Steam Nozzle Exit Conditions

6-1 Steam at 160 psia and 400
o
F enters a nozzle with a volumetric flow rate of 6615 cfm (cubic feet per
minute). The inlet area is 14.5 in
2
. If the steam leaves at 1500 ft/s at a pressure of 40 psia, find the exit
temperature.

Approach:
Use the first law for an open system,
specialized for a nozzle. Find properties in
the steam tables.

Assumptions:
1. Potential energy change is negligible.
2. The system operates in steady-state.
3. The nozzle is adiabatic.
1
o
1
160psia
400 F
P
T
=
=
1
6615cfm V =
2
40 psia
ft
P =
2
1500
s
= V

Solution:
From the first law, specialized for a nozzle,
2 2
1 2
1 2
2 2
h h + = +
V V

The inlet velocity may be found from

( )
( )
3
1
1
2
2
2
ft 1min
6615
min 60s ft
1095
s 1ft
14.5in.
144in.
V
A
| |
|
\ .
= = =
| |
|
\ .
V
Taking the inlet enthalpy from Table B-12,

2 2 2
2 2 1 2
2 1 2
2
Btu 1 ft 1Btu 1lbf Btu
1218 1095 1500 1197
lbm ft
2 2 lbm 2 s 778ft lbf lbm
32.2
s
h h
| |
|
| |
( = + = + =
| |

\ . |
|
\ .
V V

2 2
Btu
At 40 psia, 1197 , fromTable B-12,
lbm
P h = =
o
2
320 F T = Answer

6 - 1
6-2 Oxygen at 220
o
F enters a well-insulated nozzle of inlet diameter 0.6 ft. The inlet velocity is 60 ft/s. The
oxygen leaves at 75
o
F, 10 psia. The exit area is 0.01767 ft
2
. Calculate the pressure at the inlet.

Approach:
specialized for a nozzle. Apply conservation
of mass and the ideal gas law to determine
inlet pressure.

Assumptions:
4. Specific heat is constant.
5. Oxygen behaves like an ideal gas under
these conditions.
o
1
220 F
ft
T =
1
60
s
= V
o
2
75 F T =
2
10 psia P =

Solution:
2 2
1 2
1 2
2 2
h h + = +
V V

Solving for and noting that, for an ideal gas with constant specific heat,
2
V
p
h c T A = A
( ) ( )
2 2
2 1 2 1 1 2
2 2
p
h h c T T = + = + V V
1
V
Using data for specific heat from Table B-8
( )
2
2 2
Btu 778 lbf ft 32.17lbm ft ft ft
2 0.2215 220 75 R 60 1269
lbm R 1Btu 1lbf s s s
| || | | | | |
= +
| | | |

\ . \ .
\ .\ .
V =
From conservation of mass,
1 2
1 1 1 2 2 2
m m
A A
=
=

V V

Using the ideal gas law,
1 2
1 1 2 2
1 2
MP MP
A A
RT RT
= V V
Solving for inlet pressure,
( )
( )
2 2 1
1 2 2
1 1 2
1269 0.01767 220 460
10psia 16.8psia
60 75 460
0.3
A T
P P
A T
t
| |
+ | | | |
| = = =
| |
|
+
\ . \ .
\ .
V
V
Answer

6 - 2
6-3 A well-insulated nozzle has an entrance area of 0.28 m
2
and an exit area of 0.157 m
2
. Air enters at a velocity
of 65 m/s and leaves at 274 m/s. The exit pressure is 101 kPa and the exit temperature is 12C. What is the
entrance pressure?

Approach:
specialized for a nozzle. Apply conservation
of mass and the ideal gas law to determine
inlet pressure.

Assumptions:
5. Air behaves like an ideal gas under these
conditions.
1
m
65 = V
s
2
o
2
101kPa
12 C
P
T
=
=
2
m
274
s
= V

Solution:
2 2
1 2
1 2
2 2
h h + = +
V V

For an ideal gas with constant specific heat, ,
p
h c T A = A therefore
( )
2 2
2 1
1 2
2 2
p
c T T =
V V

Solving for T
1
,
2 2
2 1
1 2
2
p
T T
c
= +
V V

Specific heat depends on temperature, and should be evaluated at the average of inlet and outlet temperatures, but
the inlet temperature is unknown. As an approximation, evaluate the specific heat at the exit temperature, and
correct later if necessary. From Table A-8,
2
kJ
At 273 12 285K, 1.004
kg K
p
T c = + = ~

( ) ( )
( )
2
2 2
2
1
m
274 65
s
285K
kJ 1000J
2 1.004
kg K 1kJ
T
(

= +
| |
|
\ .
320 K =
1 2
1 1 1 2 2 2
m m
A A
=
=

V V

1 2
1 1 2 2
1 2
MP MP
A A
RT RT
= V V
Solving for inlet pressure,
2 2 1
1 2
1 1 2
A T
P P
A T
=
V
V
( )
1
274 0.157 320
101
65 0.28 285
P
| || || |
|
.
268 kPa =
| |
\ .\ .\
= Answer
Comment:
The entrance temperature of 320 K is very close to the exit temperature of 285 K. Specific heat does not vary
significantly between these two temperature and there is no need to iterate on specific heat.
6 - 3
6-4 Carbon monoxide enters a nozzle at 520 kPa, 100
o
C, with a velocity of 10 m/s. The gas exits at 120 kPa
and 500 m/s. Assuming no heat transfer and ideal gas behavior, find the exit temperature.

Approach:
specialized for a nozzle.

Assumptions:
5. Carbon monoxide behaves like an ideal
gas under these conditions.
1
o
1
520kPa
100 C
P
T
=
=
1
m
10
s
= V
2
120 kPa
m
P =
2
500
s
= V

Solution:
2 2
1 2
1 2
2 2
h h + = +
V V

p
( )
2 2
2 1
1 2
2 2
p
c T T =
V V

Specific heat depends on temperature, and should be evaluated at the average of inlet and outlet temperatures, but
the outlet temperature is unknown. As an approximation, evaluate the specific heat at the inlet temperature, and
correct later if necessary. From Table A-8, at
1
=100 273 373K, T + =
kJ
1.045 .
kg K
p
c ~

2 2
1 2
2 1
2
p
T T
c
= +
V V
2 2
o
m m
10 500
s s
100 C
kJ 1000 J
2 1.045
kg K 1 kJ
| | | |
| |
\ . \ .
= +
| |
| |
| |
\ .
\ .

o
2
19.6 C T = Answer

6 - 4
6-5 Low-velocity steam with negligible kinetic energy enters a nozzle at 320
o
C, 3 MPa. The steam leaves the
nozzle at 2 MPa with a velocity of 410 m/s. The mass flow rate is 0.37 kg/s. Determine
a. the exit state
b. the exit area
Approach:
specialized for a nozzle. Find properties in
the steam tables.

Assumptions:
o
1
1
320 C
3MPa
T
P
=
=
1
0 V
2
2 MPa
m
P =
2
410
s
= V

Solution:
a) From the first law, specialized for a nozzle,
2 2
1 2
1 2
2 2
h h + = +
V V

Determining the inlet enthalpy by interpolation in Table A-12,
2
2 2
6 1 2
2 1
kJ 1000J 410m/s J kJ
3042 2.96 10 2960
2 2 kg 1kJ 2 kg kg
h h
| | | | | | |
| |
= + = = =
| | | |
\ .
\ . \ . \ \ .
V V |
|
.

Interpolate in Table A-12 at 2 MPa and h = 2960 kJ/kg to find the final temperature of
o
2
274 C T =
The exit state is superheated vapor at 2 MPa and 274
o
C.

b) The mass flow rate is given by
2 2 2
m A = V
To determine the exit density, find the specific volume at the exit state by interpolation in Table A-12,
3
2
0.118m /kg v =
2 3 3
2
1 1
8.47
0.118m /kg m v
= = =
kg

Solving the mass flow rate equation for exit area,
4 2
2
2 2
3
kg
0.37
s
1.07 10 m
kg m
8.47 410
m s
m
A
= = =
| || |
| |
\ .\ .
V
Answer
6 - 5
6-6 Steam enters a diffuser at 250
o
C and 50 kPa and exits at 300
o
C and 150 kPa. The diameter at the entrance
is 0.25 m and the diameter at the exit is 0.5m. If the mass flow rate is 9.4 kg/s, find the heat transfer to the
surroundings.

Approach:
eliminating work and potential energy.
Find properties in the steam tables.

Assumptions:
o
1
250 C T =
1
50kPa P =
o
2
300 C T =
2
150 kPa P =

Solution:
a) From the first law,
2 2
2 2
cv i e
cv cv i i i e e e
dE
Q W m h gz m h gz
dt
| | |
= + + + + +
|
\ . \
_ _

V V |
|
.

Assuming steady conditions, one stream in and one stream out, no work, and no change in potential energy, the
first law becomes
2 2
1 2
1 2
0
2 2
cv
Q m h m h
| | |
= + + +
|
\ . \

V V |
|
.

The area at the inlet is
2 2
2 2 1
1 1
0.25
0.0491m
2 2
D
A r t t t
| | | |
= = = =
| |
\ . \ .

The velocity at the inlet is, using data from Table A-12,
3
1
1 2
1
kg m
9.4 4.82
s kg
646m s
0.0491m
mv
A
| |
| |
| |
\ .
\ .
= = =
V
The exit area is
2
2
2
0.5
0.196m
2
A t
| |
= =
|
\ .

Obtaining specific volume by interpolating in Table A-12,
( ) ( )
2
2
2
9.4 1.98 m
95.0
0.196 s
mv
A
= = =
V
Rearranging the first law,
2 2
2 1
2 1
2 2
cv
Q m h h
| |
= +
|
\ .

V V

( ) ( )
2 2
2 2
2 2
m m
95 646
kg kJ 1000J kJ 1000J
s s
9.4 3073 2976
s kg 1kJ 2 kg 1kJ 2
cv
Q
(
(
| | | | | | | |
= + (
| | | |
( \ . \ . \ . \ .
(

107,146W 107.1kW
cv
Q = =
Answer

6 - 6
6-7 Air enters a diffuser at 50 kPa, 85
o
C with a velocity of 250 m/s. The exit pressure is atmospheric at 101
kPa. The exit temperature is 110
o
C. If the diameter at the inlet is 8 cm,
a. Find the exit velocity.
b. Find the diameter at the exit.
Assume constant specific heats.

Approach:
eliminating work, heat, and potential
energy. Use ideal gas relations to
evaluate properties.

