Lecture One

ANALOG ELECTRONICS
ETU 07101
Lecturer: Francis.F.S.Mihayo

Office: Radio Amateurs, office building

Tel: +255 732 200294
+255 655 257835
Email: mihayo2002@hotmail.com

Analogue Electronic circuit design is fun.

You can earn a good living from it and
impress many people to whom electronics
seems the magic.

Analog Electronics
INTEGRATED METHODS OF ASSESSMENT

CA 40%.

FE 60%
1 Introduction
2 Operational Amplifiers
3 Diodes and Diode Circuits
4 Bipolar Junction Transistors
5 Differential and Multistage IC Amplifiers
6 Frequency Response
7 Feedback
8 Output Stages and Power Suppliers

TOPIC TO BE COVERED
REFERENCES
Robert Boylestad and Locis Nashelshy, (1991)
Electronic Devices and Circuit Theories Prentice Hall

M. Hassul and D.E. Zimmerman, (1996) Introductory
Electronic Devices and Circuits Prentice Hall

Theodore F. Bogart, Jr, (1993) Electronics and
Circuits Maxwell Macmillan, 3
rd
Edition.

Thomas. L. Floyd, (1992) Electronic Devices, Prentice
Hall, 3
rd
Edition

Analog Electronics
Electronic systems are everywhere in our daily life.
radio, television, refrigerator, MP3&MP4,GPS (global positioning
system), air traffic-control system, electronic instrumentation (signal
generator, oscilloscope, millimeter) computerized monitors for
patients

Electronic systems are composed of subsystems or functional
blocks.
amplifiers, filters, signal sources, wave-shaping circuits, digital logic
functions, digital memories, power suppliers and converters.
Introduction Electronics Systems
Many electronic systems falls into one or more of these categories:
digital-signal processing systems, communication systems,
medical electronics, instrumentation, control systems, computer systems.

The primary concern of many electronic systems:
to extract, store, transport, or process the information in a signal
Some are concerned mainly with the power content of signals.

Electronic systems
Amplifier increase the power level of weak signals
Filers separate desired signals from the undesired and noise
Signal source generators generate waveforms
Wave-shaping circuits change one waveform into another
Power supplies provide necessary DC power to others
Converters change between analog and digital
Electronic systems
Analog versus Digital
Information-bearing signals can be either
analog or digital.
Analog signal takes on a continuous range of
amplitude values.
Whereas digital signal takes on a finite set of
discrete values (often binary) and frequently
changes values only at uniformly spaced
points in time
Analog circuits:
circuits that connect to, create and
manipulate arbitrary electrical signals

circuits that interface to the continuous-
time real word
Analog and digital signal can be converted
to each other

Relative advantage:
digital circuits are more immune to noise
digital circuits tend to be easier to
implement with IC (integrated circuit)
technique
digital systems are more adaptable to a
variety of use

So why do we still study analog?

The real world is analog
Many of the inputs and outputs of
electronic systems are analog signal
Many electronic systems, particularly those
dealing with low signal amplitudes or very
high frequency required analog approach
The dominance of digital circuits actually
increased the amount of analog electronics
in existence

Analog versus digital signals
Information-bearing signals can be either analog or digital.
Electronic systems
Figure 1.0: Analog signals take a continuum of amplitude values.
Digital signals take a few discrete amplitudes.
ADC
DAC
Electronic systems
Relative advantages of analog and digital systems
Noise is any undesired disturbance added to the desired signal.
One of the most significant advantages that digital systems have,
compared with analog systems, is in the way that noise affects the
signals.

Figure 1.2
After noise is added,
the original amplitudes
of a digital signal can
be determined.
This is not true for an
analog signal.
Operational Amplifiers (Op Amps)
Operational Amplifiers

What is an Op amp?
A multistage high-gain amplifier integrated in analysis as
a separate block.
A typical op-amp is powered by two dc voltages and has
an inverting(-) and a non inverting input (+) and an
output.
The input of an op amp is a differential amplifier therefore
has 2 inputs.
The output is singled ended.
Typically configured for a dual power supply rails (+/_V)

Note that for simplicity the power terminals are not shown but understood to exist.
Properties
open-loop gain: ideally infinite: practical values 20k-200k
high open-loop gain virtual short between + and - inputs
input impedance: ideally infinite: CMOS opamps are close to
ideal
output impedance: ideally zero: practical values 20-100O
zero output offset: ideally zero: practical value <1mV
gain-bandwidth product (GB): practical values ~MHz
frequency where open-loop gain drops to 1 V/V
Commercial opamps provide many different properties
low noise
low input current
low power
high bandwidth
low/high supply voltage
special purpose: comparator, instrumentation amplifier
Operational Amplifier
Vd
+
Vo
Rin~inf Rout~0
Input 1
Input 2
Output
+Vcc
-Vcc
Operational Amplifier (Op-Amp)
Very high differential
gain
High input impedance
Low output impedance
Provide voltage changes
(amplitude and polarity)
Used in oscillator, filter
and instrumentation
Accumulate a very high
gain by multiple stages

d d o
V G V =
5
10 say large, y ver
normally gain al differenti :
d
G
Basic Opamp Configuration
Voltage Comparator
digitize input

