v ma Thu, tuy vy tc hi cng khng ln lm
4.2.3. Du hiu bnh l
Khi k sinh trong t chc c
quan, thng c dng bo nang mu
trng sa, ng knh 2-3 mm. Lc
cm nhim nghim trng c th lm
tuyn sinh dc pht trin khng tt, c
sinh trng chm. Theo Lim,1970 loi
Glugea anomala c ng knh bo
nang 4 mm. C cm nhim vi bo t
lm c th b bin dng, t bo t chc
b trng nc, hot ng ca cc t
chc c quan b ri lon, c th lm c
cht.
Hnh 22. C b nhim bo t Glugea
Cc bo nang ca vi bo t trong xoang c th c lm c
bnh b bin dng vi bng c phnh rt to, trong cha
y cc bo nang mu trng c;
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10- Hu
13- ai lng t
Trng bnh xe sinh sn ch yu bng hnh thc v tnh, phn chia n gin theo
chiu dc c th. Tu theo loi chng sinh sn gn nh quanh nm( Ivanov 1969)
V d: Trichodina nigra, Tripartiell bullbosa th sinh sn trong iu kin thi tit m,
nhit t 22 280 C
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- C nc l, mn: c M
Trng bnh xe k sinh trn c th c, cc c quan nh mang, da , vy
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69
xung nc. C tr ging b hin tng ny hay c gi l bnh treo ru. Sau cng
c ln nho my vng ri lt bng chm xung y v cht.
C
Hinh 30. Trng qu da Ichthyophthurius multifilis
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Goven v cc cng tc vin (1980) th nghim dng khng nguyn t lng mao
hoc ton b t bo ca trng qu da tim cho c nheo, gy min dch ln u vi 4
g khng nguyn, sau 2 tun gy min dch ln th 2 vi 5g, kt qu c kh nng
min dch cao. Tc gi cn th khng nguyn ly t lng mao ca loi Tetrahynema
pyriformis, mt loi sng nc ngt, kt qu cng phng c bnh trng qa da
nh khng nguyn ni trn.
5.2.5.2. Tr bnh
tr bnh trng qu da cn ch n hai giai on trong chu k sng ca n.
Dit trng thi k u trng bi li t do thuc giai on bo nang d dng hn so vi
giai on dinh dng (k sinh).
Phng php dng thuc dit ht trng giai on k sinh ca c cn t nht vi ln.
Cc phng php tr bnh trng qu da u ph thuc vo nhit mi trng nn
phi th nghim la chn ph hp vi tng vng. V d: Hoffman v Meyer (1974)
iu tr thnh cng c nui trong b knh thuc vng nhit i bng cch iu chnh
nhit n gii hn khng thch hp cho trng qu da: Nhit c tng n
320C v duy tr lin 5 ngy, sau gim t t tr v nhit ban u.
Dng formaline vi nng 200-300ppm tm cho c trong thi gian 30-60 pht hoc
phun xung ao vi liu lng 10-20ppm
F
E
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5.3.2. c im dch t
5.3.2.1. Phn b
Bnh co hu ht cac thuy vc nc ngot trn th gii nh Trung Quc
Nam, cc nc ng Nam A, cc nc Chu u..vv
, Vit
Chilodinella hexasticha
Chilodinella piscicola
Hnh trng
8-11 v 12-14
Kch thc c th
30-65 x 20-50m
30-100 x 24-60 m
18-20 chic
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Bng 6. Kich thc thn v nhn cua Balantidium ky sinh trong rut ca
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5.5.1.2. c im cu to
K sinh VTS thng gp 4 ging thuc 2 h. Nhn chung hnh dng c th
pha trc ln, pha sau nh, c dng hnh loa kn, hnh chung ln ngc, nn cn c
tn gi l trng loa kn. Pha trc c th c 1-3 vng lng rung v khe ming. Pha
sau c cung bm vo gi th. Mt s ging hnh thnh tp on (Epitylis,
Zoothamnium), cc c th lin kt vi nhau bi nhnh ui. Trng loa kn ly dinh
dng bng cch lc trong mi trng nc
Nhn chung hnh dng c th c c im : Pha trc ln, pha sau nh, c dng
hnh loa kn, hnh chung ln ngc, nn c tn gi l trng loa kn. Pha trc c th
c 1-3 vng lng xung quanh khe ming . Pha sau t nhiu u c cung bm vo
bt k gi th no . Mt s ging hnh thnh tp on . Ty theo gi ng ma co s sai
khc trong cu to
- Ging Vorticella c th sng n c, t bo nh vo gi th bng mt cung hnh
tr mnh, xon l xo c th co rt c. T bo c dng hnh chung ln ngc. Pha
trc thng rng hnh a, c 1 vng lng xon ngc chiu kim ng h, hng ti
ming.
C th c mt nhn nh v mt nhn ln hnh di, c 1-2 khng bo co rt. C th
khng mu hoc mu vng, xanh
- Ging Zoothamnium cu to t bo tng t Vorticella tuy nhin nhng loi ca
ging ny sng tp on, mi tp on c vi hoc rt nhiu t bo. Cung phn nhnh
dng lng phn u. Cung c kh nng co rt (mynemes) khng lin tc trong tp
on, nn mi nhnh co rt ring r
77
- Ging Apiosoma (Glossatella): c th hnh chung hoc hnh phu ln ngc. Pha
trc t bo hnh thnh a lng rung gm 3 vng lng t xoy ngc chiu kim ng
h ti phu ming. Cui pha sau t bo thon di thnh cung, u mt ca cung c
mt a bm nh hoc tm lng bm, t chc dnh. Mng t bo mng, c vn ngang,
gn nhn c vnh ai lng mao ngn. Nhn ln hnh nn ln ngc nm trung tm t
bo. Nhn nh hnh bn cu hoc hnh que gn nhn ln
5.5.1.3. c im sinh sn
Trng loa kn sinh sn v tnh bng hnh thc ct i theo chiu dc c th. Sinh
sn v tnh bng hnh thc tip hp, thng c th nh bm gn ming c th ln,
nhn ln ca tip hp t phn thnh nhiu khi nhim sc cht.
5.5.2. c im dch t
5.5.2.1. Phn b
Trng loa kn phn b rng , c th thy s xut hin ca chng khp cc thu
vc : Ngt , l , mn v c khp ni trn th gii
Vit Nam c th bt gp chng tt c ba min ; Bc, Trung, Nam
5.5.2.2. K ch
Trng loa kn k sinh tt c cc ng vt thu sn, tuy nhin mi loi k sinh
trng khc nhau c nhng k ch khc nhau. Nh Zoothamnium k sinh gip xc,
nhuyn th bin, Epistylis k sinh c , ba ba , ch v tm nc ngt , Apiosoma k
sinh cc loi c nc ngt
5.5.2.3. C ch gy bnh
Trng loa kn k sinh trn mang , da ca ng vt thuy san v ph ho i t chc t
bo mang, da lm cho t mang b rch, khin ng vt thuy san bi ngp th do khng
ly lng oxy cung cp cho c th. Ngoi ra chng cn ph hy cu trc ca mang
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BNH DO LP TRNG C XC TU
80
th khng c lng mao, pha trc c th thng c ng ht. Xp theo hnh phng x
vi c th trng, ng ht c hnh dng mnh, c kh nng co rt, phn u ng ht
phnh to thnh hnh cu thng vi bn ngoi. S lng ng ht nhiu hay t ph thuc
vo c th gi hay non. ng ht dng bt gi mi, thc n. Khi con mi hoc thc n
chm phi u ng ht n c gi cht li. Cc cht bn trong con mi theo ng ht
dn dn chy vo c th trng. Pha sau c th t nhiu u c c quan bm vo bt k
mt gi th no.
- Ging Acineta: c hnh dng c th ging ci chung lt ngc. Cc ng ht c
xp tng cm pha trc c th. C th thng c mt lp v gip bao quanh, pha sau
c cung ngn, th bm trn k ch hoc gi th. Nhn t bo ln, c hnh trng.
- Ging Tokophry : Hnh dng c th rt ging vi Acineta, nhng cc ng ht c
xp thnh 4 cm pha trc c th. Nhn ln hnh di. Pha sau c th c cung ngn
v a bm
- Ging Podophyria: c th hnh cu, cc ng ht xp theo hnh phng x xung quanh
c th. Trong c th c nhiu khng bo co rt. Nhn t bo hnh trng, c cung bm
di mnh
- Ging Capriniana: Trn c nc ngt Vit Nam thng gp loi capriniana piscium
C th thng xuyn thay i hnh dng, c lc hnh trng, hnh bu dc. Kch thc
c th 30-90 x 13-48 m. Pha trc c th c 8-12 ng ht xp theo hnh phng x.
C th khng c c quan bm r rng. Nhn ln hnh que, hnh lp xng, nhn nh
hnh cu. Trong t bo cht c nhiu ht dinh dng v c 3-5 khng bo. thi k u
trng nhn ln hnh trn, bu dc c 2-3 ng ht
Hnh 37. Trng ng ht: A- Capriniana piscium; B,C- Acineta ; D,E,I- Tokophrya;
F,G,H- Podophyria;
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6.1.3. c im sinh sn
Capriniana c 2 hnh thc sinh sn: Sinh sn hu tnh bng tip hp v sinh sn
v tnh.
Phng php sinh sn v tnh: Trng trng thnh. bt u qu trnh sinh sn, th
t bo cht pha trc c th hnh thnh mt khe h c hnh vng cung, khe h tip
tc pht trin xung pha di hnh thnh ng rnh v dn dn khp kn bao ly
khi t bo cht bn trong. Xung quanh khi t bo cht mc 2-3 hng tim mao ngn,
ngn cch phn nguyn sinh cht trong v t bo cht ngoi to thnh mm phi
ca k sinh trng.
Tip , nhn sinh sn phn i v tnh thnh 2 nhn nh bng nhau, 1 nhn c
th m, 1 nhn chui vo mm phi. Cng vi s phn chia ca nhn nh, nhn ln
cng tin hnh phn chia. Mt bn nhn ln li thnh u, cht trong nhn, theo u li
chy vo mm phi, nhn ln dn dn phn thnh 2, mt nhn c th m, 1 nhn
li mm phi. C th k sinh trng sng thi k ny c th nhn thy mm phi
chuyn ng chm chp trong c th m, sng t do.
u trng lc ny c dng gn na hnh cu, nhn chnh din c dng hnh trn,
hi lm xung. Xung quanh c th c 2-3 hng lng t, c 1 nhn ln hnh di hoc
hnh trng, 1 nhn nh hnh trn, 1 khng bo v cc ht vt cht dinh dng. u
trng c kch thc 20-30 m. Lc ny u trng cha c ng ht, nh c lng t nn
vn ng mnh ging nh trng bnh xe. u trng sng t do trong nc mt thi
gian , sau tip xc vi c bm vo da, mang, vy, mt lng t, sinh ng ht v bin
thnh trng trng thnh.