Assumptions:
3. The diffuser is adiabatic.
4. Air behaves like an ideal gas under
these conditions.
5. Specific heats are constant.
o
1
1
85 C
50kPa
T
P
=
=
1
250m/s = V
o
2
110 C T =
2
101kPa P =

Solution:
a) From the first law, specialized for a diffuser
2 2
1 2
1 2
2 2
h h + = +
V V

p
( )
2 2
2 1
1 2
2 2
p
c T T =
V V

Evaluating specific heat at the average temperature of using data in Table A-8,
o
197 C 370K
ave
T = =
( ) ( ) ( )
2
2
2
2 1 2 1 2
kJ 1000J m
2 2 1.01 85 110 250
kg K 1kJ s
p
c T T
| | | |
= + = +
| |
\ .\ .
V V
2
m
110
s
= V Answer
b) By conservation of mass
1 2
m m =
1 1 1 2 2 2
A A = V V
2 2
1 1 2
1 2
1 2
2 2
PM D P M D
RT RT
t t
| | | |
=
| |
\ . \ .
V V
2

2 2 1 2
1 1 2 2
1 2
P P
D D
T T
= V V
Solving for exit diameter,

1 2 1
2 1
2 1 2
50 110 273 250
8 8.78cm =
101 85 273 110
P T
D D
P T
| || | + | || || |
= =
| | | | |
+
\ .\ .\ .
\ .\ .
V
V
Answer
6 - 7
6-8 Superheated steam enters a well-insulated diffuser at 14.7 psia, 320
o
F and 400 ft/s. The steam exits as
saturated vapor at a very low speed. Find the exit pressure and temperature.

Approach:
eliminating work, heat, and potential energy.
Find properties in the steam tables.

Assumptions:
3. The diffuser is adiabatic.
o
1
1
320 F
14.7psia
T
P
=
=
1
400ft/s = V
2
0 V

Solution:
a) From the first law, specialized for a diffuser
2 2
1 2
1 2
2 2
h h + = +
V V

Using values of enthalpy at the inlet from Table B-12 at 14.7 psia, 320
o
F,

( )
2
2
2 2
2
ft
Btu
400
1
Btu s
lbm
1202.1
ft lbm 2
25, 037
s
h
| |
|

| |
\ .
= +
`
|
\ .

)
Btu
1205.3
lbm
=
In Table B-10, for there are two possible solutions one at 440 1205.3Btu/lbm,
g
h =
o
F, and 381.2 psia and the
other at about 470
o
F, and 514.1 psia. Either solution could occur, depending on the exit pressure imposed. Note
also that the exit enthalpy is rather insensitive to pressure between these two values. Changing the exit pressure
has little effect on the exit state. Answer
6-9 Steam enters an adiabatic turbine at 0.8 MPa and 500
o
C. It exits at 0.05 MPa and 150
o
C. If the turbine
develops 24.5 MW of power, what is the mass flow rate?

Approach:
Use the first law for an open system, eliminating heat, kinetic
energy and potential energy. Find properties in the steam tables.

Assumptions:
2. Kinetic energy change is negligible.
4. The turbine is adiabatic.
Solution:
Assuming an adiabatic turbine with negligible kinetic and
potential energy changes, the first law becomes
( )
1 2
W m h h =

o
1
1
500 C
0.8MPa
T
P
=
=
o
2
2
150 C
0.05MPa
T
P
=
=

With values of enthalpy from Table A-12
( )
3
1 2
24.5 10 kW
34.98kg s
3480.6 2780.1kJ kg
W
m
h h
= = =

Answer
6 - 8
6-10 Air enters an adiabatic turbine at 900 K and 1000 kPa. The air exits at 400 K and 100 kPa with a velocity
of 30 m/s. Kinetic and potential energy changes are negligible. If the power delivered by the turbine is
1000 kW,
a. find the mass flow rate.
b. find the diameter of the duct at the exit.

Approach:
energy and potential energy. Find properties using ideal gas
relations.

Assumptions:
5. Air behaves like an ideal gas under these conditions.
Solution:
a) Assuming an adiabatic turbine with negligible kinetic and
( )
1 2
W m h h =

1
1
900K
1000kPa
T
P
=
=
2
2
2
400K
100kPa
30m/s
T
P
=
=
= V

p
( )
1 2 1 2 p
W W
m
h h c T T
= =

With values of specific heat from Table A-8 at the average temperature of 650 K,
( )
1000kW kg
1.88
kJ
s
1.063 900 400 K
kg K
m = =
Answer
b) Exit area is related to velocity and mass flow rate through

2
2
2
mv
A =

V

From the ideal gas law,
( )
( )
3
2
2
2
kJ
8.314 400K
m kmol K
1.15
kg kg
28.97 100kPa
kmol
RT
v
MP
| |
|
\ .
= = =
| |
|
\ .

Substituting values
3
2
2
kg m
1.88 1.15
s kg
0.0721m
m
30
s
A
| |
| |
| |
\ .
\ .
= =
( )( )
2
2
4 0.0721 4
0.303m
A
D
t t
= = = Answer

6 - 9
6-11 Saturated steam at 320
o
C enters a well-insulated turbine. The mass flow rate is 2 kg/s and the exit pressure
is 50 kPa. Determine the final state if the power produced is:
a. 100 kW
b. 400 kW

Approach:

Assumptions:
Solution:
( )
1 2
W m h h =

o
1
320 C
saturated steam
T =
2
50kPa P =
From Table A-10, the enthalpy of saturated steam at the initial temperature of 320
o
C

1
2700kJ kg h =

2 1
W
h h
m
=

( )
1000 W
100 kW
kJ 1000 J 1 kW
2700
kg
kg 1 kJ
2
s
| |
|
| |
| |
\ .
=
| |
\ .
\ .
6
J k
2.65 10 2650
kg kg
= =
J

From Table A-11 at 50 kPa, we see that the exit enthalpy is greater than that of a saturated vapor; therefore, the
exit state is in the superheated region and, by interpolation in Table A-12,
o
2
83.4 C T = Answer
2
50kPa P =
b) Recalculating the exit enthalpy for the higher power condition,
( )
2
1000 W
400 kW
kJ 1000 J 1 kW
2700
kg 1 kJ 2 kg s
h
| |
|
| |
| | \ .
=
| |
\ .
\ .
6
J k
2.5 10 2500
kg kg
= =
J
f

From Table A-11 at 50 kPa, we see that the exit enthalpy is between that of a saturated liquid and a saturated
vapor; therefore, the exit state is in the two-phase region and
( )
2 f g
h h x h h = +
2
2500 340.5
0.937
2646 340.5
f
g f
h h
x
h h
= = =

Summarizing, the final state is two-phase with

2
50 kPa P =
0.937 x = Answer
6 - 10
6-12 Superheated steam at 1.6 MPa, 600
o
C enters a well-insulated turbine. The exit pressure is 50 kPa. The
turbine produces 10 MW of power. If the exit pipe is 1.6 m in diameter and carries 11 kg/s of flow, find
the velocity at the exit. Neglect kinetic energy.

Approach:

Assumptions:
Solution:
Assuming an adiabatic turbine with negligible kinetic and
( )
1 2
W m h h =

o
1
1
600 C
1.6MPa
T
P
=
=
2
50kPa P =
With values of enthalpy from Table A-12 at 1.6 MPa, 600
o
C,

2 1
W
h h
m
=

( )
1000kW
10MW
1MW kJ kJ
3693 2784
kg 11 kg/s kg
| |
|
\ .
= =
From Table A-12, at and . To find the exit velocity,
2
50kPa P =
2
2784kJ/kg, h =
o
2
150 C T
2 2
2
A
m
v
=
V

Solving for velocity and using values of v
2
from Table A-12 at and
o
2
150 C T
2
50kPa, P =

3
2
2 2
2 2
kg m
11 3.89
s kg m
21.3
s
1.6
m
2
mv
A
| |
| |
| |
\ .
\ .
= = =
| |
|
\ .
V Answer

6 - 11
6-13 Air at 550
o
C and 900 kPa is expanded through an adiabatic gas turbine to final conditions of 100 kPa and
300
o
C. The total power output desired is 1 MW. If the inlet velocity is 30 m/s, what should the inlet pipe
diameter be? Neglect kinetic and potential energy.

Approach:
relations.

Assumptions:
Solution:
( )
1 2
W m h h =

o
1
1
1
550 C
900kPa
30m/s
T
P
=
=
= V
o
2
2
300 C
100kPa
T
P
=
=

p
( )
1 2 1 2 p
W W
m
h h c T T
= =

With values of specific heat from Table A-8 at the average temperature of 700 K,
( )
o
1000kW kg
3.72
kJ
s
1.075 500 300 C
kg K
m = =

b) Exit area is related to velocity and mass flow rate through

1
1
1
mv
A =

V

From the ideal gas law,
( )
( )
3
1
1
1
kJ
8.314 550 273 K
m kmol K
0.262
kg kg
28.97 900kPa
kmol
RT
v
MP
| |
+
|
\ .
= = =
| |
|
\ .

Substituting values
3
2
1
kg m
3.72 0.262
s kg
0.0325m
m
30
s
A
| |
| |
| |
\ .
\ .
= =
( ) ( )
1
1
4 0.0325 4
0.203m
A
D
t t
= = = Answer

6 - 12
6-14 Air at 510C and 450 kPa enters an ideal, adiabatic turbine. The exit pressure is 101 kPa. In steady state,
the turbine produces 50 kW of power. Find
a. the exit temperature. (Hint: use Eq. 2-56)
b. the mass flow rate.
Approach:
Use Eq. 2-56 to find the final temperature. Then apply the first
law for an open system, eliminating heat, kinetic energy and
potential energy to obtain mass flow rate.

Assumptions:
7. The process is quasi-static.
Solution:
a) Since the turbine is ideal, the process is quasi-static. For an
adiabatic, quasi-static, process of an ideal gas with constant
specific heat (from Eq. 2-56),
o
1
1
510 C
450kPa
T
P
=
=
2
101kPa P =
1
2 2
1 1
k
k
T P
T P
| |
=
|
\ .

From Table A-8, for air 1.4 k =
( )
1
1.4 1
1.4
2
2 1
1
101
510 273
450
k
k
P
T T
P
| |
| |
= = +
| |
\ .
\ .
o
511 K 238 C = =
b) Assuming an adiabatic turbine with negligible kinetic and potential energy changes, the first law becomes
( )
1 2
W m h h =

p
( )
1 2 1 2 p
W W
m
h h c T T
= =

With values of specific heat from Table A-8,
( )
( )
1 2
50 kW
kJ
1.06 510 238 K
kg K
p
W
m
c T T
= =
| |
\ .
kg
0.173
s
= Answer

6 - 13
6-15 Saturated steam at 3 MPa enters a well-insulated turbine operating in steady state. The turbine produces
600 kW of power. The mass flow rate through the turbine is 84 kg/min and the exit quality is 0.93. Find
the exit temperature.

