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BAN CH O CNG NGH THNG TIN CA C QUAN NG

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GIO TRNH
SQL SERVER V QUN TR

H NI, 2004

BAN CH O CNTT CA C QUAN NG

`SQL Server v qun tr

MC LC

CHNG I: GII THIU CHUNG V SQL SERVER......................................4 I. SQL SERVER L G? ...................................................................................4

1. Lch s pht trin .............................................................................. 4 2. c im ca SQL Server v i tng lm vic ............................ 5 2.1. c im ........................................................................................ 5 2.2. i tng lm vic ca SQL Server .............................................. 5
II. M HNH C S D LIU CLIENT-SERVER ........................................5

1. Client-side ......................................................................................... 5 2. Server-side ........................................................................................ 6


III. CC KIU D LIU C BN CA SQL ...............................................6

1. DB-Library Interface......................................................................... 7 2. SQL OLE Interface ........................................................................... 7 3. ODBC - Open database connectivity................................................ 7 3.1. ODBC l g ? ................................................................................. 7 3.2. Kin trc ca ODBC...................................................................... 9 3.3. Cc thnh phn c bn trong kin trc ca ODBC. ................... 10
CHNG II: SQL SERVER VI H IU HNH MNG V TNH BO MT TRUY XUT CSDL .....................................................................................13 I. SQL SERVER C 3 CH BO MT ..................................................13

1. Standard .......................................................................................... 13 2. Windows NT Integrated.................................................................. 13 3. Mixed .............................................................................................. 14


II. SQL SERVER VI H IU HNH MNG...........................................14 Trang 1

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1. Qun l a ...................................................................................... 14 2. Mt extent l mt nhm gm 8 trang ny nh sau ......................... 15 2.1. Thit b c s d liu( database device) ...................................... 15 2.2. Thit b sao lu( Dump device).................................................... 16 2.3. S chiu a ca h iu hnh ..................................................... 21 2.4. S phn i h iu hnh............................................................. 21 2.5. S phn chiu log giao tc........................................................... 23 2.6. Phn chiu v lu d phng ........................................................ 24 2.7. Cc phn on( Segment)............................................................ 24 2.8. Cc kiu h thng file .................................................................. 25
CHNG III: CI T V QUN TR SQL SERVER.................................27 I. TO V QUN L CC USER ACCOUNT............................................27

1. S dng GROUP qun l cc user............................................. 28 2. S dng GRANT v REVOKE gn hay loi b mt quyn......29
II. CHUYN T MT DATABASE MICROSOFT ACCESS THNH DATABASE SQL SERVER............................................................................32 III. GII THIU CC TP LNH C BN CA SQL ...............................33

1. Lnh SELECT................................................................................. 34 2. Nhm lnh INSERT, UPDATE, DELETE:.................................... 37 3. Nhm lnh CREATE, ALTER, DROP: ......................................... 38 3.1. Lnh CREATE .............................................................................. 38 3.2. Lnh ALTER................................................................................. 40 3.3. Lnh DROP .................................................................................. 41 4. Tp lnh GRANT,REVOKE .......................................................... 41
IV. CI T MY CH SQL V CCH S DNG TOOL QUN TR..42 Trang 2

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1. Hng dn ci t my ch SQL Server trn mi trng NT, Cu hnh SQL Client .................................................................................. 42 2. Phn ci t SQL Server bao gm cc bc sau: .......................... 42
V. CCH CI T SQL CLIENT .................................................................49 VI. GII THIU MT S CHC NNG QUN TR SQL SERVER ........55

1.To lp mt Database mi ............................................................... 57 2.To lp User Database & Group Database ...................................... 58 3.Qun tr cc database v quyn chia s: .......................................... 59 4.Cc hin th biu Database.......................................................... 60

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CHNG I: GII THIU CHUNG V SQL SERVER

