597noi Dung2

n tt nghip Thit k v thi cng anten yagi
SVTH : Nguyn Ngc Tun - Trang 1 - GVHD : ThS Li Nguyn Duy

Bi Quang Ch Thin
MC LC
Ni dung Trang
M u....................................................................................................................4
Tm Tt ni dung.....................................................................................................5
Phn I : L Thuyt Anten .............................................................6
Chng 1: Gii Thiu S Lc V Anten .................................................... 6
1.1 S lc lch s pht trin ca Anten ..............................................................6
1.2 Gii thiu h thng thu pht ..........................................................................7
1.3 V tr ca Anten trong k thut v tuyn in ................................................8
1.4 Nhng yu cu c bn ca Anten ................................................................10
Chng 2: L Thuyt C Bn V Anten .................................................... 12
2.1. Qu trnh bc x sng in t......................................................................12
2.2. Vn tc truyn lan sng in t ...................................................................14
2.3. Di tn v di tn cng tc ca anten...........................................................19
2.4. H phng trnh Maxwell............................................................................20
2.5. H s tc dng nh hng D v H s tng ch G.......................................25
Chng 3: L Thuyt Gn ng V Chn T i Xng......................... 29
3.1. Phn b dng trn chn t i xng.............................................................29
3.2. Tr khng sng ca chn t i xng..........................................................34
3.3. Tr khng vo ca chn t i xng............................................................34
3.4. rt ngn ca chn t na sng. ...............................................................36
3.5. H s tc dng nh hng ca chn t i xng............................................37

Bi Quang Ch Thin

Chng 4: L Thuyt Anten Thu................................................................ 39
4.1. Chn t i xng lm vic ch thu.......................................................39
4.2. p dng nguyn l tng h nghin cu tnh cht chung ca anten thu ..42
4.3. Cng sut thu c trn ti anten thu...........................................................46
4.4. Din tch hiu dng ca anten thu.....................................................................48
Phn II: Thit K V Thi Cng Anten Yagi ...............................50
Chng 5: Anten Yagi ................................................................................. 50
5.1. Cu trc ca anten Yagi...............................................................................50
5.2. Phng php tnh cc c trng tham s ca anten.........................................58
5.3. Vn tip in v phi hp tr khng............................................................61
Chng 6: M Phng................................................................................... 69
6.1. Trng hp d = 0,25; f = 650 Mhz; thay i N..........................................69
6.2. Trng hp N = 6, f = 650 Mhz; thay i d.................................................72
6.3. Trng hp N = 6; d
px
= d
dx
= 0,25, thay i tn s....................................76
6.4. Trng hp f = 650 Mhz; thay i N v d ...................................................79
6.5. Trng hp d
px
= d
dx
= 0,115 m thay i N v f...........................................81
6.6. Trng hp N = 6, thay i f v d ...............................................................83
Chng 7: Thit K V Thi Cng Anten Yagi Thu Cc Knh Truyn
Hnh BTV1, BTV2 ...................................................................................... 86
7.1. Vi nt v di truyn hnh Bnh Dng .......................................................86
7.2. Chn m hnh v cc thng s cu to ca anten .........................................87
7.3. Tnh c trng hng ..................................................................................89
7.4. Tnh tr vo ca anten.................................................................................93

Bi Quang Ch Thin
7.5. Tnh h s tc dng nh hng...................................................................94
7.6. Tip in cho anten .....................................................................................95
7.7. Thi cng ......................................................................................................95
Kt lun v hng pht trin ..................................................................................96
Ti liu tham kho..................................................................................................98
Ph Lc 1: Cc ton t trng in t anten..........................................................99
Ph Lc 2: Bng tr khng ca hai chn t na sng ........................................... 101
Ph Lc 3: Chng trnh m phng ..................................................................... 104


Bi Quang Ch Thin

M U

Cng vi s pht trin ca x hi, nhu cu trao i thng tin, gii tr ca con
ngi ngy cng cao v tht s cn thit. Bng cch s dng cc h thng pht,
thu v tuyn phn no p ng c nhu cu cp nht thng tin ca con ngi
cc khong cch xa mt cch nhanh chng v chnh xc.
Bt c mt h thng v tuyn no cng phi s dng anten pht hoc thu
tn hiu. Trong cuc sng hng ngy chng ta d dng bt gp rt nhiu cc h
thng anten nh: h thng anten dng cho truyn hnh mt t, v tinh, cc BTS
dng cho cc mng in thoi di dng. Hay nhng vt dng cm tay nh b m,
in thoi di ng, radio cng u s dng anten.
Qua vic nghin cu v l thuyt v k thut anten s gip ta nm c cc
c s l thuyt anten, nguyn l lm vic v c s tnh ton, phng php o cc
tham s c bn ca cc loi anten thng dng. l l do ngi thc hin chn
ti Thit k v thi cng anten Yagi.
Mc ch ca ti l tm hiu v l thuyt anten, phng php tnh v thit
k anten Yagi thu c cc knh BTV1, BTV2 ca i truyn hnh Bnh Dng.
Nh th, gii hn ca ti ch trong phm vi hp l nghin cu anten Yagi v cc
phn l thuyt c lin quan. Tuy nhin y l c s rt quan trng c th tip
tc nghin cu v pht trin k thut anten.


Bi Quang Ch Thin

TM TT NI DUNG

Tp lun vn ny c chia lm hai phn chnh:
Phn I: L thuyt anten
Trong phn ny, s khi qut v s ra i, v tr, vai tr v nhng yu
cu c bn ca anten trong k thut v tuyn in v l thuyt cn thit
nghin cu v thit k anten c th nh:
L thuyt v truyn sng
L thuyt c bn v anten
L thuyt gn ng v chn t i xng
L thuyt v anten thu
Phn II: Thit k v thi cng anten Yagi
Phn ny s trnh by v l thuyt anten Yagi
S dng Matlab m phng th bc x ca anten khi thay i cc
thng s k thut ca anten.
Trnh by qu trnh thit k anten Yagi thu cc knh BTV1, BTV2 ca
i truyn hnh Bnh Dng theo yu cu ca ti.


Bi Quang Ch Thin

Phn I:
L THUYT ANTEN
----------------

Chng 1:
GII THIU S LC V ANTEN

1.1. S lc lch s pht trin ca Anten
Anten l nhng h thng cho php truyn v nhn nng lng in t. Anten
c th c xem nh l cc thit b dng truyn nng lng trng in t gia
my pht v my thu m khng cn bt k phng tin truyn dn tp trung no
nh: cp ng, ng dn sng hoc si quang.
Trong nhiu ng dng, cc anten c th cnh tranh vi cc phng tin
truyn dn khc pht v chuyn ti nng lng trng in t. Thng thng
suy hao trng in t trong cc vt liu s tng nhanh theo tn s. iu ny c
hiu ngm rng, khi tn s tng th vic dng cc phn dn sng bng vt liu s
km thuyt phc v km hiu qu trong vic chuyn ti nng lng trng in t.
(iu ny cng c ngha l hiu sut ca anten cng tng theo tn s). Do thc
t Anten c a chung hn trong vic chuyn ti cc trng in t tn s
cao.

Bi Quang Ch Thin
Sng in t, nn tng ca l thuyt anten, c xy dng trn c s nhng
phng trnh c bn ca in hc v t hc. Maxwell h thng mt cch khi
qut ton b l thuyt trn thnh mt h phng trnh rt ni ting v rt quan
trng: h phng trnh Maxwell. Mt vi mc quan trng trong lch s pht trin
ca Anten:
- Nm 1886: nh vt l ngi c Hemrich Rudoff Hertz bng l lun v
thc nghim chng t rng nu dng mt mch dao ng h vi lng
cc Hertz th vng xa lng cc s hnh thnh trng pht x.
- Sau khi hon thnh dng c chng minh th nghim ca Hertz, nm
1897 Popob nh pht minh v tuyn in ngi Nga dng cc dng c
ny lm phng tin truyn tn hiu in bo khng dy dn v c kh nng
truyn cc tn hiu khong cch 3 dm.
- Nm 1901 : Guglielmo Marconi c th truyn tn hiu trn khong cch
ln. H thng ny hot ng tn s khong 60 Khz .
- Nm 1916 : Trc nm 1916, hu ht thng tin v tuyn ch yu l in
bo. Trong nm 1916, ln u tin s dng tn hiu iu ch bin
truyn tn hiu thoi qua sng v tuyn .
- Nm 1930: Ngi ta to c ngun pht klystron v magnetron c kh
nng pht ra tn hiu vi tn s ln n GHz (gi l dao ng cao tn).
- T 1940 n nay: Anten c ng dng rt rng ri trong h thng
thng tin v tuyn, v tuyn truyn thanh, truyn hnh, v tuyn thin vn,
v tuyn iu khin t xa,
1.2. Gii thiu h thng thu pht
Ngy nay, cng vi s pht trin ca k thut v tuyn, thng tin lin lc
dng anten c s dng rng ri trong nhiu lnh vc. Sau y l s h thng
thu pht n gin :


Bi Quang Ch Thin

Hnh 1.1: S h thng thng tin
h thng pht anten ng vai tr nh l thnh phn bc x sng in t, n
chuyn tn hiu in thnh nng lng in t lan truyn trong khng gian. Khi
n anten thu th nng lng in t c bin i thnh tn hiu in my thu,
y tn hiu c tr v dng ban u ca n.
1.3. V tr ca Anten trong k thut v tuyn in
Vic truyn nng lng in t trong khng gian c th thc hin bng hai
con ng. Mt trong hai con ng l dng cc h thng truyn dn nh dy
song hnh, cp ng trc, ng dn sng, v.v chuyn ch sng in t trc tip
trn ng truyn di dng dng in. Sng in t lan truyn trong h thng
ny thuc h thng in t rng buc (hu tuyn).
Cch truyn ny tuy c chnh xc cao nhng chi ph ln trong vic xy
dng h thng ng truyn. Hn na vi khong cch kh xa hay a hnh phc
tp khng th xy dng c ng truyn hu tuyn th cch truyn ny c
thay th bng cch cho sng in t bc x ra mi trng t do. Sng s c
truyn i di dng sng in t t do (v tuyn) t ni pht n ni thu. Vy cn
phi c mt thit b pht sng in t ra khng gian cng nh thu nhn sng in
t t khng gian, a vo my thu. Loi thit b ny c gi l anten.
H thng
cm ng
bc x
H thng
gia cng
tn hiu
My thu Thit b
x l tin
H thng
cung cp
tn hiu
H thng
bc x
Thit b
iu ch
My pht
H thng pht H thng thu

Bi Quang Ch Thin
Anten l b phn quan trng khng th thiu ca bt k h thng v tuyn
in no, v l h thng v tuyn c ngha l h thng c s dng sng in
t, th khng th khng dng n thit b bc x hoc thu sng in t.
V d, mt h thng lin lc v tuyn n gin bao gm my pht, my thu,
anten pht v anten thu. Thng thng gia my pht v anten pht cng nh gia
my thu v anten thu khng ni trc tip vi nhau m c ghp vi nhau qua
ng truyn nng lng in t gi l fide. Trong h thng ny, my pht c
nhim v to ra dao ng in cao tn. Dao ng in s c truyn i theo fide
ti anten pht di dng sng in t rng buc. Anten pht c nhim v bin i
thnh sng in t t do bc x ra khng gian. Cu to ca anten s quyt nh
c tnh bin i nng lng in t ni trn.
Anten thu c nhim v ngc vi anten pht, n tip thu sng in t t do
t khng gian ngoi v bin i chng thnh sng in t rng buc. Sng ny s
c truyn theo fide ti my thu, cn mt phn s bc x tr li vo khng gian
(bc x th cp).
Yu cu ca thit b anten-fide l phi thc hin vic truyn v bin i nng
lng vi hiu sut cao nht v khng gy ra mo dng tn hiu.
Anten c ng dng trong cc h thng thng tin v tuyn, v tuyn truyn
thanh, truyn hnh, v tuyn thin vn, v tuyn iu khin t xa.
Anten c s dng vi cc mc ch khc nhau cng c nhng yu cu
khc nhau.Vi cc i pht thanh v v tuyn truyn hnh th anten cn bc x
ng u trong mt phng ngang, cho cc my thu t cc hng bt k u
c th thu c tn hiu ca i pht. Song anten li cn bc x nh hng trong
mt phng ng, vi hng cc i song song vi mt t cc i thu trn mt
t c th nhn c tn hiu ln nht v gim nh nng lng bc x theo cc
hng khng cn thit.
Trong thng tin mt t hoc v tr, thng tin chuyn tip, rada, v tuyn
iu khinth yu cu anten bc x vi hng tnh cao, ngha l sng bc x ch
tp trung vo mt gc rt hp trong khng gian.

Bi Quang Ch Thin
Nh vy nhim v ca anten khng ch n gin l bin i nng lng in
t cao tn thnh sng in t t do, m phi bc x sng y theo nhng hng
nht nh, vi cc yu cu k thut cho trc.
Ngy nay, s pht trin ca k thut trong cc lnh vc thng tin, rada, iu
khin cng i hi anten khng ch n thun lm nhim v bc x hay thu
sng in t m cn tham gia vo qu trnh gia cng tn hiu. Trong trng hp
tng qut, anten cn c hiu l mt t hp bao gm nhiu h thng, trong
ch yu nht l h thng bc x, hoc cm th sng bao gm cc phn t anten, h
thng cung cp tn hiu bo m vic phn phi nng lng cho cc phn t bc
xvi cc yu cu khc nhau, hoc h thng gia cng tn hiu.
1.4. Nhng yu cu c bn ca Anten
Nhng yu cu c bn i vi anten c xc nh bi nhim v ca thit b
v tuyn in, chng hn yu cu v:
Tnh nh hng
Anten ca cc i truyn thanh, truyn hnh phi pht x u theo mi pha
dc mt t, cn trong radar thng tin cn phi pht x trong mt hnh qut hp
nhm tp trung nng lng v pha i i. Anten cng phi c tnh cht thu
nh hng, cng vi chn lc ca my thu, tnh chn lc theo hng ca anten
l phng tin chng nhiu c hiu qu.
Phi hp tr khng
Anten phi bo m pht v thu nng lng cc i. Do m c th xem
anten nh mt thit b phi hp gia fide v khng gian t do.
Di tn
Dao ng in t bin iu mang tin tc t my pht qua fide ti anten.
thng tin khng b mo, anten phi c mt di tn nht nh. chng nhiu
thng dng phng php chuyn tn s cng tc hoc ph hp vi iu kin
chuyn sng m cc i lin lc sng ngn phi lm vic cc di tn s khc

Bi Quang Ch Thin
nhau vo ban ngy v ban m. Do anten phi lm vic cc di tn khc nhau
m khng c s thay i ng k v cht lng.
Tnh phn cc
Tnh phn cc cng phi ty yu cu c th. Chng hn anten phi t trn
vt th bay pht x trng phn cc tuyn tnh ( hng vect in trng khng
thay i theo thi gian) th thu c trng ny anten thu phi c phn cc trn
hay phn cc elip (u mt vect E trong mt chu k dao ng v nn ng trn
hay elip).
Ngoi ra, m bo kh nng thng tin theo kiu tn x t cc min bt
ng nht ca tng i lu c tin cy cao th c trng hng ca anten phi
thay i theo mt chng trnh nht nh.
nh gi c anten thc hin nhim v v tho mn cc yu cu k thut
ra nh th no ta thng dng cc ch tiu k thut c bn ca anten sau y:
Nhm cc c trng: c trng hng, c trng pha, c trng phn
cc.
Nhm cc tham s: H s tc dng nh hng, hiu sut, h s khuch
i, chiu di hiu dng, din tch hiu dng, tr khng vo


Bi Quang Ch Thin
Chng 2:
L THUYT C BN V ANTEN

2.1. Qu trnh bc x sng in t
V nguyn l, bt k h thng in t no c kh nng to ra in trng
hoc t trng bin thin u c kh nng bc x sng in t. Tuy nhin trong
thc t s bc x sng in t ch xy ra trong nhng iu kin nht nh.
v d ta xt mt mch dao ng c kch thc rt nh so vi bc sng.
Nu t vo mch mt sc in ng bin i th trong khng gian ca t in s
pht sinh mt in trng bin thin, cn trong khng gian ca cun cm s pht
sinh mt t trng bin thin. Nhng in trng, t trng ny hu nh khng
bc x ra ngoi m b rng buc bi cc phn t trong mch. Dng in dch
chuyn qua t in theo ng ngn nht trong khng gian gia hai m t in
nn nng lng in trng b gii hn trong khong khng gian y. Cn nng
lng t trng tp trung ch yu trong mt th tch nh trong lng cun cm.
Nng lng ca c h thng s c bo ton nu khng c tn hao nhit trong
cc dy dn v in mi ca mch.
Nu m rng kch thc ca t in (hnh 2.1b) th dng in dch s khng
ch dch chuyn trong khong khng gian gia hai m t in m mt b phn s
lan ta ra mi trng ngoi v c th truyn ti nhng im nm cch xa ngun
(ngun in trng l cc in tch bin i trn hai m t in).