Approach:
energy and potential energy. To find the final temperature, it is
necessary to iterate with data from the steam tables.

Assumptions:
Solution:
( )
1 2
W m h h =

1
3MPa
saturated steam
P =
2
0.93 x =
From Table A-11, the enthalpy of saturated steam at the initial pressure of 3

MPa is

1
2804 kJ kg
g
h h = =

2 1
W
h h
m
= +
600 kW kJ
2804
kg 1min kg
84
min 60 s
= +
| || |
| |
\ .\ .
kJ
2375
kg
=
The exit state is in the two-phase region, but neither temperature nor pressure is known. The exit temperature is
found by trial and error. Begin by assuming a value for , then use
2
T
2
x to compute with data from Table A-10. If
, the iteration is complete, if not, select a new value of and recompute To begin, assume
From Table A-10,
2
h
2
2375kJ/kg h =
2
T
2
. h
2
25 C. T =

( )
2 2 f g
h h x h h = +
f
104.9 0.93 2547 2442 = + ( )( ) 2376 kJ kg =
This is very close to the calculated value of 2375, therefore

2
25 C T = Answer
Comment:
In this example, we selected the correct result immediately. In reality, it would be necessary to try several
temperatures before zeroing in on the correct value.

6 - 14
6-16 In a 3-hp compressor, carbon dioxide flowing at 0.023 lbm/s is compressed to 120 psia. The gas enters at
60
o
F and 14.7 psia. The inlet and outlet pipes have the same diameter. Find the final temperature and the
volumetric flow rate at the exit (in ft
3
/min). Assume constant specific heat at 100
o
F.

Approach:
relations.

Assumptions:
4. The compressor is adiabatic.
5. Carbon dioxide behaves like an ideal gas under these
conditions.
Solution:
Assuming an adiabatic compressor with negligible kinetic and
( )
1 2
W m h h =

o
1
1
60 F
14.7psia
T
P
=
=
2
120psia P =
p
( )
1 2
2 1
p
p
W mc T T
W
T T
mc
=
=

With data from Table B-8
( )
o o
2
Btu
2544
h
3hp
1hp
60 F 533 F
lbm Btu 3600s
0.023 0.195
s lbm R 1h
T
| |
|
|
|
\ .
= =
| |
| || |
| | |
\ .\ .
\ .
Answer
From conservation of mass

2 2 2
1 2
2 2
V V P M
m m
v RT
= = =

( )
( )
3
3
1 2
2
2
lbm psia ft 60s
0.023 10.73 533+ 460 R
s lbmol R 1min ft
2.78
lbm min
120psia 44.01
lbmol
m RT
V
P M
| | | | | |
| | |
\ . \ .
\ .
= = =
| |
|
\ .
Answer
Comments:
If more accuracy is desired, the calculation should be repeated with specific heat evaluated at the average of the
inlet and outlet temperatures, i.e. at (60+533)/2 or 296.5 F. The outlet temperature was not known at the beginning
of the calculation, so specific heat at a temperature near the inlet temperature was used.

6 - 15
6-17 A well-insulated compressor is used to raise saturated R-134a vapor at a pressure of 360 kPa to a final
pressure of 900 kPa. The compressor operates in steady state with a power input of 850 W. If the flow rate
is 0.038 kg/s, what is the final temperature?

Approach:
energy and potential energy.

Assumptions:
4. The compressor is adiabatic.
Solution:
Assuming an adiabatic compressor with negligible kinetic and
( )
2 1
W m h h =

1
360kPa
saturated vapor
P =
2
900kPa P =
2 1
W
h h
m
= +

From Table A-15 at 360 kPa,
1
250.6 kJ/kg
g
h h = =
2
850 W kJ
250.6
kg
kg
0.039
s
h = +
kJ
272
kg
=
From Table A-16, at P
2
= 900 kPa and h
2
= 271.6, T
2
~ 40 C Answer

6 - 16
6-18 Air flowing at 0.5 m
3
/min enters a compressor at 101 kPa and 25
o
C. The air exits at 600 kPa and 300
o
C.
During this process, 250 W of heat are lost to the environment. What is the required power input?

Approach:
Use the first law for an open system, eliminating kinetic energy and
potential energy. Find properties using ideal gas relations.

Assumptions:
Solution:
From the first law for an open system
2 2
2 2
cv i e
cv cv i i i e e e
dE
Q W m h gz m h gz
dt
| | | |
= + + + + +
| |
\ . \ .
_ _

V V

Assuming steady conditions, one stream in and one stream out, no
change in kinetic or potential energy, the first law becomes
( )
1 2
0 Q W m h h = +

o
1
1
3
25 C
101kPa
0.5m /min
T
P
V
=
=
=
2
120psia P =
p
( )
1 2 p
W Q mc T T = +

Using data in Table A-1,
( )
( )
3
3 1 1 1
1 1
m kg 1min
0.5 101kPa 28.97
min kmol 60s kg
9.84 10
kJ s
8.314 25 273 K
kmol K
V V PM
m
v RT
| | | |
| |
| | |
\ .
\ . \ .
= = = =
| |
+
|
\ .

The average temperature of the air is

o
25 300
162 C 435K
2
ave
T
+
= = =
Using specific heat values from Table A-8 interpolated at T
ave
( )
3 o
kg J
250W 9.84 10 1018 25 300 C 3000W 3kW
s kg K
W
| |
| |
= + = =
| |
\ .
\ .
Answer

6 - 17
6-19 Refrigerant-134a enters a compressor at 0
o
F and 10 psia with a volumetric flow rate of 15 ft
3
/min. The
refrigerant exits at 70 psia and 140
o
F. If the power input is 2 hp, find the rate of heat transfer in Btu/h.

Approach:
Use the first law for an open system, eliminating kinetic and
potential energy.

Assumptions:
Solution:
From the first law, neglecting kinetic and potential energy
( )
1 2
0 Q W m h h = +

The mass flow rate is
1
V
m
v
=

o
1
1
3
1
0 F
10psia
15ft /min
T
P
V
=
=
=
o
2
2
140 F
70psia
T
P
=
=

Taking the inlet specific volume, from TableB-16,
1
, v

3
3
ft
15
lbm
min
3.19
ft min
4.703
lbm
m = =

2 1
( ) Q W m h h = +

Again using Table B-16,

Btu
3.412
746W lbm Btu 60min
h
( 2hp) 3.19 129.1 102.9
1 hp 1W min lbm 1 h
Q
| |
|
| |
| || ||
= +
| | | |
\ .\ .\
\ . |
|
\ .
|
|
.

Btu
76.0
h
Q =
Answer
6 - 18
6-20 A pump is used to raise the pressure of a stream of water from 10 kPa to 0.7 MPa. The temperature of the
water is the same at inlet and outlet and equal to 20
o
C. The velocity also does not change across the pump.
If the mass flow rate is 14 kg/s, what power is needed to drive the pump? Assume frictionless flow and no
significant elevation change.

Approach:
Use the equation for pump work in the form
1 2
( ) W mv P P =
.

Assumptions:
4. The pump is ideal.
5. Water is incompressible.

Solution:
For a frictionless pump with no elevation changes:

1 2
( ) W mv P P =

so, using the density of water at 20
o
C from Table A-6,
1 2
P P
W m

( )
3
10kPa 700kPa kg 1000Pa
14 9677 W 9.68 kW
kg
s 1kPa
998.2
m
| |
| |
= = =
| |
\ .
\ .
Answer

6-21 A 2-hp pump is used to raise the pressure of saturated liquid water at 5 psia to a higher value. Assume the
velocity is constant, the water is incompressible, and the flow is frictionless. If the mass flow rate is 6
lbm/sec, find the final pressure.

Approach:
1 2
( ) W mv P P =
.

Assumptions:

Solution:

1 2
( ) W mv P P =

2 1
W
P P
mv
=

From Table B-11, v
f
= 0.0164 ft
3
/lbm at P = 5 psia. Substituting values
( )
2
2
2 2 3
ft lbf
550
1ft
s
2hp
1 hp 144in.
lbf
5
in. lbm ft
6 0.0164
s lbm
P
| |
|
| |
| |
\ . |
\ .
=
| |
| |
| |
\ .
\ .

2
82.6 psia P = Answer
6 - 19
6-22 Water is pumped at 12 m/s through a pipe of diameter 1.2 cm. The inlet pressure is 30 kPa. If the pump
delivers 6 kW, find the final pressure. Assume frictionless, incompressible flow with no elevation or
velocity changes.

Approach:
1 2
( ) W mv P P =
.

Assumptions:

Solution:

1 2
1 2
( )
( )
m P P
W mv P P
= =

The mass flow rate is
m A = V
2
3
kg m 0.012m kg
998 12 1.35
m s 2
t
| || | | |
= =
| | |
\ .\ . \ .
s

2 1
W
P P
m
( )
3
1000W kg
6kW 998
1000Pa 1 kW m
30kPa
kg
1 kPa
1.35
s
| || |
|
. 6
4.45 10 Pa 4.45MPa = =
|
| |
\ .\
=
|
\ .

2
4.45MPa P = Answer

6-23 A 1-hp pump delivers oil at a rate of 10 lbm/s through a pipe 0.75 in. in diameter. There is no elevation
change between inlet and exit, no velocity change, and no oil temperature change. The oil density is 56
lbm/ft
3
. Find the pressure rise across the pump.

Approach:
1 2
( ) W mv P P =
.

Assumptions:
5. The oil is incompressible.

Solution:

1 2
( ) W mv P P =

1 2
W W
P P
mv m
= =

( )
2
3 2
1 2
ft lbf
550
lbm 1ft
s
56 1hp
ft 1 hp 144in.
lbm
10
s
P P
| |
|
| |
| |
| | |
\ .
\ . |
\ .
= 21.4psia = Answer
6 - 20
6-24 An architect needs to pump 2.3 lbm/s of water to the top of the Empire State building, which is about 1000
ft high. Assume water at 45 psia is available at the base of the building. What is the power of the pump
needed, in hp, if the flow is assumed frictionless? The velocity of the water is constant.

Approach:
Apply the first law for an open system, dropping terms for
transients, heat, and kinetic energy. Replace the enthalpy
difference with ( )
2 1 2 1
. h h v P P =

Assumptions:
1. The system is adiabatic and isothermal.

