FACULTY OF ARCHITECTURE PLANNING

AND
SURVEYING

QSD 182 : CONSTRUCTION TECHNOLOGY II
SITE VISIT REPORT

NAME : WAFIATUN NAJIHAHBT MUHAMMAD HASSAN
MATRIX NO : 2010461342

LECTERURS NAME
PN.FARHAN BT MD DAHLAN
2

CONTENTS

TITTLE PAGE
Acknowledgement 3
Introduction 4
Floor Finishes 5-21
Wall Finishes 22-28
Ceiling Finishes 29-34
Conclusion 35
ReIerences 36

CKNOWLEDGEMENT

Assalamualaikum w.r.t.Alhamdulillah , i Iinally Iinished this assignment , construction
technology II, on time. I wish to express my gratitude to all those who had a part in the Iinishing
this assignment.

I am very grateIul to my construction tecnology's lecturer Pn.Farhan bt Md Dahlan who is
patiently answer my question oI Iinishing this assignmnet. Without her guide , it would be hard
Ior me to complete this assignment.

Not Iorgetting my Iriends Nur Syazwina Bt Mohd Hassan ,Inani Nabilah bt Zainal Abidin and
Siti Hasanah bt Tajul Rahim who help me during the research oI the inIormation needed to
Iinish this assignment.

Finally, special thanks to my parents who gives me support especially when i am Ieel depressed .
Again , i would like express my gratitude who involved in the making process either directly or
indirectly.

I hope that the inIormation here may be used by everyone who need it. Thank you :)




4

NTRODUCTON

On 17
th
March 2011 ,I went to Pusat Islam Baru Uitm Sri Iskandar Perak with my Iriends Sti
Hasanah Bt Tajul Rahim,Inani Nabilah bt Zainal Abidin and Nur Syazwina bt Muhamad Hassan
Ior the assignment assigned by our lecterur which is Pn Farhan bt Dahlan. We are required to
prepare a report oI Iinishes in a complete building. We are required to make a report about the
Iinishes used which is Iloor Iinishes ,wall Iinishes and ceiling Iinishes.
Pusat Islam Baru Uitm Sri Iskandar Perak was used on 27
th
June 2010. The building is Iirst used
during Minggu Destini Siswa on the intake on July Dicember 2010/2011. The opening
ceremony was done on the Iasting months which is Ramadhan 2010. The construction is to
replace Pusat Islam Lama which can not Iill all the students when there is event need to used the
Pusat Islam Ior example Ior 'solat jumaat ' on Friday. Pusat Islam Baru are used oIIicially now
Ior all the activities related to Islam.









3

LOOR NSHES
INTRODUCTION

Floors in the terminology are the Iinished surIaces within a building upon which people walk ,
Iurniture and specialized equipment are placed and rolling equipment is move. A Iloor is the
walking surIace oI a room. Floors vary Irom simple dirt in a cave to many layered surIaces using
modern technologies. Floors may be stone , wood , bamboo , metal or any other material that can
hold a person's weight.

A Iloor Iinish is a liquid which is applied to a resilient tile Iloor and dries to a hard, durable and
smooth Iilm. This Iilm is about the thickness oI waxed paper and is expected
to protect and extend the liI e oI the Iloor while providing an attractive appearance and slip
resistant surI ace.

The type oI Iloor Iinishes to be applied to a Iloor will depend upon a number oI Iactors such as
type oI base, room usage, degree oI comIort required, maintenance problems, cost, appearance,
saIety, and individual preIerence. Floor Iinishes Iunction as Iinishing layers over or covering oI
the structural Iloor.