Hnh 40. Sinh sn ca Capriniana: 1- c th trng thnh; 2- trng k sinh trn mang c
trm hng; 3: u trng Capriniana tch khi c th m ; 4 : Mm phi ang pht trin
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6.2. c im dch t hc
6.2.1. Phn b
Bnh phn b khp cac thuy vc trn th gii,nh ng Nam A , ng u, ...vv
6.2.2. K ch k sinh
Capriniana k sinh trn da, mang ca c chp, c m, c tri,..v ch yu gia
on c con (c hng, c ging
Cc ging Acineta, Tokophrya, Podophyria k sinh trn gip xc: cua, tm.
giai on u trng gip xc, trng ng ht c th gy cht u trng. Tokophrya kt hp
vi trng loa kn k sinh da ba ba ging lm chng c th cht (Bi Quang
T,2000), Acineta k sinh vi mc rt cao trn n tm tht 1 thng tui ti Nha
Trang, gy cht ri rc.Tuy vy hin tng ny t gp.
Trong thc t Vit Nam, thng gp trng Capriniana gy bnh cng vi
nhng k snh trng l ng vt n bo khc nh Trichodina, Apiosoma....
Tuy vy, cng c mt s ti liu cho bit, khi k sinh trng ng ht Capriniana
spp k sinh vi s lng ln, c th c lp lm c cht. K.S.Davis v CTV quan
st v pht hin Capriniana k sinh trn c, khng nhng gy t tht cho c hng, m
c c tht.
6.2.3. Ma v xut hin
Min Bc vo ma xun, thu ng; Min Nam vo ma ma
6.3. Du hiu bnh ly
Capriniana lc k sinh bm cht ln cc t mang ph hoi t bo thng b, nu
s lng nhiu s nh hng n chc nng h hp ca mang, c h hp kh khn
nn, ni ln mt nc, gy yu
6.4. Phng phap chn oan
6.4.1. Chn oan lm sang
Da vao du hiu bnh ly cua ng vt thuy san , c ni ln mt nc, vn ng
chm chp ..vv
6.4.2. Chn oan trong phong thi nghim
Ly nht trn da,ly mang kim tra trn ki nh hin vi
6.5. Bin phap phong va tri bnh
6.5.1. Bin php phng bnh
- Trc khi nui phi v sinh h nui, no vt bn y phi ao t 5 -7 ngy
- Ty vi, tiu c cho ao, b nui: t 10 20kg/100 m2
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ging loi
Vt chu
46
C nc ngt
10
39
C
nc
ngt, mn
C nc ngt
C nc mn
C nc mn
C nc ngt
C nc mn
C nc mn
C nc mn
C nc mn
C nc mn
C nc ngt
C nc ngt
C
nc
ngt, mn
C
nc
ngt, ch
C nc ngt
C nc ngt
C nc ngt
C nc ngt
C nc ngt
C nc ngt
C nc ngt
C nc ngt
C nc ngt
2. Lp Trematoda Rudolphi,1808
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C nc ngt
C nc ngt
27. H Echinostomatidae
C nc ngt
C nc ngt
C nc ngt
ch ng
31. Lecithosteridae
C nc mn
ch ng
ch ng
C nc ngt
ch ng
C nc ngt
ch ng
C nc ngt
C nc mn
C nc mn
C nc ngt
C nc ngt
C nc ngt
C nc ngt
13
C nc ngt
C nc ngt
C nc ngt
C nc ngt
C nc ngt
10
C nc ngt
C nc ngt
C nc ngt
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C nc ngt
C nc ngt
C nc ngt
C nc ngt
C nc ngt
C nc ngt
C
noc
ngt, ch
C nc ngt
C nc ngt
C nc ngt
C
nc
ngt, mn
88
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Hnh 42
Hnh dng mt s
kiu a bm ca
Monogenea
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91
92
1. Thy u
2. im mt
3. Tuyn u
4. Ming
5. C quan giao cu
6. Ti cha tinh
7. Tuyn tin lit
8. ng dn tinh
9. Tinh hon
10.Bung trng
11. Non hong
12. Tuyn non hong
13. ng dn trng
14. Tuyn v trng
15. T cung
16. Ti cha trng thnh thc
17. m h ( l sinh dc)
m o
Hnh 44. Cu to ca Dactylogyrus18.vastator
19. ti cha tinh
1.1.1.3. c im sinh sn
A- Trng; B - u trng; C Cu to c th
20. Rut
21. lng
a bmtrng
( a mc;
b khng
mng ni;
Dactylogyrus trng, trng ln c cung hay u li, s
cng
c mc gia)
nhiu, trng va ra chm xung y hay bm vo c nc sau vi ngy n cho u
trng di, c 4 im mt v 5 nhnh tim mao, pha sau c cc mc ra, cha c mc
gia.
Thng thng trong t cung ch c mt trng nhng c th lin tc, thi tit
m, tc trng cng nhanh. nhit 14-150C c 33 pht mt trng, nhng
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Hnh 45. A - Dactylogyrus sp k sinh trn mang c trm c ( mu ct m); B Dactylogyrus sp k sinh trn mang c tri; C - Dactylogyrus sp k sinh c chi
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Hnh 47. Cu to sn n
ch con
Gyrodactylus
ctenopharyngodontis
1.thy u; 2.tuyn u pha
trc;3.tuyn
u pha sau; 4.ming; 5. hu;
6. Thc qun; 7.
Rut; 8.Ti Giao t; 9.ng
dn tinh; 10.Tinh hon
11.Bo thai; 12.Bung trng;
13.a bm
(a-mng ni trn;b-mng ni
chnh; c-mc gia;
d-mc ra)
97
1.2.2. c im dch t
1.2.2.1. Phn b
Gyrodactylogyrus k sinh trn mang ca nhiu loi c nc ngt, c bin. Phn
b rng cc thy vc ca cc nc.
c nc ngt Vit nam, thng gp mt s loi: Gyrodactylus maculatus; G.
fusci; G. medius; G. ctenophryngodonis
1.2.2.2. K ch k sinh
Gyrodactylus gy bnh trn mt s loi c nc ngt nh: c Tr, c r phi
mt s loi c nc mn nh c M, c Vcvv
Nhn chung nc ta, c nui b cm nhim sn l n ch 18 mc vi t l v
cng kh cao, gy thnh bnh lm cht c ging cc loi: tr, tra, bng tng,
r phi, lc bng nui b.
Nm 1978, c chp ao nh Bc H b sn l n ch 18 mc cht hng lot.
1.2.2.3. Ma v xut hin
Bnh thng xut hin vo ma xun, thu, ng min bc, ma ma min
Nam.
1.2.3. Du hiu bnh l
Gyrodactylus k sinh trn da v mang, nhng ch yu k sinh da. Khi k sinh
vi s lng ln, lm cho t chc t bo ti ni k sinh tit ra lp dch nhy mu
trng tro. C t hot ng hoc hot ng khng bnh thng, mt s c nm y ao,
mt s li ni ln mt nc p khng kh, thm ch mt dn kh nng vn ng v
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ming); C-van bm; D- trng; E-van bm; F-Mc gia; G-trng ca Sindiplozoon doi Ha ky,
1968
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1.3.3.2. K ch k sinh
Sn l song thn ch yu k sinh c nc ngt. Vit Nam gp cc loi nh:
- Eudiplozoon nipponicum k sinh c chp, c he vng, c chi.
- Sindiplozoon doi k sinh c chp, m trng
1.3.3.3. Tc hi ln k ch
Diplozoodae k sinh trn k ch chng ht mu, ph hoi t bo t chc gy
vim lot c th vt ch, to iu kin thun li cho cc tc nhn c hi tip xc gy
bnh
1.3.3.4. Ma v xut hin
Bnh xy ra v c t l cm nhim cao vo ma H
1.3.4. Du hiu bnh l
Khi c b nhim bnh, thng c biu hin bi l , ni u, dt vo b, mang
c c hin tng nht nht, c dch nhy mu trng c bao ph gy cho c gp kh
khn trong qu trnh h hp
1.3.5. Bin php phng v tr bnh
p dng bin php phng v tr bnh nh i vi Dactylogyrus
1.3.5.1. Phng bnh
p dng bin php phng bnh tng hp nh
Ty dn ao, tiu dit trng v u trng sn trc khi th c xung ao ng nui.
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Tinh trng t huyt sinh dc theo t cung ngc ln khoang ootyp gp trng t tuyn
trng ra tin hnh giao phi, trng th tinh c tuyn non hong bao quanh to
thnh lp v trng cng sau trng theo t cung ln l sinh dc ri ra ngoi.
H thng bi tit: c s bin i phc tp hn sn l n ch. H bi tit l
nguyn n thn gm 1 n 2 i ng bi tit chy dc hai bn c th, t ng c
nhnh nh chy ta ra khp c th v tn cng l t bo ngn la. Hai ng bi tit
vo bng i ri ra ngoi bng l bi tit.
H thng thn kinh: Gm i hch no nm trn hu v thng c 3 i dy thn
kinh: dy thn kinh lng, dy thn kinh bng v thn kinh hu.
Chu k pht trin
Sn l song ch trng giao phi trn cng mt c th. Trng nh nhng s
lng nhiu. Sn l song ch t trng pht trin thnh c th trng thnh phi tri
qua mt qu trnh pht dc phc tp qua nhiu giai on:
- Giai on u trng Miracidium: Trng sau khi ri vo nc n ra u trng
Miracidium c lng t v im mt. Phn trc c th c tuyn u, on sau c th
c mt m t bo mm c ng tiu ha n gin. H thn kinh v bi tit khng pht
trin. Miracidium khng n, sng t do trong nc nh glucogen d tr nn ch bi li
mt thi gian ri nh tuyn u tit men phn gii lp biu m chui vo t chc gan
ca c th c, trong c th k ch trung gian, u trng miracidium mt lng t, im
mt v rut bin thnh bo nang Sporocyste.
Giai on u trng bo nang Sporocyste: Bo nang hnh trn hay hnh ti, b
mt c kh nng thm thu dinh dng. Bo nang Sporocyste c th xoang ln, n tin
hnh sinh sn v tnh cho ra nhiu u trng Redia.
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c gai nh. Khng c gic ht ming v gic ht bng. Pha trc c th ko thnh
vi, trong vi c ming khng c hu, sau ming l thc qun hi di, rut chy di
n 1/3 chiu di c th th phnh to ra v chia thnh 3-6 nhnh dng ti s lng
nhnh ty tng loi. Sanguinicola armuta rut c 5 nhnh cn Sanguinicola mernus
rut c 4 nhnh, khng c hu mn.
C quan sinh dc lng tnh, c c c quan sinh dc c v c quan sinh dc ci
trn cng mt c th. C 8-10 i tuyn tinh sp xp thnh hai hng i xng nhau
gia c th v pha trc bung trng, cc ng dn tinh nh ra ng dn tinh ln
hng ra pha sau chy di n c quan giao cu pha sau ca tuyn trng. B phn
sinh dc ci c tuyn trng hnh bm hay hnh ch X 1/3 pha sau c th, ng dn
trng v c quan giao cu, hai bn c th c tuyn non hong phn b.
C quan bi tit bt u t pha trc r ra hai nhnh chy dc hai bn c th
xung pha sau c th hp li lm mt v ra ngoi bng l bi tit.
2.1.1.3. Chu k pht trin
Sn l Sanguinicola giai on trng thnh k sinh c qu trnh pht trin c
th qua cc giai on u trng v k ch trung gian.
