Ha hoc 10 ( Chng 5-7)

I. Thng k v minh hoa cc th nghim

1. Thng k cc th nghim Bi 30: CLO 1. Clo tc dng vi kim loi ( Na, Fe..): S dng th nghim tao tnh hung c vn . 2. Clo tc dng vi nc,tnh ty mu ca axit hipocl: S dng th nghim theo phng php nghin cu. 3. Clo tc dng vi cc mui halogen khc: S dng th nghim theo phng php nghin cu. 4. iu ch clo: S dng th nghim i chng. Bi 31: HIRO CLORUA AXIT CLOHIRIC 1.Tnh tan ca hidro clorua : S dng th nghim theo phng php nghin cu. 2. Tnh axit ca HCl:S dng th nghim i chng. 3. iu ch kh HCl: S dng th nghim i chng. 4. Nhn bit ion clorua : S dng th nghim theo phng php nghin cu. Bi 32: HP CHT C OXI CA CLO 1. iu ch nc Javen: S dng th nghim theo phng php nghin cu. 2. iu ch clorua vi: i chng. Bi 33: FLO 1. Phn ng F2 tc dng vi H2: S dng th nghim m phng. 2. iu ch HF, phn ng khc thy tinh: S dng th nghim nghin cu tnh cht. Bi 34: BROM 1. iu ch brom : S dng th nghim i chng ( Bi 30: Clo hc ri). 2. Brom tc dng mui halogen: S dng th nghim nghin cu tnh cht. 3. Tnh kh ca HBr: S dng th nghim nghin cu tnh cht. Bi 35: IOT 1. S thng hoa ca Iot: S dng th nghim to tnh hung c vn . 2. Iot tc dng vi kim loi ( Al, Mg..): S dng th nghim nghin cu tnh cht. 2. Minh ha cch s dng th nghim trong bi hc Th nghim clo tc dng vi Natri. Th nghim c dng trong bi CLO lp10 nhm chng minh clo c tnh oxi ho mnh, tc dng trc tip vi hu ht cc kim loi. Tin hnh theo phng php minh ha - GV thng bo cho HS bit: - Na chy trong Clo vi ngn la sng chi to thnh NaCl. Tip theo GV yu cu HS vit phng trnh phn ng, cn bng, xc nh s oxi ha, sau GV tin hnh th nghim biu din minh ha iu m mnh va thng bo.

- Sau khi hon thnh th nghim, HS s thy nhng iu GV m t khng nh v mt thc nghim. Tin hnh th nghim theo phng php nghin cu - GV t vn : Cl2 c tc dng vi Na khng? Nu c th s to thnh hp cht g? - Trc khi tin hnh th nghim, GV yu cu HS tp trung quan st hin tng xy ra, gii thch v vit phng trnh phn ng? - GV biu din th nghim. Kt thc TN yu cu HS tr li cu hi trn. Yu cu HS rt ra kt lun v tnh cht ha hc ca CL2 khi tc dng vi Na. II. Lch s v ng dng - V tr cc halogen: nhm VIIA, cui chu k, ngay trc kh him. - Nhm halogen gm 5 nguyn t: Flo (F), Clo (Cl), Brom (Br), Iot (I), Atatin (At) - Trong nhm halogen, clo c tm thy dng t do u tin vo nm 1774. Sau cng vi s tm ra cc nguyn t cn li nh flo, iot, brom ,cc nh ha hc mi c th khng nh s ging nhau v tinh cht ca cc nguyn t ny. Nm 1811, nh ha hc c I.Schweiger ngh t tn cho nhm nguyn t l Halogen theo ting Latin ngha l sinh ra mui, do chng c th kt hp d dng vi kim loi kim to thnh cc mui in hnh. + Lch s tm ra nguyn t Flo - Tn gi flo (Fluere) theo ting Latin c ngha l chy, tn gi bt ngun t vic cc nh luyn kim thi xa thng cho thm qung florit to vi kim loi hn hp d nng chy, nh tch c kim loi tinh khit ra khi x. - Nm 1771, nh ha hc Thy in Carl William Scheele chng khong vt florit (CaF2) vi axit sunfuric th thu c cht mi c tnh cht tng t axit clohidric nn c gi l axit fluoric. Vic ny chng t c mt nguyn t mi c pht hin, c tnh cht tng t clo nhng do flo hot ng ha hc qu mnh nn vn cha ai c th iu ch c dng n cht ca n. - Mi n nm 1886, trc mt y ban c bit ca Vin Hn lm khoa hc Paris, nh ha hc ngi Php Ferdinand Frederic Henri Moissan trnh by thnh cng th nghim thu kh flo nguyn cht.

Carl William Scheele (1742- 1786) Ferdinand F. Henri Moissan (1826 1907) ng dng: - ng dng quan trng v ch yu ca flo l iu ch mt s dn xut hirocacbon cha flo, l nhng sn phm trung gian sn xut ra cht do. - Floroten (-CF2-CFCl-)n dng bo v cc chi tit, vt th bng kim loi, gm s, thy tinh.... khi b n mn. - Cht do teflon (-CF2-CF2-)n l mt polime c tnh cht c o, bn v c hc cng nh v ho hc, khng b axit v kim ph hu v kh nng chy nn c dng ch to cc vng p lm kn chn khng, ph ln cc dng c nh bp (xoong, cho...) to b mt khng dnh.

- Mt s dn xut hirocacbon khc c cha flo l icloiflometan CF2Cl2 , cn gi l cht CFC (tn thng mi l freon). Trc y, cht ny c dng lm

cht sinh hn trong t lnh v my iu ha nhit . T nm 1996, cht ny b cm s dng do sinh ra kh c kh nng ph hy tng ozon.

