B T HOI CI TIN Gii php x l nc thi phn tn y ha hn

PGS. TS. NGUYN VIT ANH V CC CTV Trung tm K thut Mi trng th v Khu cng nghip (CEETIA), Trng i hc Xy dng H Ni

Mt trong nhng tc nhn gy nhim mi trng, c bit nhim ngun nc mt l do nc thi phn tn t cc khu dn c, nh my, x nghip... Thng qua Tiu d n V sinh phn tn (DESA), cc nh khoa hc ti Trung tm K thut mi trng th v khu cng nghip (CEETIA) thuc Trng i hc Xy dng H Ni khng ch nghin cu mt cch h thng v cc m hnh qun l nc thi phn tn, m cn cung cp cc gii php cng ngh x l hu hiu, trong c b t hoi ci tin BAST v BASTAF.

Mt trong nhng vn mi trng m Vit Nam ang phi i mt l s nhim ngun nc mt do hu ht nc thi cha c x l tt, c bit ti cc khu dn c th v nng thn. Ch mt phn nc thi t cc khu v sinh c x l s b bng b t hoi, cn li c thi trc tip vo h thng cng chung, knh mng, ao h t nhin. Vic xy dng cc h thng x l nc thi tp trung mi ch c bt u mt cch chm chp cc th ln, ch yu do iu kin ti chnh hn hp. Do , t nht trong 20-30 nm ti, x l nc thi sinh hot phn tn quy m h gia nh v cm dn c s gi vai tr quyt nh trong bo v mi trng th, ven v nng thn. Tip theo pha 1 (1998 2003), trong khun kh D n tng cng nng lc cho CEETIA (ESTNV), do Chnh ph Thy S ti tr, trong pha 2 (2004 2007), DESA c trin khai vi mc tiu cung cp cc kin thc khoa hc v cc h thng x l nc thi phn tn, trong , tp trung vo xy dng cc gii php cng ngh x l nc thi sinh hot ph hp, thay th b t hoi truyn thng - mt cng ngh ph bin Vit

Nam. Cc nghin cu c thc hin cng phu trong phng th nghim, trc khi gn 20 h thng x l nc thi sinh hot cho h gia nh hoc cm dn c c DESA thit k, lp t, quan trc v nh gi. DESA cng quan tm n cc kha cnh v qun l nc thi phn tn. Mt s nghin cu v ang c thc hin, vi s hp tc ca cc i tc trong nc v quc t, xc nh tim nng v hn ch ca cc m hnh qun l nc thi theo kha cnh th ch, t chc, ti chnh, tng cng nng lc - gio dc truyn thng. B t hoi ci tin vi vch ngn mng (baffled septic tank BAST) B t hoi truyn thng l mt cng ngh x l s b nc thi sinh hot ph bin nht Vit Nam hin nay cng nh nhiu nc khc. Vi b t hoi truyn thng, hai qu trnh ch yu: lng v phn hy k kh cn lng, ch cho php t hiu sut x l ti a theo cn l lng l 50% v theo cht hu c COD l 30%. Trn thc t, rt nhiu b t hoi truyn thng cho hiu sut x l thp hn nhiu, do c thit k, xy dng v qun l khng ng quy cch. Nhm nghin cu tm cch ci tin cc b t hoi truyn thng bng vic thay i cu to b, thm vo cc vch ngn mng hng dng chy thng ng trong b. M hnh x l nc thi trong phng th nghim c lm bng cc ng nha PVC ng knh 200 mm, chiu cao 1.500 mm, b tr ni tip. Nc thi c bm lin tc vo cc m hnh, dng chy hng t di ln. S ngn (c m phng bng s ng nha ni tip) c thay i t 2 n 6 (m hnh A). S ngn lc k kh: 0 n 2. 2 ng nha b tr ni tip, m phng b t hoi 2 ngn truyn thng lm i chng (m hnh B). Cc ngn x l dng hng ln ca A bo m s tip xc trc tip ca dng nc thi vi lp bn y b ni cha qun th cc vi khun k kh, cho php nng cao hiu sut x l. Nc thi toilet t khu ging ng Trng i hc Xy dng l ngun nc c s dng trong nghin cu, vi hm lng cht hu c COD c khng ch ~ 500 mg/l, hm lng cn l lng SS nm trong khong 151 - 618 mg/l. Lng kh sinh hc to thnh c o bng cc b o kh t ng hin s lp vo m hnh. Trong sut thi gian nghin cu (2003 n nay), cc thng s vn hnh c thay i: nng cht bn u vo (theo COD v SS), s ngn b, thi gian lu nc trong b (12 n 72 gi), vn tc dng hng ln (t 0,1 n 2 m/h). Cc yu t nh hng khc nh thnh phn, tnh cht nc thi u vo, nhit mi trng... cng c theo di, nh gi. Kt qu c ghi nhn nh sau: Hiu sut x l trung bnh ca b BAST theo CODts, COD lc v SS t c kh n nh, tng ng l 60 80%, ty thuc vo thi gian lu nc (HRT) v s ngn b BAST. B t hoi truyn thng B lm vic trong iu kin ti u c hiu sut x l CODt, CODl v SS thp hn nhiu, gi tr tng ng l 35 - 60%. Hiu sut x l ph thuc nhiu vo nhit nc thi v mi trng, nht l khong di 20oC. Vi HRT = 12...48 gi, hiu sut x l theo CODts, COD lc, SS ph thuc rt nhiu vo HRT. Hiu sut x l tng khi HRT tng. Tuy nhin, khi tng HRT ln trn 48 gi th hiu sut x l theo c CODts, CODlc hay SS u tng khng ng k, mc d vic tng HRT cng lm qu trnh x l n nh hn. Cc kt qu cho thy HRT = 48 gi l ti u nht i vi b BAST. Gi tr ny cng ph hp vi thng s thit k b t hoi truyn thng ang c p dng trn ton th gii. iu ny cng c ngha l b t