Solution:

The first law for an open system is
2 2
2 2
cv i e
cv cv i i i e e e
dE
Q W m h gz m h gz
dt
| | |
= + + + + +
|
\ . \
_ _

V V |
|
.

Apply this between station 1 and station 2 on the figure above, neglecting kinetic energy and assuming steady,
adiabatic operation, to get
( ) ( )
1 2 1 2
0 W m h h mg z z = + +

For an incompressible liquid undergoing an isothermal process
( )
2 1 2 1
h h v P P =
Substituting this into the first law and noting that 1 v =
( )
1 2
1 2
P P
W m mg z z
| |
= +
|
\ .

Using values for the density of water from Table B-6 and being very careful with units,
( )
2
2 2
3
lbf 144 in.
45 14.7
in. 1ft lbm 1hp
2.3
lbm lbf ft
s
62.1 550
ft s
W
| |
|
| |
\ .
=
|
\ .

( )
2
2
lbm ft 1lbf 1hp
2.3 32.17 1000ft
lbm ft lbf ft
s s
32.17 550
s s
| | |
|
| || |
+
|
| |
|
|
|

\ .\ .
|
|
\ . \
|
|
.

3.89 hp W =
Answer

Comment:
The actual pump chosen should have more horsepower than this because, in reality, there are some frictional
effects.

6 - 21
6-25 Air at 150
o
C, 40 kPa is throttled to 100 kPa. The inlet velocity is 3.6 m/s. Find the exit velocity.

Approach:
Use the first law specialized for a throttle.

Assumptions:
4. Air may be considered an ideal gas under these conditions.
5. The throttle is adiabatic.
6. The inlet and exit pipe have the same diameter.

1
o
1
1
40kPa
150 C
3.6m/s
P
T
=
=
= V
2
100kPa P =
Solution:
For a throttle with no heat transfer, no change in kinetic or potential energy, and no work, the first law reduces to
2 1
0 h h =
p
( )
2 1 1
0
p
c T T T T = =
2

1 2
1 1 2 2 2
m m
A A
=
=

V V

Assuming the diameter of the inlet and exit pipes are the same and using the ideal gas law,
1 2
1 2
1 2
RT RT
PM P M
= V V
Solving for exit velocity,

2
2 1
1
m 400 m
3.6 14.4
s 100 s
P
P
| |
| || |
= = =
| | |
\ .\ .
\ .
V V Answer
6 - 22
6-26 Saturated liquid R-134a at 24
o
C is throttled until the final quality is 0.116. Find the final temperature and
pressure.

Approach:

Assumptions:

o
1
24 C T =
saturated liquid
2
0.116 x =
Solution:
From Table A-14 at 24
o
C

1
=82.9 kJ/kg
f
h h =
From the first law applied to a throttle,

1 2
h h =
This problem must be solved iteratively, since neither the final temperature nor the final pressure is known. First
assume a final temperature and determine the corresponding quality, x
2
. For example, assume T
2
= 0
o
C. Then,
from Table A-14
2
2
82.9 50.0
0.167
247 50.0
f
g f
h h
x
h h
= = =

This value of x
2
is too high, so a different value of T
2
is chosen. By trial and error, the final value of T
2
is found to
be
o
2
8 C T ~
To verify this result, calculate the final quality as
2
2
82.9 60.7
0.116
252 60.7
f
g f
h h
x
h h
= = =

The final pressure is the saturation pressure at 8
o
C, which is given in Table A-14 as

2
0.388MPa P = Answer
6 - 23
6-27 Saturated liquid R-134a at 80
o
F undergoes a throttling process. The pressure decreases to of its original
value. Find the exit quality.

Approach:

Assumptions:

o
1
80 F T =
saturated liquid
2 1
/ 4 P P =
Solution:

1 2
h h =
From Table B-14,
If then
o
80 F
sat
T = 101.4psia
sat
P =
1 1
Btu
At 101.4, 37.3
lbm
f
P h h = = =

1
2
101
25.2psia
4 4
P
P = = =
To find the quality at the exit, we need to interpolate in Table B-14. From Table B-14

T P h
f
h
g

5 23.8 13.14 102.5
10 26.7 14.66 103.2

By interpolation at 25.2 psia, h
f
=13.9 and h
g
=102.8. The quality is

2
2
25.2 13.9
0.127
102.8 13.9
f
g f
h h
x
h h
= = =

Answer

6 - 24
6-28 A supply line contains a two-phase mixture of steam and water at 240C. To determine the quality of the
mixture, a throttling calorimeter is used. In this device, a small sample of the two-phase mixture is bled off
from the line and expanded through a throttling valve to atmospheric pressure. If the temperature on the
downstream side of the throttling valve is measured to be 125C, what is the quality of the mixture in the
main steam line?

Approach:

Assumptions:
Solution:

1 2
h h =
From Table A-12 (superheated vapor),
2
kJ
2726
kg
h =

From Table A-10 at T
1
= 240C
kJ kJ
1037 2804
kg kg
f g
h h = =
( )
1 2 f g f
h h x h h h = + =
1
2726 1037
0.956
2804 1037
f
g f
h h
x
h h
= = =

Answer
6 - 25
6-29 In a heat pump, R-134a is throttled through an expansion coil, which is a long copper tube of small
diameter. The tube is bent in a coil both to fit in a compact space and to provide a large pressure drop. The
refrigerant enters as saturated liquid at 5
o
C with a flow rate of 0.025 kg/s and exits as a two-phase mixture
at a pressure of 200 kPa. The wall of the coil may be assumed to be at the average temperature of the inlet
and outlet. Heat is exchanged by natural convection and radiation from the outer surface of the coil with a
combined heat transfer coefficient of 6 W/m
2
o
C to the surroundings at 20
o
C. The expansion coil has an
outside diameter of 8mm and a length of 2.2 m. Calculate the quality at the exit state.

Approach:
Use the first law specialized for an open system, eliminating kinetic and
potential energy changes, work, and the transient term. Calculate the
heat transfer from the convection rate equation.

Assumptions:
4. The heat transfer coefficient is uniform over the surface of the coil
and independent of temperature.
Solution:
From the first law for an open system,

2 2
2 2
cv i e
cv cv i i i e e e
dE
Q W m h gz m h gz
dt
| | |
= + + + + +
|
\ . \
_ _

V V |
|
.

Assuming no change in kinetic or potential energy and steady conditions with no work, the first law becomes
( )
1 2
0 Q m h h = +

Interpolating in Table A-14 gives the enthalpy of saturated liquid at 5
o
C as
1
56.7kJ/kg. h = The heat lost from the
surface of the coil is
( )
ave surr
Q hA T T =

The saturation temperature at the exit condition of 200 kPa is, from Table A-15, The average
temperature of the outside of the coil is
o
2
10.1 C. T =
( )
o 1 2
5 10.1
2.55 C
2 2
ave
T T
T
+ +
= = =
The surface area of the coil is
( ) ( )
2
1m
8mm 2.2m 0.0553m
1000mm
A DL t t
| |
= = =
|
\ .

Therefore, the rate of heat loss by convection/radiation is
( ) ( )( )
2 o
2 o
W
6 0.0553m 2.55 20 C 7.48W
m C
ave surr
Q hA T T
| |
= = =
|
\ .

Solving the first law for exit enthalpy,
2 1
7.48W kJ 1000J
56.7 56, 396J 56.4kJ
kg
kg 1kJ
0.025
s
Q
h h
m
| | | |
= + = + = =
| |
\ .\ .

With values at the exit pressure of 200 kPa from Table A-15, the exit quality is
2
56.4 36.84
0.0956
241.3 36.84
f
g f
h h
x
h h
= = =

Answer
Comment:
The exit enthalpy was very close to the inlet enthalpy, with heat loss having little influence on the final enthalpy.
This is often the case; therefore, throttles are usually assumed to be adiabatic.
6 - 26
6-30 One way to produce saturated liquid water is to mix subcooled liquid water with steam. In the tank below,
40 kg/s of subcooled liquid water enters at 15
o
C and 50 kPa. Superheated steam enters at 200
o
C and 50
kPa. What mass flow rate is required so that the exit stream is saturated liquid water at 50 kPa? Assume
the tank is well-insulated.

Approach:
Apply conservation of mass and the first law
for an open system.

Assumptions:
4. The tank is adiabatic.
Solution:

1 2
m m m + =
3

2 2
2 2
cv i e
cv cv i i i e e e
dE
Q W m h gz m h gz
dt
| | |
= + + + + +
|
\ . \
_ _

V V |
|
.

Neglecting changes in kinetic and potential energy, and assuming an adiabatic tank and steady operation, the first
law becomes
1 1 2 2 3 3
0 m h m h m h = +
For state 1, the enthalpy of the subcooled liquid may be approximated by the enthalpy of saturated liquid at 15
o
C,
which is, from Table A-10,

1
kJ
63
kg
h =
o
C and 50 kPa,

2
kJ
2877
kg
h =
From Table A-11, the enthalpy of saturated liquid at 50 kPa is

3
kJ
340.5
kg
h =
Eliminating in the first law by using conservation of mass,
3
m
( )
( ) (
1 1 2 2 1 2 3
1 1 3 2 2 3
0
0
m h m h m m h
m h h m h h
= + +
= +

)

Solving for
2
m

( )
( )
( )
1 1 3
2
2 3
kg kJ
40 63 340.5
s kg
4.38kg s
kJ
2877 340.5
kg
m h h
m
h h
| |
| |

| |

\ .
\ .
= = =
| |
|
\ .
Answer
6 - 27
6-31 In a desuperheater, superheated steam is converted to saturated steam by spraying liquid water into the
steam. Using data on the figure, calculate the mass flow rate of liquid water.

Approach:
Apply conservation of mass and the first
law for an open system.

Assumptions:
4. The desuperheater is adiabatic.
5. Pressure is constant during the
process.
Solution:

1 2
m m m + =
3

2 2
2 2
cv i e
cv cv i i i e e e
dE
Q W m h gz m h gz
dt
| | |
= + + + + +
|
\ . \
_ _

V V |
|
.

law becomes
1 1 2 2 3 3
0 m h m h m h = +
From Table A-12, the enthalpy of superheated steam at 250
o
C and 2 MPa is
1
2902kJ kg h =
o
C,

2
125.8 kJ kg h =
The desuperheater is effectively a mixing chamber, and the pressure is the same for all three streams. The
enthalpy of saturated vapor at 2 MPa, is, from Table A-11,

3
2799 kJ kg h =
Eliminating in the first law by using conservation of mass,
3
m
( )
( ) (
1 1 2 2 1 2 3
1 1 3 2 2 3
0
0
m h m h m m h
m h h m h h
= + +
= +

)

Solving for
2
m

( )
( )
( )
1 1 3
2
2 3
kg kJ
0.3 2902 2799
s kg
0.0116 kg s
kJ
125.8 2799
kg
m h h
m
h h
| |
| |

| |

\ .
\ .
= = =
| |
|
\ .
Answer
6 - 28
6-32 A laundry requires a stream of 8 kg/sec of hot water at 40
o
C. To obtain this supply, liquid water at 20
o
C is
mixed in an adiabatic chamber with saturated steam. All three process streams are at 100 kPa. What are
the required mass flow rates of the two inlet streams?