Sn l Sanguinicola trng trong cc mch mu ca c, trng hnh tam gic c
mu li. Trng theo mu vo cc ng mch ca mang v nm trong cc mch mu
nh, mt s theo mu vo thn, gan. Ti , t chc c th tit ra cht bao trng li.
trong mch mu mang trng n ra u trng tim mao Miracidium, dng hnh bu dc,
bn ngoi c tim mao, pha trc c tuyn u v cu to khoang thng t chc k
ch. N c ng tiu ha nhng rt n gin. Bn trong c th c mt m t bo mm.
Nh tim mao vn ng mnh v cu to phn u Miracidium c thng t
chc mang c i ra mi trng nc. Miracidium gp k ch trung gian l bn
Mollusca nh cc loi c Limnaea auricularis, Limnaea stagnalis, Bithynia leachi...
vo xoang c th sau n c tr gan k ch (c).
trong gan k ch trung gian, nh tim mao ca u trng Miracidium tiu gim,
c th chuyn qua dng hnh ti, bn ngoi hnh thnh mt mng mng bao li thnh
u trng bo nang Sporocyste hnh bu dc nm yn mt ch. C th Sporocyste tr
m t bo mm ra khng c cu to g khc. trong c th Mollusca, u trng bo
nang ln ln thm, cc t bo mm tin hnh sinh sn n tnh cho nhiu u trng
Redia.
Redia c dng hnh l, c th c hai phn thn v ui. Phn ui ko di v ch
ngang ta nh hnh vy ui c. u trng Redia c ming, hu v rut n gin,
khng c gic ht, c mt m t bo mm.
Redia tch ra khi c th c (k ch trung gian) vo nc gp c l k ch cui
cng xm nhp qua b mt da, mang sau chuyn n h thng tun hon pht trin
thnh trng trng thnh.
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Hnh 55. A. Sanguinicola lungensis (1. Ming; 2. Thc qun; 3. Rut; 4. Tuyn non hong; 5.
Tuyn tinh; 6. Tuyn trng); B: Chu k pht trin ca sn mu Sanguinicola inermis (theo
Bauer, 1977) (1- sn trng thnh; 2- trng sn; 3- miracidium; 4- sporocyste, redia; 5cercaria; 6- c Limnea; 7. C chp b nhim sn Sanguinicola.
2.1.2. c im dch t hc
Bnh phn b, lu hnh nhiu quc gia trn th gii
Sn l Sanguinicola k sinh gy tc hi ln i vi c hng v c ging
Trng ca Sanguinicola n cc mch mu nh gy tc, lm ri lon hot ng
bnh thng ca h tun hon, dn n thiu mu. Ngoi ra trng Sanguinicola cn
nm trong cc t chc gan, thn v b c th tit ra cht bao li ti ch cng dn n
ri lon chc nng hot ng sinh l bnh thng ca cc c quan trng yu ca c.
2.1.3. Du hiu bnh l
Khi c hng b nhim s lng k sinh trng Sanguinicola tng i nhiu th
xng np mang phng ln, t chc mang sng to, h hp kh khn, c bi li hn
lon..
2.1.4. Phng php chn on
C khi nhim Sanguinicola thng kh nhn bit. nhn bit ngi ta thng
li tm mu v cc mch mu ca h tun hon.
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C th Cercaria chia lm hai phn: Thn v ui. Phn thn c gai dy, nh, c
c quan u, ming, hu v rut chia lm hai nhnh. gia c th c gic ht bng.
Pha sau gic ht bng c hai i t bo tuyn c ng thng vi c quan u, cui
phn thn cng c ti bi tit. ui gm hai phn: Thn ui v nang ui. Thn ui
c tim mao v c ui nn trong nc c th vn ng un cong c. u trng
Cercaria c th bi li ln xung cc tng nc.
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2.3.2. c im dch t hc
2.3.2.1. Phn b : Bnh phn b cc thy vc nc ngt trn th gii
Vit Nam bnh xut hin tt c cc thy vc nc ngt trn ton quc
2.3.2.2. K ch k sinh: Bnh sn l song ch mang c gy thit hi ng k cho
c ging nh c trm c, c m, c chp, c tri
2.3.2.3. Tc hi: Thng 6/1998 hn 2 t c trm c giai on hng a t trm thu
sn H Ni Cc ra nui lng, sau 3 ngy c cht hng lot, nguyn nhn chnh l do c
b nhim u trng Centrocestus formosanus mang 100%, bo nang k sinh dy c
trn t mang.
Bnh xut hin nhiu ao bn phn hu c ti v ty dn y ao khng tt.
2.3.3. Du hiu bnh l
Metacercaria k sinh trong mang ca c, chng tp trung nhiu gc v trong
cc t mang, lm cho t mang b bin dng, nh hng n h hp ca c. C bt
ng sau 2-3 tun thng xut hin bo nang ca Centrocestus formosanus, bo nang
trn mang c t 6-8 tun.
2.3.4. Phng php chn on bnh
2.3.4.1. Chn on lm sng: Da vo du hiu bnh l ca c
2.3.4.2. Chn on phng th nghim: Kim tra mang c di knh hin vi c th nhn
r bo nang trn gc v t mang.
2.3.5. Bin php phng v tr bnh
2.3.5.1. Phng bnh: p dng bin php phng bnh tng hp
- Dng vi ty ao, x l y ao dit ng vt thn mm, dng phn hu c k vi
vi trc khi th xung ao h nui c.
- Khng nn lm nh v sinh trc tip trn ao nui c
2.3.5.2. Tr bnh: Cha c thuc c tr bnh ny
2.4. Bnh u trng sn l gan trong tht c - Opisthorchis
2.4.1. Tc nhn gy bnh
2.4.1.1. Phn loi
B Fasiolata Shjabin et Schulz, 1937
H Opisthorchidae Liihe, 1911
Ging Opisthorchis Blanchard, 1895
2.4.1.2. c im cu to
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Hnh 59. Chu k pht trin ca sn l gan Opisthorchis felineus( A- Sn trng thnh ; BMiracidium ; C Sporocyte cha redia ; D redia non ; E Cercaria ; G Metacercaria ; H c( vt ch trung gian th nht)
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Hnh 60. Chu k pht trin ca Opisthorchis felineus( V.IA. Linnhic, 1977)
1-8- ngi v ng vt c v- vt ch cui cng; 9- gan b nhim sn; 10- trng; 11- cvt ch trung gian I; 12,13- c- vt ch trung gian th II; 14- trng; 15- u trng
miracidium; 16- sporocyst; 17- cercaria; 18- metacercaria; 19- sn trng thnh.
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2.4.2.1. Phn b
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2.5.2. c im dch t hc
2.5.2.1. Phn b
Bnh xy ra hu ht cc thy vc nc ngt trn th gii
Vit Nam pht hin vng Kim Sn Ninh Bnh, Ngha Hng, Nam nh c
m trng b nhim Metacercaria ca Clonorchis, t 40-60%.
2.5.2.2. K ch k sinh
Theo ti liu Trung quc khong hn 10 loi c nc ngt b nhim u trng sn
l Clonorchis, ring h c chp c 10 loi
2.5.2.3. Tc hi
Trong thc t t gp trng hp c cht do u trng ca Clonorchis, nhng c th
lm gim gi tr thng phm ca tht c v c nguy c gy bnh cho con ngi v gia
sc trn cn. Ngi b cm nhim sn l Clonorchis thng c triu chng suy gan,
vng da, chy mu cam, au vng gan v ti mt.
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122
.2.6.2. c im dch t hc
2.6.2.1. Phn b
Bnh xy ra trn cc loi gip xc nui ngt v l mn trn khp th gii
2.6.2.2. K ch k sinh
Bnh thng cm nhim cc loi tm cua nc ngt, c bit l cua ni vng
Ty Bc - Sn H c pht hin nhim u trng sn l phi kh ph bin.
T nm 1994-1998, Nguyn Vn v CTV (Vin st rt-k sinh trng-cn
trng), Cao Vn Vin V CTV (Vin Y hc lm sng cc bnh nhit i) pht hin
vng Sn H ang lu hnh bnh sn l phi ngi, c 12/21 x c bnh nhn, t
l nhim sn l phi k sinh ngi ti y ngi l 6,4-7,4%, bnh nhn tr em
chim 63,2%. T l nhim sn l phi trn ch 18,2 - 33,3%. T l nhim u trng sn
l phi loi cua l 98,1%.
Nguyn Th L v CTV, 1997, ln u tin m t hai loi sn l phi thuc
ging Paragonimus, l P. ohirai k sinh ln v P. heterotremus k sinh ch.
Cua ni (Ranguna luongprabangensis) l vt ch trung gian truyn u trng sn l
phi cho ngi, t l nhim u trng sn l phi ca loi cua ny l 88,9%. Bnh ny
cha thy gy bnh cc loi tm cua bin ang c nui hin nay.
2.6.3. Du hiu bnh l
Khi k sinh tm cua, bnh khng biu hin ra du hiu bnh l r rng, nhng
khi kim tra trn c v mang c th pht hin nhiu u trng sn l phi Paragonimus
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Hinh
Park,
1938;
BCarassotrema
ginezinskajae Kulakova et Ha Ky, 1976
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hon to hnh tam gic nm pha trc na sau thn, di 0,31 v rng 0,25 mm. C
mt ch lm su pha trc ca tinh hon, m ly bung trng. Ti gai giao cu nm
pha bn tri thn, st vi gic bng, kch thc ti gai giao cu 0,27-0,33 x 0,04-0,05
mm. Non so trn hoc ovan kch thc 0,10-0,12 x 0,08 mm.
2.7.1.3. Chu k pht trin
Qu trnh pht trin ca sn tri qua mt k ch trung gian. Trng Carassotrema
trng thnh k sinh trong rut, d dy ca c. Kch thc ca trng khong 0,052 0,059 mm x 0,018 - 0,031 mm. Trng theo phn ca k ch ra nc n ra u trng
Miracidium. K ch trung gian ca Carassotrema l cc loi c Bithynia tentaculata,
Radiauricularia... trong gan k ch trung gian sn pht trin qua cc giai on
Sporocyste, Redia, v Cercaria. C n phi c c nhim Cercaria ca Carassotrema
vo rut, d dy s pht trin thnh trng trng thnh.
Ngoi ra cng cn c quan im cho Cercaria ri c ra mi trng nc, ri xm
nhp vo c th c v pht trin thnh trng trng thnh, bi v mt s loi c n sinh
vt ph du nh c m cng b cm nhim bnh ny. Theo mt s ti liu Trung quc,
sn ny gy bnh ch yu cho c bt, c hng gy hin tng cht .
2.7.2. c im dch t hc
2.7.2.1. Phn b
Bnh xy ra trn cc thy vc nc ngt trn cc quc gia khp th gii
2.7.2.2. K ch k sinh
Vit nam pht hin Carassotrema k sinh cc loi c nc ngt nh c
bng, c chy, c tri, nhng cha pht hin k sinh trng ny lm cho c cht.