6

CARPET
Carpeting provides Iloor with both visual and textural soItness, resilience, and warmth in a wide
range colors and patterns. These qualities, in turn, enable carpeting to absorb sound, reduce
impact noise, and provide a comIortable and saIe surIace to walk on. Carpeting is also Iairly easy
to maintain. Carpeting is normally covering the entire Iloor oI a room. It can be laid directly over
a subIloor and underlayment pad, obviating the need Ior a Iinish Iloor. It can also be laid over an
existing Iloor.
Mostly, carpet are use at suitable at high traIIic area. It is also suitable because can give
comIort to Muslim that want to pray.
7

Carpet can be classiIied by 2 types. There are loop pile carpet and cut pile carpet.
Usually, most oI the mosques use the loop pile carpet. It`s because Loop pile carpets are a design
oI carpets that are created using a series oI uncut loops. The series oI loops are created
using weaving machinery that can be conIigured to create a set pattern oI heights to the loops, or
go with one uniIorm height. Generally a loop pile carpet is constructed oI Iibers that are
considered to be long lasting.


8

Advantages and disadvantages oI carpet

The advantages of carpets are .
O Safety
A carpeted Iloor is a saIer Iloor. The soIt surIace and cushioned under padding not only reduce
the impact oI a Iall, but also the likelihood oI it happening in the Iirst place. Carpet is inherently
slip-resistant meaning it is hard to slip and Iall.
O Sound reduction
Carpet stiIles noise and reduces echoes in three ways absorbing the impact oI Ioot traIIic,soaking
up room sounds and echoes an by blocking sound Irom carrying between Iloors.
O Warmth and insulation
Carpet provides excellent warmth underIoot making it a great choice Ior bedroom or stark
oIIices. Carpet also acts as an insulator. The combination oI the carpet and its under padding act
as an additional layer oI insulation in home and depending on the weight and grade oI the carpet.
O Ease of care
Most carpets made today are made to be highly stain resistant. With just a damp cloth or a quick
vacuuming Iloors look good as new. Because carpets trap dust and allergens , they can also
improve the air quality as long as they are properly cleaned and vacuumed on a regular basis.


9

sadvantages of carpet are .

O Health risks
Carpet Ilooring is a natural site Ior the accumulation oI dust and dust mines. This poses a health
risk to everyone living in the house or building. Carpet Ilooring should be avoided iI people
living in the house have respiratory or allergy problems.
O Maintenance expenses
Carpet require more Irequent vacuuming as compared to wood, tile , laminate, stone, concrete
Iloors and thereIore increase electricity cost. Also a proIessional carpet cleaning to completely
remove accumulated dirt or stains on the carpet carries a heavy cost when most other types oI
Ilooring can be thoroughly cleaned with just a mop and broom.
II not Irequently cleaned carpet Ilooring can absorb pet odors and other undesirable smells,
which can be diIIicult to completely remove or clean
O Damage prone
Carpeting is usually made oI less resilient materials than other Ilooring types increasing its
likelihood oI damage. Carpet loops can be easily yanked by pet claws and Iurniture causing
damage that is diIIicult to repair.

O Longevity
The majority oI carpet are made oI synthetic materials. Synthetics carpets tend to have a
relatively short liIespan sometimes 10-15 years. Though other carpet options such as wool Iiber
carpets can last up to 30 years other Ilooring material can last a liIetime iI installed correctly

Suitability
In rooms where a lot oI computer equipment is to be used or high tech musical equipment
thought should be given to Iitting material made especially Ior those areas. Although carpets do
not produce static, they do not have the capacity to store it especially in a very dry environment.
In general long piled carpet are not suitable Ior use on stairs. Secondary , backed carpet Iitted
over a good underlay, will give a better perIormance in heavy wear such as living or dining room
and hall.

CERAMIC TILES


Ceramic tiles are relatively small, modular surIacing units made oI clay or other ceramic
material. The tiles are Iired in a kiln at very high temperature. The result is a durable, tough,
dense material that is water resistant, diIIicult to stain and easy to clean. The colors generally do
not Iade.
At pusat islam, ceramic tiles are use at route near with toilet and also use at ablution place. It is
suitable because it is slip and give good appearance. Besides that ,it cost much more cheaper than
carpet. It is clean and also have high resistance to dampness. It saIe Ior muslim or muslimah to
walk on it. Ceramic tiles was especially used at lobby Pusat Islam Baru.