Approach:
Apply conservation of mass and the first law
for an open system.

Assumptions:
4. The mixing chamber is adiabatic.
5. Pressure is constant during the process.
Solution:

1 2
m m m + =
3

2 2
2 2
cv i e
cv cv i i i e e e
dE
Q W m h gz m h gz
dt
| | |
= + + + + +
|
\ . \
_ _

V V |
|
.

law becomes
1 1 2 2 3 3
0 m h m h m h = +
From Table A-11, for saturated steam at 100 kPa,
1
2675.5kJ kg h =
o
C,
2
83.96kJ kg h =
For state 3, the enthalpy of the subcooled liquid is approximated by the enthalpy of saturated liquid at 40
o
C, which
is, from Table A-10,
3
167.57kJ kg h =
Using conservation of mass to eliminate in the first law
1
m
( )
3 2 1 2 2 3
3 1 2 1 2 2 3 3
0
0
m m h m h m h
m h m h m h m h
= +
= +

3

Gathering terms

( ) ( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
2 1 2 3 1 3
3 1 3
2
1 2
kg kJ
8 2675.5 167.57
s kg
7.74kg s
kJ
2675.5 83.96
kg
m h h m h h
m h h
m
h h
=
= = =
Answer
1 2
8 0.26kg s m m = = Answer
6 - 29
6-33 Steam with a quality of 0.88 and a pressure of 20 kPa enters a condenser. The steam flow is divided
equally among 20 tubes 2.1-cm in diameter which run in parallel through the condenser. The same amount
of heat is removed from each tube. Liquid water exits each tube with a velocity of 1.5 m/s and a
temperature of 55
o
C. Find the total amount of heat removed from the entire condenser.

Approach:
Apply the first law for an open system,
eliminating all terms except heat and
enthalpy change.

Assumptions:
4. Pressure is constant in each tube.
Solution:

2 2
2 2
cv i e
cv cv i i i e e e
dE
Q W m h gz m h gz
dt
| | |
= + + + + +
|
\ . \
_ _

V V |
|
.

Neglecting changes in kinetic and potential energy, and assuming steady operation with no work, the first law
becomes
1 2
0 Q mh mh = +

Using data from Table A-11 for saturated steam at 20 kPa,
( ) ( )
1
251.4 0.88 2610 251.4 2327kJ kg
f g f
h h x h h = + = + =
o
C,
2
230kJ kg h =
The mass flow rate in each tube is (with values of density from Table A-6)
2
2 2 2 3
kg m 2.1cm 1m kg
985.7 1.5 0.512
m s 2 100cm s
tube
m A t
( | |
| || | | |
= = =
( | | | |
\ .\ . \ .
\ .
V
The total mass flow rate for all 20 tubes is
( )
kg
20 20 0.512 10.24
s
tube
m m = = =
From the first law
( ) ( )
2 1
kg kJ
10.24 230 2327 21, 478kW
s kg
Q m h h = = =
Answer

6 - 30
6-34 Saturated steam at 120
o
F is condensed in a tube, as shown. Cooling water at 50
o
F flows in crossflow over
the exterior of the pipe, giving a heat transfer coefficient of 200 Btu/hft
2
o
F. Find the exit quality.

Approach:
Use the thermal resistance analogy to
determine the rate of heat transfer. Apply
the first law for an open system,
eliminating all terms except heat and
enthalpy change.

Assumptions:
4. Pressure is constant in each tube.
5. The interior of the tube wall is at the
condensing steam temperature.
Solution:
Apply the thermal resistance analogy to
find the heat removed from the pipe.
Assuming that the condensing heat transfer
coefficient is very large, the interior wall of
the tube is at the temperature of the
saturated steam. The resistance to
conduction in the tube wall is

( )
1 o
o
3.25
ln
Btu 3
0.000212
Btu h F
2 2ft 30
h ft F
R
t
| |
|
\ .
= =
| |
|

\ .

The resistance to convection on the exterior of the tube is
( ) ( )
2 o
2 o
1 B
0.00147
h F Btu 1ft
200 2 3.25in. 2ft
h ft F 12in.
R = =
tu
| |
| |
| |

\ .
\ .

The two resistances add in series. The total heat transferred is
( )
( )
o
o
120 50 F Btu
41, 640
Btu
h
0.000212 +0.00147
h F
tot
T
Q
R
A
= = =

2 2
2 2
cv i e
cv cv i i i e e e
dE
Q W m h gz m h gz
dt
| | |
= + + + + +
|
\ . \
_ _

V V |
|
.

Neglecting changes in kinetic and potential energy, and assuming steady operation with no work, the first law
becomes
1 2
0 Q mh mh = +

Solving for exit enthalpy and using data in Table A-10,
2 1
Btu
41, 640
Btu Btu
h
1113.5 735
lbm
lbm lbm
110
h
Q
h h
m
= + = + =

Using data in Table A-10,
2
735 88
0.63
1113.5 88
f
g f
h h
x
h h
= = =

Answer
6 - 31
6-35 Superheated R-134a enters a well-insulated heat exchanger at 0.7 MPa, 70
o
C. It exits as saturated liquid at
0.7 MPa with a volumetric flow rate of 6000 cm
3
/min. The R-134a exchanges heat with an air flow, which
enters at 18
o
C at a mass flow rate of 195 kg/min. Find the exit air temperature.

Approach:
Apply the first law for an open
system.

Assumptions:
1. Potential energy change is
negligible.
4. The heat exchanger is adiabatic.
5. Pressure is constant during the
process.
6. Air may be considered an ideal gas
under these conditions.
7. The specific heat of air is constant.

Solution:
Using data in Table A-15 for a saturated liquid at 0.7 MPa, the mass flow rate of the refrigerant is
3
3
3
cm 1m
6000
min 100cm kg
7.2
m min
0.0008328
kg
r r
r r r
r f
V V
m V
v v
| |
|
\ .
= = = = =

2 2
2 2
cv i e
cv cv i i i e e e
dE
Q W m h gz m h gz
dt
| | |
= + + + + +
|
\ . \
_ _

V V |
|
.

Neglecting changes in kinetic and potential energy, and assuming an adiabatic heat exchanger in steady operation,
the first law becomes
( ) ( )
1 2 3 4
0
r a
m h h m h h = +
p
( ) ( )
1 2 3 4
0
r a p
m h h m c T T = +
Using data from Tables A-16, A-15, and A-8,
( )
( )
1 2 o
4 3
kg kJ
7.2 307 86.78
min kg
18 26.1 C
kg kJ
195 1
min kg K
r
a p
m h h
T T
m c
| |
\ .
= + = + =
| |
| |
| |
\ .
\ .
Answer

6 - 32
6-36 R-134a flows through the evaporator of a refrigeration cycle at a rate of 5 kg/s. The R-134a enters as
saturated liquid and leaves as saturated vapor at 12
o
C. Air at 25
o
C enters the shell side of the heat
exchanger. If the air leaves at 15
o
C, what mass flow rate of air is required?

Approach:
Apply the first law for an open system.

Assumptions:
4. The evaporator is adiabatic.
6. Air may be considered an ideal gas under
these conditions.
7. The specific heat of air is constant.

Solution:
2 2
2 2
cv i e
cv cv i i i e e e
dE
Q W m h gz m h gz
dt
| | |
= + + + + +
|
\ . \
_ _

V V |
|
.

Neglecting changes in kinetic and potential energy, and assuming an adiabatic evaporator in steady operation, the
first law becomes
( ) ( )
1 2 3 4
0
r a
m h h m h h = +
p
( ) ( )
1 2 3 4
0
r a p
m h h m c T T = +
Solving for the mass flow rate of the air,

( )
2 1
3 4
a r
p
h h
m m
c T T

With values of enthalpy from Table A-14 and specific heat from Table A-8,
( )
( )
o
kJ
254.03 66.18
kg kg kg
5 93.5
s s kJ
1.005 25 15 C
kg K
a
m
| |
= =
|
| | \ .
\ .
Answer
6 - 33
6-37 Superheated steam at 5 psia and 200F is condensed in a heat exchanger. The steam flows at 39 lbm/s and
exits as saturated liquid. Cooling water at 45F is used to condense the steam. The water and steam are not
mixed in the heat exchanger, but enter and leave as separate streams. If the maximum allowable water
temperature rise is 15F and the maximum allowable water velocity is 11 ft/s, what is the diameter of the
pipe which carries water to the heat exchanger?

Approach:

Assumptions:
4. The condenser is adiabatic.
6. The cooling water is incompressible.
7. The specific heat of the water is constant.

Solution:
2 2
2 2
cv i e
cv cv i i i e e e
dE
Q W m h gz m h gz
dt
| | |
= + + + + +
|
\ . \
_ _

V V |
|
.
2

Neglecting changes in kinetic and potential energy, and assuming an adiabatic condenser in steady operation, the
first law becomes
1 1 3 3 2 2 4 4
m h m h m h m h + = +
Since the streams do not mix, and
1
m m =
3 4
; m m = therefore
( ) ( )
1 1 2 3 4 3
m h h m h h =
Assuming water is an ideal fluid,
( ) ( )
1 1 2 3 4 3 p
m h h m c T T =
( )
( )
1 2
3 1
4 3 p
h h
m m
c T T

With h
1
from Table B-12, h
2
from Table B-11, and c
p
from Table B-6,
( )
( )
3
o
o
Btu
1148 130.2
lbm
lbm
39
Btu s
1 15 F
lbm F
m
| |
=
|
| |
\ .
|
\ .
lbm
2646
s
=
To find the diameter
3
m A = V
2
2
D
t
| |
=
|
\ .
V
3
2
m
D
t
=

V
3
lbm
2646
s
2
ft lbm
11 62.4
s ft
t
=
| || |
| |
\ .\ .
2.21ft = Answer
6 - 34
6-38 A two-phase mixture of steam and water with a quality of 0.93 and a pressure of 5 psia enters a condenser
at 14.3 lbm/s. The mixture exits as saturated liquid. River water at 45
o
F is fed to the condenser through a
large pipe. The exit temperature of the river water is 70
o
F less than the exit temperature of the other
stream. If the maximum allowable average velocity in the pipe carrying river water is 15 ft/s, calculate the
pipe diameter.