Cht Freon c dng lm cht sinh hn - Dung dch NaF long c dng lm thuc chng su rng. Ngoi ra, flo cn c dng trong cng nghip ht nhn lm giu 235U. + Lch s tm ra nguyn t Clo - Mui n (NaCl) l hp cht cha clo c con ngi s dng rng ri t thi xa xa. Thi trung c, cc nh gi kim thut bit iu ch axit clohidric bn g cch cho axit sunfuric tc dng vi mui n. - Tuy nhin, vo nm 1774 clo mi c khm ph bi nh ha hc Thy in Carl William Scheele v c tha nhn l mt nguyn t vo nm 1810 bi nh ha hc ngi Anh Humphry Davy. - Tn gi clo (Chloas) theo ting Hy lp c ngha l vng lc, cng chnh l mu sc ca kh clo.

Carl William Scheele (1742- 1786)

Humphry Davy (1778 1829)

ng dng: - Clo c dng st trng nc sinh hot, x l nc thi. dit trng ngi ta thng cho thm 4 -5 % clo vo nc. Tuy nhin, nc c cha clo

li c mi v khng ngon nn gn y cc nh khoa hc ang ngh s dng kh ozon (O3) thay cho kh clo. - Trong cng nghip, mt lng ln clo c dng sn xut cc cht ty trng, st trng nh nc Javel, clorua vi. - Clo l nguyn liu sn xut nhiu hp cht v c v hu c nh axit clohiric, dc phm, cht do, si tng hp v cao su nhn to. Nhng sn phm hu c cha clo c ngha to ln nh nha PVC (poli vinylclorua), thuc dit cn trng nh D.D.T (Diclo Diphenyl Tricloetan); thuc tr su C6H6Cl6. - Hin nay, clo c xp trong s nhng sn phm quan trng nht ca cng nghip ha cht.

Nh my x l nc thi

Sn xut cao su nhn to

Clorua vi

Thuc tr su DD + Lch s tm ra nguyn t Brom - Nm 1826, trong bo co vi ta Thng bo v mt cht c bit c cha trong nc bingi n Vin hn lm khoa hc Paris, Antoine Jrme Balard khng nh c mt cht m tnh cht ha hc rt ging clo v iot. V ng cng nhn mnh rng cht ny phi t cng dy vi clo v iot, c th n nm gia hai nguyn t . - Khi tm ra brom, Antoine Jrme Balard con ca mt gia nh th cng ngho ngi Php, ang l tr l phng th nghim ca mt trng trung cp dc Montpellier. Cng vic ca ng l iu ch cc mui kt tinh v phn cn li l nc ci. Balard cho nc clo vo dung dch nc ci ny v tht ngc nhin, dung dch phn thnh hai lp: lp trn c mu nu , lp di khi cho tinh bt vo th c mu xanh nc bin. Balard hiu ngay l lp di c cha iot cn lp trn l cht g, ng dng ete chit cht mu nu v nghin cu n cui cng kt lun c y chnh l mt nguyn t mi. - Tn gi brom (Bromos) theo ting Hy lp c ngha l hi thi.

Antoine Jrme Balard (1802- 1876) ng dng: - Brom c dng sn xut mt s dn xut ca hirocacbon trong cng nghip dc phm. - Mt lng ln dng sn xut AgBr (bc bromua), l cht nhy cm vi nh sng dng trng ln phim. Di tc dng ca nh sng, n phn hy thnh kim loi bc ( dng mu en) v brom ( dng hi).

AgBr c dng trng ln phim - Hp cht ca brom c dng nhiu trong cng nghip du m, ha cht cho nng nghip, phm nhum v nhng ha cht trung gian.

Thuc tr su

Phm nhum

+ Lch s tm ra nguyn t Iot - Nhng nm u th k 19, nc Php, di triu i ca hong Napoleon, mun tin hnh chin tranh vi cc nc khc nn cn rt nhiu thuc sng (KNO3). Thi , mun sn xut KNO3 th cn thc hin phn ng ca K2CO3 mt cht c iu ch t tro ca rong bin. - Bernard Courtois (ngi Php) l ngi lm cng vic thu K2CO3 t nc tro, phn nc mui cn li coi nh nc thi. Mt hm, ng ly axit sunfuric c (H2SO4) vo nc thi v tht ngc nhin l c nhng hi mu tm bay ra c mi ging nh mi clo. Nhng hi ny khng ngng t thnh nhng git lng nh bnh thng m li kt tinh thnh nhng tinh th en ng nh nh kim loi. - Khi tm hiu thm mt s tnh cht ca cht ny th cc nh ha hc nhn thy nhng im ging nhau ca cht ny v clo. Nm 1811, Courtois cng b vic tm ra cht mi ny trong tp ch Nin gim ha hc v vt l. - Tn gi iot (Iodes) theo ting Hy lp c ngha l mu tm.

Bernard Courtois (1777- 1838) ng dng:

- Phn ln iot c dng sn xut dc phm. Dung dch 5% iot trong etanol (cn iot) dng lm thuc st trng vt thng. - Cht ty ra khi c trn thm iot s ty sch cc vt bn bm trn cc thit b trong nh my ch bin b, sa. Mui iot (mui n c trn vi mt lng nh KI hoc KIO3) dng phng bnh bu c do thiu iot.

Iot c s dng trong mui n, cng nghip dc phm v dng nhn bit h tinh bt

Mui iot c s dng phng bnh bu c