Voltage Follower
buffer

Non-Inverting Amp
Inverting Amp
More Opamp Configurations
Summing Amp

Differential Amp

Integrating Amp

Differentiating Amp
Converting Configuration
Current-to-Voltage

Voltage-to-Current
Ideal Op Amp
Non-inverting Amplifier
Unity-Gain Buffer
Inverting Amplifier
Differential Amplifier
Current-to-Voltage Converter
Non-ideal Op Amp

Ideal Op Amp
1)
( )
0 v
v A v v
+
=
The open-loop gain, A
v
, is very large, approaching
infinity.
2)
0 i i
+
= =
The current into the inputs are zero.
+
-
i
+
o
v
v
+
v
DD
V
SS
V
0 SS DD
V v V < < +
Ideal Op Amp with Negative Feedback
+
-
o
v
v
+
v
Network
Golden Rules of Op Amps:
1. The output attempts to do whatever is
necessary to make the voltage difference
between the inputs zero.

2. The inputs draw no current.
Ideal Op Amp
Unity-Gain Buffer
Inverting Amplifier
Non-ideal Op Amp

+
-
1
R
2
R
i
v
o
v
v
+
v
o
F
i
v
A
v
=
2
1
1
o
F
i
v R
A
v R
= = +
1
1 2
i o
R
v v v v
R R
+
= = =
+
Closed-loop voltage gain
Ideal Op Amp
Unity-Gain Buffer
Inverting Amplifier
Non-ideal Op Amp

Unity-Gain Buffer
+
-
o
v
v
+
v
i
v
o
F
i
v
A
v
=
1
o
F
i
v
A
v
= =
i o
v v v v
+
= = =
Closed-loop voltage gain
Used as a "line driver" that transforms a high input
impedance (resistance) to a low output impedance.
Can provide substantial current gain.
Operational Amplifiers (Op
Amps)
Ideal Op Amp
Unity-Gain Buffer
Inverting Amplifier
Non-ideal Op Amp

Inverting Amplifier
0 v v
+
= =
1 1
0
i i
i
v v
i
R R
= =
Current into op amp is zero
+
-
1
R
2
R
i
v
o
v
v
+
v
i
i
i
i
0 0
2 2
0
i
v v
i
R R

= =
2
1
o
F
i
v R
A
v R
= =
0
1 2
i
v v
R R
=
Ideal Op Amp
Unity-Gain Buffer
Inverting Amplifier
Non-ideal Op Amp

v v
+
=
1
1
1
v v
i
R
=
Current into op amp is zero
0
1
2
v v
i
R

=
+
-
1
R
2
R
1
v
o
v
v
+
v
1
i
1
i
2
v
1
R
2
R
2
2
1 2
R
v v
R R
+
=
+
0 1
1 2
v v v v
R R
+ +

=
2 2
1 2 2 0
1 2 1 2
1 2
R R
v v v v
R R R R
R R

+ +
=
+
-
1
R
2
R
1
v
o
v
v
+
v
1
i
1
i
2
v
1
R
2
R
2 2
1 2 2 0
1 2 1 2
1 2
R R
v v v v
R R R R
R R

+ +
=
( )
2
2 2 2
0 1 2 2
1 1 2 1 1 2
R R R
v v v v
R R R R R R
= + +
+ +
2 2 2
0 1 2
1 1 2 1
1
R R R
v v v
R R R R
| |
= + +
|
+
\ .
( )
2
0 2 1
1
R
v v v
R
=
Ideal Op Amp
Unity-Gain Buffer
Inverting Amplifier
Non-ideal Op Amp

i f
i i =
0 v v
+
= =
0
0
f F
v i R =
0 i F
v i R =
0
Transresistance
i F
v i R = A A =
+
-
o
v
v
+
v
i
i
F
R
f
i
Photodiode Circuit
25 A per milliwatt of incident radiation
i
i =
6
50 25 10 1.25mA
i
i

= =
Assume 3.2k
F
R = O
3 3
0
1.25 10 3.2 10 4V
i F
v i R

= = =
+
-
o
v
v
+
v
i
i
F
R
f
i
hv
At 50 mW
Ideal Op Amp
Unity-Gain Buffer
Inverting Amplifier
Non-ideal Op Amp

Non-ideal Op Amp
Output voltage is limited by supply voltage(s)
Finite gain (~10
5
)
Limited frequency response
Finite input resistance (not infinite)
Finite output resistance (not zero)
Finite slew rate
Input bias currents
Input bias current offset
Input offset voltage
Finite common mode rejection ratio (CMRR)
0
slew rate ( )
MAX
dv t dt =
CLASS EXERCISE
Question one
Question Two
Question Three
Question Four
Question Five
Question Six
Question Seven
Question Eight
Question Nine
Question Ten

Lecture One

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ANALOG ELECTRONICS

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