Bi Quang Ch Thin

Hnh 2.1: V d v mch dao ng thng s tp trung
Nu m rng hn na kch thc ca t in (hnh 2.1 c,d) th dng in dch
s lan ta ra cng nhiu v to ra in trng bin thin vi bin ln hn trong
khong khng gian bn ngoi. Khi t ti mt khong cch kh xa ngun, chng
s thot khi s rng buc vi ngun, ngha l khng cn lin h vi cc in tch
trn hai m t in na. Tht vy, nu ta quan st cc ng sc in trng gn
t in th thy chng khng t khp kn m c im bt ngun l cc in tch
trn hai m t in. Do gi tr ca in trng nhng im nm trn ng
sc y s bin thin ng thi vi s bin thin ca in tch trn hai m t in.
Nhng nu xt mt im M cch xa ngun th c th thy rng ti mt thi im
no , in trng ti M c th t mt gi tr nht nh trong lc in tch trn
hai m t in bin i qua li gi tr 0. Khi y cc ng sc in trng s
khng cn rng buc vi cc in tch na m chng phi t khp kn trong khng
gian, ngha l hnh thnh mt trng xoy. Theo quy lut ca in trng bin
thin th in trng xoy s to ra mt t trng bin i, t trng ny s tip
tc to ra mt in trng xoy, ngha l hnh thnh mt qu trnh sng in t.
Phn nng lng thot ra ngoi v truyn i trong khng gian t do c gi
l nng lng bc x hay nng lng hu cng. Phn nng lng in t rng
buc vi ngun s dao ng gn ngun, khng tham gia vo vic to thnh sng
in t, c gi l nng lng v cng.
b)

Bi Quang Ch Thin
Ta nhn thy rng, mt h thng bc x in t c hiu qu l mt h thng
m trong in trng hoc t trng bin thin c kh nng thm nhp c
nhiu vo khng gian bn ngoi. tng cng kh nng bc x ca cc h thng,
ta cn m rng hn na khng gian bao trm ca cc ng sc in trng.
Dipole Hertz l mt cu trc bc x c hiu qu. N c hnh thnh t cc h
thng in t ni trn vi s bin dng hai tm kim loi ca t in thnh hai on
dy dn mnh v hai qu cu kim loi hai u. Dipole Hertz l mt trong cc
ngun bc x n gin nht v l phn t cu trc thnh cc anten dy phc
tp.
2.2. Vn tc truyn lan sng in t
Gi s sng in t truyn lan trong mi trng khng tn hao. Trong ch
dao ng iu ha, gi tr tc thi ca mt trong cc thnh phn bt k ca vect
E hoc H trn trc ca h to vung gc s c dng:
( ) i t z
k
Ae
e |

= (2.1)
trong : e - tn s gc; 2 f e t = vi f l tn s;
h s pha.
y trc z c coi l hng truyn sng. T (2.1) ta thy s bin i pha
ca trng dc theo hng truyn sng c xc nh bi i lng ( t z e | ).
T y ta xc nh c vn tc pha ca sng:

f
dz
dt
e
u
|
= = (2.2)
Nh bit vn tc pha ch c trng cho quan h pha ca cc dao ng iu
ha ti cc im khc nhau ca khng gian khi cc dao ng y c sinh ra v
xc lp mi ni.
Gi s im z = 0 c tn hiu bin i theo thi gian vi quy lut f(t).

Bi Quang Ch Thin
Kho st cc im khc nhau trn trc z, khi t > 0, tn hiu y c dng nh
th no. Ni cch khc, ta s xc nh hm f(t,z) nu bit hm f(t,0) v bit cc c
tnh ca mi trng m s truyn sng xy ra trong .
p dng tch phn Fourier

0
1 1
( , 0) ( ) Re ( )
2
i t i t
f t A e d A e d
e e
e e e e
t t
+
= =
} }
(2.3)
( ) A e l mt ph ca hm f(t). Theo (2.3), hm f(t,0) l tng ca v s cc
dao ng iu ha vi tn s e v bin
1
( ) A d e e
t
.
Nhng khi dao ng truyn lan dc theo trc z, mi thnh phn
1
( )
i t
A e d
e
e e
t
tng ng vi mt sng.

( )
1
( )
i t z
A e d
e |
e e
t

V vy hm f(t,z) mi thi im bt k ca trc z c th c biu th di
dng:

( )
0
1
( , ) Re ( )
i t z
f t z A e d
e |
e e
t

=
}
; z 0 (2.4)
Ta thy rng s truyn tn hiu theo mt hng cho trc c lin quan n s
lan truyn ca tt c cc thnh phn iu ho ca n.
V h s pha 2 | t = l hm s ca tn s, ngha l ( ) | | e = , nn tch phn
theo e trong (2.4) c th chuyn thnh tch phn theo .
[ ( ) ]
0
1
( , ) Re ( )
i t z
f t z A e d
e | |
| |
t

=
}
(2.5)
Gi s ph thc ca tn hiu c gii hn bi cc tn s
min 0
e e e = A v
max 0
e e e = + A , ngoi ra
0
e e A << (
0
e l tn s trung bnh ca ph). Khi tch

Bi Quang Ch Thin
phn trong (2.4) s c ly trong khong
0
e e A e
0
e e + A , cn tch
phn trong (2.5) s c ly trong khong
0 0
| | | | | A s s + A , y
0
0
o
e
|
u
= l gi tr trung bnh ng vi tn s trung bnh
0
e v vn tc pha tn s
y,
0
| | A << . Do (2.5) c dng:

0
0
( )
1
( , ) Re ( )
i t z
f t z A e d
| |
e |
| |
| |
t
+A
A
=
}
(2.6)
Coi e nh hm s ca bin , ta hy khai trin chui ( ) e | thnh chui ly
tha theo
0
| | .

0
0 0
( ) ( ) .....
d
d
|
e
e | e | |
|
= + +
(2.7)
Sau thay (2.7) vo (2.6).
Vi khong cch phn tch nh, c th ch cn ly hai s hng u trong dy
khai trin (2.7). Khi y tch phn (2.6) s tr thnh:
0
0 0 0 0
0
0
( ) [ ( )]
1
( , ) Re ( )
d
i t z
d
f t z A e d
e
| |
e | | | | |
|
| |
| |
t
(
+A
+ +
` (
)
A
=
}

0
0 0
0 0 0
0
( ) ( )
( )
1
Re ( )
d
i t z
d i t z
e A e d
e
| |
| | | |
| e |
| |
| |
t
(
+A

(

A

=
`

)
}

y
0
d
d
e
|
l o hm
d
d
e
|
ti
0
| | = .
Tip theo ta a bin s tch phn mi
0
| | = , s nhn c:

0 0 0
( )
1
( , ) Re ( )
d
i t z
d i t z
f t z e A e d
e
|

| e |
|

t
| |
+A

|
\ .
A

=
`

)
}


Bi Quang Ch Thin
Gi thit ( ) A l hm lin tc, bin i chm. Khi trong khong nh
[ , ] | | A A n c th c coi l hng s, bng
0
( ) A | . Trong trng hp ny
0 0 0
( )
0
1
( , ) Re ( )
d
i t z
d i t z
f t z A e e d
e
|

| e |
|
|
t
| |
+A

|
\ .
A

= =
`

)
}

0
0 0 0 0
sin
2
( ) cos( )
d
t z
d
A t z
d
t z
d
e
|
|
| e |
e
t
|
( | |
A
( |
\ .
=
(2.8)
trong
0
l argumen ca s phc
0
( ) A | .
V | A nh nn hm s

0
0
sin
2
( , ) ( )
d
t z
d
F t z A
d
t z
d
e
|
|
|
e
t
|
( | |
A
( |
\ .
=
(2.9)
s l hm bin i chm theo bin s t v z. V vy c th coi hm s ny l bin
ca sng
0 0 0
cos( ) t z e | . Vi z = const, hm F(t,z) s l ng bao ca
tn hiu f(t,z) c ph hp.
T (2.9) khi tng thi gian, ng bao s dch chuyn theo trc z v cc i
ti im
0
d
t z
d
e
|
= 0.
Vn tc chuyn ng theo trc z ca cc i ny bng:

0
nh
d
d
| |
e
u
|
=
= (2.10)

nh
u l vn tc nhm. N xc nh vn tc truyn lan ca nhm sng hp
thnh tn hiu.
By gi ta tm quan h gia vn tc pha v vn tc nhm.

Bi Quang Ch Thin

2
f
d
d
d
d
d d
|
| e
u
e
e
e e | |
| |
= =
|
\ .

Suy ra:
1
f
nh
f
f
d
d
d
d
u
e
u
u
e |
u e
= =
(2.11)
Nu vn tc pha khng ph thuc tn s:
0
f
d
d
u
e
= th
nh f
u u =
Trong vt l, s ph thuc ca vn tc pha vi tn s dao ng c gi l s
tn tn, cn mi trng m trong c xy ra hin tng ny c gi l mi
trng tn tn.
H thng nh hng m chng ta ang xt cng c c tnh trn
2
1
f
th
f
f
u
u =
| |
|
\ .
(2.12)
Cn h s pha:

2
2
2 2 2
2
1
th
c
m f
k k f
a f
t t
| e c
u
| |
| |
= = =
| |
\ .
\ .

p dng (2.10 ) hoc (2.11) i vi vn tc nhm:
2
1
th
nh
f
f
u u
| |
=
|
\ .
(2.13)
v
2
f nh
u u u =
Nh vy, trong mi trng khng c c tnh tn tn th tn hiu c dng bt
k s truyn lan vi vn tc u v dng ca tn hiu khng b bin i.

Bi Quang Ch Thin
2.3 Di tn v di tn cng tc ca anten
2.3.1 Di thng tn
Ngoi cc c tnh bc x ca anten v nng lng, khi kho st anten cn
cn lu n mt c tnh quan trng na l di thng tn, ngha l di tn s m
trong gii hn y anten c th m bo c qu trnh bc x hoc thu ph ca tn
hiu khng b mo dng.
Thng thng tr khng vo ca mi anten l mt hm s ca tn s. Do ,
nu anten lm vic vi tn hiu c ph rng (tn hiu xung, tn hiu s, tn hiu v
tuyn truyn hnh, ) th ng vi mi tn s khc nhau ca ph, bin tng
i ca dng in t vo anten (trong trng hp anten l mt anten pht) hoc
sc in ng thu c (trong trng hp anten l mt anten thu) s bin i, lm
thay i dng ph ca tn hiu. Khi dng fide tip in cho anten, s bin i tr
khng vo ca anten theo tn s s dn n tnh trng lch phi hp tr khng v
xut hin sng phn x trong fide. Khi mt tn hiu c ph rng truyn qua fide th
ng vi mi tn s khc nhau ca ph s c s tr pha khc nhau v gy ra mo
dng tn hiu. V vy tt nht l phi bo m c trong sut di tn s lm vic
const R
in
= v . 0 =
in
X
Ngoi ra, v c tnh phng hng ca anten cng ph thuc tn s, nn khi
anten lm vic vi tn hiu c ph rng th bin tng i ca cng trng
bc x (hoc thu c), i vi cc tn s khc nhau ca ph cng bin i v gy
mo dng tn hiu. Thng th nh hng ca yu t ny khng ln lm v trong
thc t, rng di tn ca anten c quyt nh ch yu bi c tnh ph thuc
ca tr khng vo anten vi tn s.
2.3.2. Di tn cng tc
C nhiu trng hp chng ta i hi anten khng ch lm vic c mt
tn s m n phi c th lm vic mi tn s khc nhau. ng vi mi tn s
khc nhau y anten phi m bo nhng ch tiu k thut nht nh v c tnh
phng hng, tr khng vo, di thng tn, . Di tn m trong gii hn

Bi Quang Ch Thin
anten lm vic vi cc ch tiu k thut cho gi l di tn cng tc ca anten.
Ch tiu k thut ny c th khc nhau i vi tng loi anten c th. V d i vi
anten chn t khng i xng t thng ng dng lm anten pht di sng di
v sng trung th yu cu l trong di tn s cng tc, hiu sut anten khng c
nh hn mt gi tr nht nh, anten phi c kh nng pht i mt cng sut cho
v m bo di thng tn cn thit. i vi tr khng vo th khng cn yu cu
c gi tr nht nh m khi thay i tn s cng tc ta c th iu chnh li phi
hp tr khng. i vi chn t i xng nm ngang dng trong di sng ngn th
yu cu c tnh phng hng ca chn t phi c hng bc x cc i khng
thay i khi thay i tn s cng tc m bo hng thng tin c nh, yu cu
tr khng vo ch bin i trong mt gii hn cho php c th mau l chuyn
tn s cng tc m khng cn iu chnh li mch phi hp tr khng ca anten
Cn c theo di tn cng tc, c th phn loi anten thnh bn nhm:
-Anten di tn hp (anten tiu chun): % 10
0
<
A
f
f

-Anten di tn tng i rng: % 50 % 10
0
<
A
<
f
f

-Anten di tn rng:
max
min
1, 5 4
1 1
f
f
< <
-Anten di tn siu rng:
1
4
min
max
>
f
f

T s ca tn s cc i v cc tiu ca di tn cng tc c gi l h s
bao trm di sng.
2.4. H phng trnh Maxwell
Gi thit qu trnh bin i iu ho theo thi gian, ngha l theo quy lut
sint, cost, hoc vit di dng phc
i t
e
e
. Nu biu th di dng s phc th

Bi Quang Ch Thin
vect tc thi ca cng in trng:
. .
Re( ) cos
i t
E E e E t
e
e = = , hoc
Im( ) sin
i t
E Ee E t
e
e = = , trong E l bin phc ca trng.
i vi dao ng in t phc tp, ta c th coi n l tng ca v s cc dao
ng iu ha, ngha l c th p dng php phn tch Fourier biu th.
Coi mi trng kho st ng hng v ng hng, phng trnh Maxwell
dng vi phn c vit di dng:

e
p
rotH i E J ec = +
(1)
rotE i H e = (2)

e
divE

c
=
(3)
0 divH = (4)
trong , E - bin phc ca vect cng in trng (V/m);
H - bin phc ca vect cng t trng (A/m);
(1 )
p
i
o
c c
ec
= - h s in thm phc ca mi trng;

c
- h s in thm tuyt i ca mi trng (F/m);
i vi mi trng chn khng
9
10
;
36
o
F
m
c c
t
= =

h s t thm ca mi trng (H/m);
i vi chn khng
7
4 .10
o
H
m
t

= =
;
o - in dn sut ca mi trng (Si/m);

e
J - bin phc ca vect mt dng in (A/m
2
);
(2.15)