I. SQL SERVER L G? SQL Server l vit tt ca Structure Query Language,n l mt cng c qun l d liu c s dng ph bin nhiu lnh vc .Hu ht cc ngn ng bc cao u c trnh h tr SQL nh Visual BASic,Oracle,Visual C... Cc chng trnh ng dng v cc cng c qun tr CSDL cho php ngi s dng truy nhp ti CSDL m khng cn s dng trc tip SQL. Nhng nhng ng dng khi chy phi s dng SQL. 1. 1. Lch s pht trin SQL Server c pht trin t ngn ng SEQUEL2 bi IBM theo m hnh Codd ti trung tm nghin cu ca IBM California ,vo nhng nm 70 cho h thng QTCSDL ln. u tin SQL Server c s dng trong cc ngn ng qun l CSDL v chy trn cc my n l. Song do s pht trin nhanh chng ca nhu cu xy dng nhng CSDL ln theo m hnh khch ch( trong m hnh ny ton b CSDL c tp trung trn my ch (Server)). Mi thao tc x l d liu c thc hin trn my ch bng cc lnh SQL my trm ch dng cp nhp hoc ly thng tin t my ch). Ngy nay trong cc ngn ng lp trnh bc cao u c s tr gip ca SQL. Nht l trong lnh vc pht trin ca Internet ngn ng SQL cng ng vai tr quan trng hn. N c s dng nhanh chng to cc trang Web ng.. SQL c vin tiu chun quc gia M (ANSI)v t chc tiu chun quc t (ISO) chp nhn nh mt ngn ng chun cho CSDL quan h .Nhng cho n nay chun ny cha a ra 100%.Nn cc SQL nhng trong cc ngn ng lp trnh khc nhau c b xung m rng cho SQL chun cho ph hp vi cc ng dng ca mnh.Do vy c s khc nhau r rng gi cc SQL.

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2. 2. c im ca SQL Server v i tng lm vic 2.1. c im SQL l ngn ng ta ting Anh. SQL l ngn ng phi th tc, n khng yu cu ta cch thc truy nhp CSDL nh th no. Tt c cc thng bo ca SQL u rt d s dng v t kh nng mc li . SQL cung cp tp lnh phong ph cho cc cng vic hi p DL + Chn, cp nht, xo cc hng trong mt quan h + To, sa i, thm v xo cc i tng trong ca CSDL. +iu khin vic truy nhp ti c s d liu v cc i tng ca CSDL m bo tnh bo mt ca c s DL +m bo tnh nht qun v s rng buc ca CSDL. Yu cu duy nht s dng cho cc hi p l phi nm vng c cc cu trc CSDL ca mnh. 2.2. i tng lm vic ca SQL Server L cc bng ( tng qut l cc quan h )d liu hai chi .Cc bng ny bao gm mt hoc nhiu ct v hng.Cc ct gi l cc trng ,cc hng gi l cc bn ghi.Ct vi tn gi v kiu d liu (kiu dl ca mi ct l duy nht)xc nh to nn cu trc ca bng (Ta c th dng lnh Desc[ribe] TABLE-name xem cu trc ca bng ,phn tu chn[] c th c b trong Oracle).Khi bng c t chc h thng cho mt mc ch no c mt CSDL II. M HNH C S D LIU CLIENT-SERVER SQL Server l h qun tr c s d liu theo m hnh client-server. Phn chia cng vic gia client v server nh sau: 1. Client-side Phi xc nh thng tin cn server cung cp trc khi gi yu cu n server. C trch nhim hin th ton b thng tin cho user.
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Phi lm vic vi cc result set hn l lm vic trc tip trn cc bng ca database. Phi lm mi thao tc x l d liu. Cung cp tt c nh dng ca d liu v thng tin cn thit to report. 2. Server-side Database engine m nhim vic lu tr (storage), cp nht (update) v cung cp (retrieval) thng tin trong h thng. To result set theo yu cu ca ng dng client. Khng c giao din ngi dng (user interface). T thn SQL Server l khng c giao din ngi dng, ngoi tr mt s tool gip admin qun tr h thng. Hon ton c lp vi cc ng dng client. Khng chu trch nhim vic hin th thng tin cho ngi dng t cc kt qu thc thi cc query. III. CC KIU D LIU C BN CA SQL - Integer:S nguyn:-2147483648 n 2147483647 - Smallinteger:-32768 n 32767 - Number(n,p):s thp phn di ti a l n k c p ch s thp phn(khng tnh du chm). - char (n):xu c dI c nh l n n<=255 - varchar(n):xu c dI bin i (0-:-n) - long varchar :xu c di khng c nh, di c th thay i 4Kb-:-32Kb - Date:D liu kiu ngy.
IV. LM VIC VI SQL SERVER