2.7.3. Du hiu bnh l
Rt kh quan st qua bn ngoi, ch c th quan st khi chung ta tin hnh gii
phu c, c b mc bnh ny thng c du hiu gy, yu, nh hng ti nng sut
thng phm ca ao nui
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kinh dy di tng nguyn sinh cht. Gic quan km pht trin, l cc t bo cm gic
ri rc khp c th v tp trung hn phn u.
H thng bi tit: l nguyn n thn, c hai ng bi tit chy dc c th pha
bng chung ra ngoi l bi tit cui c th. Hai ng bi tit phn u quay 180 0
chy dc b lng hng v pha sau v bt kn tn cng. Do c cu to nh vy nn
d nhm ln sn dy c 4 ng bi tit. Mi t c ng bi tit ngang. vo ng bi
tit c cc nhnh nh tn cng bng t bo ngn la nm trong nhu m m.
H thng sinh dc: H thng sinh dc ca sn dy bin i tng i ln. i b
phn ging loi c ci trn cng mt c th. C mt s loi sn dy khng phn t
(Caryophyllaeus) c mt h c quan sinh dc. Cn mt s loi khng chia t khc
nh Ligula sp c nhiu c quan sinh dc xp dc theo c th. Cc loi sn dy c
nhiu t, trn mi t c mt h c quan sinh dc hon chnh. Phn ln c quan sinh
dc c chn trc. Sau khi giao phi c quan sinh dc c ln vo trong nhu m m
nn cc t sau thng ch thy c quan sinh dc ci. on cui mi t t cung cha
y trng, c quan sinh dc c c tuyn tinh, ng dn tinh nh v ng dn tinh ln,
ti cha tinh. on cui ng dn tinh l c quan giao phi (penis). L sinh dc c
cnh l m o. S lng ca tuyn tinh l ch tiu quan trng trong phn loi sn dy.
Kch thc v v tr ca ti giao phi l c im phn loi ging loi.
C quan sinh dc ci gm mt i tuyn trng, tuyn non hong, tuyn melis, t
cung, l sinh dc. Tuyn trng vo ootyp cui t. ng dn non hong cng
vo ootyp. m o bt u t huyt sinh dc l ng vo ca tinh trng khi th tinh
cng vo ootyp. Trn thnh ootyp cn c tuyn Milis, trng v tinh trng gp nhau,
th tinh trong ootyp sau chuyn ra t cung v bt u pht trin.
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Hnh 67. C quan sinh dc ca sn dy: A- sn dy khng phn t; B- sn dy phn t: (1Tinh hon; 2- Tuyn non hong; 3- ng dn tinh; 4- Ti gai giao phi; 5- Gai giao phi; 6T cung; 7- Ti nhn tinh; 8- Bung trng; 9- Tuyn v; 10- m o; 11- ti tinh.
Chu k pht trin: Chu k pht trin ca sn dy khng ging nhau, chng cn
thay i k ch trung gian. Sn dy ngoi giao phi trn cng mt c th, c mt s
ging loi giao phi khc c th.
Lp sn dy khng t: Nh sn Amphilina foliac, chu k pht trin ca lp sn
dy khng phn t trng theo chu k chui ra mi trng, trng di khng c np, v
trng c mng mng, mt u trng c cung nh.Trng c u trng 10 mc, c tim
mao, trng b k ch trung gian l Dikerogammaus haemobaplus, Gammarus
platycheir n vo, v v ra u trng chui qua thnh rut vo xoang, mt tim mao,
bin thnh u trng ging c th trng thnh, cc mc nh ca u trng vn cn lu
li on sau c th, c th bin i dn dn v ln ln. K ch cui cng n phi k
ch trung gian th b cm nhim.
Lp ph sn dy nhiu t (Cestoida ): Trong lp ph sn dy nhiu t ly b
Psedophyllidae lm i din. Trng ca b ny c np, trng theo phn ca k ch
cui cng ra mi trng nc, n ra u trng hnh cu, c mc (Coracidium). C th
ca u trng c tim mao, on sau c 3 i mc, sng t do trong nc mt thi gian
ngn. K ch trung gian th nht l gip xc bc thp (Copepoda) hoc giun t t n
vo, mt tim mao, lch qua thnh rut vo xoang c th pht trin thnh u trng hnh
giun b c 6 mc cui gi l Procercoid. K ch trung gian th hai n Copepoda
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129
3.1.2. c im dch t hc
3.1.2.1. Phn b
Caryophyllaeus phn b rng ri trong cc thy vc ca nhiu nc trn th gii:
Lin x, Ba lan, c, Php, Trung quc. nuc ta pht hin trn mt s c nc ngt:
c chp, c gic trn hai tui t l nhim v cng cm nhim rt cao, khi kim tra
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3.1.5.2. Tr bnh
Dng 80 mg Phenolthyazin cho c 3 tui n 1-2 ngy. Theo ti liu Trung Quc,
ngi ta dng 20 g Kamara cho 40 kg c n trn vi thc n.
3.2. Bnh c do u trng sn dy trong ni tng c Diphyllobothriosis
3.2.1. Tc nhn gy bnh
3.2.1.1. Phn loi
B Pseudophyllidae Carus 1863
H Diphyllobothridae Liche, 1910
Ging Diphyllobothrium Cobbold, 1857
3.2.1.2. c im cu to
Diphyllobothrium gy bnh cho c giai on u trng Pleurocercoid ca sn
trng thnh, chiu di cc loi thay i: Diphyllobothrium latum di t 6-10 m, rng
1-3 mm, Diphyllobothrium dendriticum di 7-15 m, rng 2-3 mm, Diphyllobothrium
strictum di 2-10 m.
Nhn chung c th sn dy Diphyllobothrium di, c nhiu t, t u hnh trn,
c hai ng rnh ht su. Phn c mnh v di, mi t thn c y h thng c
quan sinh dc. C quan sinh dc c c rt nhiu tuyn tinh hnh trn, phn tn hai
bn mt lng ca mi t, c ng dn tinh nh tp trung v ng dn tinh ln vo ti
giao phi. B phn sinh dc ci c hai tuyn trng i xng nhau mt bng phn sau
mi t. m o l mt ng chy dc mi t. B phn sinh dc c chn sm hn
b phn sinh dc ci nn c s giao phi cho gia hai t.
3.2.1.3. Chu k pht trin
Do khng c l nn trng ca Diphyllobothrium thnh thc cng t gi theo
phn ca k ch sau cng ra mi trng nc, trng hnh bu dc c np y, kch
thc ln nh ty theo loi. Sau khong 1-2 tun, trng n ra u trng coracidium c
tim mao v su mc bi li trong nc mt thi gian cc loi gip xc Copepoda
n u trng su mc vo nh: Diaphtomus gracilis, D.coeruleus... u trng vo rut
ri n xoang mt tim mao v mc bin thnh u trng procercoid c th di c ui.
C n gip xc c nhim u trng procercoid vo c th, mt s u trng bm
chc vo d dy, rut, mt s ph thnh rut chui vo xoang c th v mt s ni quan
nh gan, tuyn sinh dc, c ca c pht trin thnh pleurocecoid. Ngi v ng vt
n c c nhiu pleurocecoid cha nu chn, vo rut u chui ra bm chc vo thnh
rut, sau hai tun pht trin thnh Diphyllobothrium trung thnh, c th rt di.
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Hnh 64. Chu k pht trin ca sn dy Diphyllobothrium(theo V.IA.Linnhic,1977) 1-5ngi v ng vt c v vt ch cui cng; 6-7-gip xc VCTG I; 6-10-c VCTG II; 12u trng sn dy trong c c; 13- sn chn thnh thc; 14-trng; 15- coracidia; 16procercoid; 17-pleroceroid; 18-u ca sn dy; 19- sn trng thnh.
3.2.2. c im dch t hc
3.2.2.1. Phn b
Diphyllobothrium latum phn b nhiu cc nc x lnh nh Phn Lan, Php,
, Trung Quc...ph bin nht l Phn Lan, dn c mc bnh ny c th ln n 14%.
3.2.2.2. K ch k sinh
nc ta ng ch l sn dy Diphyllobothrium manoni giai on u trng
Pleurocecoid k sinh gip xc giai on Pleurocercoid k sinh trn ch, nhi. Sn
trng thnh k sinh trong rut ch mo, th n tht.
3.2.2.3. Tc hi
Tc hi ch yu vi con ngi, sn c th mc vo thnh rut gy vim lot, tit
c t, ht cht dinh dng, s lng k sinh nhiu c th gy tt rut. Giai on
Pleuocercoid k sinh trong xoang c v nhiu c quan khc ca c
3.2.3. Phng php phng v tr bnh
Ch yu l phng bnh. Cha c bin php tr bnh hu hiu i vi bnh ny
3.3. Bnh sn dy phn t Bothriocephalosis
3.3.1. Tc nhn gy bnh
3.3.1.1. Phn loi
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3.3.2. c im dch t hc
3.3.2.1. Phn b: Bnh phn b trn khp cc thy vc ngt l, mn trn th gii
Bothriocephalus phn b rng cc nc trn th gii. nc ta gp k sinh
trn c chp, c tr, c qu, c mng, ln v c trn nhiu loi c bin.
3.3.2.2. K ch k sinh
Sn Bothriocephalus k sinh trong rut, i khi trong xoang c th ca nhiu
loi c nuc ngt nh m trng, m hoa, trm c, c chp, c vn... v k sinh rut
mt s loi c bin
3.3.2.3. Tc h
Khi k sinh vi cng thp, tc hi ch yu ca n l ht cht dinh dng ca
k ch, nh hng n sinh trng, khi cm nhim vi cng cao, rut phng to,
ti d dy ng knh tng 3 ln. T bo t chc rut b ph hu, thnh rut b mng,
trng lng c th gim
3.3.3. Du hiu bnh l
C c hin tng thiu mu, c thng tch n hay ni u ln mt nc p
khng kh. c b n, nng c th cht. Trung quc, ngi ta pht hin
Bothriocephalus k sinh trn c ging, gy cht nghim trng cho c ging trm.
3.3.4. Phng php chn on
3.3.4.1. Chn on lm sng
Thng rt kh chn on bng mt thng, quan st r th chng ta cn
chn on trong phng th nghim
3.3.4.2. Chn on phng th nghim
xc nh tc nhn gy bnh, cn phi gii phu rut c quan st v pht
hin bng mt thng . c bin ngi ta gp mt s loi nh: B.scorpii, B.
salmonis, B. scarpius
3.3.5. Bin php phng v tr bnh
3.3.5.1. Bin php phng bnh
phng tr bnh Bothriocephalus cn p dng cc bin php phng chung,
ngoi ra cn tin hnh mt s bin php sau:
- Trc khi th c, nht l giai on ng nui c hng, c ging cn tin hnh ty
dn ao, tiu dit k ch trung gian. C th dng vi ti 100 kg/1000m2 hoc clorua
vi Ca(OCl)2 20 kg/1000 m2, tiu dit ht k ch trung gian.
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3.3.5.2. Tr bnh: Hin nay ngi ta thng dng cc phng php sau:
- Dng tinh th Diptrex trn vo thc n cho c theo t l: 0,15-0,18 g Dipterex/1Kg
c/1 ngy, cho c n lin tc 3 ngy, c th x c sn dy ra khi rut c (Bi
Quang T,1990)
- Dng ht b , c 250 gr ht b +500 gr thc n, trn u cho 1 vn c ging
(kch c 9cm ) n lin tc 3 ngy.