hoi ci tin c vch ngn mng c hiu sut x l cao hn b t hoi truyn thng c cng dung tch. Khi tng s ngn trong b BAST hn 4 ngn, vi cng thi gian lu nc 48 gi, hiu sut x l cng tng khng ng k. Nu cn nhc n c kha cnh kinh t v vn hnh, bo dng th 2...4 ngn l s ngn c xut la chn cho thit k b BAST. B t hoi ci tin c vch ngn mng v ngn lc k kh (BASTAF) nghin cu nng cao hiu qu x l ca b BAST, nhm nghin cu thm mt ngn lc k kh vo v tr ngn cui cng (b BASTAF). Kt qu nghin cu cho thy ngn lc vi vt liu l than x hay cc qu cu ch to t nha ti ch VABCO cho php nng cao hiu sut x l ca b trung bnh ~ 10% theo COD v SS. Ngn lc k kh cn ng vai tr quan trng trong vic trnh ra tri cc cht rn ra khi b (Xem hnh)

Kt qu nghin cu ngoi hin trng Nhm nghin cu lp t nhiu b BAST v BASTAF th nghim (pilot) ngoi hin trng. Kt qu x l COD v SS ca b BASTAF P-01 c 3 ngn + 1 ngn lc, lp t ti mt h gia nh 5 ngi qun Hai B Trng, H Ni. Trong khong thi gian nghin cu t thng 2/2003 n 11/2005, mc d nc thi th t toilet c nng m c v dao ng (COD: 1.500 - 4.800 mg/l), nhng hiu qu x l cc cht hu c v cht rn l lng rt cao v n nh c ghi nhn: 77% (45,9 - 95,8%) theo COD v 86,2% (69,1 - 97,3%) theo SS (Xem biu ). T nm 2002 n nay, 20 b BAST v BASTAF c thit k, xy dng ti cc khu vc ni thnh v ven H Ni, H Ty, Bc Ninh, trong 14 b a vo s dng. Cc b ny c xy dng vi kch thc khc nhau, tu thuc i tng s dng: t b x l nc en cho cc h gia nh n l n b x l nc thi sinh hot cho khu nh chung c cao tng, trng hc, cm dn c (mt ng xm), lng ngh nu ru, ch bin nng sn, hi sn Cc kt qu quan trc thu c t cc b BAST v BASTAF th nghim cho thy, y l cng ngh rt hiu qu x l nc thi ti ch, cho php t hiu sut x l theo COD, SS v cc ch tiu khc cao, vi cht lng u ra n nh, mc d s dao ng ca lu lng v nng cht bn ca cc loi nc thi l rt ln. B BAST (bao gm mt ngn lng v hai ngn c dng chy hng ln) c xut p dng

cho cc h gia nh c nc thi sau x l x ra cng thot nc cng cng; B BASTAF vi ngn lc k kh cui b nn c p dng trong trng hp nc thi sau x l thi ra mi trng. Ngn lc cn cho php tch cn lng, trnh tc trong cc cng trnh x l nc thi phn tn tip theo nh cc bi lc ngm, b lc ct... B nn c xy dng ngoi nh, c np b kim tra, bo dng ngn lc. Nhm nghin cu DESA vi cng trnh nghin cu v cc m hnh x l nc thi phn tn vi b t hoi ci tin vinh d c nhn Cp Mi trng Vit Nam ti Hi ch - Trin lm Quc t ln th I v Cng ngh Mi trng, t chc ti H Ni 4/2006.