Approach:

Assumptions:
4. The condenser is adiabatic.
6. The river water is incompressible.
7. The specific heat of the river water is
constant.

Solution:

2 2
2 2
cv i e
cv cv i i i e e e
dE
Q W m h gz m h gz
dt
| | |
= + + + + +
|
\ . \
_ _

V V |
|
.
2

Neglecting changes in kinetic and potential energy, and assuming an adiabatic condenser in steady operation, the
first law becomes
1 1 3 3 2 2 4 4
m h m h m h m h + = +
1
m m =
3 4
; m m = therefore
( ) ( )
1 1 2 3 4 3
m h h m h h =
Assuming water is an ideal fluid,
( ) ( )
1 1 2 3 4 3 p
m h h m c T T =
( )
( )
1 2
3 1
4 3 p
h h
m m
c T T

State 2 is a saturated liquid at 5 psia, since pressure is constant across the condenser. From Table B-11
o
2
162.2 F T =
4 2
70 T T =
o
92.2 F =
State 1 is a two-phase mixture at 5 psia. With data from Table B-11,
( ) ( )
1
Btu
130.2 0.93 1131 130.2 1061
lbm
f g f
h h x h h = + = + =
The enthalpy of state 2 is

2
h = 130.2 Btu lbm
f
h =
Using the value of specific heat from Table B-6 at the average river water temperature of 69
o
F

( )
( )
( )
( )
1 1 4
3
o
3 4
o
lbm Btu
14.3 1061 130.2
s lbm
Btu
1.00 92.2 45 F
lbm F
m h h
m
h h
| |
\ .
= =
| |
\ .
282 lbm s =

2
3
2
D
m A t
| |
= =
|
\ .
V V
3
4m
D
t
=

V

3
lbm
4 282
s
lbm ft
62.2 15
ft s
D
t
| |
|
\ .
=
| || |
|
.
0.620 ft
|
\ .\
= Answer
6 - 35
6-39 A heat exchanger is used to cool engine oil. The specific heat of the oil is 0.6 Btu/lbm
o
F. Using data on
the figure below, find the exit temperature of the air.

Approach:

Assumptions:
4. The heat exchanger is adiabatic.
6. The oil is incompressible.
7. The specific heat is constant.
conditions.

Solution:

2 2
2 2
cv i e
cv cv i i i e e e
dE
Q W m h gz m h gz
dt
| | |
= + + + + +
|
\ . \
_ _

V V |
|
.
2

Neglecting changes in kinetic and potential energy, and assuming an adiabatic heat exchanger in steady operation,
the first law becomes
1 1 3 3 2 2 4 4
m h m h m h m h + = +
1
m m =
3 4
; m m = therefore
( ) ( )
1 1 2 3 4 3
m h h m h h =
Assuming the oil is an ideal liquid and the air is an ideal gas,
( ) ( )
1 , 1 2 3 , 4 3 p oil p air
mc T T m c T T =
( )
( )
o
o
1 , 1 2 o
4 3
3 ,
lbm Btu
3.8 0.6 160 90 F
s lbm F
50 85 F
lbm Btu
19 0.24
s lbm R
p oil
p air
mc T T
T T
m c
| || |
| |
\ .\ .
= + = + =
| || |
| |
\ .\ .
Answer
6 - 36
6-40 Saturated liquid Refrigerant-134a at 36
o
C is throttled to 8
o
C. The refrigerant then enters an evaporator
and exits as saturated vapor. The evaporator is used to cool liquid water from 20
o
C to 10
o
C. If the mass
flow rate of refrigerant is 0.013 kg/s, what is the mass flow rate of the water?

Approach:
Apply the first law for an open system to each
component.

Assumptions:
4. The throttle and evaporator are adiabatic.
5. Pressure is constant across the evaporator.
6. The water is incompressible.
7. The specific heat of the water is constant.

Solution:

Taking a control volume around the throttle, and applying the first law,

1
h h =
2
Using data in Table A-14
1
kJ
100.3
kg
f
h h = =
o
C, h
f
= 39.54 kJ/kg and h
g
= 242.5 kJ/kg. Since h
2
= 100.3 kJ/kg falls between these two
values, state 2 is a two-phase mixture. Taking a control volume around the evaporator and applying the first law
2 2
2 2
cv i e
cv cv i i i e e e
dE
Q W m h gz m h gz
dt
| | |
= + + + + +
|
\ . \
_ _

V V |
|
.

Neglecting changes in kinetic and potential energy, and assuming an adiabatic evaporator in steady operation, the
first law becomes
2 2 4 4 3 3 5 5
m h m h m h m h + = +
The water and R-134a do not mix, therefore
2 3 R
m m m = =
4 5 W
m m m = =

( ) (
( )
( )
)
2 3 4 5
3 2
4 5
0
R w
R
w
m h h m h h
m h h
m
h h
= +

Assuming the water is an ideal liquid
( )
( )
3 2
4 5
R
w
p
m h h
m
c T T

The saturated vapor at state 3 is at the same pressure as state 2. We have already concluded that state 2 is a two-
phase mixture, so its saturation temperature is 8
o
C. During a constant pressure process entirely in the two-phase
region, temperature remains constant. Therefore, state 3 is a saturated vapor at 8
o
C. From Table A-14

3
242.5kJ/kg
g
h h = =
2 1
100.3kJ/kg h h = =
Using values of specific heat at the average water temperature of 15
o
C,

( )( )
( ) ( )
o
0.013kg s 242.5 100.3 kJ kg kg
0.0441
4.187kJ kg K 20 10 C s
w
m
= =

Answer
6 - 37
6-41 In a flash chamber, a pressurized liquid is throttled to a lower pressure where it becomes a two-phase
mixture. The saturated liquid and vapor streams are removed in separate lines. In the figure below, liquid
R-134a at 10F and 30 psia is throttled to 12 psia. If 21.6 lbm/h of saturated vapor exits the flash chamber,
what is the inlet flow rate? Assume the flash chamber is adiabatic.

Approach:
Apply conservation of mass and the first law for an
open system to the combination of the two
components.

Assumptions:
4. The throttle and flash chamber are adiabatic.
5. Pressure is constant in the flash chamber.

Solution:
In this problem, the easiest approach is to define a
control volume around the combination of the two
components. You could also analyze each
component separately, but that would take more
effort and produce the same final result. Applying
conservation of mass to the control volume shown,
1 2 3
m m m = +
From the first law with no kinetic or potential
energy change, and no heat transfer or work,
1 1 2 2 3 3
m h m h m h = +
State 1 is a compressed liquid. Approximate the
enthalpy of the liquid as the enthalpy of the
saturated liquid at the same temperature. From
Table B-14
h
1
= h
f
at 10F = 14.66 Btu/lbm
From Table B-15, the enthalpy of states 2 and 3 is
h
2
= h
g
at 5 psi = 93.79 Btu/lbm
h
3
= h
f
at 5 psi = 3.73 Btu/lbm

Substituting the given value of mass flow rate into conservation of mass produces
1 3
lbm
21.6
h
m m = +
Substituting and the values of enthalpy into the first law,
1
m
( )
3 3
lbm Btu lbm Btu lbm Btu
21.6 14.66 21.6 93.79 3.73
h lbm h lbm h lbm
m m
| | | || | |
+ = +
| | |
\ . \ .\ . \

|
|
.

Solving for gives
3
m
3
lbm
92.9
h
m =
1
lbm lbm
21.6 92.9
h h
m = +
lbm
114.5
h
= Answer
6 - 38
6-42 Saturated liquid water at 40 kPa enters a 140 kW pump. The output of the pump is fed into a boiler where
heat is added at a rate of 302 MW. There is negligible pressure drop across the boiler. If the mass flow
rate of water is 70 kg/s, determine the boiler pressure and the state at the exit of the boiler.

Approach:
Apply to the pump to
determine the exit pressure form the pump.
This is equal to the pressure at the exit of the
boiler, since there is negligible pressure drop
across the boiler. Draw a control volume
around both components and apply the first law
to determine exit temperature from the boiler.
(
1 2
W mv P P =

)

Assumptions:
4. The pump is adiabatic and ideal.
5. Pressure is constant across the boiler.
6. The water is incompressible.

Solution:

For the pump, power is related to pressure rise by
( )
1 2 cv
W mv P P =

Solving for exit pressure and using the specific volume of saturated liquid water at from Table A-11, 40kPa

2 1
cv
W
P P
mv
=

( )
3
1000W
140kW
1000Pa 1 kW
40kPa
1 kPa kg m
70 0.001027
s kg
6
1.99 10 Pa 2.0MPa = ~
| |
|
| | \ .
=
|
| |
\ . | |
| |
\ .
\ .

Pressure is constant across the boiler, so
3 2
2.0MPa P P = = Answer
To find the state at the exit of the boiler, draw a
control volume around both components. The first
law for this control volume is (assuming steady-state,
and no kinetic or potential energy changes)
0
cv cv i i e e
Q W mh m h = +

( )
1 3
0
cv cv
Q W m h h = +

3 1
cv cv
Q W
h h
m
= +

302, 000kW ( 140)kW kJ
318
kg
kg
70
s

= +

3
kJ
4634
kg
h =
The exit state of the boiler has a pressure
of and an enthalpy of From Table
A-12, this is superheated vapor with a temperature of
2MPa 4634kJ/kg.

o
1000 C T = Answer

6 - 39
6-43 Air at 2000 R enters the turbine of a turbojet engine. The turbine is well insulated and produces 100 Btu of
work per pound mass of air flowing through the engine. Upon exiting the turbine, the air enters the inlet of
an insulated nozzle at 20 ft/s. The air leaves the nozzle at 2800 ft/s through an exit flow area of 0.6 ft
2
.
The pressure at the nozzle exit is 10 lbf/in
2
. What is the mass flow rate of air through the engine in lbm/s?

Approach:
Draw a control volume around each component
and apply the first law.

Assumptions:
2. Kinetic energy change in the turbine is
negligible.
4. The nozzle and turbine are adiabatic.
conditions.
6. The specific heat of the air is constant.