3.4. Bnh sn dy c t gi - Lygulosis.
3.4.1. Tc nhn gy bnh
3.4.1.1. Phn loi
B Pseudophyllidae Carus,1863
H Diphylllobothriidae Liche, !910
Ging Ligula Bloch, 1728
3.4.1.1. c im cu to
Sn hnh di mu trng, chiu rng
1,5cm. u nh nhn hnh tam gic. Thn
chia t khng r, gia lng v bng c
mt mng dc hi lm xung. Sn trng
thnh k sinh chim nc, c l VCTG
II.
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3.4.2. c im dch t
3.4.2.1. Phn b
Bnh xy ra trn khp cc thy vc trn th gii, ch yu vn l cc thy vc
nc ngt
3.4.2.2. K ch k sinh
Ch yu l cc loi c nc ngt nh: c Dic, c M, c Chp, c Vn..vv
3.4.2.3. Tc hi
Bnh nng c th gy cho c t vong, nh th lm cho c b gy yu, lm gim
gi tr thng phm
3.4.3. Du hiu bnh l
Plerocercoid k sinh trong xoang c th c, lm cho bng c phnh to. Bnh nng
c bi li l hoc mt thng bng, bi nghing v mt pha. Gii phu bng c
thy c u trng sn dy cha y xoang bng, chn p cc c quan ni tng khc, c
con m thng thnh bng tm ng ra ngoi, c gy yu v c th cht
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Hnh 79. Cu to v s tng qut ca giun trn (Acon ci; B- con c):
I- phn th cm v tiu ho ca c th
II- phn sau tiu ho ca c th
III- phn ui ca c th
1- l tuyn lng thc qun, 2- tin thc qun, 3- thn gia
thc qun, 4- vng thn kinh, 5- eo thc qun, 6- tuyn
ng bn, 7- bu thc qun, 8- tuyn lng ca thc
qun, 9- rut gia, 10- vng tm v rut, 11- l tuyn ph
thc qun, 12- l bi tit, 13- t bo khoang, 14- tuyn
tinh, 15- t cung, 16- c bu, 17- m h, 18- trng thnh
thc, 19- ti nhn tinh, 20- ng dn trng, 21- trng, 22ng phng tinh, 23- tuyn ln, 24- tuyn nh, 25- tuyn
trc trng, 26- trc trc trng, 27- trc trng, 28- gai
giao phi, 29- dy chng mo tinh hon, 30- hu mn, 31ng bi tit, 32- c gim p hu mn, 33- tuyn bn, 34nm sinh dc, 35- cnh ui nm sinh dc.
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2.3. c im dch t hc
2.3.1. Phn b
Bnh do ngnh giun trn gy ra xy ra trn khp cc thy vc ngt, l, mn trn
th gii
Giun trn thng k sinh mt s cc ni quan nh : tuyn sinh dc, bng hi,
xoang c th, di da ( philometra), k sinh trong rut c tra, c v, c h .. (
Spectatus), hoc l k sinh trong d dy v rut c (nh Spinitectus).
2.3.2. K ch k sinh
K ch k sinh ca giun trong cng rt a dng, v hu ht cc thy vc, nhiu
loi c nc ngt v nc mn c th b nhim Philometra, ging Spironoura c ti
50 loi k sinh lng th , b st v c. Rt nhiu loi c b nhim giun trn, c th
C Tr ( Spinitectus, Camallanus, Cucullanosis..), c Bng, cc chp, c Lng, c
m vvv
2.3.3. Tc hi
Khi c b nhim bnh di chuyn chm, gy anh hng n sinh trng ca c,
lm cho c b gy yu, lm gim gi tr thng phm. Nu nng c th gy cht cho c
2.4. Phng php chn on
2.4.1. Chn on lm sng
Da vo du hiu bnh l, tuy nhin rt l kh nhn bit c, chnh v th
chng ta cn da vo phng php chn on trong phng th nghim
2.4.2. Chn on trong phng th nghim
xc inh tc nhn gy bnh, chng ta c th quan st bng mt thng, dng
knh lp cm tay pht hin nhng con k sinh di da hoc gii phu quan st
cc k sinh trng bn trong c th
2.5. Bin php phng v tr bnh
i vi bnh giun trn gy ra , chng ta p dng bin php phng bnh l ch yu
2.5.1. Phng bnh
Dng vi ty ao, dit u trng giun, trc khi th cn kim tra v pht hin nhng
con c du hiu nhim giun loi b trnh ly nhim cho n c
2.5.2. Tr bnh
i vi bnh do giun trn gy ln c th dng NaCL 2% tm cho c trong 10
15 pht, hoc c th dng Iod hoc thuc tm 15 a vo ch giun k sinh tiu dit
giun. Hoc c th dng Diterrex ty giun k sinh rut, liu dng 0.15 0.18 gr/ 1
kg c/ 1 ngy. Cho c n 3 ngy lin tc ( Bi Quang T, 1990)
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bin t l 10-20%, cng cm nhim 1-6 trng /c. Ngoi ra, mt s loi cha xc
nh.
Tc hi ch yu ca giun trn Cadillaria l ht cht dinh dng ca k ch
2.6.2. Bnh Phylometrosis ging Philometra Costa, 1845.
2.6.2.1. Phn loi
B Spirurida Chitusod, 1933.
H Dracunculidae Leiper, 1912.
Ging Philometra Costa, 1845.
2.6.2.2. c im cu to
C th giun trn Philometra ni chung nh, di, kch thc thay i rt ln theo
loi. Philometra sanguinea con c di khong 2,35-3,30 mm, con ci t 10- 42 mm,
Philometra ovata con c di 6 mm, con ci di 55-125 mm...Mt s loi ch tm thy
con ci khng tm thy con c nh Philometra rischta, Philometra parasiluri...Con
ci thng k sinh di vy, vy. Con c k sinh trong bong bng, trong xoang, thn,
nh hn con ci rt nhiu. C th b mt trn tru, phn cui c th rng, hi cong.
Con ci c mu hng hay mu mu. Trn c th c phn b nhiu nh trong
sut, ln nh khng u. Pha u c bn mu li kch thc khng bng nhau. C
quan tiu ha c ming hnh tam gic pha u, khng c mi, xoang ming hnh
cu, thc qun nh di chia hai phn do c v tuyn th hn hp t thnh. Rut nh,
di mu nu, khng c rut sau v hu mn, cui rut ng kn.
C quan sinh dc giun trn Philometra phn tnh, con c c mt tuyn tinh, c
ng dn tinh v ti cha tinh, phn cui l c quan giao cu hnh kim, kch thc v
hnh dng ging nhau. Con ci c hai tuyn trng hai on ca c th. Phn cui c
ai dn rt ngn chim i b phn t cung ln. trong c th, t cung cha y
trng pht dc v u trng. Giun trn Philometra khng c l .
2.6.2.3. Chu k pht trin
Con ci giun trn Philometra n thi k sinh trng ph rch da ca k ch
ra mi trng, do p sut thay i, xoang k ch v, u trng t trong t cung ra nc.
trng c th bi li t do hay bm co cy c trong nc, gp cc loi gip xc
Macrocyclops albodus, Eucyclops serrulatus, Eucyclops macruroide, Mesocyclops
leukarti, i khi c Cyclops strranus, Achanthocyclops viridis (O.N.Bauer, 1977) n
vo rut, u trng n xoang ca gip xc pht trin trn di mt tun. C n gip
xc c nhim u trng Philometra vo rut, u trng ny chui qua vch rut n
xoang, tip tc pht trin. y c s hnh thnh c ci. Sau khi tin hng giao cu,
con c di chuyn v k sinh bng hi, xoang, c th mt vi nm nhng khng
tham gia giao phi ln hai. Con ci di chuyn k sinh di vy v vy ca c.
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- Tc hi: Khi c b nhim bnh chc nng ca bng bi b ph hy, nht l phn hai
ca bng hi b xp lm khng kh t bng hi vo xoang c th, lm mt kh nng
gi thng bng ca c.
- nhng c c nh, khi cng cm nhim 5-9 giun, c th lm c cht.
- Philometra k sinh di vy lm da c vim lot, vy rp, rng to iu kin cho vi
khun, nm xm nhp gy bnh.
- Vit Nam pht hin Philometra k sinh c qu, c tra, c r, c tr, c ba sa v
nhiu ging loi c bin khc.
2.6.3. Bnh giun trn Spironourosis Ging Spironoura Leidy, 1856
2.6.3.1. Phn loi
B Oxyyurdea weinland, 1858
H Kathalaniidae Travassos, 1918
Ging Spironoura Leidy, 1856
2.6.3.2. c im cu to
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Hnh 81. Giun trn Spironoura spinibarbi H K, 1971: A-B- cui pha trc;
Con ci: thn di 16.0-21.45 mm. Tng chiu di thc qun 2.12-2.72 mm. Kch
thc hu 0.056-0.060x0.087-0.094 mm. Bulbus 0.272-0.306 x 0.325-0.408 mm. L
bi tit nm cch pha u 1.73-2.04 mm, vng thn knh 045-0.51 mm. Chiu di
ui 0561-0.679 . m o cch t cui sau thn 6.12-6.97 mm. Trng ovan, kch
thc 0.050-0.051 x0.060-0.068 mm.
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di phn tuyn 0.498 mm, phn c 0.312 mm. ui di 0.812-0.905 mm. T cung ca
cc trng thnh thc cha y cc u trng di, c kch thc 1.508-1.624x0.038-0.040
mm.
Loi Spectatus pangasia c c im ca h Kathlaniidae ming c 6 hoc 3
mi pht trin. Ti bao ming nng, Thc qun di, cui pha sau thc qun c v thc
qun tuyn phnh to dng c hnh(gi l ti bulb). Ging Spectatus c im chnh l
c 6 mi ming pht trin.Mi mi c 3 gai ( 1 gai ngoi v 2 gai bn), ti bao ming
nng. Hin nay theo Travassos, 1923 m t loi Spectatus Spectatus k sinh c
Piaratus brachypomus, Barazil.
Hnh 83.Giun trn Spectatus pangasia: A- cui pha trc; B- ui con ci; Cui con c; D- a u; E-c th ca giun trn; F- cuois pha trc; G-ui con
c; H- cuoi pha trc( nh KHVT); i- a u( nh KHVT).
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alii
HaKy, 1968; 4-6- Neocamallanus
maculatti Ha Ky, 1968; A- phn
u ca Camallanus anabantis; BPhn u ca Procamallanus
clarius
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Hnh 88.
153
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6
7
2
9
10
11
12
13
5
14
15
ci giun u
gai : 1.Trng ; 2. Cc tp on t
bo c phn ct chia ra t tuyn
trong non ; 3.Ming trc ca phu ;
4.ti phu ; 5.t bo xung quanh l
mt bng ; 6.t cung ;
1. Ti cha cc tuyn n bo
, 2. Ti c, 3.
t bo bn, 4. C quan giao phi, 5. Ti giao
phi, 6. Dy chng, 7. Ming trc ca phu, 8.