Bi Quang Ch Thin

e
- mt khi ca in tch (C/m
3
).
Bit rng ngun to ra trng in t l dng in v in tch. Nhng trong
mt s trng hp, d dng gii mt s bi ton ca in ng lc hc, ngi
ta a thm vo h phng trnh Maxwell cc i lng dng v t tch. Khi
nim dng t v t tch ch c tnh cht tng trng v chng khng tn ti trong
thin nhin.
H phng trnh Maxwell khi khng c dng in v in tch nhng c
dng t v t tch ngoi s c vit di dng:

p
rotH i E ec =
(1)

m
rotE i H J e = (2)
0 divE = (3)

m
divH

=
(4)

m
J - bin phc ca mt dng t (V/m
2
);

m
- mt khi ca t tch (Vb/m
3
).
So snh hai h phng trnh (2.15) v (2.16) ta thy chng c dng ging
nhau v thc cht ch khc nhau v v tr ca cc vect E v H . Chng ta c th
nhn c mt trong hai h nu bit c h kia bng cch thc hin php i
ln sau:

;
;
;
e m m e
e m m e
E H H E
J J J J

c

(2.17)
Trng trn b mt vt dn in l tng phi tho mn iu kin b:
(2.16)

Bi Quang Ch Thin
0, 0,
e
t n s t
E H J n H = = =
(2.18)
trong :
E
t
thnh phn tip tuyn ca cng in trng trn b mt vt dn;
H
n
thnh phn php tuyn ca cng t trng trn b mt vt dn;
e
s
J - vect mt dng in mt (A/m);
n - vect php tuyn ngoi ca b mt vt dn.
Theo nguyn l i ln (2.17) ta thy trng trn b mt ca vt dn t l
tng phi tha mn cc iu kin b sau:
0; 0;
m
t n s t
H E J n E = = = (2.19)

m
s
J - vect mt dng t mt (V/m).
V tr s :
m
s t
J E =
Trong trng hp tng qut h phng trnh Maxwell c vit:

p e
m
e
m
rot H i E J
rot E i H J
div E
div H
ec
e
= +
=
=
=
(2.20)
gii h (2.15), ngi ta a ra mt vect trung gian l vect th in
e
A .
Theo (4) trong h (2.15) ta c th vit

e
H rot A = (2.21)
Vect trng in ca h (2.15) c th biu th qua
e
A :

1
e e
p
E i A graddivA
i
e
ec
= +
(2.22)

Bi Quang Ch Thin
gii h (2.16), ngi ta a ra vect th t
m
A . Theo (3) ca h (2.16):

m
E rot A = (2.23)
Tng t, vect trng t ca h (2.20) c biu th qua
m
A :

1
m m
p
H i A graddivA
i
ec
e
= +
(2.24)
Trng hp ngun trng bao gm c ngun in v ngun t:

1
e e m
p
E i A graddivA rot A
i
e
ec
= +
(2.25)

1
m m e
p
H i A graddivA rot A
i
ec
e
= + +
(2.26)
Thay cc gi tr , E H nhn c trn vo hai phng trnh u ca (2.20)
ta nhn c phng trnh sng ca cc vct th in v t:

2
2
e e e
m m m
A k A J
A k A J
A + =
A + =
(2.27)
y :
A graddivA rotrot A A = ,

p
k
e
e c
u
= = l h s sng (u l vn tc pha ca sng trong mi
trng).
Cc biu thc (2.27) l cc phng trnh sng khng ng nht. Li gii ca
chng c dng th chm:

, , 1
4
ikr
e m e m
V
e
A J dV
r t

=
}
(2.28)

Bi Quang Ch Thin
r khong cch t im xc nh
e
A hoc
m
A n im ngun, ngha
l n im c dng in hoc dng t trong th tch V;
ikr
e
- s hng biu th s chm pha ca vect th

e
A v
m
A khong
cch r i vi ngun. Trong kr l gc chm pha, k gi l h s sng.
i vi chn khng:

2
o
o
k k
c
e t
= = =
c = 3.10
8
m/s l vn tc nh sng trong chn khng;
o
bc sng trong chn khng.
Nu dng in hoc dng t phn b trn mt S th cc th chm s c tnh
theo cng thc:
, , 1
4
ikr
e m e m
S
S
e
A J dS
r t

=
}
(2.29)
Nu dng t hoc dng in phn b theo ng l th:

, , 1
4
ikr
e m e m
l
e
A J dl
r t

=
}
(2.30)
Sau khi tnh tch phn (2.29), (2.30) s xc nh c cc vect th A . Thay
cc kt qu y vo (2.25), (2.26) s xc nh c cc vect , E H ca trng.
2.5. H s tc dng nh hng D v H s tng ch G
biu th hng tnh ca mi anten, ngoi thng s v rng ca th
phng hng ngi ta cn s dng mt vi thng s khc cho php d dng so
snh cc loi anten vi nhau: h s nh hng v h s tng ch. Khi y hng
tnh ca mi anten c nh gi bnh cch so snh anten y vi mt anten chun
m hng tnh ca n c bit mt cch r rng.

Bi Quang Ch Thin
2.5.1. H s nh tc dng nh hng
H s nh hng ca anten mt hng cho: l t s ca mt cng
sut bc x bi anten im no nm trn hng y, trn mt cng sut bc
x bi anten chun cng ti hng v khong cch nh trn, khi cng sut bc x
ca hai anten ging nhau.
Anten chun c th l mt ngun bc x v hng gi nh, hoc mt ngun
nguyn t no bit.
( )
( )
1 1
1 1
0
,
,
S
D
S
u
u = (2.31)
) (
1 1
, S u l mt cng sut bc x ca anten hng ) (
1 1
, u cho ti
khong cch r.
S
0
l mt cng sut cng ti hng v khong cch nh trn, vi gi thit
anten bc x ng u theo mi hng.
Trong :
( )
( )
2
1 1
1 1
,
,
2
E
S
W
u
u = (2.32)

0 2
4
bx
P
S
r t
= (2.33)
Vi ( )
1 1
, E u - bin cng bc x hng ) (
1 1
, u ;
W tr khng sng ca mi trng;

bx
P - cng sut bc x ca anten chun;
r khong cch ti im ang xt n anten.
Thay vo ta c:
( )
( )
2
2
1 1
, 2
,
bx
E r
D
WP
u t
u = (2.34)

Bi Quang Ch Thin
Bin cng bc x ti mt hng bt k E(u,) c quan h vi hm
phng hng chun ha v gi tr cng trng hng bc x cc i nh
biu thc sau:
( ) ( )
1 1 max 1 1
, ,
m
E E F u u =
(2.35)
Suy ra:
( ) ( )
2
1 1 max 1 1
, ,
m
D D F u u = (2.36)
D
max
: H s nh hng hng bc x cc i.
Mt khc ta c:
( ) ,
bx
S
P S ds u =
}

Trong
( )
( )
2
,
,
2
E
S
W
u
u =

Vi S l mt cu th:
( )
2
2
2 2
max
0 0
1
, sin .
2
bx m
P d E F r d
W
t t
u u u =
} }

Do :
( )
( )
2
1 1
2
2
0 0
4 ,
,
( , ) sin
m
m
F
D
F d d
t t
t u
u
u u u
=
} }
(2.37)
Hm phng hng chun ha c gi tr bng 1 hng cc i nn ta xc
nh c h s nh hng hng cc i:

( )
max 2
2
0 0
4
, sin
m
D
F d d
t t
t
u u u
=
} }
(2.38)


Bi Quang Ch Thin
2.5.2. H s tng ch ca anten
H s tng ch ca anten cng c xc nh bng cch so snh mt cng
sut bc x ca anten thc hng kho st v mt cng sut bc x ca anten
chun (thng l anten v hng) cng hng v khong cch nh trn, vi gi
thit cng sut t vo hai anten bng nhau, cn anten chun c hiu sut bng 1.
Hiu sut ca anten (
A
q ) cng l mt trong s cc thng s c trng cho
mc tn hao cng sut ca anten. N c xc nh bi t s ca cng sut bc
x trn cng sut t vo anten.

0
bx
A
P
P
q =
(2.39)

0
P - cng sut a vo anten.
i vi anten c tn hao th P
bx
< P
0
q
A
< 1, cn anten l tng (khng
tn hao) th q
A
=1.
Trng hp hai anten c cng sut t vo nh nhau bng P
0
th anten thc
(hiu sut q
A
< 1) s c cng sut bc x q
A
P
0
. Nh vy so vi khi cng sut bc
x bng nhau th trong trng hp ny t s mt cng sut s gim i vi h s
gim bng q
A
.
Ta c biu thc h s tng ch ca anten:
( )
( )
( )
0
,
, ,
A
A
S
G D
S
q u
u q u = = (2.40)
H s tng ch ca anten l mt thng s biu th y hn cho c tnh bc
x ca anten so vi h s nh hng, v n khng ch biu th n thun c tnh
nh hng ca anten m cn biu th s tn hao trn anten.

Bi Quang Ch Thin
Chng 3:
L THUYT GN NG V CHN T
I XNG

3.1. Phn b dng trn chn t i xng
Chn t i xng l mt trong nhng ngun bc x c s dng kh ph
bin trong k thut Anten. N c th c xem l mt anten c lp, hon chnh
(anten chn t i xng), ng thi trong nhiu trng hp n cng l phn t
kt cu nhng anten phc tp.
Chn t i xng l mt cu trc gm hai on vt dn c hnh dng ty
(hnh tr, hnh chp, elp ), c kch thc ging nhau t thng hng trong
khng gian, v gia c ni vi ngun dao ng cao tn ( hnh 3.1).

Hnh 3.1: V d v chn t i xng
Mt trong nhng vn c bn khi kho st cc anten l xc nh trng bc
x to ra trong khng gian, xc nh cc thng s nh tr khng bc x, tr khng
vo ca anten. tm trng bc x cn xc nh hm phn b dng trn anten.

Bi Quang Ch Thin
i vi anten chn t, y l bi ton phc tp. Ngi ta a ra nhiu
phng php, nhng trong tp n ny ch trnh by phng php gn ng
xc nh phn b dng trn chn t.
Gi s chn t c dng nh hnh 3.1a, vi bn knh a rt nh ( chn t lm
bng dy dn hnh tr rt mnh). Phng php ny da trn suy lun v s tng
t gia chn t i xng v ng dy song hnh h mch u cui khng tn
hao, c gi l phng php l thuyt ng dy.
T ng dy song hnh (hnh 3.2a) c th bin dng nhn c chn t
i xng (hnh 3.2b) bng cch m rng u cui ng dy n khi gc m gia
hai nhnh bng 180
o
. Vic m rng ny s lm mt tnh i xng ca ng dy
song hnh v to iu kin h thng c th bc x sng in t nh ni
chng 2.

Hnh 3.2: Bin dng ng dy song hnh thnh chn t i xng
Gi s khi bin dng ng dy song hnh thnh chn t i xng th quy
lut phn b dng in trn hai nhnh vn khng i, ngha l vn c dng sng
ng.
( ) ( )
sin[ ]
z b
I z I k l z = (3.1)
( ) ( )
cos[ ] =
m
U z U k l z

b
I - bin dng in im bng sng ng;

Bi Quang Ch Thin
l - di mt nhnh chn t.
Tuy nhin gia ng dy song hnh v chn t i xng vn c im khc
nhau sau:
Cc thng s phn b ca ng dy (
1
L ,
1
C ) khng bin i dc theo
dy, cn thng s ca chn t th bin i ng vi cc v tr khc nhau
trn chn t i xng.
ng dy song hnh thc cht l h thng dng truyn dn nng
lng ch khng phi l h thng bc x, cn chn t l h thng bc x.
Trong ng dy song hnh h mch u cui, dng in ch bin i
theo quy lut sng ng thun ty dng sin khi ng dy song hnh lm
t vt dn l tng khng tn hao; cn i vi chn t, ngay c khi c
cu to t vt dn l tng cng lun lun c mt mt nng lng do bc
x ( mt mt hu ch). Do , ni mt cch chnh xc th phn b dng
in trn chn t khng tun theo quy lut sng ng thun tu dng sin.
Tuy nhin, i vi cc chn t rt mnh, ( ng knh 2a << 0.01) khi
tnh trng khu xa da theo gi thit phn b dng in hnh sin cng
nhn c kt qu kh ph hp vi thc nghim. V vy, trong phn ln
cc tnh ton k thut c th cho php p dng gi thit gn ng v phn
b dng in sng ng hnh sin.

Hnh 3.3: Chn t i xng trong h ta cu

Bi Quang Ch Thin
Vi gi thit trn, trng bc x ca chn t c xc nh theo cng thc:
( )
( )
cos cos cos
2 sin
0
cos cos cos
2 sin
0
u u

u
u
t u
u
t u
(
=
(

=
(
=
(

=
ikr
b
ikr
b
kl kl WI e
E i i
r
E
kl kl I e
H i i
r
H
(3.2)
Trng hp chn t t trong khng gian t do, W=120 suy ra
( ) cos cos cos 60
sin
u
u
u

(
=

(
ikr b
kl kl I
E i e
r

Hay
( ) cos cos cos
60
sin sin
u
u
u

(
=

(
ikr o
kl kl
I
E i e
r kl

o
I - dng in u vo chn t ( ti z=0), sin
o b
I I kl =
Bit quy lut phn b ca dng in trn chn t, ta s xc nh c quy
lut phn b gn ng ca in tch bng cch p dng phng trnh bo ton in
tch. Gi thit dng trn chn t ch c thnh phn dc trc z, in tch nm trn b
mt dy v c mt di
z
Q . Phng trnh bo ton in tch c vit:

0 e + =
z
z
dI
i Q
dz
(3.3)
Vi 2 .
z z
I a J t = - bin dng ti ta z ca chn t;

z
J - mt dng in mt;

z
Q - in tch mt trn mt n v chiu di chn t.
Gii phng trnh (3.2) theo
z
Q , kt hp (3.1) ta c:

Bi Quang Ch Thin
) (
cos
e
=
b
z
kI
Q k l z
i
z > 0
) (
cos
e
= +
b
z
kI
Q k l z
i
z < 0
Quy lut phn b in tch trn chn t i xng c biu din bng cc
ng nt ri trn hnh 3.4.

Hnh 3.4: Phn b dng trn chn t i xng
T hnh 3.4 ta thy quy lut phn b in tch dc theo chn t i xng
cng c dng tng t nh quy lut phn b ca hiu in th trn ng dy
song hnh h mch u cui, khng tn hao:
Ti cc im u cui chn t lun lun l nt dng bng p.
Ti cc v tr cch u cui mt on bng
4
c gi tr bng dng nt p.
Pha ca dng thay i 180
0
qua im nt.
Ti im nui c th c nhng gi tr dng khc nhau, n ph thuc vo
t s
2
l
.
Ti mt im bt k trn anten dng v p lch pha 90
0
.
(3.4)

Bi Quang Ch Thin
3.2 Tr khng sng ca chn t i xng
C th tnh tr khng sng ca chn t theo cng thc gn ng sau:
2
120 ln 1
A
l
a
| |
=
|
\ .
(3.5)
Trong :
A
- tr khng sng ca chn t i xng;
a - bn knh ca dy dn lm chn t.
Tuy nhin cng thc ny ch dng tnh ton cho cc chn t c chiu di
2l< .
i vi chn t c 2l > , Kessenhic gii bi ton truyn sng dc dy dn
hnh tr di v hn bng phng php in ng cht ch. ng xem tr ca
chn t nh l tr vo thc u cc dy dn c sng chy. Kt qu tnh ton
c:
120 ln
A
E
a
t
| |
=
|
\ .
(3.6)
Trong E = 0,577 l hng s ler.
3.3. Tr khng vo ca chn t i xng
Khi mc chn t vo my pht cao tn, chn t s tr thnh ti ca my pht.
Tr s ti ny c c trng bi mt i lng gi l tr khng vo ca chn t.
Trong trng hp tng qut, tr khng vo l mt i lng phc.
Tr khng vo l mt trong nhng thng s quan trng, n c quan h rt mt
thit n ch lm vic ca thit b ni vi anten.
Theo nh ngha th tr khng vo ca chn t i xng bng t s in p
vo ca chn t U
v
v dng in u vo I
v
.
v
v v v
v
U
Z R iX
I
= = +
(3.7)

Bi Quang Ch Thin
Ta coi chn t nh mt ng dy song hnh c tn hao m in tr bc x ca
chn t c biu th thnh in tr tn hao phn b trn dy song hnh. Do vy,
ta c th s dng cng thc xc nh tr vo ca ng dy song hnh c tn hao,
h mch u cui vi ch thay h s suy gim (h s tt dn) bng biu thc:

sin 2
1
2
bx
A
R
kl
l
kl
|
=
(
(

(3.8)
V thay tr sng ng dy song hnh
phi
thnh tr sng ca anten
A
v
vi ch l << 1 ta c:
2 2
2 2
sin 2
2
sin sin 2
bxb A
v
bxb bxb
A A
R kl
Z i
R R
kl kl

=
| | | |
+ +
| |
\ . \ .
(3.9)
Trong R
bxb
tr bc x ng vi dng in im bng
Trn hnh 3.5 m t R
v
v R
x
ph thuc vo t s
l
.