Solution:

Begin by constructing a control volume around the turbine. Assuming an adiabatic turbine with negligible kinetic
and potential energy changes, the first law becomes
( )
1 2
W m h h =

p
( )
1 2 p
W mc T T =

Specific heat depends on the average air temperature in the turbine, however, the exit temperature is unknown. To
make further progress, use c
p
of air at the inlet temperature of (about ) and correct the calculation
later if necessary. Solving for T
2000R
o
1500 F
2
and using values of c
p
from Table B-8 at 1500F,
2 1
100Btu lbm
2000R 1638R
Btu
0.276
lbm R
cv
p
W
T T
mc
= = =

Apply the first law for an open system to a control volume around the nozzle:
2 2
3 2
2 2 3
2 2
cv
cv cv
dE
Q W m h gz m h gz
dt
| | | |
= + + + + +
| |
\ . \ .

V V
3

Assuming an adiabatic nozzle, no work, no change in potential energy and steady conditions,
2 2
3 2
2 3
0
2 2
m h m h
| | | |
= + +
| |
\ . \ .

V V

p
( )
2 2
2 3
2 3
0
2
p
c T T
= +
V V

2 2
2 3
3 2
2
p
T T
c
= +
V V

The specific heat should be evaluated at the average temperature in the nozzle; however, the exit temperature is
unknown. The nozzle inlet temperature is 1638 R or 1178F and we expect the outlet temperature to be lower.
For simplicity, we assume an average temperature of 1000F and will correct the calculation later if necessary.
Using data from Table B-8,
( )
2 2 2 2
3
2
20 - 2800 ft s
1Btu 1lbf
1638R 1043R
ft lbm
778ft lbf Btu
32.2
2 0.263
s
lbmR
T
| |
|
| |
= +
| |
| |
\ . |
|
|
\ .
\ .
=
From the ideal gas law:
6 - 40
( )
( )
2
2
3 3
3
2
3
ft lbf 1ft
1545 1043R
lbmol R 144in.
38.6ft lbm
lbm
28.97 10lbf in
lbmol
RT
v
MP
| | | |
| |
\ .
\ .
= = =
| |
|
\ .

The mass flow rate may now be calculated as
( )( )
2
3 3
3
3
2800ft s 0.6ft
43.5lbm s
38.6ft lbm
A
m
v
= = =
V
Answer
Comments:
For greater accuracy, you could recalculate the mass flow rate with improved values of specific heat, based on the
calculated temperatures. The specific heat is not a strong function of temperature over the range considered, so
this may not be necessary.

6 - 41
6-44 A well-insulated, rigid tank of volume 0.7 m
3
is initially evacuated. The tank develops a leak and
atmospheric air at 20
o
C, 100 kPa enters. Eventually the air in the tank reaches a pressure of 100 kPa. Find
the final temperature.

Approach:
Apply the first law for an open system and integrate over
time. Note that the temperature of the air leaking into the
tank is constant with time, so the enthalpy of the air is
also a constant.

Assumptions:
4. Air may be considered to be an ideal gas.

Solution:

From the first law for an open system with no change in kinetic or potential energy

cv
cv cv i i e e
dU
Q W mh m h
dt
= +
_ _

The tank is adiabatic. No work is done and nothing leaves the tank, so the first law reduces to

cv
i i
dU
mh
dt
=
Integrating over time

cv i i
dU mh dt =
) )

For an ideal gas, enthalpy depends only on temperature. The air entering the tank is at the same temperature
throughout the process, so enthalpy is constant and may be removed from the integral.

2 1 i i i
U U h mdt h m = =
)

2
i
where m
2
is the mass in the tank at the end of the process. At the beginning of the process, the tank is evacuated,
therefore
1
0. U =

2 2 2 i
m u h m =

2 i i
u h u Pv = = +
For an ideal gas with constant specific heat,
v
u c T A = A

2
( )
i
v i i
RT
c T T Pv
M
= =
Solving for
2
T

2
i
i
v
RT
T T
Mc
= +
( )
kJ
8.314 20 273 K
kmol K
(20 273)K
kg kJ
28.97 0.718
kmol kg K
| |
+
|
\ .
= +
| |
| |
| |
\ .
\ .
+

2
410K T =
o
137 C = Answer

6 - 42
6-45 Helium at 150
o
F and 40 psia is contained in a rigid, well-insulated tank of volume 5 ft
3
. A valve is cracked
open and the helium slowly flows from the tank until the pressure drops to 20 psia. During this process, the
helium in the tank is maintained at 150
o
F with an electric resistance heater. Find
a. the mass of helium withdrawn.
b. the energy input to the heater.

Approach:
Use a mass balance and the ideal gas law to find the mass of
helium withdrawn. Use the first law for an open system to find
the energy input to the heater.

Assumptions:
4. Helium may be considered to be an ideal gas.

Solution:

a) From a mass balance

1 2 e
m m m =
where is the mass of helium exiting. Using the ideal gas law,
e
m

1 1 2 2
1 2
e
PMV P MV
m
RT RT
=
1
1 2
( )
MV
P P
RT
=
( )
( )
3
3
lbm
4 5ft
lbmol
(40 20)psia
psia ft
10.73 150 460 R
lbmol R
| |
|
\ .
=
| |
+
|
\ .
0.061lbm =
b) From the first law with no kinetic or potential energy

cv
cv cv i i e e
dU
Q W mh m h
dt
= +
_ _

The tank is adiabatic and nothing is entering, therefore

cv
cv e e
dU
W m h
dt
=

Integrating over time,

cv cv e e
dU W dt m h dt =
) ) )

Since the temperature of the helium in the tank does not change, is constant and
e
h

2 1
d
cv e e
U U W h m t =
)

2 2 1 1 cv e e
m u mu W h m =
2 2 1 1
( )
cv e e e e
m u mu W u Pv m = +
( )( )
2 2 1 1 1 2 cv e e e
m u mu W u Pv m m = +
Since u is only a function of temperature for an ideal gas and the temperature is constant
1 2 e
u u u u = = =
Therefore
( )
1 2
0
cv e e
W Pv m m =
( )
1 2
e
cv
RT
W m m
e e
m RT
M
=
M
=

( ) ( )
ft lbf
0.061lbm 1545 150 460 R
1Btu lbm R
lbm
778ft lbf
4
lbmol
| |
+
|
| |
\ .
=
|
\ .

18.5Btu
cv
W = Answer
6 - 43
6-46 A residential hot water heater initially contains water at 140
o
F. Someone turns on a shower and draws
water from the tank at a rate of 0.2 lbm/s. Cold make-up water at 50
o
F is added to the tank at the same rate.
A burner supplies 5472 Btu/h of heat. The water tank, which is a cylinder of diameter 1.8 ft, is filled to a
height of 4 ft. How long will it be before the exiting water reaches 100
o
F? Assume a well-mixed tank.

Approach:
Apply the first law for an open system. Use
ideal liquid relations to rewrite enthalpy and
internal energy in terms of temperature.
Separate variables and integrate.

Assumptions:
3. Water is an ideal liquid.
4. The tank is well-mixed and all tank contents
are at the same temperature.

Solution:

The first law for an open system with one stream in and one stream out, neglecting kinetic and potential energy
changes, is
cv
cv i i e e
dU
Q W mh m h
dt
= +

The entering and exiting mass flow rates are equal and no work is done, therefore
( )
( )
cv cv
cv i e
d m u
Q m h h
dt
= +

The mass in the control volume does not change with time. For an ideal liquid .
p
h c T A = A With these ideas, the
first law becomes
( )
cv
cv cv p i e
du
m Q mc T
dt
= +
T
The tank is well-mixed, so the temperature, T, of the water in the tank equals the temperature of the exiting
stream. The internal energy of the water in the tank is related to its temperature by
cv v p
du c dT c dT = ~
since, for an ideal liquid, . The first law takes the form
v p
c c ~
( )
cv p cv p i
dT
m c Q mc T T
dt
= +

Separating variables and integrating from initial temperature T
1
to final temperature T
2
( )
2 2
1
0
T t
cv p
T
cv p i
m c dT
dt
Q mc T T
=
+
) )

( ) let
cv p i
p
Q mc T T
d mc dT
= +
=

2
1
2 cv p
p
d
m c t
mc
=
)

2
1
2
ln
cv
m
t
m

( )
2 1
ln ln
cv
m
t
m

2
=
2
2
1
ln
cv
m
t
m

6 - 44
( )
( )
2
2
1
ln
cv p i
cv
cv p i
Q mc T T
m
t
m Q mc T T
| | +
= |
|
+
\ .

Find
cv
m
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
( ) ( )( )( )
2
3 2
o
o
2
1.8
62lbm ft ft 4ft 631lbm
2
1h Btu
5472Btu h +0.2lbm s 1 50 100 F
2600s lbm F 631 lbm
ln
1 0.2lbm s
5472 + 0.2 1 50 140
3600
cv
m V
t
| |
= = =
|
\ .
( | |
| |
( | |
\ .
\ .
(
=
(
| |
( |
\ .
(

2
2096s 35min t = = Answer
6 - 45
6-47 In an industrial process, two streams are mixed in a tank and a single stream exits. Both streams may be
assumed to have the properties of water. The volume of fluid in the tank is constant. A paddle wheel stirs
the tank contents, doing work Initially, the water in the tank is at temperature T . W
1
. At time t = 0, stream
A at temperature T
A
enters with mass flow rate , and stream B enters at T
A
m
B
with rate
B
m . The quantities
T
A
, T
B
, , and
A
m
B
m are all constant with time. Assuming a well-mixed tank, derive a formula for the time,
t
2
, at which the tank water temperature is T
2
. The tank is well insulated.

Approach:
Apply the first law for an open system. Use
ideal liquid relations to rewrite enthalpy and
internal energy in terms of temperature.
Separate variables and integrate.

Assumptions:
3. The liquid is ideal.
4. The tank is well-mixed and all tank contents
are at the same temperature.
6. All fluids have the properties of water.

Solution:

The first law for an open system neglecting kinetic and potential energy changes, is
cv
cv cv i i e e
dU
Q W mh m h
dt
= +
_ _

Since the tank is well-insulated
( )
cv cv
A A B B C C
d m u
W m h m h m h
dt
= + +

The mass of liquid in the tank is constant, and conservation of mass requires that ,
C A B
m m m = + therefore
( )
( ) ( )
cv
cv A A B B A B C
cv
cv A A C B B C
du
m W m h m h m m h
dt
du
m W m h h m h
dt
= + + +
= + +
h

The liquid in the tank is ideal and has a temperature T. The exiting stream is also at T, because the tank is well-
mixed. With these considerations, the first law becomes
( ) ( )
( )
cv p A p A B p B
cv p A p A B p B A p B p
dT
m c W m c T T m c T T
dt
dT
m c W m c T m c T m c m c T
dt
= + +
= + + +

A p A B p B
A B
cv p cv
W m c T m c T
m m dT
T
dt m c m
+ + | | +
=
|
\ .