Dng tai, 9. Ti phu, 10. T bo trong mt lng,
11. T bo trong mt bng, 12. T bo bn, 13.
T bo trc mt bng, 14. T bo sau mt bng,
15. T cung.
7.c ; 8. m o ; 9.Vch c th
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1960(con c)
1.vi, 2.t thn kinh
,3.si thn kinh, 4.bao vi
5.tuyn vi,6.tuyn tinh,
7.ng dn tinh,8.tuyn n Bo,
9.ti cha tinh, 10.ti giao phi
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Pallisentis nagpurensis
P. ophiocephali
P. goboes
Ci
Ci
Ci
6-8
12 -14
5-6
8 -12
10- 13
11,5- 14,5
S vng mc trn vi
10
10
10
13-15
14-16
19
19
22-30
43-54
30-35
40-48
68
112-129
158
Hnh 93. Neosentis celatus: A- Cui pha sau con ci (c quan giao cu),
B- Vi; C. Con c trng thnh; D-H- Cc mc trn vi; I-N- Cc gai
nhm th hai trn thn
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Dresing, 1850
4.1.1.2. c im cu to
Trachelobdella sinensis Blanchard, 1896. c th trng c hnh bu dc di, dp
lng bng, mt lng hi nh ln, chiu di 3,4 -5,5 cm, rng 0,8 -2,2cm, mu sc mu
vng nht hay mu trng tro, ra xung quanh c th mu hng. on trc c th c
gic ht trc, tip theo l phn c hp, ngn. Ming trong gic ht ming, c hai
i mt, sp xp hnh ch bt "" mt lng ca gic ht trc, i trc r, i sau
nh hn. Gic ht sau ln hn, l hu mn 1 bn pha lng ca gic ht sau. Hai bn
c th c 11 i ti c tc dng h hp.
160
4.1.2. c im dch t hc
Trachelobdella pht trin mnh vo ma m p, lu hnh tng i rng ri trong
cc thu vc nhiu nc trn th gii.
Trachelobdella k sinh trn np mang, trn mang v da c; ht cht dinh dng.
Ni t chc k ch b k sinh thng chu hu qu ph hoi, k ch b mt mu, nh
hng n sinh trng. Lc nghim trng lm cho h hp ca k ch kh khn, c th
mt nhiu mu lm cho c cht nhng nhn chung tc hi khng ln v cng cm
nhim thp
a c k sinh trn hu ht tt c cc loi c nc ngt. l, mn
4.1.3. Du hiu bnh l
C b bnh c du hiu gy yu, vn ng chm chp, h hp kh, c th b mt
mu ..
4.1.4. Phng php chn on
Da vo du hiu bnh l quan sn c, hoc c th quan st bng knh lp
hoc knh hin vi trong phng th nghim
4.1.5. Bin php phng v tr bnh
4.1.5.1. Phng bnh
phng bnh, cn lm tt cng tc ty dn ao m, nn dng vi dit tp v
phi nng y ao khi c th, trong khi nui cn dn sch c rc hn ch sinh sn
ca a.
4.1.5.2. Tr bnh
tr bnh, dng NaCl 2-4% % tm cho c nc ngt trong 15 -25 pht. Dng
nc ngt tm cho c bin tr bnh ny cng c hiu qu. C th dng formol
nng 100-200 ppm tm cho c bnh trong 30-60 pht. Dng Neguvon nng 0,40,6 ppm tm cho c bnh trong 30 pht cng c hiu qu tr bnh rt tt. Tuy vy, cn
thn trng vi tc ng mi trng ca loi thuc ny, c bit l cc lng b nui
gip xc gn ni dng thuc, c th b nh hng v cc ha cht ny rt c vi gip
xc.
4.2. Bnh Pissciolosis
4.2.1. Tc nhn gy bnh
4.2.1.1. Phn loi
Lp Hirudinea Lamarch, 1818
B Rhynchobdellea Blanchard, 1894
H Piscicolidae Johnston, 1865
Ging Piscicola fasciata Kollar, 1842
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4.2.1.2. c im cu to
C th Piscicola di ngn khc nhau theo loi, Piscicola volgensis di trn 30mm,
rng 3,9mm; chiu di thng gp 10 -11 ln chiu rng. C th c dng hnh tr, nh
pha trc, ln dn pha sau, hi dp lng bng, mu sc thay i theo da ca k
ch, thng mu nu en, hng , hoc xanh nu....Piscicola c 2 gic, gic ht
trc nh hn gic ht sau, pha trc mt lng ca gic ht trc c 4 im mt.
mt bng, gic ht trc c ming, trong ming c vi ht hnh ng bng c, c th
th ra ngoi ht mu c v co vo khoang hu. Vi thng vi khoang hu. ng thc
qun ngn dn d dy, rut, hu mn mt lng phn gc ca gic ht sau. Pha cui
l gic ht sau c cc vn phng x v sc t en. Gic ht sau c kh nng bm chc
vo c ngay c khi c bi li, hot ng mnh trong nc. Lng ca Piscicola c
nhiu im sng lin tc to thnh cc vn ngang, c th thng c 11 mu bn..
C quan sinh dc ca Piscicola lng tnh, th tinh cng c th hoc l th tinh
cho gia 2 c th khc nhau. C quan sinh dc c gm nhiu i tinh so phn b
gia v phn sau c th. L sinh dc 1/3 pha trc c th. C quan sinh dc ci c
mt i tuyn trng pha sau l sinh dc c, l sinh dc ci cng pha sau l sinh
dc c.
Hnh 97.
Piscicola
fasciata
Piscicola fasciata
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163
nng 100-200 ppm tm cho c bnh trong 30-60 pht. Dng Neguvon nng 0,40,6 ppm tm cho c bnh trong 30 pht cng c hiu qu tr bnh rt tt. Tuy vy, cn
thn trng vi tc ng mi trng ca loi thuc ny, c bit l cc lng b nui
gip xc gn ni dng thuc, c th b nh hng v cc ha cht ny rt c vi gip
xc.
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164
S
ging
S loi
Vt chu
12
C nc ngt, nc bin
C nc ngt, nc bin
3. H Dichelesthiidae M.Edwards, 1
1840
C nc ngt, c bin
C nc ngt, nc bin
C nc ngt, nc bin
6. H Cymothoidae
C nc ngt, nc bin
7. H Corallanidae
C nc ngt, nc bin
8. H Aegidae
C nc ngt, nc bin
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9. H Bopyridae
Cng
12
31
Tm nc ngt, nc
bin
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1.1.1. Cu to ngoi
Vng ngc c 7 t nhng t th 1 v c th t th 2 kt hp vi phn u
nm trong v gip. C th hai i chn ngc th 4 v th 5 hay th 5 v th 6 hp li
thnh 1 t. Phn bng c t 3-5 t, thng th c 4 t. t ngc cui v t bng
u tin dnh li vi nhau. Mi t c hnh tr ngn v cng, cc t ni vi nhau
bng mt vng mm do v ngn. Khp ni lm con vt c ng d dng l khp phn
bit gia phn u v thn. Phn thn gm c cc t bng v t ngc th 7 (c khi
l t th 6). Phn u tht s c 5 i ph b l: ru A1 (antennules), ru A2
(antennae), hm trn (maxillae) 1 v hm trn 2, hm di (mandibles). t ngc u
tin dnh vi u c mt i chn hm (maxillipeds) v tng t ngc cn li mang
mt i chn bi. Trong mt vi loi t ngc th 7 tiu gim v t ny khng cn
phn ph.
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1.1.1.3. Chc ui: t cui cng ch hai to ra hai nhnh ui. Cu trc ca n
n gin c hnh tr khng phn nhnh v cng khng ging vi phn ph no u
v ngc Thng thng trn c th con vt c 5 dng t mnh mai pht trin t b v
ngoi l (1) ru khu gic v (2) bn dng khc nm phn ph ca copepoda nh
gai ln, gai nh, t ngn hay t di. Cc phn ph ny c chc nng khc nhau ty
theo ni sng ca n, thng gip con vt bi, b hay ly thc n, cng c khi cm
gic. Ngoi ra phn t di ui c tc ng cn bng hay n nh khi bi li.
1. 1.2. Cu to trong
Vic nghin cu v cu to bn trong ca Copepoda rt kh khn v c mt h c
rt phc tp.
1.1.2.1. H tun hon : xoang tim ch c b ph calanoida, cn cc b ph khc c
vng tun hon n gin gm cc mch mu t h tiu ho, h vn ng v cc ph b
i v xoang tim.
1.1.2.2. H h hp : s trao i O2 v CO2 xy ra trn b mt c th v mt vi ni
nh phn cui ca ng tiu ha c ht v y bi h c bn ngoi
1.1.2.3. H bi tit: cht thi c thi ra qua tuyn hm trn gn pha u, tuy vy
phn sau ca on rut cui cng c chc nng bi tit.
1.1.2.4. H thn kinh: tp hp li phn u, mt mt lm nhim v cm gic thy r
tp trung li thnh im mt. Theo Stricker (1975) quan st di my scan in t
thy c s tp trung ca cc nt cm gic v t cm gic trn thn ca Copepoda.
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170
C quan sinh dc ca Ergasilus phn tnh, con c v con ci ring bit. C quan
sinh dc con ci c bung trng hnh ch V phn u ngc tip theo l t cung, ban
u l mt ng thng, sau do s lng trng tng ln, nn t cung cng phnh to v
gp cong chim gn ht xoang gia phn u ngc, 2 ng dn trng nh trong sut v
thng bt u t ngc th 2, ni vi t cung, chy dc xung l trng t
sinh sn. Tuyn nhn c 1 i nh di mt lng phn ngc, chy n gn l
trng, th thng vi ng dn trng. Ti th tinh mt lng t t ngc th 2 ko di
n t sinh sn, mi bn c 1 ng nh thng vi ng dn trng. L trng 2 bn
mt lng t sinh sn. Khi trng n gn l s c tinh trng trong ti th tinh,
th tinh cho trng. Trng th tinh s qua l ra ngoi v tuyn nhn s tit cht nhn
to nn ti cha cc trng th tinh. S lng trng trong mi ti nhiu hay t ph
thuc theo loi nh E.breani c 18-20 trng; E.parasiluri c 350-400 trng.
C quan sinh dc c c 1 i tinh hon, i b phn t ngc th nht, pha
trc tuyn tinh ko di thnh ng dn tinh, n l gia ca d dy b qut ra sau i
qua cc t ngc n t sinh sn phng to thnh ti cha tinh, bn trong ti cha tinh
c kp tinh, bn trong c nhiu tinh trng hot ng mnh. Lc giao phi con c
Ergasilus a kp tinh ra ngoi c th qua l mt bng t sinh sn, treo trn l m
o con ci. Mt lng ng dn tinh c 1 i tuyn nhn
K sinh c nui Vit Nam thng gp 5 loi: Ergasilus scalaris; E.parasiluri;
E.thailandensis; E.philippinensis; E.anchoratus. Nhng thng nht l 2 loi
Ergasilus thailandensis v Ergasilus philippinensis
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b) Ging Neoergasilus
172
c) Ging Sinergasilus:
C th Sinergasilus: Cu to c th v
c bn ging vi Ergassilus nhng c
mt s c im khc nhau nh sau:
C th chia lm 3 phn: u, ngc,
bng. Phn u khng dnh vi t
ngc, gia phn u v t ngc th
nht c t gi nh v ngn hn cc t
bnh thng. Phn ngc cng c 6 t
ngc, nhng t t ngc th nht n
t th 4 c kch thc gn bng nhau
hoc c th hi cong v mt bng, cho
nn nhn mt lng t th 5 b che
khut 1 phn hoc ton b. t th 6 l
t sinh sn c 5 i chn bi, i chn
bi th 4 nhnh ngoi hoc nhnh trong
thiu mt 1 t, i chn bi th 5 ch c
1 nhnh nh. Phn bng c 3 t, gia
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Hnh 100.