Hnh 3.5: S ph thuc ca R
v
v R
x
vo
l


Bi Quang Ch Thin
T th ta rt ra mt s kt lun sau:
ng cong R
v
c nhng nh cng hng khi
A
tng th tnh cng
hng cng mnh dn n di thng cng hp.
Khi chiu di chn t bng bi nguyn ln ca
2
(tc 2
2
l n
= ) th X
v
=0
(c cng hng).
im cng hng u tin ng vi 2
2
l

= khi R
v
= 73,1 v hu nh
khng ph thuc vo
A
, y chnh l l do v sao trong thc t ta thng
dng chn t na sng v cng ti gi tr 0, 25
l
= th X
v
= 42,5 . L
thuyt cht ch v thc nghim cho thy rng X
v
= 0 khi chiu di chn t
rt ngn hn
2
mt lng 5 10% .
Nh vy tr vo ca chn t c 2
2
l

= l: R
v
= ( 73,1 + 42,5) .
3.4. rt ngn ca chn t na sng.
Theo l thuyt ng dy song hnh h mch th Z
v
= - i .cotgkl
Trong trng hp l = 0,25 th Z
v
=0
Nhng Z
v
ca chn t na sng khc 0 v c xc nh:
Z
v
= ( 73,1 + 42,5) . (3.10)
Nu chiu di ca chn t xp x
2
th gn ng ta c th t:
Z
v
= 73,1 + i (42,5
A
cotgkl ) (3.11)
phi hp tt chn t na sng vi phi ngi ta mun X
v
= 0. c
iu ta cn rt ngn chn t.
rt ngn c th xc nh t biu thc (3.11) nu ta t l = 0,25- l A v
cho X
v
= 0 tc l:

Bi Quang Ch Thin
42, 5 0
4
A
ctg k l
( | |
A =
| (
\ .
(3.12)
T y rt ra

( )
42, 5
A
tg k l
A = (3.13)
V l A << nn c th ly ( )
tg k l k l A = A
i vi chn t na sng
27
A
l
l
A
=
. T y rt ra nhn xt: Cc chn t c
ng knh 2a cng ln th
A
cng nh v 120 ln
A
E
a
t
| |
=
|
\ .
v do rt
ngn cng ln.
3.5. H s tc dng nh hng ca chn t i xng
Nh xt chng mt ta c: ( )
( )
2
2
1 1
, 2
,
bx
E r
D
WP
u t
u =
H s tc dng nh hng ca chn t hng no c xc nh bi:
( )
( )
2
2
2
bx
E r
D
WP
u t
u = (3.14)
Trong ( ) E
u
u c tnh theo (3.2), cn
bx
P c tnh theo
2
1
2
=
b x b x
P I R . Vi chn t c di
2l
1,25, bc x cc i ca anten
vn c duy tr hng
2
t
u = . Ta c:
( )
2
max
1 cos
2
t
t
| |
= =
|
\ .
bxb
W
D D kl
R
(3.15)
th biu din s bin i ca h s nh hng vi di chn t c v
hnh 3.6

Bi Quang Ch Thin
Hnh 3.6: S bin thin ca h s
nh hng D vi di chn
T hnh v ta thy khi di chn t cn
nh th tng di s dn n tng h s nh
hng. Vi
2l
=0,5 ta c D
max
= 1,64. Khi
2l
= 1 (chn t ton sng), D

max
= 2,41; cn
khi tng
2l
1,25 th h s nh hng
tng n 3,36. Nu tip tc tng di chn
t (
2l
> 1,25), h s nh hng s gim

i. iu ny c gii thch do c s bin i
dng ca th phng hng (tng cc i
ph, gim cc i chnh) khi ko di chn t.


Bi Quang Ch Thin

Chng 4:
L THUYT ANTEN THU

4.1. Chn t i xng lm vic ch thu
Gi s chn t c di 2l , bn knh a << c t trong trng ca
mt sng ti theo gc u i vi trc chn t, c vect in trng E nm trong
mt phng ti (hnh 4.1)

Hnh 4.1: Chn t i xng trong trng sng ti
Hnh chiu ca vect in trng ln trc chn t s l:

. z
z
E Ei =
(4.1)
z i - vect n v theo hng trc z.
Thnh phn in trng tip tuyn vi mt chn t ti im bt k c to
z bt k c tnh:
.cos cos
( ) sin .
ikz ikz
o z
z o
E z E e i E e
u u
u = =
(4.2)

Bi Quang Ch Thin
Trong E
o
bin ca sng ti.
sin
tt o
E E u = - bin thnh phn tip tuyn.
Bi ton t ra l cn phi xc nh sc in ng cm ng v dng trn
anten thu. Ta p dng nguyn l tng h gii bi ton ny.
Ni dung nguyn l nh sau:
Gi s c mt mng bn cc (hnh 4.2) nu t u vo 1-1 mt sc in
ng e
1
th u 2 c dng i
2
. Ngc li nu t u vo 2-2 mt sc in ng e
2

th u 1 s c dng i
1
.

Hnh 4.2: V d v mng bn cc
ta c quan h sau:

1 2
2 1
e e
i i
=
(4.3)
Khi t chn t vo trng sng ti no th trn phn t vi phn dz s xut
hin mt sc in ng:
z z
de E dz = (4.4)
Sc in ng ny gy ra u vo chn t mt dng I
0
. Ngc li tc ng
vo u vo mt sc in ng de
0
th trn phn t dz s c dng I
z
. Theo (4.3) ta
c:

o z
o z
de de
I I
=
suy ra
z
o z
o
I
de de
I
=
(4.5)
T (4.4) v (4.5) ta c:

Bi Quang Ch Thin

( )
z
o z z
o
I
de de f z E dz
I
= =
(4.6)
Vy
( )
z l
o z
z l
e E f z dz
=
=
=
}

Trong
( )
z
o
I
f z
I
=
- hm phn b dng trn chn t.
xc nh sc in ng cm ng u vo anten phi bit E
z
v f(z). i
vi anten thu, f(z) l phn b dng ch pht, ngha l:
sin[ ( )]
( )
sin
z
o
k l z
I
f z
I kl
= =
(4.7)
Thay (4.2) v (4.7) vo (4.6) v tnh tch phn ta c:

1 cos cos( cos ) cos
. .
sin (1 cos ) sin
o o
kl kl kl
e E
kl kl
u
t u

| |
=
|

\ .
(4.8)
Trong cng thc trn:
-
cos( cos ) cos
( )
(1 cos )sin
kl kl
F
kl
u
u
u
- hm c trng hng chun ho ca anten thu.

-
1 cos
.
sin
H
kl
l
kl
t

= - chiu di hiu dng ca anten.
Suy ra (4.8) c vit li:
. . ( )
o o H
e E l F u =
(4.9)
Biu thc (4.9) cho thy sc in ng cm ng u vo chn t ph thuc
vo hng sng ti ging nh c trng hng ca chn t lm vic ch
pht, chiu di hiu dng v bin sng ti.
i vi chiu di hiu dng ca anten thu hon ton ging chiu di hiu
dng ca anten lm vic ch pht.

Bi Quang Ch Thin
4.2. p dng nguyn l tng h nghin cu tnh cht
chung ca anten thu
Trong trng hp tng qut c th p dng nguyn l tng h nghin
cu tnh cht ca mt anten bt k dng ch thu.
Kho st hai anten 1 v 2 t cch xa nhau trong khng gian, trong mt mi
trng ng hng. K hiu tng tr cc cc ca hai anten l Z
1
v Z
2
(hnh
4.3).

Hnh 4.3: Hai anten t xa nhau trong khng gian
Khi anten lm vic ch pht th tr khng ngoi l ni tr ca ngun sc
in ng, cn khi anten lm vic ch thu th tr khng ngoi l ti ca anten.
Z
1
= Z
t1
+ Z
v1
; Z
2
= Z
t2
+ Z
v2
V mi trng truyn sng l ng hng nn ta c th coi h thng hai anten
v mi trng nm khong gia hai anten y nh mt mng 2 ca m u vo
v ra ca n l cc cc ca hai anten.
Gi s anten 1 l anten pht, anten 2 l anten thu. Gi e
1
l sc in ng t
vo cc ca anten 1 cn I
2thu
l dng in nhn c ti ca anten 2. Tip li
gi thit anten 2 l anten pht, anten 1 l anten thu cn sc in ng t vo anten
2 l e
2
, dng in trong ti anten 1 l I
1thu
.

Bi Quang Ch Thin
Theo nguyn l tng h:

1 2
2 1 thu thu
e e
I I
=
(4.10)
Khi anten 1 l anten pht, sc in ng e
1
s to ra trng bc x 21 E ti v
tr ca anten 2. ng thi in trng 21 E c quan h vi dng chy trong anten 1
theo cng thc :

21 1 01 1 1 1
( , )
4
ikr
H
ik e
E WL I F
r
u
t

=
(4.11)
Trong :
I
01
dng in u vo anten 1;
L
H1
di hiu dng anten 1 (khi chn I
c
= I
o
);
1 1 1
( , ) F u - hm phng hng chun ha ca anten 1 ti hng
1 1
( , ) u ;
W tr khng sng ca mi trng;
r khong cch gia hai anten.
T (4.11) ta rt ra c:
21
01
1 1 1 1
4
( , )
ikr
H
E r
I
ikWL F e
t
u

=
(4.12)
Mt khc, I
01
c th c xc nh qua sc in ng e
1
v tng tr Z
1

1 1
01
1 1 1 t v
e e
I
Z Z Z
= =
+
(4.13)
So snh (4.12) v (4.13) ta c:
21 1
1
1 1 1 1
4
( , )
ikr
H
E Z r
e
ikWL F e
t
u

=
(4.14)
Tng t khi anten 2 l anten pht, ta c:

Bi Quang Ch Thin
12 2
2
2 2 2 2
4
( , )
ikr
H
E Z r
e
ikWL F e
t
u

=
(4.15)
Thay (4.14), (4.15) vo (4.10) v thc hin php bin i s nhn c:
1 1 1) 2 2 2)
12 1 1 1, 1 21 2 2 2 2
( (
( ) ( , )
thu t v thu t v
H H
I Z Z I Z Z
E L F E L F u u
+ +
=
(4.16)
Do anten 1 v anten 2 c gi thit bt k, v theo (4.16) mi v ch cha
cc i lng lin quan n mt anten. Do i vi mi anten bt k ta c th
vit:

( )
( , )
thu t v
o H
I Z Z
C
E L F u
+
=
(4.17)
Trong :
I
thu
l dng in nhn c trong ti anten di tc dng ca
trng sng ti.

o
E
- cng trng sng ti ti im t anten thu;
( Z
t
+ Z
v
) tng tr ca anten;
L
H
chiu di hiu dng;
( , ) F u - hm phng hng chun ho ca anten lm vic ch
pht.
Dng in trong ti anten:

u
=
+
( , )
o H
thu
t v
E L F
I C
Z Z
(4.18)

Ta thy mu s ca (4.18) l tng tr ca anten, nn t s c coi l sc
in ng nhn c cc anten thu.

Bi Quang Ch Thin

u = ( , )
o o H
e CE L F
(4.19)
i vi chn t i xng :
u
u
t u
=
cos( cos ) cos
( , )
sin .sin
H
kl kl
L F
kl
(4.20)
So snh (4.19) vi (4.8) v (4.20) ta c C = 1. Dng in trn ti s c
tnh:

u
=
+
( , )
o H
thu
t v
E L F
I
Z Z
(4.21)
Trong cng thc trn: L
H
, ( , ) F u , Z
v
l cc thng
s c trng ca anten khi lm vic ch pht. S
ph thuc ca dng in trong anten vi hng ca
sng n cng c biu th bi hm s ( , ) F u . T
thy rng hm phng hng ca anten khi lm
vic ch thu hoc pht u c dng ging nhau.
Cc h s nh hng v h s tng ch cng ging
nhau.
.
Tr s e
o
xc nh theo (4.19) vi C =1 c gi l sc in ng tng
ng ca anten thu.
Khi anten thu cm ng trng ca sng ti, n tr thnh ngun sc in ng
vi gi tr:
u = ( , )
o o H
e E L F (4.22)
Biu thc (4.22) s t cc i khi sng truyn n theo hng cc i chnh
ca th phng hng, ngha l ng vi hng c u = ( , 1 F .
Ta c:
=
max
o o H
e E L

Hnh 4.4: S tng
ng ca anten thu

Bi Quang Ch Thin
Vi
t
=
max bx
H
D R
L
W

Suy ra

t
=
max
max
bx
o o
D R
e E
W
(4.23)
R
bx
tr bc x ca anten.
4.3. Cng sut thu c trn ti anten thu
xc nh hiu qu anten thu, ta tm cng sut thu c trn ti mc cc
anten. Gi tr khng ti l = +
t t t
Z R iX . Cng sut hu ch do ti thu c s
bng:

=
2 1
2
thu thu t
P I R
(4.24)
Trong dng in c xc nh:

=
+
o
thu
t v
e
I
Z Z
(4.25)
T (4.24) v (4.25) ta c:

=
+
2
2
1
2
o
thu t
t v
e
P R
Z Z
(4.26)

Trng hp c phi hp tr khng gia anten v ti ( = = ,
t v t v
R R X X ):

( )
=
2
2
1
2
2
o
thu v
v
e
P R
R
(4.27)
Nu sng truyn n theo hng cc i ca th phng hng th sc
in ng nhn c u vo anten s t cc i v do cng sut nhn c
trn ti s cc i.

Bi Quang Ch Thin
{ }

t
= =
2 2
2
max
max
max
1 1
8 8
o o
bx
thu
v v
e E R
P D
R W R
(4.28)
C
q = = = =
2 2
0 0
1
;
2
bx bx
bx bx v v
v v
P R
P R I P R I
P R

q - hiu sut anten.
V q =
max max
D G - h s tng ch ca anten.
(4.27) c vit li di dng:

{ }

t
=
2
2
max
1
8
o
thu thu
E
P G
W
(4.29)
G
thu
h s tng ch ca anten thu.
Nu ti ca anten (v d my thu) c ni vi anten qua ng dy fide c
hiu sut nht nh th cng sut cc i nhn c trn ti:
{ }

q
t
=
2
2
.
max
1
8
o
thu thu f th
E
P G
W
(4.30)

q
. f th
- hiu sut fide thu.
Gi s sng in t lan truyn trong khng gian t do khng tn hao. Bin
cng trng bc x bi anten ti im thu s c xc nh theo cng thc:

q
t
=
2
.
2
2
o
o phat f ph
WP
E G
r
(4.31)
Trong P
0 -
cng sut ra ca my pht v truyn vo fide pht.

phat
G - h s tng ch ca anten pht.
q
. f ph
- hiu sut ca fide pht.
r khong cch t anten pht n anten thu.


