cng n tp sinh hc

~ by K.M ~ Cu 1: Nu cc nguyn t a lng, vi lng. Vai tr ca cc nguyn t ny trong vic cu to nn t bo. Nguyn t no c vai tr c bit quan trng trong cu trc nn cc i phn t hu c? V sao? Tn Nguyn t a lng C, H, O, N, P, K, S, Ca, Na _ Cu to nn cc hp cht v c, hu c xy dng cu trc t bo _ Cu to nn cc c quan, b phn ca c th sinh vt _ C vai tr quan trng trong d tr v cung cp nng lng cho cc hot ng ca cc c th sng _ C vai tr quan trng trong cc hot ng sinh l ca c th nh co c, dn truyn xung thn kinh Nguyn t vi lng Mn, Zn, Cu, Mo, L thnh phn cu trc bt buc ca hng trm h enzim xc tc cc phn ng sinh ha trong t bo

Vai tr

Cc nguyn t C, H, O, N c vai tr c bit quan trng trong cu trc nn cc i phn t hu c v: _ L cc nguyn t ph bin, chim 96% trong c th sng _ C kh nng lin kt vi nhau v vi nguyn t khc bng lin kt bn hoc khng bn to thnh cc phn t v i phn t c cu trc a dng, bn vng, mm do. L c s cho s a dng, bn vng, mm do ca s sng _ C tnh cht l ha ph hp vi cc t chc sng Cu 2: Nu cc vai tr ca nc i vi t bo. Gii thch ti sao nc l mt dung mi tt. Ti sao khi tm kim s sng trn cc hnh tinh iu u tin ta tm l nc? Vai tr ca nc i vi t bo: _ L dung mi ha tan, mi trng phn ng, mi trng khuch tn ca cc hp cht v c v hu c _ iu ha nhit , duy tr trng thi cn bng cn thit cho c th _ Tham gia cc phn ng sinh ha _ Bo v cc ht keo chng li ngng kt v bin tnh Nc l mt dung mi tt v cc phn t nc c tnh phn cc. Do vy, chng c s hp dn tnh in vi nhau. S hp dn ny c to nn bi mi lin kt hidro. Lin kt H l lin kt yu do vy chng c th d dng hnh thnh v ph v. V vy cc phn t nc c th lin kt vi cc phn t phn cc khc d dng => D ha tan cc cht Khi tm kim s sng trn cc hnh tinh, iu u tin ta tm l nc v nc c vai tr quan trng vi s tn ti ca t bo - n v cu trc c bn nh nht ca s sng => Mi s sng u cn c nc Cu 3: Ti sao khi b i l ngi ta thng ung nc ng? Ti sao v ma ng ta thng bi sp n? Ti sao c th ngi khng tiu ha c xenlulozo nhng ta vn phi n xenlulozo? Khi b i l ngi ta thng ung nc ng v ng l nguyn liu trc tip cho qu trnh to thnh nng lng. c bit, ng glucozo l nguyn liu ca qu trnh h hp t bo, c kh nng ngm trc tip qua thnh t bo V ma ng ta thng bi sp n v sp chng n c bn cht l 1 dng lipit vy nn chng s ngn s mt nc ca biu b da, trnh cho da b kh, gi m cho da lm da mn mng v khng b n

C th ngi khng tiu ha c xenlulozo nhng ta vn phi n xenlulozo v n gip c ng nhu ng rut nhp nhng, gip hot ng hp th cht dinh dng qua thnh rut tt hn, ng thi gip y cht thi ra ngoi d dng hn Cu 4: Nu cu to n phn protein. Ti sao ta cn n nhiu loi thc n khc nhau? Cu to ca n phn protein _ CTCT NH2 __ R __ COOH | H _ C 20 loi axit amin phn bit nhau bi gc R _ Gm 2 nhm: + Axit amin khng thay th: l nhng axit amin c th ng vt v con ngi khng th t tng hp m phi ly trc tip t mi trng + Axit amin c th thay th: l nhng axit amin c th ng vt v con ngi c th t tng hp c Ta cn n nhiu loi thc n khc nhau v c th chng ta khng t tng hp tt c cc loi axit amin. Chng ta nn n nhiu ngun thc phm khc nhau tng hp c nhiu loi axit amin khc nhau, c bit l thc phm c ngun gc t thc vt v thc vt c kh nng t tng hp c tt c cc loi axit amin. Cu 5: Nu cu trc cc bc ca protein. Phn t no c cu trc a dng nht trong cc i phn t hu c ca t bo? V sao? Cu trc cc bc ca protein _ Cu trc bc 1: L chui cc axit amin lin kt vi nhau bi lin kt peptit (chui polipeptit) phn bit nhau bi s lng, thnh phn v trnh t sp xp cc axit amin _ Cu trc bc 2: L mch polipeptit to cu trc xon hoc np gp , c c nh bi cc lin kt H gia nhng axit amin gn nhau _ Cu trc bc 3: C lin kt H, lin kt peptit, cu disunphua bn chc. L cu trc khng gian ba chiu c trng cho mi loi protein do cu trc bc 2 cun xon li _ Cu trc bc 4: Ch c nhng phn t protein c t 2 chui polipeptit tr ln, do cu trc bc 3 tip tc cun xon li Phn t c cu trc a dng nht trong cc i phn t hu c ca t bo l protein v protein c cu to theo nguyn tc a phn vi n phn l 20 loi axit amin khc nhau => C s lng, thnh phn, trnh t sp xp cc axit amin phong ph Cu 6: Nu cc chc nng ca phn t protein. Cho v d Loi protein Pr cu trc Pr enzim Pr hoocmon Pr d tr Pr vn chuyn Pr th th Pr co dn Pr bo v Chc nng Cu trc nn t bo v c th Xc tc cho cc phn ng sinh ha iu ha chuyn ha vt cht ca t bo v c th D tr cc axit amin Vn chuyn cc cht Gip t bo nhn tn hiu ha hc Tham gia qu trnh co c, vn chuyn, phn bo Chng bnh tt V d Si colagen cu to nn m lin kt Enzim lipaza thy phn lipit Insulin iu chnh hm lng ng trong mu Anbumin d tr trong trng g Hemoglobin vn chuyn O2 v CO2 Cc pr th th trn mng sinh cht Actin v miozin trong c Cc khng th chng li s xm nhp ca virut v vi khun