A. Sinergasilus lien
B. Sinergasilus major
d) Ging Paraergasilus
Paraergasilus c c im ca ging Ergasilus, ngoi ra c s sai khc ch yu:
con ci Paraergasilus phn cui i anten th 2 c 3 mng nh, nhn. V kitin hai
bn u hng v pha sau ko di thnh gai. Paraergasilus k sinh trn nim mc
xoang mi, mang ca nhiu loi c nc ngt: c trm, c dic, c chp... t l v
cng cm nhim thp, tc hi khng ln.C nui Vit Nam thng gp 2 loi:
Paraergasilus medius ; P. brevidigitus
Hnh 107.
A. Paraergasilus brevidigitus
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B. Paraergasilus medius
175
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177
Phn bng ngn, nh, phn t khng r rng, on cui c nng ui, trn c
cc lng cng ngn.
Cu to bn trong: C quan tiu ho t ming n hu mn gn nh mt ng
thng. H thng sinh dc lng tnh, c ci ring bit. C quan sinh dc ca con c
c cu to ging cu to con c ca h Ergasilidae. Con ci c quan sinh dc gm 2
tuyn trng, hnh trng mt lng phn sau u, tip l t cung l mt ng nh, 2
nhnh, mt nhnh hng ra pha sau, mt nhnh hng ra pha trc. Hai ng dn
trng thng n t sinh sn. L m o gia mt bng t sinh sn
3.2.1.3. Chu k pht trin
n giai on u trng c t Metanauplius V, con c v con ci tin hnh
giao phi 1 ln duy nht, sau con c sng t do mt vi ngy trong mi trng ri
cht. Con ci sau khi giao phi, tinh dch c cha trong ti th tinh, tm k ch l
c bm vo k sinh v bt u sinh sn duy tr ni ging. K sinh trng Lernaea
c chu k pht trin trc tip qua nhiu giai on bin thi u trng rt ging vi cc
ging loi thuc h Ergasilidae.
Trng th tinh qua l ra ngoi, c cha trong ti trng do tuyn nhn tit
ra to thnh. Qu trnh trng v hnh thnh cc ti trng ca Lernaea ph thuc vo
nhit nc. nhit 20-250C Lernaea polymorpha trong 28 ngy sinh sn 10 i
ti trng. Lernaea ctenopharyngodontis 210C trong 20-23 ngy sinh sn 7 ti trng.
Qu trnh hnh thnh ti trng n khi n ra u trng ph thuc rt ln vo nhit
nc: nhit < 180C Lernaea ctenopharyngodontis phi cn 3-5 ngy, nhng nhit
200C ch cn 3 ngy. Vi loi Lernaea polymorpha nhit 250C cn 2 ngy,
nhit 26-270C ch cn 1-1,5 ngy. Nu gim nhit xung cn 150C th phi cn
5-6 ngy, di 70C trng khng n.
u trng ca Lernaea cng tri qua cc giai on u trng v c bin thi phc
tp. Trng n ra u trng khng t u tin l Nauplius I. qua 4 ln lt xc thnh
Nauplius V, lt xc 1 ln tr thnh Metanauplius I, tip tc lt xc 4 ln na
thnh Metanauplius V c 9 t, vi tuyn sinh dc thnh thc v bt u giao phi.
Sau khi chuyn ti tinh cho con ci, con c sng t do trong nc v cht sau vi
ngy, cn con ci tm k ch l c sng k sinh v bt u sinh sn. Qu trnh pht
trin u trng ph thuc rt ln vo nhit nc. T Nauplius 1 n Metanauplius
V, nhit nc 18-200C phi cn 5-6 ngy, cn nhit > 250C cn 3 ngy, nu
300C ch cn 2 ngy.
Nhit thch hp cho Lernaea sinh sn l 20- 250C, c th sinh sn 12-330C,
trn 330C c th b cht. Tui th ca Lernaea cng quan h rt mt thit vi nhit .
nhit nc 25-370C tui th 4-23 ngy, trung bnh 20 ngy. Ma xun nhit
thp, tui th c th ko di. Lernaea c th k sinh trn c th c qua ng, n
xun m p th bt u trng, cho nn con c tui cao nht c th 5-7 thng.
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3.2.2. c im dch t hc
3.2.2.1. Phn b
Lernaea l cc k sinh trng ngoi k sinh trn da, vy, mang, hc mi, mt,
ming nhiu loi c, gp k sinh trn c nc ngt nhiu hn c nc mn, phn b
rng khp trn th gii.
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181
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3.3.1.2. c im cu to
C th ca Lamproglena chia lm 3 phn: u, ngc, bng. Phn u c 5 i
phn ph, u khng dnh lin vi phn ngc. i anten th 1 th, c 3 t thng di
hn i anten th 2, trn c cc gai kitin nh i anten ca Copepoda sng t do. i
anten th 2 cong li, phn t khng r rng v cui c 4 lng cng nh ging nh
vut nhn. C mt i rng hm ln, 2 i rng hm nh v 1 i chn hm. Phn
ngc gm 6 t, t 1 nh nh t c, t 2 n t 4 ln, khng phn chia r nhng 2
bn c lm vo vt tch ngun gc c phn t. C 5 i chn bi, t i 1 n i 4
c hai nhnh, mi nhnh c 2 t, chn th 5 phn 2 thy. Ba i chn trc c bn
ni gia. Phn bng di, phn 3 t, chim khong 1/2 tng chiu di. Ti trng di
3,5mm, ng knh 0,2mm, mi ti c 28-37 trng xp thnh hng dc, ni ui nhau
trong ti trng.
3.3.1.3 Chu k pht trin
Chu k pht trin cng ging nh cc ging thuc h Ergasilidae, ch c con ci
sng k sinh v qu trnh pht trin u trng xy ra ngoi mi trng nc.
3.4. Bnh Caligois
3.4.1. Tc nhn gy bnh
3.4.1.1. Phn loi
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H Caligidae
Ging Caligus Miiller,1785
3.4.1.2. c im cu to
Caligus l mt trong nhng ging ph bin nht b Copepod k sinh trn ,
phn loi khong gn 200 loi v co cu to nh sau
Kch thc c th kh nh, chiu di 3,9-5,1 mm; chiu di phn u ngc 2,43,1 mm; chiu rng ln nht l 2,2-2,6 mm; chiu di t sinh dc 0,9-1,5 mm, rng
1,0-1,9 mm; chiu di ti trng 1,6-3,2 mm, ng knh 0,1 mm. Cu to ca Caligus
cng chia thnh 3 phn l u, ngc v bng, nhng phn u v ngc gn li vi
nhau thnh phn u ngc. u ngc c kch thc ln, bao bc bng nhng tm
kitin trong sut, trn c 6 i phn ph km pht trin so vi cc Copepoda sng t
do. Cc i chn bi nm phn cui ca gip u ngc, t ngc mang i chn th
4 c chiu rng rt nh, hp hn mp sau phn u ngc. t sinh dc c hnh cu,
hnh bu dc hay hnh gn vung ty theo tng loi.
Phn bng c mt t nh hn nhiu so vi t sinh dc, tn cng ch nhnh,
trn u mt cc nhnh c mt s lng cng. Con ci khi k sinh trn c th c,
thng mang mt i ti trng di, hp chiu ngang, trong cha 1 hng trng xp
ni ui nhau
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185
186
Hnh 118. Argulus chinensis: A- mt lng con c; B- mt bng con ci; aI. anten th 1;
aII. anten th 2; e- nhnh chn trong; m- hm trn; m2- hm di; sr- cc thanh ca
gic bm hm di.
187
188
Hnh 119. A- trng ca Argulus japonicus; B- u trng ca Argulus japonicus; DF- cc giai on u trng ca Argulus foliaceus
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191
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192
193
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Hnh 124. Hnh dng chung ca Ichthyoxenus japonicus: 1- Nhn mt lng con ci; 2- Nhn mt
lng con c. Phn ph ming: 3- Rng hm ln; 4- Rng hm nh th 1; 5-Rng hm nh th 2;
6- Chn hm con ci; 7- Mi trn, mi di; 8- Chn hm con c. Cc phn ph: 9- Chn bng
th 2 con ci; 10- Chn bng th 2 con c; 11- Chn ngc th 5 con ci; 12- c quan sinh dc c;
13- trng ca Ichthyoxenus; 14- Nhn mt lng u trng Ichthyoxenus thi k th nht; 15- Nhn
mt lng u trng Ichthyoxenus thi k th hai.
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S
S
Ky chu
ln lng
loi
g
ging
PROTOZOA
1
2
1
4
C nc
bin
nt
C nc ngt
C nc ngt
2
1
2
1
1
1
1
3
3
1
1
41
197
ngt,
c, gip xc v
ng vt thn
mm
C nc ngt v
c nc mn
C nc ngt
C nc ngt, bin,
v baba
C nc ngt
1
1
1
1
2
1
1
1
1
1
3
1
3
2
3
6
7
26
C nc ngt, mn
C nc ngt
Tm nc ngt, t bin
Tm nc ngt, bin
Tm nc ngt
C nc ngt
VTS nc ngt,
mn
C nc ngt, mn
C nc ngt, mn
GIUN SN
1. Ngnh giun dp Plathelminthes Schneider,1878
1. Lp Monogenea (Van Beneden, 1858)
Bychowsky, 1935
1. H Dactylogyridae Bychowsky, 1933
46
C nc ngt
10
39
C nc
mn
C nc ngt
C nc mn
C nc mn
C nc ngt
ngt,
C nc mn
C nc mn
C nc mn
C nc mn
C nc mn
C nc ngt
C nc ngt
2. Lp Trematoda Rudolphi,1808
13. H Aspidogastridae Poche,1907
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C nc
mn
ngt,
C nc ngt, ch
C nc ngt
C nc ngt
C nc ngt
C nc ngt
C nc ngt
C nc ngt
C nc ngt
C nc ngt
C nc ngt
C nc ngt
C nc ngt
27. H Echinostomatidae
C nc ngt
C nc ngt
C nc ngt
Dollfus et 1
ch ng
31. Lecithosteridae
C nc mn
ch ng
ch ng
C nc ngt
ch ng
C nc ngt
ch ng
C nc ngt
et 1
C nc mn
C nc mn
C nc ngt
30. H Batrachotrematidae
Williams, 1966
39.
H
Dinuridae
Guschanskaja,1954
Skrjabin
199
C nc ngt
C nc ngt
C nc ngt
13
C nc ngt
et 1
C nc ngt
C nc ngt
C nc ngt
49.