Bi Quang Ch Thin
Thay (4.31) vo (4.30):
{ }

q q
t
=
2
. . 2 2 max
1
. . .
16
o
thu phat thu f th f ph
P
P G G
R
(4.32)
Trong thc t, cng sut nhn c trn ti anten thu thng nh hn (4.32)
v khi sng lan truyn cn b mi trng hp th. V vy sau khi tnh cng
trng theo (4.31) cn thm vi h s suy gim. H s ny c xc nh ty theo
cc iu kin truyn sng c th.
4.4. Din tch hiu dng ca anten thu
Din tch hiu dng l thng s c trng dng cho anten thu.
Xem cng sut m ti anten thu c ca sng in t truyn ti t khng
gian bn ngoi l do c hp th qua mt din tch S ca mt sng.
Tr trung bnh ca vect mt cng sut ti mt im bt k trn mt sng
bng
2
2
o
E
W
. Cng sut truyn qua S bng:
=
2
2
o
E
P S
W
(4.33)
W tr khng sng ca mi trng.
Nu gia anten v ti c phi hp tr khng, tc l iu kin truyn t
cng sut cc i. T (4.33) v 4.29) ta suy ra c S. S y l din tch hiu
dng ca anten thu c k hiu l S
hd
.

t
=
2 2
2
1
2 8
o o
hd
E E
S G
W W

Suy ra
t
=
2
4
hd
S G (4.34)
Khi hiu sut anten bng 1 th :
t
=
2
4
hd
S D (4.35)

Bi Quang Ch Thin
i vi anten na sng
= 2
2
l vi gi thit q =1 th din tch hiu dng
tnh c l : S
hd
=0,522
2
l


Bi Quang Ch Thin
Phn II:
THIT K V THI CNG
ANTEN YAGI
----------------

Chng 5:
ANTEN YAGI

5.1. Cu trc ca anten Yagi
S ca anten c v hnh 5.1. N gm mt chn t ch ng thng l
chn t na sng, mt chn t phn x th ng, v mt s chn t dn x th
ng. Thng th cc chn t phn x v dn x th ng c gn trc tip vi
thanh kim loi. Nu chn t ch ng l chn t vng dt th n cng c th
gn trc tip vi thanh v kt cu anten s tr nn n gin. Vic gn trc tip
cc chn t ln thanh kim loi thc t s khng nh hng g n phn b dng
in trn anten v im gia ca cc chn t cng ph hp vi nt ca in p.
Vic s dng thanh bng kim loi cng khng nh hng g n bc x ca
anten v n c t vung gc vi cc chn t.

Bi Quang Ch Thin

Hnh 5.1: M hnh anten Yagi

tm hiu nguyn l lm vic ca anten ta hy xt mt anten dn x gm ba
phn t: Chn t ch ng A, chn t phn x P v chn t dn x D. Chn t ch
ng c ni vi my pht cao tn. Di tc dng ca trng bc x to bi A,
trong P v D s xut hin dng cm ng v cc chn t ny s bc x th cp. Nh
bit, nu chn c chiu di ca P v khong cch t A n P mt cch thch
hp th P s tr thnh chn t phn x ca A. Khi y, nng lng bc x ca cp
A-P s gim yu v pha chn t phn x v c tng cng theo hng ngc
li ( hng +z). Tng t nh vy, nu chn c di ca D v khong cch t
D n A mt cch thch hp th D s tr thnh chn t dn x ca A. Khi y, nng
lng bc x ca h A-D s c tp trung v pha chn t dn x v gim yu
theo hng ngc ( hng z). Kt qu l nng lng bc x ca c h s c
tp trung v mt pha, hnh thnh mt knh dn sng dc theo trc ca anten,
hng t chn t phn x v pha chn t dn x.
Theo l thuyt chn t ghp, dng in trong chn t ch ng ( I
1
) v dng
in trong chn t th ng (I
2
) c quan h dng vi nhau bi biu thc:

2
1
i
I
ae
I
= (5.1)


Bi Quang Ch Thin

vi

2 2 2 2
12 12 22 22
12 22
12 22
( )( )
( ) ( )
a R X R X
X X
arctg arctg
R R
t
= + +
= +

Bng cch thay i di ca chn t th ng, c th bin i ln v du
ca in khng ring X
22
v do s bin i c a v .

Hnh 5.2: S ph thuc ca a v vo X
22

Hnh 5.2 biu th quan h ca a v vi X
22
i vi trng hp chn t c
di xp x na bc sng v ng vi khong cch
4
d

= .
Cng tng khong cch d th bin dng trong chn t th ng cng gim.
Tnh ton cho thy rng, vi (0,1 0, 25) d ~ th khi in khng ca chn t th
ng mang tnh cm khng s nhn c
.
2 I sm pha so vi
.
1 I . Trong trng
hp ny chn t th ng s tr thnh chn t phn x. Ngc li, khi in khng
ca chn t th ng mang tnh dung khng th dng
.
2 I s chm pha so vi dng
.
1 I v chn t th ng s tr thnh chn t dn x.

Bi Quang Ch Thin
Hnh 5.3 v th phng hng ca cp chn t ch ng v th ng khi
0,1 d = ng vi cc trng hp khc nhau ca
22
22
( )
X
arctg
R
. T hnh v ta thy
khi
22
22
( )
X
arctg
R
> 0, chn t th ng tr thnh chn t phn x, cn khi
22
22
( )
X
arctg
R

< 0, chn t th ng tr thnh chn t dn x. Trong thc t, vic thay i in
khng X
22
ca chn t th ng c thc hin bng cch iu chnh di ca
chn t: khi di chn t ln hn di cng hng s c X
22
> 0, cn khi
di chn t nh hn di cng hng s c X
22
< 0. V vy chn t phn x
thng c di ln hn /2, cn chn t dn x thng c di nh hn /2.

Hnh 5.3: th phng hng ca cp chn t ch ng v th ng ng vi d =
0,1
Thng thng, mi anten Yagi ch c mt chn t lm nhim v phn x.
l v trng bc x v pha ngc b chn t ny lm yu ng k, nu c
thm mt chn t na t tip sau n th chn t phn x th hai s c kch
thch rt yu v do cng khng pht huy c tc dng. tng cng hn na
hiu qu phn x, trong mt s trng hp c th s dng mt phn x kim loi,
li kim loi, hoc mt tp hp vi chn t t khong cch ging nhau so vi
chn t ch ng, khong cch gia chn t ch ng v chn t phn x thng
c chn trong gii hn (0,15 0,25) .

Bi Quang Ch Thin
Trong khi , s lng chn t dn x li c th kh nhiu. V s bc x ca
anten c nh hng v pha cc chn t dn x nn cc chn t ny c kch
thch vi cng kh mnh v khi s chn t dn x ln s hnh thnh mt
knh dn sng. Sng truyn lan trong h thng thuc loi sng chm, nn v
nguyn l, anten dn x c th c xp vo loi anten sng chm. S chn t dn
x c th t 2 10, i khi c th ln hn (ti vi chc). Khong cch gia chn
t ch ng v chn t dn x u tin, cng nh gia cc chn t dn x c
chn trong khong (0,1 0,35).
Trong thc t, thng dng chn t ch ng l chn t vng dt v hai l do
chnh sau y:
- C th gn trc tip chn t ln thanh kim loi, khng cn dng
phn t cch in;
- Chn t vng dt c tr khng vo ln, thun tin trong vic phi
hp tr khng.
c c h s nh hng theo hng bc x chnh, kch thc ca cc
chn t dn x v khong cch gia chng cn c la chn thch ng, sao cho
t c quan h xc nh i vi dng in trong cc chn t. Quan h tt nht
cn t c i vi cc dng in ny l tng i ng u v bin , vi gi
tr gn bng bin dng ca chn t ch ng, v chm dn v pha khi di chuyn
dc theo trc anten, t chn t ch ng v pha cc chn t dn x. Khi t c
quan h trn, trng bc x tng ca cc chn t s c tng cng theo mt
hng (hng ca cc chn t dn x), v gim nh theo cc hng khc.
Thng, iu kin t c cc i ca h s nh hng v pha cc chn t
dn x cng ph hp vi iu kin t c bc x cc tiu v pha cc chn t
phn x. Do vy, khi anten dn x c iu chnh tt th bc x ca n s tr
thnh n hng. V c tnh bc x ca anten c quan h mt thit vi cc kch
thc tng i ca anten (kch thc so vi bc sng) nn anten Yagi thuc
loi anten di hp. Di tn s ca anten khi h s nh hng chnh bin i di 3
dB t c khong vi phn trm. Khi s lng chn t dn x kh ln, vic iu

Bi Quang Ch Thin
chnh thc nghim i vi anten s rt phc tp v khi thay i di hoc v tr
ca mi chn t s dn n s thay i bin v pha ca dng in trong tt c
cc chn t.
Vic xc nh s b cc kch thc v thng s ca anten c th c tin
hnh theo phng phng php l thuyt anten sng chm ( anten sng chy c
vn tc pha nh hn vn tc nh sng). Gi thit cc chn t dn x c di bng
nhau v gn bng mt na bc sng, chng c t cch in u nhau dc
theo trc z v to thnh mt cu trc sng chm (sng mt), vi h s sng chm
1
c
v
= > .
tnh ng h s chm , ta gi thit kt cu c kch thc v hn theo
trc z. Gi thit ny nhm loi b vic kho st nh hng ca sng phn x ti
u cui ca kt cu. Qua phn tch cho thy rng sng in t truyn lan dc
theo kt cu s c nng lng tp trung gn cc chn t v to ra dng trong cc
chn t c bin bng nhau nhng lch pha nhau A . Nu d l khong cch
gia hai chn t th h s pha ca sng chm s c xc nh bi:

d
A
=

Ta c h s sng chm bng:

c
v k kd

A
= = =

H s sng chm ph thuc vo di l ca cc chn t v khong cch d
gia chng. Bng 5.1 dn ra cc gi tr ca h s sng chm ng vi cc di
khc nhau ca chn t, tnh theo ba thng s
d
l
khi bn knh ca chn t 0, 01
a
l
=


Bi Quang Ch Thin

Bng 5.1
H s sng chm
kl/2
2d/l

1,26

1,28 1,30 1,32 1,34 1,36 1,38 1,40 1,42 1,44

0,5
1,0
1,5

1,14

1,17

1,22
1,08

1,26
1,10

1,30
1,13
1,07

1,37
1,16
1,09

1,43
1,20
1,12

1,51
1,26
1,29

1,58
1,34

1,67
1,44

Qua phn tch cng xc nhn rng nu kt cu c di hu hn th s
xut hin sng phn x u cui, vi h s phn x theo cng sut khng qu
15%. Do s phn x khng ng k nn c th coi gn ng kt cu hu hn gm
cc chn t dn x c di bng nhau v t cch u nhau tng ng vi mt
h thng thng lin tc, bc x trc. H s chm ca sng trong h thng c xc
nh theo bng 5.1.
Vi di ca anten L Nd = bit, c th xc nh c h s chm tt
nht (ng vi bc sng cng tc trung bnh
o
) theo cng thc:

1
2
o
opt
L
= +
(5.2)
Sau , p dng cng thc ca l thuyt anten sng chm c th tnh c s
ph thuc ca h s nh hng vi tn s v xc nh c di thng tn
o
f
f
A
m

Bi Quang Ch Thin
trong h s nh hng bin i khng qu 3 dB. Cc kt qu tnh ton s ph
thuc ca h s nh hng D v di thng tn
o
f
f
A
, theo di ca anten
L
, ng
vi cc gi tr
2d
l
khc nhau c v hnh 5.4.

Hnh 5.4: S ph thuc ca D vo
L

T hnh v ta thy h s nh hng ca anten c xc nh ch yu bi
di tng cng
L
v t ph thuc vo bc ca kt cu (khong cch d). Ngc li,

di thng tn ca anten li ph thuc nhiu vo s lng chn t (ng vi L cho
trc). V vy, m rng di thng tn ca anten cn tng s chn t dn x (khi
khng thay i di chung ca anten).
Ta hy kho st mt v d: Gi s cn thc hin mt anten dn x lm vic
trong di tn 200 10MHz, di anten cho trc l 3m, sao cho s nhn c h
s nh hng l cc i khi s phn t ca anten l t nht.
Trng hp ny, di ca anten l L/
o
= 2 v di thng tn yu cu bng
10%. T hnh 5.4 ta thy cn chn thng s / d l = 0,5 nhn c h s nh
hng gn bng 12dB. ng thi, vi di anten cho s tnh c h s sng

Bi Quang Ch Thin
chm tt nht 1, 25
opt
= . T bng 5.1 s xc nh c di chn t
1,3
2
kl
=

(ng vi
2d
l
= 1). T suy ra 0,22.
2
o
l
d = = v s chn t ca anten bng 10 (
trong c mt chn t phn x, mt chn t ch ng v 8 chn t dn x).
5.2. Phng php tnh cc c trng tham s ca anten
Cch tnh ton nh xt v d trn ch cho php c lng s b ch
khng th dng thit k anten. tnh ton chnh xc anten dn x c th s
dng l thuyt ca chn t ghp. Sau y s gii thiu ni dung v cc bc tnh
ton i vi bi ton tng qut ca loi anten ny.
Ta chn s anten Yagi l mt tp hp cc chn t na sng ging nhau (
hnh 5.5).

Hnh 5.5: S anten
Chn t ch ng A c t gc to . V tr ca cc chn t th ng
trn trc z c c trng bi cc to z
n
, vi n = 1, 2, .N ( N l s chn t
dn x) v bi to Z
p
i vi chn t phn x. Vic iu chnh i vi mi chn
t th ng s c thc hin bi cc in khng bin i c
1 2
, , , ....,
p n
iX iX iX iX . Cc bc tnh ton i vi m hnh anten trn nh
sau:

Bi Quang Ch Thin
Bc 1: ng vi v tr c nh ca cc chn t v vi cc gi tr ca cc in
khng iu chnh chn, bin phc ca dng in trong mi chn t s c
xc nh khi gii h phng trnh Kirchhoff i vi h ( N + 2) chn t ghp.

1
1
1 1 11 1 1 1
( ) ...
0
( ) ...
( ) ... 0
... ... ... ... ... ... ...
... ( )
0
pp p pA p pN p
Ap AA A A AN A
p A N
Np NA Np NN N N
R iX Z Z Z I
Z R iX Z Z I U
Z Z R iX Z I
Z Z Z R iX I
+
( ( (
( ( (
+
( ( (
( + ( ( =
( ( (
( ( (
( ( (
+

(5.3)

Trong ,
11 22
, , , ,.....,
pp AA NN
R R R R R
l phn t thc ca tr khng ring
ca chn t phn x, chn t ch ng v cc chn t dn x. Cc tr khng tng
h
1 1 1 1
, , ,....,
pA Ap p p A A nk kn
Z Z Z Z Z Z Z Z = = = =
c th c xc nh theo cc
cng thc ca l thuyt anten ( phng php sc in ng cm ng), hoc tnh
theo cc bng cho sn. Cc i lng X
p
, X
A
, X
1
, X
2
, , X
N
l in khng ton phn
ca chn t phn x, chn t ch ng v cc chn t dn x, trong bao gm
in khng ring ca mi chn t v in khng iu chnh i vi mi chn t
nu c (sau ny, khi tnh ton xong th vic th hin thc t cc in khng ny s
c thc hin bng cch s dng cc chn t ngn mch gia v la chn
di thch hp cho chng). i lng U trong cng thc trn l in p t u
vo chn t ch ng v c th c chn tu ( v d U = 1V).