Client lm vic vi SQL Server thng qua 3 phng thc sau: DB-Library
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`SQL Server v qun tr

ODBC SQL OLE 1. DB-Library Interface DB-Library hoc gi tt DB-LIB l mt th vin API cho c hai C v VB cho php lm vic trc tip vi SQL Server. Th vin API cung cp nhiu tool cn thit gip ta c th gi cc query v nhn thng tin tr li t SQL Server, cng nh cho php trch lc d liu t cc result set. s dng DB-LIB cn include nhng file sau y vo project:

C SQLDB.H SQLFRONT.H

Visual Basic VBSQL.OCX VBSQL.BAS

2. SQL OLE Interface SQL OLE interface l cng c pht trin mi cho cc nh pht trin ng dng da trn SQL Server theo tip cn hng i tng. SQL OLE interface cho php ta lm vic vi SQL Server thng qua s dng cc object, method v collection ca database lm vic. Bng cch include Type Library (TLB) vo trong mi trng ng dng, ta c th s dng cc i tng OLE automation lm vic vi SQL Server. TLB cho cc ng dng Visual Basic l SQLOLE32.TLB. 3. ODBC - Open database connectivity 3.1. ODBC l g ? ODBC (Open Database Connectivity) l mt standard Database API. y cn phn bit 2 khi nim "standard API" v "native API": Standard API l mt API chun, iu c ngha l n c s chp thun v h tr t cc nh cung cp DBMSs v cc nh pht trin ng dng. Cn cc native API l cc API do tng nh cung cp DBMS a ra truy xut v khai thc hiu

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`SQL Server v qun tr

qu cc kh nng c trng ca DBMS do h cung cp (v d Oracle OCI, Sybase DB-Library l cc native API). Cc bn lm quen vi Windows API khi lp trnh trong mi trng Windows. Trong Visual Basic c th bn s t dng trc tip cc hm, th tc do Windows API cung cp nhng trong Visual C++ th gn nh lin tc s dng cc hm, th tc ny ng dng ca bn giao tip c vi h iu hnh Windows v to ra cc giao din ca ngi s dng. Cho v d, trong vn hin th video a ra mt ca s trn mn hnh th bn khng cn phi bit n loi mn hnh no ang c s dng, Windows API cung cp cho bn kh nng hin th video c lp vi cc thit b. Cng tng t nh vy, ODBC l mt Database API chun, n cung cp cho cc bn kh nng truy nhp n cc CSDL mt cch c lp vi cc DBMS, qua ODBC cc bn c th truy xut c ti cc CSDL trn cc DBMS khc nhau. Cc c im ca ODBC: ODBC l mt giao din lp trnh s dng SQL: ODBC s s dng cc lnh SQL truy xut cc CSDL. ODBC tch cc nh pht trin ng dng khi s phc tp ca vic kt ni ti mt ngun d liu: Mc tiu chnh c cho ODBC l n phi d dng cho ngi lp trnh ng dng c th to ra cc kt ni ca ngi s dng cui ti ngun d liu thch hp m khng phi tr thnh mt chuyn gia v mng. Kin trc ca ODBC cho php nhiu ng dng truy xut nhiu ngun d liu. Truy xut nhiu DBMS khng c ODBC:
Application 1 Application 2 Application 3

API 1

API 2

API 3

API 1

API 2

API 3

API 1

API 2

API 3

DBMS 1

DBMS 2

DBMS 3

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Truy xut nhiu DBMS vi ODBC:


Application 1 Application 2 Application 3

ODBC

DBMS 1

DBMS 2

DBMS 3

ODBC cung cp mt m hnh lp trnh "thch ng" (adaptive): ODBC cung cp cc chc nng m n c th c s dng vi tt c cc DBMS trong khi vn cho php mt ng dng khai thc cc kh nng ring ca mi DBMS. N cung cp cc interrogation function m mt ng dng c th ch ng s dng xc nh cc kh nng ca mt DBMS. Cc interrogation function cho php mt ng dng hi mt driver v mt vi chc nng c bit c c cung cp trong mt DBMS no hay khng. 3.2. Kin trc ca ODBC
ODBC C XY DNG TRN M HNH KIN TRC LIENT/SERVER.