Define K
1
and K
2
so that
1 2
dT
K K T
dt
=
Separating variables and integrating
2
1
0
1 2
T
T
dT
dt
K K T
=
)
2
t
)

1 2
let
K K T =

2
d K dT =
6 - 46
2
1
2
1
2
2
2
2
2 1
2
2 1 2 1 2 1
1
ln
1 1
ln ln
d
t
K
t
K
2 2
K K T
t
K K K K T
=
=
| |
= =
|
\ .
)

( )
( )
2
2
1
ln
cv
A A B B A B
p
cv
cv A B
A A B B A B
p
W
m T m T m m T
c
m
t
W m m
m T m T m m T
c
(
+ + +
(
| |
(
(
=
|
+
\ .
+ + +
(
(

Answer

6 - 47
6-48 A well insulated tank of volume 0.035 m
3
is initially evacuated. A valve is opened, and the tank is charged
with superheated steam from a supply line at 600 kPa, 500
o
C. The valve is closed when the pressure
reaches 300 kPa. How much mass enters?

Approach:
Use the first law for an open system. Integrate the equation,
recognizing that the enthalpy entering is constant with time.
Properties are available in the steam tables.

Assumptions:
4. The state of steam in the supply line is constant.

Solution:

The first law for an open system neglecting kinetic and potential energy changes, is
cv
cv cv i i e e
dU
Q W mh m h
dt
= +
_ _

The tank is well-insulated, no mass exits, and no work is done, therefore
cv
i i
dU
mh
dt
=
( )
( )
cv cv
i i
cv cv i i
d m u
mh
dt
d m u mh dt
=
=
) )

The state of the steam entering remains the same throughout the process, so h
i
is a constant. If m
2
is the mass in
the tank at the end of the process and m
1
is the mass at the start
( )
2 2 1 1 2 1 i i i
m u mu h mdt h m m = =
)

Since the tank is initially evacuated, and
1
0, m =
2 2 2
2
i
i
m u h m
u h
=
=

From Table A-12, 3483kJ kg,
i
h = therefore
2
3483kJ kg u =
At the final pressure of 300 kPa and
2
3483kJ kg u =
3
2
1.5m kg v ~
Therefore the mass in the tank at the end of the process is
3
2 3
2
0.035m
0.0233kg
m
1.5
kg
V
m
v
= = = Answer

6 - 48
6-49 A well-insulated piston-cylinder assembly contains 0.06 kg of R-134a at 15
o
C with a quality of 0.92. A
supply line introduces superheated R-134a at 10
o
C, 200 kPa into the cylinder. Assuming the pressure in the
cylinder is constant, calculate the volume just when all the liquid has evaporated.

Approach:
Use the first law for an open system. Integrate the equation,
recognizing that the enthalpy entering is constant with time.

Assumptions:
3. The piston-cylinder assembly is adiabatic.
4. The state of R-134a in the supply line is constant.
5. The pressure in the cylinder is constant.
6. The expansion is quasi-static.

Solution:

2 1 i
m m m =
where m
2
is the mass in the tank at the end of the process, m
1
is the mass at the start, and m
i
is the total mass
introduced during the process. The first law for an open system neglecting kinetic and potential energy changes, is
cv
cv cv i i e e
dU
Q W mh m h
dt
= +
_ _

The tank is well-insulated and no mass exits, therefore
cv
cv i i
dU
W mh
dt
= +

( )
( )
cv cv
cv i i
cv cv cv i i
d m u
W mh
dt
d m u W dt mh dt
= +
= +
) ) )

The state of the R-134a entering remains the same throughout the process, so h
i
is a constant.
2 2 1 1 cv i i cv i i
m u mu W h mdt W h m = + = +
)

Noting that this is a quasi-static expansion at constant pressure, and substituting conservation of mass
( ) (
2 2 1 1 2 1 2 1 i
m u mu P V V h m m = + )
( ) ( )
2 2 1 1 2 2 1 1 2 1 i
m u mu P m v mv h m m = +
( ) ( )
2 2 2 2 1 1 1 1 2 1 i
m u Pm v mu Pmv h m m + + =
Using the definition of enthalpy, and recognizing that , h u Pv = +
1 2
, P P P = =
( )
2 2 1 1 2 1 i
m h m h h m m =
Solving for m
2
,
( )
1 1 1 1 1
2
2 2
i i
i i
m h h m h m h
m
h h h h

= =

The enthalpy of the R-134a in the cylinder at the start of the process is
( ) ( )
1
kJ
30.6 0.92 238.3 30.6 222
kg
f g f
h h x h h = + = + =
where h
f
and h
g
are found by interpolation in Table A-14 at 15
o
C. The contents of the cylinder remain at the
same pressure throughout the process and the R-134a changes from a two-phase mixture to a saturated vapor. A
constant pressure process in the two-phase region is also a constant temperature process, so the final enthalpy is
the enthalpy of saturated vapor at 15
o
C, that is
2
238.3kJ/kg. h = The enthalpy in the supply line, h
i
, may be
found in Table A-16. The final mass may now be calculated as
6 - 49
( )
( )( )
( )
1 1
2
2
kJ
0.06kg 222 259
kg
0.106kg
kJ
238 259
kg
i
i
m h h
m
h h
= = =

The final volume, using data for specific volume interpolated in Table A-14, is
( )
3
3
2 2 2
m
0.120 0.106kg 0.0127m
kg
V v m
| |
= = =
|
\ .
Answer
6 - 50
6-50 The pressure inside a pot is maintained at an elevated level by a steel bob which rests on an open tube of
inside diameter 0.5 cm. The bob, which has a mass of 0.401 kg, jiggles whenever the pressure in the pot is
high enough to displace it, and steam is released. Heat is added to the bottom of the pot at a rate of 900 W.
Heat is lost from the sides and the top of the pot by natural convection with a heat transfer coefficient of 3.9
W/m
2
K. The pot has a height of 0.154 m and a diameter of 0.256 m. The ambient is at 20C. Assume
conduction resistance through the pot sides and top is very small, and that there is no air in the pot (only
water and steam). The pot is half filled with water when the bob first lifts.
a. Find the temperature inside the pot.
b. Find the net rate of heat addition to the pot.
c. Find the initial mass of the two-phase mixture in the pot.
d. Find the fraction of the pot which is filled with liquid after one hour.

Approach:
Use the first law for an open system.
Integrate the equation, recognizing that
the enthalpy entering is constant with
time. Properties are available in the
steam tables.

Assumptions:
1. Potential energy change is
negligible.
3. The pot contains only steam and
water.
4. The conduction resistance is small.
5. The convection resistance on the
inside of the pot is small.
6. The work done in displacing the bob
is negligible.

Solution:

a) Define m as the mass of the bob and r as the radius of the small tube that the bob rests on. By definition,
F
P
A
=
( )
2
2 2
2
m
0.401kg 9.81
s
200, 300Pa
0.25
m
100
mg
r t
| |
|
\ .
= = =
| |
|
\ .

Therefore, throughout the process, the pressure in the pot is 200.3 kPa. P = The saturation temperature at this
pressure is, from Table A-11, T = 120C. Answer

b) The conduction resistance through the walls and lid of the pot is assumed to be small. Also the convective
heat transfer coefficient on the inside is assumed to be very large, so that the inside convective resistance is small.
Therefore, the outside of the pot is at the saturation temperature of the water. The net heat into the control volume
is
2
2
cv burner burner
D
Q Q hA T Q h DL T t t
(
| |
= + A = + + A
(
|
\ .
(

( ) ( ) ( )
2
2 o
2
W 0.256
900 W 3.9 0.256 0.154 m 120 20 C
m K 2
cv
Q t t
(
| | | |
= +
(
| |
\ . \ .
(

831.4 W
cv
Q =
Answer
c) The volume of the pot is
( )
2
2
D
V L t
| |
=
|
\ .
( )
2
0.256
0.154
2
t
| |
=
|
\ .
3
0.00793 m =
The initial volumes of liquid and vapor are
6 - 51
/ 2 and / 2
f g
V V V V = =
From Table A-11, Therefore
3 3
0.00106m / kg and 0.8857 m / kg at 200 kPa.
f g
v v = =
1
3.74 kg
f g
f g
V V
m
v v
= + = Answer
d) The first law for an open system neglecting kinetic and potential energy changes, is
cv
cv cv i i e e
dU
Q W mh m h
dt
= +
_ _

No mass enters the pot and no work is done, therefore
cv
cv e e
dU
Q m h
dt
=

( )
( )
cv cv
cv e e
cv cv cv e e
d m u
Q m h
dt
d m u Q dt m h dt
=
=
) ) )

The state of the steam leaving remains the same throughout the process, so h
e
is a constant. If m
2
is the mass in the
pot at the end of the process and m
1
is the mass at the start
2 2 1 1 cv e e cv e e
m u mu Q t h m dt Q t h m = A = A
)

where m
e
is the total mass that escapes. Using conservation of mass,
(
2 2 1 1 2 1 cv e
m u mu Q t h m m = A
) Eq. (1)
To find u
1
, we need the initial quality of the mixture in the pot. Use
3 3
1
1
0.00793m m
0.00212
3.74kg kg
V
v
m
= = =
With data from Table A-11 at 200 kPa,
1
1
0.00212 0.00106
0.8857 0.00106
f
g f
v v
x
v v
= =

0.001197 =
( )
1 1 f g f
u u x u u = + ( ) 504 0.001197 2529 504 507 kJ/kg = + =
Let y be the fraction of the liquid at the end by volume so that
( )
2
1
f g
y V yV
m
v v
= + Eq. (2)
Additional equations for the final state are
2
/ v V m =
2
)
f
)
f
Eq. (3)
(
2 2 f g
v v x v v = + Eq. (4)
(
2 2 f g
u u x u u = + Eq. (5)
Equations (1) through (5) are five equations with five unknowns, i.e., m
2
, v
2
, x
2
, u
2
, and y. It is not a linear system
of equations because Eq. (3) is non-linear. Therefore, the solution is iterative. One approach is:

Assume m
2
Find v
2
from Eq. (3)
Find x
2
from Eq. (4)
Find u
2
from Eq. (5)

Check: Is Eq. (1) satisfied? If not, adjust m
2
. Once m
2
is known, find y from Eq. (2). The final results are:
2
2
2
3
2
2.38 kg
509.8kJ/kg
0.002566
0.003326 m /kg
0.32
m
u
x
v
y
=
=
=
=
=

Therefore, 32% of the pot is filled with water at the end of the process. Answer
6 - 52

Steam Nozzle Exit Conditions

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6-1 Steam at 160 psia and 400

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