Bc 2: Theo cc tr s dng in tm c khi gii h phng trnh (5.3) s
tnh c hm phng hng t hp.

u
u
u

= + +
cos
cos
1
( ) 1 ( )
p n
N
ikd p ikd n
k
A A
I
I
f e e
I I
(5.4)


Bi Quang Ch Thin
trong , u l gc gia trc anten v hng ca im kho st (hnh 5.6).

Hnh 5.6: Gc trong mt phng H v mt phng E
i vi mt phng H th (5.4) cng chnh l hm phng hng ca c h,
cn i vi mt phng E th hm phng hng ca h s bng tch ca hm t
hp (5.4) vi hm phng hng ring ca chn t [
1
cos( sin )
2
( )
cos
f
t
u
u
u
=
].

Bc 3: Tm tr khng vo ca chn t ch ng khi c nh hng tng h
ca cc chn t th ng:

VA VA VA
Z R iX = +

= + + + + +
1
1
.....
p
N
pA AA A A NA
A A A
I
I I
Z R iX Z Z
I I I
(5.5)
Tr s X
A
s c chn theo iu kin m bo X
VA
= 0. Nh vy, t (5.5)
s xc nh c X
A
v do Z
VA
= R
VA
.

Bc 4: Tnh h s nh hng ca anten hng trc theo cng thc:
.( 2)
o
D D N = + (5.6)
trong , D
o
= 1,64 l h s nh hng ca chn t na sng;


Bi Quang Ch Thin
Cng c th tnh theo cng thc:
=
max
.
L
D A (5.7)
L - di anten.
H s A ph thuc vo t s
L
c biu th trn hnh sau:

Hnh 5.7: S ph thuc ca h s A vo
l

5.3. Vn tip in v phi hp tr khng
Chn t n gin c ng dng ph bin nht l chn t na sng (2l=/2).
tip in cho chn t di sng cc ngn c th dng ng dy song hnh
hoc cp ng trc.
5.3.1. Tip in cho chn t bng dy song hnh
Bit tr khng vo ca chn t na sng khong 73. Nu chn t c tip
in bng ng dy song hnh ( tr khng ca dy song hnh thng thng c
gi tr khong 200 n 600 ) th h s sng chy trong fide s kh thp.
khc phc nhc im ny c th ch to cc ng dy song hnh c bit c tr
khng thp.

Bi Quang Ch Thin
Tr khng sng ca dy song hnh c xc nh theo cng thc:

,
276 2
lg
d
D
d
c
= (5.8)
Trong :
D khong cch hai dy dn tnh t tm;
d ng knh dy dn;

,
c - hng s in mi tng i ca mt trng bao quanh dy dn.
gim tr khng sng ca dy song hnh, c th gim t s
D
d
(ngha l
tng ng knh dy dn hoc gim khong cch gia hai dy), hoc bao bc
ng dy bi in mi c c ln. Trong thc t khong cch D khng th gim
nh ty v n c quan h vi in p chu ng ca ng dy. Ngi ta ch to
dy song hnh c khong cch nh, c bao bc trong in mi c c ln v bn
ngoi c v kim loi. Loi dy song hnh ny c tr khng sng khong 75, c
th s dng tip in cho chn t di sng cc ngn v sng ngn. Nhng
nhc im ca n l in p chu ng thp. in p cho php cc i thng
khng vt qu 1kV. V vy loi fide ny ch c s dng cho thit b thu hoc
pht c cng sut nh.
Chn t kiu T
Mt dng khc ca s tip in song song l s phi hp kiu T (hnh
5.8a).

Hnh 5.8: S tip in kiu T

Bi Quang Ch Thin
Mch tng ng ca s kiu T (hnh 5.8b) tng t mch tng ng
ca s kiu Y. Nguyn l lm vic ca s kiu T cng tng t nguyn l
lm vic ca s kiu Y. Tuy nhin trong trng hp ny on fide chuyn tip
OA bin dng thnh on dy dn song song vi chn t nn cn phi tnh n
s khc bit v tr khng sng vi fide chnh v cng khng th b qua hiu ng
bc x. u vo ca chn t trong trng hp ny cn phi c coi l ti OO nn
tr khng vo ca chn t by gi s l tr khng ti AA bin i qua on fide
chuyn tip OA. C th chng minh rng tr khng vo ti OO s t cc i khi
1
l =/8 v gim dn khi tip tc tng
1
l . ng thi tr s ca tr khng ny c th
bin i khi thay i t l ca cc ng knh
1
d ,
2
d v khong cch D gia
chng.
Nu dng dy song hnh c tr khng sng 600 Ohm tip in cho chn t
na sng th cc kch thc ca s phi hp kiu T c th xc nh gn ng
nh nhau:

1 2
1
(0, 01 0, 02) ;
(0, 09 0,1)
D d d
l
= =
=

Chn t vng dt
Khi dch chuyn im AA (hnh 5.8a) ra ti u mt chn t ta c chn t
vng dt (hnh 5.9a).

Hnh 5.9: S tip in cho chn t vng dt

Bi Quang Ch Thin
Trng hp ny ta nhn c hai chn t na sng c u cui ni vi nhau,
gi l cc chn t nhnh. Fide tip in c mc vo im gia ca mt trong hai
chn t, cn chn t th hai c ngn mch gia. S tng ng ca h
thng l mt on dy song hnh di /2, ngn mch ti C, u vo l OO (hnh
5.9b). Phn b dng trn ng dy c v bi cc nt t cn cc mi tn ch
chiu dng in. Ta nhn thy hai chn t nhnh c kch thch ng pha, bng
dng nm ti im gia chn t, cn nt dng ti A-A. Trng bc x tng to bi
hai phn t tng ng nhau trn cc chn t nhnh v s bng trng bc x to
bi mt phn t nhng c dng in ln gp i. V vy khi tnh trng bc x
khu xa c th thay th chn t vng dt bi mt chn t na sng i xng m
dng in trong bng dng in trong hai chn t nhnh ti mi v tr tng
ng. Nh vy c th thy rng hng tnh ca chn t vng dt cng ging nh
hng tnh ca chn t na sng i xng.
Gi
bx
R l in tr bc x ca chn t vng dt tnh i vi dng in
im tip in th cng sut bc x ca chn t vng dt bng:

=
2
1
2
bx o bx
P I R
(5.9)
I
o
dng in im tip in.
Nu coi chn t vng dt nh mt chn t na sng i xng c dng gp
i so vi dng nhnh mi chn t th:
( ) =
2 1
2
2
bx o bxo
P I R
(5.10)
y,
= = O 73,1
bxo bx
R R l in tr bc x ca chn t na sng
T (5.9), (5.10) ta rt ra:

= = O 4 292
bx bxo
R R
Nh vy in tr vo ca chn t vng dt tng ln 4 ln so vi in tr
vo ca chn t na sng thng thng.

Bi Quang Ch Thin
in khng vo ca chn t vng dt c gi tr kh nh, c th b qua nu
di chn t c rt ngn i mt cht so vi /2. Khi dng dy song hnh c tr
khng sng 300 Ohm tip in cho chn t vng dt th c th nhn c hiu
qu phi hp cao, vi h s sng chy trong fide gn bng 1 m khng cn mc
cc phn t phi hp.
5.3.2. Tip in cho chn t i xng bng cp ng trc
Nh trn kho st vn tip in v phi hp tr khng cho chn t i
xng bng dy song hnh. Dy song hnh l mt loi fide i xng, v vy vic
tip in cho chn t khng cn thit b chuyn i. Tuy nhin, khi tn s tng th
hiu ng bc x ca dy song hnh cng tng, dn n tn hao nng lng v mo
dng th phng hng ca chn t. V vy, tip in cho chn t i xng
di sng cc ngn, ngi ta thng dng cp song hnh (dy song hnh c v
bc kim loi) hoc dng cp ng trc.
Hnh 5.10 l s mc trc tip chn t i xng v cp ng trc, khng c
thit b chuyn i.

Hnh 5.10: S mc trc tip cp ng trc vo chn t i xng


Bi Quang Ch Thin
Trong trng hp ny, ton b dng I
1
chy trong li ca cp c tip cho
mt nhnh chn t, cn dng I
2
chy mt trong ca v cp s phn nhnh thnh
dng I
2
tip cho nhnh th hai ca chn t v dng I
2
chy ra mt ngoi ca v
cp. V bin ca dng I
1
v I
2
ging nhau (
1 2
I I = ) nn bin ca dng
in tip cho hai v s khc nhau ( =
'
1 2
I I ), ngha l khng thc hin c vic
tip in i xng cho chn t. Trong khi dng I
2
chy mt ngoi ca v
cp s tr thnh ngun bc x k sinh khng nhng gy hao ph nng lng m
cn lm mo dng th phng hng ca chn t.
gim bt s mt i xng khi tip in cho chn t bng cp ng trc,
c th mc chn t vi cp theo s phi hp kiu I(hnh 5.11a). Nu chn t
c di bng na bc sng th im gia O ca chn t s l im bng dng
in v nt in p, do n c th c coi l im gc in th. V vy vic ni
trc tip O vi v cp tip in s khng lm mt tnh i xng ca chn t. Dy
dn trong ca cp c ni vi chn t im c tr khng ph hp vi tr khng
sng ca fide. Trong thc t, thun tin trong vic iu chnh phi hp tr
khng gia fide v chn t, c th mc thm t iu chun (hnh v 5.11b), song
n khng m bo vic tip in i xng mt cch hon ho.

Hnh 5.11: S phi hp kiu I
Thng thng tip in i xng cho chn t bng cp ng trc cn c
thit b chuyn i mc gia fide v chn t. Thit b chuyn i ny c gi l
thit b bin i i xng.

Bi Quang Ch Thin
S ca b bin i c v hnh 5.12
Hai nhnh ca chn t khng ni trc tip vi v v li ca fide tip in m
c chuyn i qua mt on cp.
Hnh 5.12a l s bin i i xng ch U dng tip in cho chn t na
sng n gin. Fide tip in c mc vo im c, c khong cch ti hai u
vng ch U bng
1
l v
2
l , khc nhau na bc sng (
,
,
2 1
;
2
l l

= l bc
sng trong cp ng trc). Tr khng ti u cui a, b ca vng ch U c gi tr
bng nhau v bng mt na tr khng vo ca chn t i xng
(
2
ab
ao bo
R
R R = =
). Tr khng phn nh t u cui a, b v im c qua on l
1
v
l
2
s c gi tr bng nhau. Dng in ca fide tip in s phn thnh hai nhnh c
bin bng nhau (
1 2
I I = ) chy v hai pha ca vng ch U tip cho hai
nhnh ca chn t. V khong cch t c ti a v b khc nhau na bc sng nn
dng I
1
v I
2
ti cc u cui a v b s c pha ngc nhau, ngha l ti u vo
chn t hnh thnh cc dng ging nh dng in c a ti t hai nhnh
ca ng dy song hnh.

Hnh 5.12: S b bin i i xng

Bi Quang Ch Thin
Nu coi gn ng tr khng vo ca chn t na sng bng 70 Ohm th ta c
70
2
ao bo
R R = = O . Gi s on cp ch U c tr khng sng bng 70 Ohm, ng
thi nu
'
1
4
l

=
th tr khng phn nh t a v c cng nh t b v c s bng:

2 2
1 2
70
140
35
bo
R R
R
= = = O
Tr khng phn nh R
1
, R
2
c coi nh mc song song ti c nn tr khng
vo ti y s l:

140
70
2
c
R = = O
Nu fide tip in c tr khng sng 70 th vic phi hp tr khng c
coi l hon ho, vi h s sng chy trong fide gn bng 1 ( 1 k ~ ).
Trng hp tip in cho chn t vng dt th thc hin phi hp tr
khng cn chn l
1
= 0 ( hnh 5.12b).
Tht vy, tr khng ca chn t vng dt bng 292 Ohm, do :

292
2
ao bo
R R = = O

Tr khng vo ti C :
73
2
ao
c
R
R = = O

Nu dng fide tip in c tr khng sng ( 70 75 ) th h s sng chy
trong fide cng s gn bng 1.


Bi Quang Ch Thin
Chng 6:
M PHNG

Trc khi chng ta i thit k v thi cng anten Yagi, chng ta s i m
phng v th bc x ca anten vic thi cng t hiu qu hn. By gi, ta
cho cc thng s nh: tn s, khong cch gia cc chn t, s chn t N ln lt
thay i xem s thay i ca th bc x nh th no?

6.1. Trng hp d = 0,25; f = 650 Mhz ; thay i N

Hnh 6.1: th bc x ca anten Yagi khi N = 2
-Khi N = 2 ( V trong mt phng H)

V trong mt phng E


Bi Quang Ch Thin



-Khi N = 4

-Khi N = 8


Bi Quang Ch Thin

Nh vy vi d, f khng i, khi tng N th s hng tnh ca anten cng cao
th hin th l rng bc x chnh cng hp. Tuy nhin iu ny li lm cho
bc x ph tng ln.

-Khi N = 10


Bi Quang Ch Thin
6.1. Trng hp N = 6, f = 650 Mhz; thay i d

Hnh 6.5: th bc x ca anten Yagi khi d
px
= 0,15; d
dx
= 0,1

px
= 0,15; d
dx
= 0,15

-Khi d
px
= 0,15; d
dx
= 0,1

-Khi d
px
= 0,15; d
dx
= 0,15


Bi Quang Ch Thin

px
= 0,15; d
dx
= 0,2

px
= 0,15; d
dx
= 0,25

-Khi d
px
= 0,15; d
dx
= 0,2

-Khi d
px
= 0,15; d
dx
= 0,25


Bi Quang Ch Thin

px
= 0,2; d
dx
= 0,1

px
= 0,2; d
dx
= 0,15

-Khi d
px
= 0,2; d
dx
= 0,1

-Khi d
px
= 0,2; d
dx
= 0,15


Bi Quang Ch Thin

px
= 0,2; d
dx
= 0,2

px
= 0,2; d
dx
= 0,25

-Khi d
px
= 0,2; d
dx
= 0,2

-Khi d
px
= 0,2; d
dx
= 0,25


Bi Quang Ch Thin

Khi N, f khng i. Ta ln lt tng khong cch gia chn t phn x vi
chn t ch ng v khong cch gia cc chn t dn x th rng bc x chnh
cng gim dn, v c nhiu hng bc x ph xut hin hn. rng ca bc x
chnh ph thuc nhiu vo khong cch gia cc chn t dn x vi nhau v chn
t ch ng . N t thay i hn khi thay i khong cch gia chn t phn x v
chn t ch ng (quan st k cc hnh 6.5; 6.9 ta s thy r iu ny).

6.3. Trng hp N = 6; d
px
= d
dx
= 0,25, thay i tn s

Hnh 6.13: th bc x ca anten Yagi khi f = 642 Mhz

-Khi f = 642 Mhz


Bi Quang Ch Thin



-Khi f = 655 Mhz

-Khi f = 645 Mhz


Bi Quang Ch Thin

Cc kt qu t c khi thay i tn s lm vic ca anten cho thy: nu
thay i tn s trong di tn ca i th hu nh c tnh bc x ca anten khng
i.
Trn y ta xt s thay i ring r ca ba thng s N, d, f. By gi ta
tip tc kho st c tnh hng tnh ca anten khi cho tng i mt cc thng s
trn thay i ng thi.