Trong kin trc Client/Server bao gm mt mt client, mt server, v mt data protocol m n cho php client v server giao tip vi nhau. M hnh ny rt l tng cho mt Traditional Relational DBMS, trong mt mng vt l kt ni client PC ti DBMS trn mt my khc. ODBC c thit k s dng vi cc h thng nm trong m hnh kin trc client/server, p ng c cc yu cu cn thit cho cc Traditional Relational DBMS nh: Cung cp mt standard API. Khai thc tt c cc chc nng ca bt c mt DBMS no.

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Cung cp mt s thc thi tng ng vi native API ca bt c mt DBMS no. Kin trc ca ODBC t trn nn tng m hnh kin trc client/server v s m nhn cho bt c mt giao din lp trnh no cng c th pht v thu trn giao thc truyn d liu ca bt c mt SQL DBMS, s hot ng v thc thi nh native API cho DBMS . ODBC khng ch gii hn vi cc client/server DBMS, n cng lm vic vi cc desktop database v cc file-oriented store nh bng tnh v text. 3.3. Cc thnh phn c bn trong kin trc ca ODBC.
FILE - ORIENTED DATA STORE CLIENT/SERVER DBMS

User Interface

User Interface
Client

Application

Application

ODBC Driver Manager

ODBC Driver Manager ODBC Drivers

ODBC Drivers

Data Storage

Network/Communications Software

Data Data Source DBMS

Data Storage

Server

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`SQL Server v qun tr

Applications: Cc ng dng m nhn vic tng tc vi ngi s dng qua user interface v gi cc ODBC function a ra cc cu lnh SQL v nhn cc kt qu tr v. Driver Manager: Nh tn gi ca n, nhim v ca n l qun l s tng tc gia cc chng trnh ng dng v cc driver, nhiu ng dng v nhiu driver c th c qun l cng mt lc. Driver Manager cung cp s lin kt gia cc ng dng v cc driver, cho php nhiu ng dng truy xut d liu qua nhiu driver. Driver Manager load hay unload mt hoc nhiu driver cho mt hoc nhiu ng dng. Khi mt ng dng cn truy xut mt ngun d liu, Driver Manager s load ng driver cn thit. Driver Manager xc nh cc ODBC function c cung cp bi driver v ghi cc a ch trong b nh ca chng vo mt bng. Khi mt ng dng gi mt function trong mt driver, Driver Manager s xc nh vo gi function . Bng cch ny, nhiu driver c th c qun l ng thi v ngi lp trnh ng dng khng phi lo lng n vic qun l chi tit cc tng driver. Mt ng dng c th s dng ODBC ti cng mt thi im vi mt ng dng khc m khng cn phi bit n ng dng ny. Drivers: Cc driver x l cc ODBC function c gi, a ra cc yu cu SQL ch nh cc ngun d liu, v tr v kt qu cho cc ng dng. Cc driver cng m nhn vic tng tc vi bt c cc lp phn mm no cn thit truy xut ngun d liu. Data sources: Bao gm cc tp hp d liu v cc mi trng tng ng ca chng, bao gm cc h iu hnh, cc DBMS, v cc phn mm mng. - Open Database Connectivity (ODBC) vi SQL Server ODBC l mt giao din lp trnh (programming interface) cho php ng dng c th truy xut data t cc h qun tr c s d liu s dng SQL (Structured Query Language) nh l phng thc chun truy xut data. ODBC c th xem nh l mt lp tru tng gia ng dng v h qun tr c s d liu. ODBC chu trch nhim nhn yu cu t ng dng v chuyn i n sang ngn ng (SQL) m database engine c th hiu c v dng n ly thng tin t database. Lm vic vi ODBC ta ch cn vit cc pht biu SQL chun v sau chuyn cc pht biu n ODBC, ton b cng vic hu trng, lm th no ly c thng tin t database do ODBC m nhim.
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Mi loi database engin c mt ODBC driver tng ng. Database kt hp vi ODBC driver tng ng cho n c gi l Data Source Name (DSN). ng dng mun lm vic vi ODBC trc ht phi m mt connection n ODBC, trong cn khai bo DSN, UserID v Password. Web server l client ca SQL Server cho d cng chy trn mt h thng. Cc ng dng Web u truy xut database thng qua ODBC, ADO l mt v d, cc sn phm front-end nh Borlands Delphi, Microsoft Visual Basic u dng ODBC truy xut SQL Server. ODBC thc s tr thnh mt chun trong vic truy xut database.

