Chapter 20: Magnetic Properties

ISSUES TO ADDRESS...
How do we measure magnetic properties? What are the atomic reasons for magnetism? How are magnetic materials classified? Materials design for magnetic storage. What is the importance of superconducting magnets?

Chapter 20 - 1

Applied Magnetic Field

Created by current through a coil:
Applied magnetic field H N = total number of turns L = length of each turn

current I

Relation for the applied magnetic field, H:

H=

N I L

current

applied magnetic field units = (ampere-turns/m)

Chapter 20 - 2

Response to a Magnetic Field

Magnetic induction results in the material

B = Magnetic Induction (tesla) inside the material current I

Magnetic susceptibility, (dimensionless)

>0 vacuum = 0 <0

measures the material response relative to a vacuum.

Chapter 20 - 3

Magnetic Susceptibility
Measures the response of electrons to a magnetic field. Electrons produce magnetic moments:
magnetic moments
electron nucleus electron spin

Adapted from Fig. 20.4, Callister 7e.

Net magnetic moment:

--sum of moments from all electrons.

Three types of response...

Chapter 20 - 4

3 Types of Magnetism
B = (1 + ) o H
Magnetic induction B (tesla) (3) ferromagnetic e.g. Fe3O4, NiFe2O4 ferrimagnetic e.g. ferrite(), Co, Ni, Gd ( as large as 106 !)
permeability of a vacuum: (1.26 x 10-6 Henries/m)

(2) paramagnetic ( ~ 10 -4)

e.g., Al, Cr, Mo, Na, Ti, Zr

vacuum ( = 0) (1) diamagnetic ( ~ -10 -5)

e.g., Al 2 O3 , Cu, Au, Si, Ag, Zn

Strength of applied magnetic field (H) Plot adapted from Fig. 20.6, Callister 7e. Values and (ampere-turns/m) materials from Table 20.2 and discussion in Section
20.4, Callister 7e. Chapter 20 - 5

Magnetic Moments for 3 Types

No Applied Magnetic Field (H = 0) (1) diamagnetic
none

Applied Magnetic Field (H)

opposing aligned aligned

Adapted from Fig. 20.5(a), Callister 7e.

(2) paramagnetic

random

Adapted from Fig. 20.5(b), Callister 7e.

(3) ferromagnetic ferrimagnetic

aligned

Adapted from Fig. 20.7, Callister 7e.

Chapter 20 - 6

Ferro- & Ferri-Magnetic Materials

As the applied field (H) increases...
--the magnetic moment aligns with H.
Bsat H H H H H
Adapted from Fig. 20.13, Callister 7e. (Fig. 20.13 adapted from O.H. Wyatt and D. DewHughes, Metals, Ceramics, and Polymers, Cambridge University Press, 1974.)

Magnetic induction (B)

Domains with aligned magnetic moment grow at expense of poorly aligned ones!

0
H=0

Applied Magnetic Field (H)

Chapter 20 - 7

Permanent Magnets
Process:
3. remove H, alignment stays! => permanent magnet!

2. apply H, cause alignment

Adapted from Fig. 20.14, Callister 7e.

4 . Coercivity, HC Negative H needed to demagnitize!

Applied Magnetic Field (H)

1. initial (unmagnetized state)
Adapted from Fig. 20.19, Callister 7e. (Fig. 20.19 from K.M. Ralls, T.H. Courtney, and J. Wulff, Introduction to Materials Science and Engineering, John Wiley and Sons, Inc., 1976.)

Hard vs Soft Magnets

large coercivity --good for perm magnets --add particles/voids to make domain walls hard to move (e.g., tungsten steel: Hc = 5900 amp-turn/m)

Hard

Soft

Hard

Applied Magnetic Field (H)

small coercivity--good for elec. motors (e.g., commercial iron 99.95 Fe)
Chapter 20 - 8

Magnetic Storage
Information is stored by magnetizing material. Head can... recording medium
-- apply magnetic field H & align domains (i.e., magnetize the medium). -- detect a change in the magnetization of the Image of hard drive courtesy medium. Martin Chen.
Reprinted with permission from International Business Machines Corporation.

recording head
Adapted from Fig. 20.23, Callister 7e. (Fig. 20.23 from J.U. Lemke, MRS Bulletin, Vol. XV, No. 3, p. 31, 1990.)

Two media types:

-- Particulate: needle-shaped -Fe2O3. +/- mag. moment along axis. (tape, floppy)
Adapted from Fig. 20.24, Callister 7e. (Fig. 20.24 courtesy P. Rayner and N.L. Head, IBM Corporation.)

--Thin film: CoPtCr or CoCrTa alloy. Domains are ~ 10 - 30 nm! (hard drive) Adapted from Fig. 20.25(a),
Callister 7e. (Fig. 20.25(a) from M.R. Kim, S. Guruswamy, and K.E. Johnson, J. Appl. Phys., Vol. 74 (7), p. 4646, 1993. )

~2.5 m ~120 nm

Chapter 20 - 9

Superconductivity
Hg

Copper (normal)

4.2 K

Adapted from Fig. 20.26, Callister 7e.

Tc = temperature below which material is superconductive

= critical temperature
Chapter 20 - 10

Limits of Superconductivity
26 metals + 100s of alloys & compounds Unfortunately, not this simple: Jc = critical current density if J > Jc not superconducting Hc = critical magnetic field if H > Hc not superconducting Hc= Ho (1- (T/Tc)2)

Adapted from Fig. 20.27, Callister 7e.

Chapter 20 - 11

Advances in Superconductivity
This research area was stagnant for many years. Everyone assumed Tc,max was about 23 K Many theories said you couldnt go higher 1987- new results published for Tc > 30 K ceramics of form Ba1-x Kx BiO3-y Started enormous race.
Y Ba2Cu3O7-x Tc = 90 K Tl2Ba2Ca2Cu3Ox Tc = 122 K tricky to make since oxidation state is quite important

Values now stabilized at ca. 120 K

Chapter 20 - 12

Meissner Effect
Superconductors expel magnetic fields

normal

superconductor
Adapted from Fig. 20.28, Callister 7e.

This is why a superconductor will float above a magnet

Chapter 20 - 13

Current Flow in Superconductors

Type I Type II current only in outer skin
- so amount of current limited

current flows within wire

Type I

M HC1 HC mixed state

Type II HC2 H normal

Chapter 20 - 14

complete diamagnetism

Superconducting Materials
CuO2 planes X X X X
Cu O

linear chains Cu

Ba

Y
X

Ba

X X (001) planes

YBa2Cu3O7
Vacancies (X) provide electron coupling between CuO2 planes.
Chapter 20 - 15

Summary
A magnetic field can be produced by:
-- putting a current through a coil.

Magnetic induction:
-- occurs when a material is subjected to a magnetic field. -- is a change in magnetic moment from electrons.

Types of material response to a field are:

-- ferri- or ferro-magnetic (large magnetic induction) -- paramagnetic (poor magnetic induction) -- diamagnetic (opposing magnetic moment) Hard magnets: large coercivity. Soft magnets: small coercivity.

Magnetic storage media:

-- particulate -Fe2O3 in polymeric film (tape or floppy) -- thin film CoPtCr or CoCrTa on glass disk (hard drive)
Chapter 20 - 16

ANNOUNCEMENTS
Reading:

Core Problems:

Self-help Problems:

Chapter 20 - 17