-Khi f = 658 Mhz


Bi Quang Ch Thin
6.4. Trng hp f = 650 Mhz; thay i N v d

Hnh 6.17: th bc x ca anten Yagi khi N = 2; d
px
= 0,15; d
dx
= 0,1

px
= 0,15; d
dx
= 0,15

-Khi N = 2; d
px
= 0,15 ; d
dx
= 0,1

-Khi N = 4; d
px
= 0,15 ; d
dx
= 0,15


Bi Quang Ch Thin

px
= 0,2; d
dx
= 0,2

px
= 0,2; d
dx
= 0,25

-Khi N = 7; d
px
= 0,2; d
dx
= 0,25

-Khi N = 5; d
px
= 0,2; d
dx
= 0,2


Bi Quang Ch Thin

px
= 0,25; d
dx
= 0,3
Nh vy khi tng ng thi N v d th c trng hng ca anten cng xut
hin nhiu bc x ph v gim rng hng bc x chnh.
6.5. Trng hp d
px
= d
dx
= 0,115 m thay i N v f

Hnh 6.22: th bc x ca anten Yagi khi N = 2; f = 642 Mhz
-Khi N = 2; f = 642 Mhz

-Khi N = 8; d
px
= 0,25; d
dx
= 0,3


Bi Quang Ch Thin

Hnh 6.23: th bc x ca anten Ygi khi N = 4; f = 647 Mhz

-Khi N = 4; f = 647 Mhz

-Khi N = 7; f = 653 Mhz


Bi Quang Ch Thin

Khi tng N v f th rng ca bc x chnh gim v c nhiu bc x ph
xut hin.
6.6. Trng hp N = 6, thay i f v d

Hnh 6.26: th bc x ca anten Yagi khi f = 642 Mhz; d
px
= 0,15; d
dx
= 0,1

-Khi N = 8; f = 658 Mhz

-Khi f = 642 Mhz; d
px
= 0,15; d
dx
= 0,1


Bi Quang Ch Thin

px
= 0.2; d
dx
= 0,15

px
= 0.2; d
dx
= 0,25

-Khi f = 653 Mhz; d
px
= 0,2; d
dx
= 0,25

-Khi f = 647 Mhz; d
px
= 0,2; d
dx
= 0,15


Bi Quang Ch Thin

px
= 0.25; d
dx
= 0,3

Khi tng f v d th rng ca bc x chnh gim v s bc x ph tng.

Kt lun :
T cc kt qu m phng trn, ta thy rng c tnh hng tnh ca anten
s cng cao khi tng mt trong cc thng s N, d, f hoc tng ng thi tng i
mt cc thng s . Qua ta rt ra c kt lun rng: khi thit k mt anten
Yagi c th, thu c d dng cc tn hiu cn thit, th cc thng s cu to
ca anten phi c chn trong mt gii hn cho php nh phn l thuyt trnh
by cc phn trn.

-Khi f = 658 Mhz; d
px
= 0,25; d
dx
= 0,3


Bi Quang Ch Thin
Chng 7:
THIT K V THI CNG ANTEN YAGI
THU CC KNH TRUYN HNH BTV1,
BTV2

7.1. Vi nt v i truyn hnh Bnh Dng
Tn y ca i l i Pht thanh v Truyn hnh Bnh Dng.
i Pht thanh v Truyn hnh Bnh Dng c thnh lp vo nm 1977,
c chc nng truyn b ng li chnh sch ca Nh nc Vit Nam, phc v
nhu cu hng th vn ho ngh thut, gii tr ca nhn dn v qun l h thng
k thut pht thanh, truyn hnh trong tnh.
Tn vit tt l: BTV. Tri qua 30 nm thnh lp, i Pht thanh v Truyn
hnh Bnh Dng lin tc pht trin, snh vai cng h thng bo ch c nc xy
dng nc Vit Nam dn ch, vn minh v phn thnh.
T ngy chnh thc pht sng pht thanh 02-10-1977, ch c vi gi pht
trong ngy. Hin nay, i Pht thanh v Truyn hnh Bnh Dng c mt h
thng k thut pht thanh v truyn hnh pht lin tc trong ngy. Din ph sng
ca i khng ch i phng m cn lan ta ra cc tnh khu vc min ng v
min Ty Nam b.
Cc chng trnh ca i cng lin tc i mi v m rng, vi hn 70 u
chng trnh pht thanh v trn 50 u chng trnh truyn hnh, cung cp cho
khn -thnh ga trong khu vc mt khi lng thng tin vn ha ngh thut a
dng, phong ph. i Pht thanh v Truyn hnh Bnh Dng c ng, Chnh
quyn v nhn dn nh gi cao. i c Nh nc tng thng 05 Hun
chng lao ng hng III nm 1995, 02 Hun chng Lao ng hng II nm 1999.

Bi Quang Ch Thin
Hin nay vi phng chm "Lin tc pht trin" i Pht thanh v Truyn
hnh Bnh Dng ang tip tc m rng cc chng trnh pht sng i i vi tp
trung nng cao cht lng cc chng trnh pht thanh-truyn hnh.
7.2. Chn m hnh v cc thng s cu to ca Anten
i truyn hnh Bnh Dng c pht trn hai knh qung b 42 v 44,
tng ng vi di tn 638646 Mhz v 654662 Mhz trong bng tn UHF.
thu c hai knh trn, Anten thu cn c di tn c tnh trung bnh ca
c hai knh.
D dng tnh c di tn trung bnh l 642658 Mhz. T y tnh c tn
s trung tm v bc sng
f = 650 Mhz
8
6
3.10 6
0.46( )
650.10 13
c
m
f
= = = ~ (7.1)
Ta chn m hnh Anten cn thit k vi cc thng s c chn nh sau:

Hnh 7.1: M hnh thit k anten Yagi
- N=6 l s chn t dn x, ( N= 1,2,,6 c k hiu nh trn hnh 8.1)mi
chn t c chiu di 2l
dn x
;
- Mt chn t pht x (chn t ch ng) k hiu 0, chiu di 2l
pht x
;

Bi Quang Ch Thin
- Mt chn t phn x k hiu -1, chiu di 2l
phn x
.
Chn t ch ng dng lm Anten l chn t na sng.
i vi loi Anten ny, dng trong chn t th ng c cm ng do
trng to bi chn t ch ng. Cn pha ca dng trong cc chn t th ng c
th iu chnh c m bo nhn c s bc x n hng. Vi mc ch
nh trn (dng trong thanh phn x nhanh pha hn so vi dng trong thanh pht
x) th di ca thanh phn x cn chn ln hn di ca thanh pht x (chn
t 0). Thng th di thanh phn x c chn trong gii hn (0,51 0,53).
Cn khong cch gia thanh phn x v thanh pht x c chn trong gii hn
(0,150,25).
Pha yu cu trong thanh dn x (chm pha so vi dng trong chn t ch
ng) cng c m bo bng cch chn di ca n, thng thng di
thanh dn x chn ngn hn di ca chn t ch ng v bng (0,320,38).
Khong cch gia chn t ch ng vi thanh dn x u tin cng nh gia cc
thanh dn x vi nhau c chn trong gii hn (0,10,35).
Vi yu cu nh trn, ta chn di v khong cch ca cc chn t nh sau:
Chiu di ca chn t pht x:
2l
pht x
=
2
=0,23 (m) (7.2)

Chiu di ca chn t phn x:
2l
phn x
=0,53 ~ 0,25 (m) (7.3)
Khong cch gia chn t pht x v chn t phn x
d
px
= 0,25 ~ 0,115 (m) (7.4)
Chiu di ca cc chn t dn x l nh nhau v bng:
2l
dn x
= 0,33 ~ 0,15 (m) (7.5)

Bi Quang Ch Thin
Khong cch gia chn t ch ng vi chn t dn x u tin cng nh
gia cc chn t dn x vi nhau:
d
dx
= 0,25 ~ 0,115 (m)
Nh vy Anten c chiu di l:
L = d
px
+ d
dx
N =0,115 + 0,115 x 6 = 0,805 (m). (7.6)
7.3. Tnh c trng hng
Anten Yagi c th coi nh mt h tuyn tnh gm cc ngun ri rc. Anten
thng t cao bng mt s ln chiu di bc sng so vi mt t hoc mt
phn x. nh hng ca mt phn x ln trng bc x ca anten trong trng
hp ny thng tc ng ln c trng hng trong mt phng ng.
Trong trng hp tng qut, i vi anten cu to t mt s chn t khi tnh
n nh hng ca t th c trng hng ca n c xc nh bng cng thc:
1( , ) 2( , ) 3( , )
( , ) . . f f f f
u u u
u =
(7.7)
Trong :
1( , )
f
u
- Tha s xc nh c trng ca mt chn t;
- Trong mt phng E (hnh 4.6)
1( , )
cos( sin )
2
cos
f
u
t
u
u
= (7.8)
- Trong mt phng H
1( , )
1 f
u
= (7.9)
3( , )
f
u
- Tha s nh hng ca t. (trong mt phng H).
3( , )
2
sin( . .sin ) f h
u
t
u
= (7.10)
h - cao t Anten

Bi Quang Ch Thin
2( , )
f
u
- Tha s ca h.
( cos )
2( , )
1
0
j z
N
i kd j
j
I
f e
I
| u
u
+
=
=
(7.11)
I
j
bin dng trn chn t j;
I
0
bin dng trn chn t ch ng;
j
| - pha ca dng trn chn t th j;
d
z
- khong cch t chn t j n chn t 0.
Ta coi dng trong cc chn t l nh nhau. Suy ra t s
0
1
j
I
I
= . V vai tr ch
yu quyt nh dng c trng hng l phn b pha ch khng phi l phn b
bin .
d
z
= (j-2)d
tb
,
vi d
tb
khong cch trung bnh gia cc chn t;
1
1
1 1
N
j
tb
dj
L
d
N N
=
= =

; L - chiu di anten. (7.12)

j
| = -k .d
z
: pha ca dng trn cc chn t gim theo quy lut tuyn tnh;
gc to bi phng im quan st vi trc chn t.
suy ra
( 2) (1 cos )
2( , )
1
tb
N
i j kd
j
f e
u
u

=
=

(7.13)
bin i ta c:
2( , )
sin[ (1 cos )]
2
sin[ (1 cos )]
2
tb
tb
N
kd
f
kd
u
u
u


Bi Quang Ch Thin
V h anten ang xt c N+2 chn t nn:
2( , )
2
sin[ (1 cos )]
2
sin[ (1 cos )]
2
tb
tb
N
kd
f
kd
u
u
u
+

=
(7.14)

Hm phng hng bin chun ho ca h c dng:
2
2( , )
max
2
sin[ (1 cos )]
( , )
2
( 2) sin[ (1 cos )]
2
tb
tb
N
kd
f
F
kd
f
N
u
u
u
u
+

= =
+
(7.15)
Thay cc gi tr c chn
N = 6 ;
tb
d = 0,115 (m) ; k = 2 / ;
T (7.15) v (7.8), c trng hng chun ho trong mt phng E (hnh 7.2)
2
sin[ (1 cos )] cos( sin )
2 2
( , ) .
cos
( 2) sin[ (1 cos )]
2
tb
tb
N
kd
F
k
N d
t
u u
u
u
u
+

=
+
(7.16)

Hnh 7.2 : c trng hng ca Anten trong mt phng E


Bi Quang Ch Thin
c trng hng chun ho trong mt phng H (khng xt n nh hng
ca t) (hnh 7.3)
2
sin[ (1 cos )]
2
( , )
( 2) sin[ (1 cos )]
2
tb
tb
N
kd
F
k
N d
u
u
u
+

=
+
(7.17)

Hnh 7.3: c trng hng ca Anten trong mt phng H
Xt n nh hng ca t th:
2
sin[ (1 cos )]
2
( , ) .sin( . .sin )
sin[ (1 cos )]
2
tb
tb
N
kd
F k h
k
d
u
u u
u
+

=
(7.18)
Cho h =15 m th c dng nh sau:

Bi Quang Ch Thin

Hnh 7.4: c trng hng ca anten trong mt phng H vi nh hng ca t
7.4. Tnh tr vo ca Anten
Ta ang xt bin dng l ng bin v c pha lch nhau mt gc nn tr
vo c xc nh nh sau:
Ta tnh tr khng vo ca chn t ch ng khi c s nh hng tng h
ca cc chn t th ng:

= + = + + + +
1 1
10 00 10 0
. . ..... .
N
j j j
V V V N
Z R jX e Z Z e Z e Z
(7.19)
Gc c xc nh nh sau:
N N
kd =
khong cch c chn d = 0,25 nn =
2
t

Nh th, ta xc nh c dng trong chn t phn x nhanh pha hn dng
trong chn t pht x l
2
t
, dng trong chn t pht x nhanh pha hn dng trong
chn t dn x th nht l
2
t
, chn t dn x th hai l , chn t th ba
l
3
2
t
.
T (7.19) ta vit li nh sau:

Bi Quang Ch Thin
= + = + + +
10 00 10 20 30 40 50 60
. . . . .
V V V
Z R j X j Z Z j Z Z j Z Z j Z Z
(7.20)
Z
00
= 73,1 + j42,5 - tr khng ring ca chn t ch ng.
Z
n0
= R
n0
+ j.X
n0
- tr khng tng h (n= -1, 1, 2, 3, , 6).
Z
n0
c xc nh theo bng tr khng tng h ( so le H=0).
Z
-10
(d=0,25)= 40,8 j28,3
Z
10
= Z
-10
= 40,8 j28,3
Z
20
(d=0,5) = -12,5 j29,9
Z
30
(d=0,75)= -22,45 + j6,6
Z
40
(d=1,0) = 4,0 + j17,7
Z
50
(d=1,25) = 14,6 j2,65
Z
60
(d=(1,5) = -1,8 j12,3
thay cc gi tr trn vo (7.20) ta c:
Z
V
= 79,5 + j40,75
7.5. Tnh h s tc dng nh hng
p dng cng thc:
.
L
D A
= vi L = 0,805 (m)
H s A ph thuc vo t s
L
c biu th trn hnh sau:


Bi Quang Ch Thin

Hnh 7.5: S ph thuc ca h s A vo
l

C
0,805
1, 75
0, 46
L
= =
Da vo th trn ta xc nh c A = 6,3
Do D = 6,3.
L
= 11,025
7.6. Tip in cho Anten
Nh trnh by chng 6, c hai cch tip in cho anten: dng dy song
hnh v cp ng trc. y, ta s dng chn t vng v cp ng trc cp
in cho anten. Nh th s tng tr khng vo ca chn t ch ng nhm mc
ch m rng di tn cho anten.
7.7. Thi cng
Sau khi chn m hnh v tnh ton cc thng s v anten. Ta tin hnh lp
mt anten hon chnh theo cc thng s chn.
- Chun b:
Cc ng nhm hnh tr rng (ng knh khong 9 mm).
Chn t vng di 23 cm.

Bi Quang Ch Thin
Mt thanh nhm di dng lm trc ca anten.
Cc thnh phn khc c nh cc chn t trn trc anten.
- Tin hnh lp rp:
Cc ng nhm c ct cn thn sao cho khng b mo c chiu di
25 cm : 6 ng
18 cm : 12 ng
Khoan l cc v tr cn lp chn t trn thanh nhm (trc anten) v
tin hnh lp rp.
Hon chnh Anten, kt ni vi ng vo anten ca TiVi .

KT LUN V HNG PHT TRIN

1 Kt lun
Anten thit k thu tt cc knh BTV1, BTV2 .
Qua cc kt qu m phng t c ta thy rng Anten l mt h thng phc
tp, khi thay i mt vi thng s k thut trong khi thit k th s dn n nh
hng n cht lng ca Anten. Chng hn nh, khi tng khong cch gia cc
chn t ln dn, hoc chn s thanh dn x nhiu qu, th s bc x hng tnh
ca Anten cng tng, ng thi s bc x ph tng ln. Lm cho tn hiu thu
khng c tt hoc rt kh thu. Nu mun thu c tn hiu truyn hnh tt th ta
s phi iu chnh anten thu hng mt cch chnh xc v hng anten pht ca
i cn thu.