2

Advantages and disadvantages oI ceramic tiles

The advantages of ceramc tes are .
O Natural product
Ceramic tiles are impermeable and are made oI a clay with or without an essential vitreous
coating. The raw materials that they are made oI come Iro the earth which mixing the water and
Iiring produce a natural high quality product
O Easy to clean
Ceramic was easily and simply cleaned with a damp cloth and iI the surIace is dirty or greasy,
cleaning agent such as detergents or bleach may be used. The nature oI a ceramic surIace prevent
anything Irom sticking and grease may be eliminated easily.
O Hygienic and antiallergenic
The ability oI ceramic surIaces to prevent humidity also prevent the development oI colonies oI
germs and Iungi that are easily generated in construction with deIicient permeability.
O Durability
Ceramic surIaces have a relatively longer liIe to most oI other materials used Ior Iloor and
wall covering



3

The dsadvantages of ceramc tes are .
O Temperature
Ceramic is cold when used as Ilooring and can be quite uncomIortable during wintertime
in colder climates. Because oI the density oI ceramic, it takes longer to heat or cool than
other Ilooring material.
O Hardness
Ceramic material has no Ilexibility and the ceramic itselI is more prone than other Iloor
types to surIace cracking when heavy items are dropped. The hardness also makes
ceramic uncomIortable to stand on Ior prolonged periods and may necessitate a rug or
pad Ior extended use.
O Maintenance
While ceramic is Iairly easy to maintain, the grout lines between the tiles are susceptible
to stains, mold and mildew and must be periodically sealed to maintain the integrity oI
the grout lines. In addition, ceramic in wet areas may require caulking where the ceramic
meets another construction material, and the caulk will need to be replaced when it no
longer seals the seam due to aging or cracking.

4

Suitability
Ceramic Ilooring is very easy to maintain. It is smooth and non-porous. Because oI its
durability and its resistance to moisture, it is most oIten used in bathrooms and kitchens.
However, it is extremely versatile and so can be used in almost any room in the home.
Ceramic tile can also be used to tile showers in the bathroom and on backspalshes in the
kitchen. Used in a living room, there seems to be a correlation between the use oI ceramic
Iloor tiles and area rugs. As with all Ilooring products these days, the use oI underIloor
heating will enhance your tiled Iloor considerably.

Concrete paver

Concrete paver are used on the basement oI Pusat Islam Baru. It provide the surrounding oI the
building to look clean and neat. Concrete paver are made Irom a very dry mix oI gravel, sand ,
and cement. It was mixed with water. AIter it has dry, it was press by concrete stamp to make its
shape. Mostly, concrete paver are used on the outside Ior its strength. There are a Iew advantages
and disadvantages Ior concrete paver.




6

Advantages and disadvantages oI concrete paver :

dvantages of concrete paver .
O Durability
Paver`s combination oI strength ,resilient abrasion resistance and Ilexibility deliver highly
durable ,crack prooI pavement able to handle all type oI wheeled traIIic and pedestrians with
very low maintenance oI requirement.
O Safety features
Pavers are stronger than regular poured concrete surIaces and more durable than black asphalt.
They can take more pressure and last Ior a long time. Paver have non-skid surIace even when
wet.
O Easy maintenance
They can be removed and reused without visual or structural changes to allow access to utilities
or to change soiled section oI paved areas. They are easy to maintain as regular sweeping and
occasional rinsing are usually the most maintenance needed.
O Economical
Pavers oIIer an economical long term alternative to other types oI pavement. They can be laid in
almost any weather condition and require no grouted joints.


7

sadvantages of concrete paver .