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CHNG II: SQL SERVER VI H IU HNH MNG V TNH BO MT TRUY XUT CSDL

Khi xy dng cc ng dng Web-database, cn ch n vic bo mt, c 3 mc bo mt ti 3 ni gm: - Web Server (do IIS m nhim) - H iu hnh ( y l Windows NT Server m nhim) - Truy xut d liu (do SQL Server m nhim) Mc th nht: bo mt trn Web server c k n l dch v SSL (Secure Socket Layer) cung cp c ch m ha d liu truyn gia server v client. Mc th hai: Windows NT Server kim tra account v ngn cm cc login khng hp l vo cc domain khng c php. Mc th ba: l mc truy xut d liu trn cc object ca database. I. SQL SERVER C 3 CH BO MT 1. Standard L default mode, ch ny SQL Server m trch ton b vic qun l cc account ca n, SQL server xc nhn mt user v kim tra password/login trn tt c connection n SQL Server. 2. Windows NT Integrated Ch ny s dng c ch kim tra ca Windows NT server cho tt c connection. Khi SQL Server chy ch ny, Windows NT s qun l tt c user kt ni vo thng qua ACL (Acces Control List) ca n. Tin ch ca ch bo mt ny l cho php user s dng mt password duy nht truy xut ti ti nguyn trong domain v thi hn cng nh vic m ha password qua mng. Nh vy, user khng cn login ln th 2 khi truy xut SQL Server. Mt user login vo Windows NT server hoc c gn connection hoc b t chi k ni n SQL server da trn thuc tnh ca account trn NT server.
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Vic gn cc quyn truy cp vo SQL server cho mt login vo NT server to ra mt login c y quyn, connection thng qua login c y quyn gi l kt ni c y thc (trusted connection). Khi mt user thit lp c mt connection y thc n SQL server, user c th: 1- c gn vi mt login ca SQL server hin hnh trn server nu tn login c so trng vi account ca user. 2- Kt ni vi login mc nh (thng l guest) 3- Kt ni vi login SA nu user l Adminitrator trn NT server. Hu ht cc thao tc gn quyn cho mi user nh quyn truy xut vo cc bng, view, hay cc object khc ca database u c qun l bng SQL server ging nh trong ch Standard. 3. Mixed Kt hp c hai ch Standard v Integrated. Khi mt user kt ni n SQL Server trong ch mixed, trc tin NT s kim tra xem login name c thit lp mt kt ni y thc no hay khng. Nu khng tm thy kt ni y thc no th sau SQL Server s kim tra login name v password. Nu cng khng nhn bit login c yu cu trn server, truy cp b t chi. II. SQL SERVER VI H IU HNH MNG 1. Qun l a Vic cu hnh v s dng ng a l yu t quan trng chy tt h thng SQL Server. Chng ny khai thc cc ch Im lin quan n cc ch quan trng ny. Bt u l phn tho lun v phn giI thch mt s thut ng thng dng lin quan n vic lu tr a. Vi cc thut ng quen thuc ny, chng ta s tp trung vo mt s cc tu chn lu tr a khc nhau, bao gm cc thit b RAID, k sc a , phn chiu phn on v chn kiu h thng file. Chng ta cng s xem xt cch s dng din tch DBCC tng thm kin thc v mi trng a.Tip theo chng ta s tip tc vi cc h s in ch mc v s phn on. Sau cc ch ny l mt lot cc ch Im khc v nhp xut bao gm nhp xut khng ng b, tin trnh lazywrite ca SQL Server v read- ahead(c trc)SQL Server cung cp cho ngi qun
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lnhiu s liu thng k v tham s cu hnh bo co v iu khin vic nhp xut. Chng ta s kt thc chng ny bng mt s ging giI v nhng thun li v bt li ca vic lu tr tempdb trong RAM. Cc khi nim lu tr a Trc ht bt u tho lun v cc tho lun v cch ci t v bo qun a SQL Server mt cch hu hiu nht chng ta s nh ngha mt s khI nim v thut ng a quan trng Trang (page) Trang l n v o nh nht i vi vic lu tr a SQL Server cc trang c kch c 2k v c th cha d liu hay ch mc .Bn khng th thay i kch c file.Khi SQLServer c hay ghi d liu n thng thc hin cc tc v n mc trang . Khi bn to c s d liu ln u.SQL Server khi to tt c cc bit trn tt c cc trang trn thit b l 0. Tuy nhin c hai loai l sau 1. Nu bn xc lp tu chn creat for load khi bn chon phng n ny SQL Server lt qua phn khi to