Bi Quang Ch Thin
V vy cn phi iu chnh cc thng s trn sao cho ph hp c c s
bc x tt nht, s bc x ph nh th anten thu s thu c tn hiu tt m khng
gp phi kh khn trong vic iu chnh hng ca anten thu theo mt hng
chnh xc v pha anten pht v khi rng bc x chnh l ln.
Bn cnh , s dng cc phng php tip in phi hp tr khng cng
l vn quan trng nh hng n cht lng thu ca anten.
Ngoi ra trn anten c thit k, ta c th m rng di tn thu c
nhiu knh hn bng cch ghp song song cc chn t dn x v dng chn t
vng cp in cho anten.
2 Hng pht trin ca ti
Anten YaGi dng thu cc tn hiu truyn hnh tng t l ch yu, n
c thit k n gin, gn nh v kinh t. Tuy nhin vic thit k Anten c
trnh by trong tp n ny cha c thit k v tnh ton ti u. Do khi
pht trin hn na cn xt n vic tnh ton ti u l thit k anten sao cho t
c cc ch tiu cht lng cao nht nh: h s nh hng cn t c, mc
bc x ph, mc bc x ngc, di tn cng tc..
Trong k nguyn thng tin ngy nay s pht trin ca cng ngh thng tin di
ng, thng tin v tinh i hi phi c nhng hng nghin cu su hn rng hn,
tm ra c cc loi cu hnh anten ph hp, p ng c nhu cu truyn ti
thng tin a phng tin l ht sc thit thc.
Do vy vic nghin cu anten vi s h tr ngy cng mnh hn ca k thut
my tnh c th to ra bc t ph trong ngnh thng tin lin lc cng nh cc
dch v gii tr truyn hnh.


Bi Quang Ch Thin

TI LIU THAM KHO

[1] Condensed and re-edited from various sources, BASIC YAGI ANTENNA
DESIGN FOR THE EXPERIMENTER

[2] Nguyn Hoi Sn, ng Dng Matlab Trong Tnh Ton K Thut, Nxb i
hc Quc gia Tp. HCM.

[3] Phan Anh, L Thuyt V K Thut Anten, Nxb Khoa Hc V K Thut.

[4] L Tin Thng, Trn Vn S , Truyn Sng V Anten, Nxb i hc Quc gia
Tp. HCM

Bi Quang Ch Thin

.

PH LC 1
CC TON T TRNG IN T ANTEN

1 Cc ton t vi phn
Gi s l hm v hng; , a b l cc hm vecto.
K hiu:
1 2 3
1 2 3
i i i
x x x
c c c
V = + +
c c c
l ton t Nabla th
1 2 3
1 2 3
grad i i i
x x x

c c c
= V = + +
c c c
(p1)

Bi Quang Ch Thin
3 1 2
1 2 3
a a a
diva a
x x x
c c c
= V = + +
c c c
(p2)
1 2 3
1 2 3
1 2 3
i i i
rota a
x x x
a a a
c c c
= V =
c c c
(p3)
2 Cc ton t o hm bc hai

2
( ) divgrad = VV =V =A (p4)
y
2
V = A gi l ton t Laplas.
Trong h to vung gc
2 2 2
2
2 2 2
1 2 3
x x x
c c c
A = V = + +
c c c
(p5)
0 rotgrad = VV =
(p6)
(v vector V v V song song vi nhau)
( ) 0 divrota a = V V = (p7)
(v vector V v ( ) a V vung gc vi nhau)
( ) rotrota a graddiva a = V V = A (p8)
T (p8) rt ra ta c:
a graddiva rotrot a A = (p9)


Bi Quang Ch Thin

PH LC 2
BNG TR KHNG TNG H CA HAI CHN T
NA SNG T SONG SONG CNH NHAU MT
KHONG d VI SO LE H = 0

d R
12
X
12
d R
12
X
12
d R
12
X
12
d R
12
X
12
0.00 73.1 42.5 0.36 15.2 -37.7 0.72 -24.2 2.6 1.08 11.0 12.9
0.02 72.9 35.1 0.38 10.6 -37.8 0.74 -23.1 5.3 1.10 12.4 11.3
0.04 72.3 27.8 0.40 6.2 -37.5 0.76 -21.8 7.9 1.12 13.4 9.5

Bi Quang Ch Thin
0.06 71.0 20.8 0.42 2.0 -36.7 0.78 -20.3 10.2 1.14 14.2 7.6
0.08 69.4 14.0 0.44 -2.0 -35.6 0.80 -18.5 12.2 1.16 14.18 5.8
0.10 67.3 7.5 0.46 -5.8 -33.9 0.82 -16.6 14.0 1.18 15.2 3.9
0.12 64.9 1.4 0.48 -9.4 -32.1 0.84 -14.5 15.6 1.20 15.2 1.9
0.14 62.0 -4.4 0.50 -12.5 -29.9 0.86 -12.2 16.9 1.22 15.2 0.1
0.16 58.8 -9.8 0.52 -15.4 -27.5 0.88 -9.8 17.9 1.24 14.9 -1.8
0.18 55.2 -14.7 0.54 -17.9 -24.9 0.90 -7.5 18.5 1.26 14.3 -3.5
0.20 51.4 -19.2 0.56 -20.1 -22.0 0.92 -5.1 19.0 1.28 13.5 -5.1
0.22 47.4 -23.2 0.58 -21.9 -19.0 0.94 -2.7 19.1 1.30 12.6 -6.7
0.24 43.1 -26.8 0.60 -23.3 -15.9 0.96 -0.5 18.9 1.32 11.5 -8.1
0.26 38.5 -29.8 0.62 -24.4 -12.7 0.98 1.8 18.5 1.34 10.3 -9.3
0.28 34.0 -32.4 0.64 -25.0 -9.5 1.00 4.0 17.7 1.36 8.9 -10.4
0.30 29.3 -34.4 0.66 -25.3 -6.4 1.02 6.0 16.8 1.38 7.5 -11.2
0.32 24.6 -36.0 0.68 -25.3 -3.3 1.04 7.8 15.7 1.40 6.0 -11.9
0.34 20.0 -37.1 0.70 -27.9 -0.2 1.06 9.5 14.5 1.42 4.4 -12.4
1.44 2.8 -12.6 1.86 -7.0 7.4 2.28 8.0 -2.3 2.70 -6.9 -1.6
1.46 1.2 -12.7 1.88 -5.9 8.0 2.30 7.6 -3.3 2.72 -6.9 -0.7
1.18 -0.4 -12.6 1.90 -4.8 8.7 2.32 7.0 -4.2 2.74 -6.9 0.1
1.50 -1.8 -12.3 1.92 -3.6 9.1 2.34 6.3 -5.0 2.76 -6.5 1.0
1.52 -3.4 -11.8 1.94 -2.5 9.4 2.36 5.6 -5.7 2.78 -6.5 1.9

Bi Quang Ch Thin
1.54 -4.8 -11.2 1.96 -1.3 9.5 2.38 4.9 -6.3 2.80 -6.3 2.6
1.56 -6.0 -10.4 1.98 -0.1 9.5 2.40 4.0 -6.8 2.82 -5.8 3.3
1.58 -7.1 -9.5 2.00 1.1 9.4 2.42 3.1 -7.2 2.84 -5.3 4.0
1.60 -8.1 -8.4 2.02 2.2 9.1 2.44 2.2 -7.4 2.86 -4.8 4.6
1.62 -9.0 -7.2 2.04 3.3 8.6 2.46 1.2 -7.6 2.88 -4.1 5.1
1.64 -9.8 -5.9 2.06 4.3 8.0 2.48 0.2 -7.6 2.90 -3.4 5.6
1.66 -10.3 -4.7 2.08 5.2 7.4 2.50 -0.7 -7.5 2.92 -2.7 5.9
1.68 -10.7 -3.3 2.10 6.1 6.7 2.52 -1.6 -7.3 2.94 -1.9 6.2
1.70 -10.9 -2.0 2.12 6.8 5.8 2.54 -2.5 -7.1 2.96 -1.1 6.3
1.72 -10.9 -0.6 2.14 7.4 4.8 2.56 -3.3 -6.6 2.98 -0.3 6.4
1.74 -10.7 0.8 2.16 7.9 3.9 2.58 -4.1 -6.1 3.00 0.5 6.3
1.76 -10.5 2.0 2.18 8.2 2.9 2.60 -4.8 -5.5 3.02 1.3 6.2

d R
12
X
12
d R
12
X
12
d R
12
X
12
d R
12
X
12
1.78 -10.0 3.3 2.20 8.4 1.8 2.62 -5.4 -4.8 3.04 2.0 5.9
1.80 -9.4 4.4 2.22 8.5 0.7 2.64 -5.9 -4.1 3.06 2.7 5.6
1.82 -8.7 5.5 2.24 8.4 -0.3 2.66 -6.3 -3.3 3.08 3.4 5.2
1.84 -7.9 6.5 2.26 8.3 -1.4 2.68 -6.7 -2.5 3.10 4.0 4.7
3.12 4.5 4.1 3.36 4.1 -3.9 3.60 -3.4 -4.1 3.84 -4.1 2.9
3.14 4.9 3.5 3.38 3.6 -4.4 3.62 -3.8 -3.6 3.86 -3.6 3.3

Bi Quang Ch Thin
3.16 5.3 2.8 3.40 2.9 -4.7 3.64 -4.2 -3.1 3.88 -3.2 3.8
3.18 5.6 2.2 3.42 2.3 -5.0 3.66 -4.6 -2.5 3.90 -2.6 4.1
3.20 5.7 1.4 3.44 1.7 -5.3 3.68 -4.8 -1.9 3.92 -2.1 4.4
3.22 5.9 0.7 3.46 1.0 -5.4 3.70 -5.0 -1.3 3.94 -1.5 4.6
3.24 5.9 -0.1 3.48 0.3 -5.5 3.72 -5.1 -0.7 3.96 -1.0 4.7
3.26 5.8 -0.8 3.50 -0.4 -5.4 3.74 -5.1 -0.0 3.98 -0.4 4.8
3.28 5.6 -1.5 3.52 -1.1 -5.3 3.76 -5.0 0.6 4.00
3.30 5.3 -2.1 3.54 -1.7 -5.1 3.78 -4.9 1.2
3.32 5.0 -2.8 3.56 -2.3 -4.8 3.80 -4.7 1.8
3.34 4.5 -3.4 3.58 -2.9 -4.5 3.82 -4.4 2.3

PH LC 3
CHNG TRNH M PHNG

1) Chng trnh v th bc x ca h thng khi khng tnh
n nh hng ca t
clc
clear
disp('Day la chuong trinh ve do thi buc xa cua anten Yagi thu cac kenh
BTV1, BTV2 cua dai truyen hinh Binh Duong');

Bi Quang Ch Thin
disp('SVTH: Nguyen Ngoc Tuan-Bui Quang Chi Thien');
disp('GVHD: Ths Lai Nguyen Duy');
N=input('Nhap vao so chan tu dan xa trong khoang 2 - 10 chan tu N=');
f=input('Nhap vao tan so trong dai tan cua BTV tu 642 - 658 MHz f=');
dpx=input('Nhap vao khoang cach giua chan tu phat xa va chan tu phan
xa (tinh bang met): dpx=');
ddx=input('Nhap vao khoang cach giua chan tu phat xa va chan tu dan xa
dau tien (tinh bang met): ddx=');
buocsong=3e2/f;
L=dpx+N*ddx;
k=2*pi/buocsong;
dtb=L/(N+2-1);
x=0:pi/100:2*pi;
y=abs(sin((N+2)/2*k*dtb*(1-cos(x)))./((N+2)*sin(k/2*dtb*(1-cos(x)))));
figure
polar(x,y,'m')
title('Do thi buc xa trong mat phang H khong tinh anh huong cua dat')
z=abs((sin((N+2)/2*k*dtb*(1-cos(x)))./((N+2)*sin(k/2*dtb*(1-
cos(x))))).*(cos(pi/2*sin(x))./cos(x)));
figure
polar(x,z)
title('Do thi buc xa trong mat phang E')
2) Thay i N
clc

Bi Quang Ch Thin
clear
disp('Day la chuong trinh mo phong do thi buc xa cua anten Yagi thu cac
kenh BTV1, BTV2 cua dai truyen hinh Binh Duong');
disp('thay doi N');
N=input('Nhap vao so chan tu dan xa (trong khoang 2 - 10 chan tu) N=');
h=input('Nhap vao chieu cao anten thu h=');
f=650;
dpx=0.115;
ddx=0.115;
buocsong=3e2/f;
L=dpx+N*ddx;
k=2*pi/buocsong;
dtb=L/(N+2-1)
x=0:pi/225:2*pi;
y=abs((sin((N+2)/2*k*dtb*(1-cos(x)))./((N+2)*sin(k/2*dtb*(1-
cos(x))))).*sin(k*h*sin(x)));
figure
polar(x,z,'m')
title('ve trong mat phang E');
hold on
figure

Bi Quang Ch Thin
polar(x,y)
title('anh huong cua dat den do thi buc xa cua he thong, trong mat phang
H');
hold off
3) Thay i d
clc
clear
disp('Thay doi d');
N=6;
f=650;
buocsong=3e2/f;
L=dpx+N*ddx;
k=2*pi/buocsong;
dtb=L/(N+2-1)
x=0:pi/225:2*pi;

Bi Quang Ch Thin
figure
polar(x,z,'m')
figure
polar(x,y)
H');
4) Thay i f
clc
clear
disp('thay doi f');
f=input('Nhap vao tan so trong dai tan trung binh chung cua BTV tu 642 -
658 MHz f=');
N=6;
dpx=0.115;
ddx=0.115;

Bi Quang Ch Thin
buocsong=3e2/f;
L=dpx+N*ddx;
k=2*pi/buocsong;
dtb=L/(N+2-1)
x=0:pi/225:2*pi;
figure
polar(x,z,'m')
figure
polar(x,y)
H');
5) Thay i N v d
clc
clear
disp('thay doi N va d');

Bi Quang Ch Thin
f=650;
buocsong=3e2/f;
L=dpx+N*ddx;
k=2*pi/buocsong;
dtb=L/(N+2-1)
x=0:pi/225:2*pi;
figure
polar(x,z,'m')
figure
polar(x,y)
H');
6) Thay i N v f
clc
clear

Bi Quang Ch Thin
disp('thay doi N va f');
f=input('Nhap vao tan so trong dai tan trung binh chung cua BTV tu 642 -
658 MHz f=');
dpx=0.115;
ddx=0.115;
buocsong=3e2/f;
L=dpx+N*ddx;
k=2*pi/buocsong;
dtb=L/(N+2-1)
x=0:pi/225:2*pi;
figure
polar(x,z,'m')
figure
polar(x,y)

Bi Quang Ch Thin
H');
7) Thay i f v d
clc
clear
disp('thay doi f va d');
f=input('Nhap vao tan so trong dai tan cua BTV tu 642 - 658 MHz f=');
N=6;
buocsong=3e2/f;
L=dpx+N*ddx;
k=2*pi/buocsong;
dtb=L/(N+2-1)
x=0:pi/225:2*pi;

Bi Quang Ch Thin
figure
polar(x,z,'m')
figure
polar(x,y)
H');

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n tt nghip Thit k v thi cng anten yagi

SVTH : Nguyn Ngc Tun - Trang 1 - GVHD : ThS Li Nguyn Duy

- s hng biu th s chm pha ca vect th

= 1 (chn t ton sng), D

> 1,25), h s nh hng s gim

- hm c trng hng chun ho ca anten thu.

v t ph thuc vo bc ca kt cu (khong cch d). Ngc li,

c biu th trn hnh sau:

=0,23 (m) (7.2)

; L - chiu di anten. (7.12)

c biu th trn hnh sau:

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