O Moss
The accumulation oI moss will make the pavers very slippery and hazardous. A regular
maintenance should be done to minimize the accumulation oI moss.
O ade over time
Pavers can Iade over time, so the original color that you select won't be there in years to come.
O Comfort
Pavers can be hot on your Ieet, particularly the darker colors. Paver with dark colors make we
Ieel uncomIortable to walk on it.
Suitability
Concrete pavers are made oI cement, aggregate , pigments and dyes set in a mold and Iired at the
manuIacturing plant. Concrete paver have a very broad selection oI colors and depending on the
manuIacturing process. They are also very strong and will work Ior driveways and even roads as
well as patios and path






8

Homogenous tiles
Homogenous tiles can be seen at the stairs and the ablution at Pusat Islam Baru. It has rough
surIace which make it less slippery.

.

Advantages and disadvantages oI homogenous tiles :

dvantages of homogenous tes are .
O Hygienic and Easy to Clean
Homogenous wall tile is much easier to maintain than paint, wall paper or other tile materials.
To keep the tiles clean, all you need to do is wipe them Irom time to time. It also highly resistant
to abrasive chemicals and cleaners, which makes them easy to keep clean.
O Moisture Resistant
It is ideal Ior damp environments such as bathrooms and kitchens. It does not swell or deIorm
when exposed to high levels oI moisture.
O Stain Proof
It will not absorb or retain stains unlike other wall coverings. II you splash Iood, oil, grease or
even paint on the wall, you can clean it oII with a simple wipe.
O ire Proof
This wall tile is resistant to extremes oI temperature. It does not react to Irost or Iire. It is
thereIore highly saIe in any indoor application.








2

sadvantages of homogenous tes are .

O Durable
Homogenous tile is rated on a scale Irom zero to Iive based on hardness. A rating oI zero
through two is appropriate Ior wall tile, three is rated Ior residential Ilooring, and ratings oI Iour
and Iive are suitable Ior commercial applications. It stands up to years oI high traIIic and daily
abuse. The strength and durability oI ceramic tile is also a negative

O Chips and Cracks
The hardness makes it prone to chipping, scratching and cracking. Chips in homogenous tile
will expose the white tile layer beneath the top glaze coating. Damaged tile cannot be repaired. It
is recommended to remove and replace broken tile.

Suitability
Homogeneous tiles will Iloor all the place which are exposed to water. Homogeneous tiles are
suitable Ior bathroom, toilet, boiler room, swimming pool etc, having anti-slip and beautiIul
eIIect





2

WALL FINISHES

INTRODUCTION

A wall is usually a solid structure that deIines and sometimes protect an area. Most commonly , a
wall delineates a building and support its superstructures ,separates space in building into rooms
and protect or delineates a space in the open air.
Wall Iinishes that is Iinish given to the wall to enhance the interior and exterior look oI the
structure. Wall Iinishes used Ior the interiors are quite delicate. The Iunction oI wall Iinishes are
as Iollow.
- To protect the building skeleton and interior Irom weather and mechanical damage
- Enhances the structural rigidity oI the building








22

Plaster and paint

This is the main Iinishes used at Pusat Islam Baru. This Iinishes mostly can be seen in the pray
area. Besides that, this Iinishes can also be seen along the lobby. As it has plain color which is
white, it makes the room become wider and has more spaces. It gives a peaceIul look and make
people more comIortable to pray. The wall that has been plastered is cement which doesn`t look
attractive. Plastering and painting the wall make it become more attractive. There are also a Iew
advantages and disadvantage Ior using plaster and paint.




23

Advantages and disadvantages oI plaster and paint :

dvantages of paster and pant .

O Moisture resistance
Plaster is an eIIective water barrier. As a consequence oI plaster`s inherent water shedding
properties, it is very eIIective water and mildew barrier.
O No sanding
Plaster is typically applied in one work session per wall or per several non-adjoining wall. The
smoothness or texture is achieved by working plaster as it sets.
O Pleasing surface
Plaster can be beautiIul interior surIace. The natural loo oI plaster is a mottled white. When
applied Ior maximum smoothness, it can result in a hard mirror like surIace.