a ca thao tc to c s d liu. 2. Nu thit b c thng tin. Nu SQL Server tm thy c d liu c trn thit b ny, n b qua giai on xa. Ngoi vng( Extent) 2. Mt extent l mt nhm gm 8 trang ny nh sau B vi phn cp Mt b phn cp bng 12 extent, vi tng s trang l 256. Trang u tin trong phn cp c gi l trang phn cp y l mt biu din v s cn i ca bo phn cp, 255 trang dnh cho d liu v ch mc Thit b ( Delive) Mt s thit b l mt file h iu hnh Windows NT hay l mt bng t .SQL Server s dng hai loi thit b c s d liu v cc thit b sao lu. 2.1. Thit b c s d liu( database device) Mt h thng c s d liu l mt vng a do ngi qun l SQL Server n nh. N c th h tr mt phn hay ton b c s d liu. Bn c
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th tm hiu v cc thit b hin c ca bn bng cch s dng SQL Enterprise Manager hay bng cch chy th tc c sn sp_helpdevice Kch c ti thiu ca mt thit b c s d liu l mt megabyte 2.2. Thit b sao lu( Dump device) Mt thit b sao lu l mt ni trn a, a mm hay bng t m SQL Server s dng lu d phng d liu hay ghi ton tc. C hai yu t quan trng ca vic qun l h thng. Bn c th to cc thit b sao lu bng cch s dng mn hnh Creat Dump Device trong SQL Enterprise Manager hay bng cch chy th tc c sn Thit b sao lu ( Dump device) Mt thit b sao lu l mt ni trn a, a mm hay bng t m SQL Server s dng lu d phng d liu hay ghi ton tc . C hai yu t quan trng ca vic qun l h thng . Bn c th to cc thit b sao lu bng cch s dng mn hnh Create Dump Device trong SQL Enterprise Manager: Trong thit b di y chng ta to mt thit b bng t cn s dng saop lu d ton tc bn c th ly mt danh sch gm cc thit b sao lu c sn b ngf cch s dng mn hnh SQL Enterpise Manage Server Manage. Bn cng c th nhn bit nhng ni dung no c gi n thit b sao lu ny bng cch nhp vo du + ca thit b Trong trng hp ny chng ta sao lu cc c s d liu master v megasyne vo thit b log_dump_device sao lu logton tc megasyne vo thit b log _dump_ device . Nu bn thch s dng cc th tc c sn qun l thit b sao lu bn c th s dng th tc sp_ adddump_ device to thit b mi sp_dropdevice xo n v sp_ helpdevice truy tm cc thit b sao lu hin c . Cc thit b mc nh Khi bn to mt thit b c s d liu, bn c th b sung n vo vng cha cc thit b c sn m SQL Server c th s dng cho cc c s d liu sau ny. Cc tbit b ny c coi nh l mc nh . SQL Server chn t danh sch ny theo th t abc , tip tc di chuyn khi mi thit b y . Bn c th ch nh mt thit b cn b sung vo vng cha cc thit b cn b sung vo vng cha cc thit b mc nh bng cch nh du kim vo vic Default
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Device khi bn to thit b. Chng hn trong trng hp sau, chng ta yu cu SQL Server b sung dbdevice5 vo danh sch cc thit b mc nh: xo b mt thit b ra khi danh sch mc nh, bn ch cn xo chn hp kim nh Default Device mt cch thay mi quan h ca mt thit b vi danh sch thit b mc nh l s dng th tc c sn sp_diskdefault Thit b null( Null device) SQL Server cung cp mt thit b sao lu m bn c th s dng sao lu nhanh chng cc c s d liu thit b ny c gi l thit b null c tn logic l DISKDUMP rt nhanh nhng n cng c ngha rng bn s khng th phc hi lI t thit b sau ny C s d liu Mt c s d liu l mt nhm gm cc bng biuv i tng do ngi qun l SQL Server n nh. Cc c s d liu c th nm hon ton trn mt thit b c s d liu, hoc chng c th trI rng ra nhiu thit b c s d liu. Trang trn c s d liupayroll nm trn c hai thit b device1 v device2 Ngc lI c hai c s d liu logicsticsv accounts payable u ch nm gn trn mt thit b. Tn vt l. Tn vt l cho bit tn thc ca file h iu hnh windows NTtn vt l cha ton b ng dn . Mt s tn vt l mu nh sau C:\DATA\ DBSPACE1. BAT E:\DEVICE\ SQSERVER\MAINFILE. DAT D:\DATABASEFILE1. DATA Tn logic y l nhng tn y c ngha m ngi qun l h iu hnh SQL Server gn cho thit b vt l.Sau y l mt s tn logic mu PAYROLL_ DATABASE TRANSACTION_1 SUPPORT_INFORMATION
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`SQL Server v qun tr