Cu 7: Nu cc c im cu trc ca phn t ADN ph hp vi chc nng ca n Cu trc _ c cu to theo nguyn tc a phn vi n phn l 4 loi nucleotit A, T, G, X _ Cc nucleotit trn 1 mch n lin kt vi nhau bng lin kt cng ha tr _ Gm 2 mch song song xon kp lin kt vi nhau bi lin kt H theo NTBS _ mi pr khc nhau c s lng, thnh phn, trnh t sp xp khc nhau Chc nng Lu gi, bo qun v truyn t thng tin di truyn => Lin kt trn 1 mch bn vng _ Lin kt H l lin kt yu => 2 mch d dng tch nhau t x2 hoc tng hp ARN _L thng tin di truyn quy nh trnh t cc nu trn ARN t qui nh trnh t cc aa => Qui nh tnh trng biu hin ra ngoi

Cu 8: Th no l nguyn tc b sung trong cu trc axit nucleic Nguyn tc b sung l nguyn tc b sung gia bazo nito c kch thc ln (A, G) v bazo nito c kch thc b (T, X). Trong , A v T lin kt vi nhau bi 2 lin kt hidro, G v X lin kt vi nhau bi 3 lin kt hidro Cu 9: So snh c im cu trc ADN v ARN Ging nhau: _ Thnh phn cu to: cc nguyn t C, H, O, N, P _ Nguyn tc cu to: l i phn t hu c c cu to theo nguyn tc a phn vi n phn l 4 loi nucleotit _ Cc nucleotit trong 1 mch lin kt vi nhau bng lin kt cng ha tr bn vng Khc nhau: ADN _ n phn: A, T, G, X _ Gm 2 mch polinucleotit xon u _ C lin kt H gia cc nucleotit trn 2 mch theo NTBS ARN _ n phn : A, U, G, X _ Gm 1 mch polinucleotit _ mARN : cu trc mch thng, khng c lin kt H _ tARN: cu trc 3 thy, c lin kt H gia cc nucletotit theo NTBS (s lng t) _ rARN: cu trc 1 mch c nhng on xon t do, c lin kt H gia cc nucleotit theo NTBS nhng on xon t do

Cu 10: Hy nu cu trc v chc nng cc loi ARN Cu trc mARN Dng mch thng khng c lin kt H tARN Cu trc 3 thy, 1 thy mang b ba i m, 1 thy mang aa, 1 thy t do. C lin kt H nhng s lng t rARN Cu trc 1 mch c nhng on xon t do. C lin kt H nhng on xon Chc nng Truyn t thng tin di truyn Vn chuyn axit amin trong qu trnh tng hp protein Tham gia cu to nn riboxom

Cu 11: So snh c im cu trc ca t bo nhn s v t bo nhn thc. V hnh cu to t bo nhn s T bo nhn s _ Cu to n gin, cha c nhn hon chnh, c ADN trn dng vng _ T bo cht c cu to n gin, khng c cc bo quan c mng bao bc _ Riboxom c kch thc 70S _ 1 NST dng vng, khng c protein histon V hnh cu to t bo nhn s: Sgk 28.10.2011 6:10am Mnh l siu nhn =]] T bo nhn thc _ C nhn hon chnh: mng nhn, cht nhim sc, hch nhn _ T bo cht c h thng ni mng, cc bo quan c mng bao bc nh ti th, lp th, b my gongi, lizoxom, peroxixom, khng bo, _ Riboxom c kch thc 80S _ Nhiu NST dng thng, c protein loi histon