H
Physalopteridae
1893,subfam.) Leiper, 1908
C nc ngt
10
C nc ngt
C nc ngt
C nc ngt
C nc ngt
Sudarikov
(Railliet, 2
C nc ngt
C nc ngt
C nc ngt
C nc ngt
C nc ngt
C noc ngt, ch
C nc ngt
C nc ngt
C nc ngt
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200
C nc
mn
ngt,
12
C nc
nc bin
ngt,
C nc
nc bin
ngt,
C nc ngt, c
bin
C nc
nc bin
ngt,
C nc
nc bin
ngt,
6. H Cymothoidae
C nc
nc bin
ngt,
7. H Corallanidae
C nc
nc bin
ngt,
8. H Aegidae
C nc
nc bin
ngt,
9. H Bopyridae
Tm nc ngt,
nc bin
GIP XC
Lp Crustacea J.Lamarck, 1801
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MC LC
BI M U ....................................................................................................................... 1
MC TIU V NI DUNG CHNH CA MN HC ........................................................ 1
TNH HNH NGHIN CU BNH K SINH TRNG TRN TH GII V VIT
NAM .................................................................................................................................. 2
CHNG 1. I CNG V K SINH TRNG V BNH K SINH TRNG .............. 7
1. CC KHI NIM C BN V K SINH TRNG V BNH K SINH TRNG ... 7
1. 1. Lch s nghin cu k sinh trng .................................................................................... 7
1.1.1 Thi k th k th VII tr v trc ............................................................................. 7
1.1.2. Thi k th k th VII n th k XVI ........................................................................ 7
1.1.3. Thi k t th k XVII n gia th k XVIII ............................................................. 7
1.1.4. Thi k t gia th k XVIII n gia th k XX ........................................................ 7
1.1.5. Thi k na sau th k XX......................................................................................... 7
2. CC NH NGHA V KHI NIM ........................................................................... 8
2.1. K sinh trng ............................................................................................................... 8
2.1.1. nh ngha ............................................................................................................ 8
2.1.2. Hnh thi, cu to .................................................................................................. 8
2.1.3. Cu to c quan ................................................................................................... 9
2.1.4. c im sinh sn ca k sinh trng ..................................................................... 9
2.2. Hin tng k sinh .................................................................................................... 10
2.3. Bnh k sinh trng ..................................................................................................... 11
2.3.1. nh ngha .......................................................................................................... 11
2.3.2. iu kin pht sinh bnh k sinh trng................................................................ 11
2.4. Khi nim v k sinh vt, k ch, k ch trung gian, k ch cui cng, k ch bt
buc, k ch d tr, k ch thng qua .............................................................................. 12
3. CC HNH THC K SINH ...................................................................................... 13
3.1. Cn c vo tnh cht k sinh ...................................................................................... 13
3.1.1. K sinh gi.......................................................................................................... 13
3.1.2. K sinh tht ........................................................................................................ 13
3.1.3. K sinh giai on ................................................................................................ 14
3.1.4. K sinh sut i .................................................................................................. 14
3.2. Cn c vo v tr k sinh ............................................................................................ 14
3.2.1. Ngoi k sinh ...................................................................................................... 14
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Bauer, 1977) (1- sn trng thnh; 2- trng sn; 3- miracidium; 4- sporocyste, redia; 5cercaria; 6- c Limnea; 7. C chp b nhim sn Sanguinicola. ........................................... 110
2.1.5. Bin php phng v tr bnh.............................................................................. 111
2.2. Bnh u trng sn l song ch k sinh mt c - Diplostomulosis .......................... 111
2.2.1. Tc nhn gy bnh ............................................................................................ 111
2.2.2. c im dch t hc......................................................................................... 112
Hnh 56. A- u trng Metacercarria ca Diplostomulum hupehensis: B- Chu k pht trin
ca sn Diplostomulum hupehensis (1- trng, 2- miracidium, 3- c- VCTG I v sporocyste 4cercaria, 5- c- VCTGII v metacercaria, 6- chim n c- KCCC v sn trng thnh) ........ 112
2.2.3. Du hiu bnh l ............................................................................................... 113
2.2.4. Phng php chn on bnh ............................................................................ 113
2.2.5. Bin php phng v tr bnh.............................................................................. 114
2.3. Bnh sng mang do u trng sn k sinh c - Centrocestosis ................................ 114
2.3.1. Tc nhn gy bnh ............................................................................................ 114
2.3.2. c im dch t hc......................................................................................... 116
2.3.3. Du hiu bnh l ............................................................................................... 116
2.3.4. Phng php chn on bnh ............................................................................ 116
2.3.5. Bin php phng v tr bnh.............................................................................. 116
2.4. Bnh u trng sn l gan trong tht c - Opisthorchis ............................................... 116
2.4.1. Tc nhn gy bnh ............................................................................................ 116
2.4.2. c im dch t hc......................................................................................... 119
2.4.3. Du hiu bnh l ............................................................................................... 119
2.4.4. Phng php chn on .................................................................................... 119
2.4.5. Bin php phng v tr bnh.............................................................................. 120
2.5. Bnh u trng sn l gan trong tht c Clonorchosis .............................................. 120
2.5.1. Tc nhn gy bnh ............................................................................................ 120
2.5.2. c im dch t hc......................................................................................... 121
2.5.3. Du hiu bnh l ............................................................................................... 122
2.5.4. Phng php chn on bnh ............................................................................ 122
2.5.5. Bin php phng v tr bnh.............................................................................. 122
2.6. Bnh u trng sn l phi cua ............................................................................... 122
2.6.1. Tc nhn gy bnh ............................................................................................ 122
2.6.3. Du hiu bnh l ............................................................................................... 123
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3.6.2. Ging: Pallisentis Van Cleave, 1928 - Bnh Pallisentosis ................................ 157
Hnh 92. Pallisentis ophiocephali: A- cui phia strc; B- vi; C- ui con c; D- c th
con c; E,F- mc ca vi; G,H- mc trn thn; I- ui con ci; J- trng............................ 158
3.6.3. Ging: Neosentis Van Cleave, 1928 - Bnh Neosentosis .................................. 159
Hnh 93. Neosentis celatus: A- Cui pha sau con ci (c quan giao cu), B- Vi; C. Con c
trng thnh; D-H- Cc mc trn vi; I-N- Cc gai nhm th hai trn thn ....................... 159
4.1. Bnh do lp a gy ra ............................................................................................. 160
4.1.1. Tc nhn gy bnh ............................................................................................ 160
4.1.2. c im dch t hc......................................................................................... 161
4.1.3. Du hiu bnh l ............................................................................................... 161
4.1.4. Phng php chn on .................................................................................... 161
4.1.5. Bin php phng v tr bnh.............................................................................. 161
4.2. Bnh Pissciolosis ..................................................................................................... 161
4.2.1. Tc nhn gy bnh ............................................................................................ 161
4.2.2. c im dch t hc......................................................................................... 162
4.2.3. Du hiu bnh l ............................................................................................... 163
4.2.4. Phng php chn on bnh ............................................................................ 163
4.2.5. Bin php phng v tr bnh.............................................................................. 163
CHNG 4. BNH DO NGNH CHN KHP ATHROPODA ...................................... 165
1. BNH DO B CHN CHO COPEPODA K SINH. ................................................. 166
1.1. c im hinh thai, cu to ....................................................................................... 166
1.2. Cac hinh thc sinh sn v chu k phat trin. ........................................................... 169
1. 2.1. Cc hnh thc sinh sn............................................................................................. 169
Tp tnh sinh sn hu nh ging nhau nhm copepoda sng t do, nhng cc loi khc nhau
c thi k sinh sn khc nhau. Nhng li c rt t s liu v tp tnh sinh sn ca nhm
harpacticoida. ..................................................................................................................... 169
1.2.2. Chu k pht trin .................................................................................................. 169
3. MT S BNH DO COPEPODA GY RA TRN NG VT THY SN ......... 170
3.1. Bnh do gip xc thuc h Ergasilidae k sinh c ................................................ 170
3.1.1. Tc nhn gy bnh ............................................................................................ 170
Hnh 104. Cu to c quan ming Ergasilus ...................................................................... 172
3.1.2. c im dch t hc......................................................................................... 175
3.1.3. Du hiu bnh l ............................................................................................... 176
3.1.4. Phng php chn on .................................................................................... 176
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u trng mi n c kch thc nh, chiu di 0,5 mm, c th ging trng trng thnh nhng
tuyn sinh dc cha pht trin. u trng tri qua lt xc khong 6-7 ln s thnh trng trng
thnh, nhit nc 25-300C mt khong 30 ngy. Nhit thun li cho sinh sn ca
ging Argulus l 25-280C, nhit ny Argulus c th quay vng n 3 th h trong mt
ma h, t 1 con m c th sn sinh ra 2 triu con. ............................................................. 188
1.2. c im dch t hc ............................................................................................... 188
1.2.1. Phn b ............................................................................................................. 188
1.2.2. K ch k sinh .................................................................................................. 188
1.2.3. Tc hi .............................................................................................................. 188
1.2.4. Ma v xut hin bnh ...................................................................................... 189
Hnh 119. A- trng ca Argulus japonicus; B- u trng ca Argulus japonicus; D-F- cc giai
on u trng ca Argulus foliaceus ................................................................................... 189
1.3. Du hiu bnh l..................................................................................................... 190
1.4. Phng php chn on bnh .................................................................................. 190
1.4.1. Phng php chn on lm sng ..................................................................... 190
1.4.2. Phng php chn on phng th nghim ........................................................ 190
1.5. Bin php phng v tr bnh .................................................................................... 190
1.5.2. Tr bnh ............................................................................................................ 190
2. MT S LOI ARGULUS THNG GP K SINH TRN C ............................... 191
2.1. Argulus japonicus Thiele,1900 ................................................................................ 191
Hnh 120. Argulus japonicus Thiele,1900: A-mt lng; B-mt bng ................................. 191
2.2. Argulus foliaceus (Linne, 1758) .............................................................................. 191
Hnh 121. Argulus foliaceus: A- Mt lng; B- Mt bng ................................................... 191
2.3. Argulus chinensis Ku et Yang, 1955 ........................................................................ 192
Argulus chinensis k sinh trn da c qu, c lc bng, c bng tng. C th c mu trong,
sc t phn b u trn gip lng. Gip lng gn hnh trn, on cui l bn trn, ko di n
gia i chn bi th t, hai l bn tri, bn phi khng gp nhau. gia hai mt kp c mt
i vch dc chy song song, pha trc v sau mt phn nng v khng ko di n bin
trc. Chiu di con ci 8-9mm, chiu di con c 6,3-8,5 mm. Phn bng di bng 1/2,8
chiu di gip lng, bin c nhiu gai nh. ......................................................................... 192
BNH DO B CHN U ISOPODA ........................................................................... 192
1. BNH RN C ICHTHYOSENOSIS ....................................................................... 192
1.1. Tc nhn gy bnh ................................................................................................... 192
1.1.1. Phn loi ........................................................................................................... 192
Ging Ichthyoxenus ............................................................................................................ 192
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