Cc tu chn lu tr a RAID RAID L t vit tt ca Redundant array of Inexpensive Disk. y l mt khI nim ph bin vi mt h iu hnh quyn nng gm Window NT v UNIX. Khi bn cp n RAID, bn phi nhn bit cc tu chn hay cc cp khc nhau ca RAID.Sau y l su cp ca RAID. Cp 0: y l cp thp nht ca tnh nng RAID. Khi h thng RAID cp 0, n c ngha l d liu ca bn c phn chia trong s tt c cc a trong mng. iu ny ci tin c s thc thi thao tc c ghi hin ang c nhiu a phc v hn.S cn i v tI trng gip loi b cc tr ngi v s p ng. Ngi qun l c th quen thucvi mt ci tn khc i vi loi cng ngh RAID ny:s k sc a. Mt bt li ca phng php ny l vic nh mt mt a c th dn n s tht thot ln v d liu, v cp ny ca RAID khng c k thut b qua li . Cp 1: Cp ny cung cp s phn chiu a ci sn, bt k khi no SQL Server vo a s cp th n cng ghi vo a th cp. iu ny d ng b cho c hai a. Theo quan im thc thi, cc thao tc ghi c th xung cp t t, v h thng by gi phI thc hin c hai thao tc ghi, ch khng phi m. Tuy nhin thao tc c c th ci tin c v h thng by gi c hai ni tm kim thng tin v do gim bt kh nng n a. Nu cc trnh ng dng tiu biu mt nhiu thi gian c d liu hn th s xung cp ca thao tc ghi c b li bi s ci tin ca thao tc c Cp 2: Cp ny gii thiu logic chnh sa li c bn.D liu c phn chia trong s cc a v m chnh sa li c b sung m chnh sa li yu cu bn gn d liu cho nhiu a iu ny lm gim bt kh nng tht thot d liu, nhng s thc thi ca cp ny khng tt bng cp khc . Cp 3: RAID 3 l mt cp nng cao ca cp 2 n yu cu ch mt a cho m chnh sa li Cp 4: Cp ny chia d liu ra lm nhiu khi hn trc khi trI rng n ra a. M chnh sa li cn trn ch mt a tuy nhin cc php th cho thycp ny cho kt qu khng tho Cp 5: Cp ny tng t cp khng, vi mt thun li b sung l chnh sa li tinh vi hn.
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S thc thi RAID Bt k bn chn cp no ca RAID bn quyt nh nn thc thi chin thut ny qua phn cng hay h iu hnh, sau ny l nhng thun li v bt li ca mi phng php . RAID da trn phn cng Khi b chn RAID da trn phn cng, b iu khin b a qun l cc thao tc RAID thc s. Cc b iu khin RAID ny tr gi hn cc b iu khin a chun. Tuy nhin, chi ph thm ny khng ng k so vi nhng thun li thu c v s thc thi, v b iu khin ny x l cc tin trnh RAM b sung bn trong phn cng, thay v tu th lng thi gian qu bu ca CPU trong h thng iu chnh. iu ny c ngha h iu hnh khng hon ton nhn bit c cng vic b sung do b iu khin a thc hin RAID da trn h iu hnh Khi bn gn tc v qun l RAIDcho Window NT, h iu hnh chu trch nhim bo qun tnh tng ng v tin cy.Mc d iu ny c th em lI cho CPU mt gnh nn, nhng n gim bt s chi ph cho cc b iu khin a RAID nng cao m phng php phn cng yu cu.Tuy nhin, nu mc ch ca bn l nng cao ton b nng sut th cc chi ph thm v cng thng khng quan trng bng kh nng tr tu khi bn buc h iu hnh v CPU thc hin bo