24

sadvantages of paster and pant .

O Rare technique
There are very Iew trade proIessional with the skill Ior plaster. AIter a wall is surIaced with
plaster, any Iuture work on that wall should ideally be done by craItsperson Iamiliar with it
O Cure time
Unpainted plaster can be the desired surIace or paint can be successIully applied in less than
ideal condition but the cure time is consideration Ior job.
O pplication time
Once a plaster wall is begun, it must be completed beIore the worker can stop. This can cause a
worker to end the work lately
O Expensive
The cost oI plaster wall is higher than drywall walls. This is, a skilled tradesman working start to
Iinish at Iull eIIiciency.
Suitability
Plaster is only suitable Ior indoor usage where there is no damp. All plaster should be mixed with
clean cold water and always add plaster to the water not the water to the plaster.




23

Glazed wall tiles

Glazed tile is a type oI ceramic tile to which a glaze has been applied. AIter the glaze is painted
or sprayed on, the tile is Iilled at high temperature causing a chemical reaction which makes the
glazed vitriIy, essentially turned to glass. At Pusat Islam Baru Uitm Perak, glazes tiles are used
around the praying area. From the picture we can see the the entrance wall is Irom glazed tiles.


26

Advantages and disadvantages oI glazed wall :

dvantages of ga:ed wa .
O 'ersatility
Glass block can be used Ior partitions ,Iull walls and obscuring unwanted views. Create an open
space ,but yet deIine speciIic areas with its use.
O 'isibility and Light Transmission
Many design options are available, including diIIerent surIace textures that blur or completely
distort images, and Iinishes that control the amount oI light transmitted.
O Energy Conservation
The thermal resistance oI glass blocks are double that oI traditional single-glaze plate glass. It
eliminates energy-wasting draIts and permits an exceptional amount oI daylight to Iilter through.
O Security
Glass blocks resist Iire, sound and impact. Solid glass blocks are signiIicantly more diIIicult to
break compared to conventional glass. It is more resistant to thrown objects and vandalism, and
acts as a deterrent to potential intruders
O Durability
The durability and quality oI glass block is outstanding. Glass block is scratch-resistant, and
works particularly well as a wall surIace in an active .

27

sadvantages of ga:ed wa :

As most glass walls cannot be opened, ventilation is another issue that needs special attention.
Glass is also poor in terms oI heat preservation, leading to higher costs in the operation oI air-
conditioners.
Some apartment and oIIice buildings with glass curtain walls have inIerior Iire-prooIing. Some
countries such as Japan and Germany have Iorbidden the use oI large areas oI glass walls
because this Iorm oI construction becomes a pathway Ior Iire to spread rapidly.
In case oI Iire, glass walls collapse beIore people can be completely evacuated Irom the building.

Suitability
Glazed walls works well in bathrooms by distorting images suIIiciently well to ensure privacy,
but yet light transmission is not sacriIiced. It is also water-repellent and cleans easily. Many
pleasing sizes and styles are available: square, rectangular, hollow, solid, angular and Iinishing
blocks. Glass block works equally as well in a contemporary, traditional or eclectic decorating
scheme. Besides that, glazed walls also works appropriately either in large or small spaces.





28

CEILING FINISHES

INTRODUCTION
Ceiling is one oI the primary areas that require heat insulation as this is the area that heat will
rise to and in the case oI a ceiling under a rooI rather than a Iloor also where heat gain Irom the
sun and thereIore into the rooI space, an area that will allow heat to enter the space. Ceilings can
be made Irom a variety oI materials and perIorm a number oI Iunctions listed below.
- Stop or reduce the sound waves Irom penetrating to the room below it
- Add dynamic or element to the space
- ReIlect sound in a clean manner
- Used to stop sound transIerence Irom the Iloor above





29

Ceiling panel











dvantages of ceng pane s that :
O Cost
- II ceiling panel is damage, we only need to replace the panel that only damage . ceiling
panel was cheap and we do not need huge budget to install them
O Comfort
Ceiling panel add an additional insulation to keep the room cozy and comIort. It also help
with sound protection and acoustics oI the room


3

sadvantages of ceng pane .

O Safety
Cannot withstand Iire Ior a long time
O ppearance
Cannot change its color, unless change it with new one
O Durability
It is quite brittle which cause to crack aIter a some time.

Suitability
Ceiling panel are suitable Ior indoor usage and does not damp as it will cause damages to the
panel when it is exposed to the wet air or too much dampness. This is why ceiling panel are used
at the indoor. At Pusat Islam Baru, the ceiling panel used are made Irom Iiber which is
unsuitable Ior outdoor usage.







3

Dry lining











At Pusat Islam Baru UITM Perak, the dry lining is use at the main hall. It is broadly deIined
according to its use oI plasterboard on timber or metal Irames. Dry lining is not a Iamiliar term to
many home builders but it simply means broadly the outer skin oI plasterboard, gypsum etc. oI
the interior walls oI your building. An interesting Ieature is that though standard dry lining
comes without it, insulation can be incorporated within the air gap between the wall and the
board Iinish. The surIace Iinishing oI the dry lining is simple and may be given any type oI
colour. Pusat Islam Baru used the white colors.




32

dvantages of dry nng .

The quick and easy installation is the main advantage gained Irom using dry lining.
The water loading is also lower imposed on buildings when dry lining is used. Dry lining is
lightweight, thus creating great Ilexibility in a structure`s Ioundational requirements,
design changes, Iuture expansion and periodic internal alterations. This Ilexibility plays a key
role in determining the shapes oI upper Iloors in more modern constructions, where heavy
weight Irom bricks and blocks could cause more harmness than giving beneIits.
Dry lining also provides more Ilexibility in the choice oI insulations materials.
II you use a timber Irame, dry lining is the most preIerred method.
The board systems used are pre-Iinished, thus requiring less labor during installation.
It even makes room Ior a selI-builder to save on the overall cost oI building.For long term saIety
Irom dampening, dry lining can be used to insulate the walls.

The procedure includes either Iixing timber to the walls, Iitting insulation between the battens
and Iixing and decorating the plasterboard, or placing plaster dabs on the walls and pushing
plasterboard on to them.




33

sadvantages of dry nng .

Like with all design concepts and materials, dry lining has some limitations too. These
limitations can eIIectively be counted as disadvantages oI the method. Dry lining is oIten
considered as not equal to brick work. Since brick houses have more substance, dry lining may
seem to be less than good enough to some people who are more traditional
Additionally, a dry lined structure can`t hold a tall building, which limits construction to two or
three stories. Plasterboard is not suIIiciently impact resistant, and requires a plaster skim to
overcome this disadvantage.
Poor sound insulation is another problem with dry lining. Wet environments will wreck havoc on
plasterboard, which limits the capabilities oI dry lining to essentially dry environments.

Suitability
Dry lining systems are suitable Ior many diIIerent types oI building; new-build to restoration and
reIurbishment; traditional to contemporary styling. Adjustments to height, thermal, Iire, sound
and vapour permeability perIormance are straightIorward and easily achieved.



34

CONCLUSION
From the sites visit, I can conclude that diIIerent place had their diIIerent type oI Iinishes that
can be used.
There are diIIerent Iinishes can be used as the Iloor Iinishes, wall Iinishes and ceiling Iinishes.
All Iinishes has diIIerent characteristic. Each oI the type oI Iinishes have their advantages,
disadvantages and suitability. Not every Iinishes are suitable at certain climate weather at the
cold , hot or snowy. All oI it has the suitable Iinishes that can be used.















33

REFERENCES
Books
O Finishes, Mitchell's Building, Alan Everett Ariba
O Building Construction llustrated, Fourth Edition, Francis D. K. Ching
O Complete Building Construction, Macmillan Publishing Company
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