qun RAID. S k sc a ca h iu hnh . Ngi qun l c th s dngk sc ca Window NT nng cao s nhp xut khi bn ci t disk striping bn ang yu cu h iu hnh tri d liu ra lm nhiu a, m n lt n c th loi b cc tr ngi tim nng Ga s bn c a C,D,E v F nng cao tc nhp xut bn yu cu Window NTk sc qua cc a ny, biu sau y trnh by cnh h iu hnh ghi cc file vo cc b sc Bn c th p dng biu ny ngay c khi bn chn RAID disk striping da trn phn cng thay v Window NT striping da vo phn mm striping ca h iu hnh thc thi RAID cp 0 Striping dn n kt qu tt hn nh th no ? l do ca vic t c kt qu tt hn ny pht sinh t vic I/O( nhp , xut) ph thuc vo s truy
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cp b nh chm hn n 10 ln. Do bt k iu g bn c th thc hin c lm gim s ln nhp xut u c kh nng ng gp trc tip lm tng tc h thng. Nu nhp xut chm th cc tr ngI v nhp xut thm ch cn t hn. Hy tng tng bn c mt chng trnh tI d liu chuyn nhp xut, chng trnh ny lin tc ch h iu hnh hon tt cc thao tc ghi ca n vo mt a n. iu g xy ra nu bn thc thi striping? Bn c th nhn thy mt s cI tin ngay tc khc v h iu hnh by gi c th n hnh nhiu yu cu ghi hn vo cng mt thi Im, cc thao tc c cng s tt hn, v c kh nng cc yu cu c khc nhau s do cc a khc nhau phc v. S tng thm v tnh thc thi ca Disk striping thm ch cn gy n tng hn trong mt mI trng a dng, s x l nh Windows NT, trong c cc dng c th phc v cc a ring.nh thu c c th tr nn sng hn nu bn ang s dng nhiu thit b iu khin a hay nhiu CPU.Vic b sung b iu khin hay cc CPU lm tng thm chc nng x l i vi cc tc v tiu ho tn thi gian ca a nhp xut. Ngoi s gia tng ca tnh thc thi disk striping cn c nhiu thun lI khc. Vic s dng tnh tng ng ca disk striping c th gip bn bo m an ton cho d liu ca bn. Sau y chng ta s tm hiu thm cc tnh tng ng ny v vai tr ca n trong mI trng ca bn . Tnh tng ng v khng tng ng Khi bn ci t Windows NT disk striping bn c th chn tnh tng ng hay khng tng ng, vic chn tnh tng ng c ngha l h iu hnh s dng mt a cha cc chi tit d liu tha. Nh s dng biu trc , lu c mt s thay i nh xy ra khi bn chn tnh tng ng : By gi c mt k sc nh v d liu tng ng nh l thnh phn ca mt vch ngn.Nu mt trong cc a ny b h hng trm trng, bn c th tI to thng tin nh th bn thc thi phn chiu a.S k sc ca h iu hnh vi t sut tng ng s ngang bng vi RAID cp 5, tuy nhin ton b vng khng gian cn thit thc thi hin tng th thp hn nhiu so vi s phn chiu.S phn chiu i hi bn phI t trc mt lng khng gian bng vi vng lu tr gc, trong khi striping tng ng ch cn thm mt t chi ph.

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Lu rng disk striping tng ng ch c th hu hiu khi bn ang s l cc a ring l, nu bn to bn a logic t mt a vt l, bn s khng t c nhng li ch hp nht d liu ca disk striping, v mi d liu u nm cng trn a n. S phn chiu Mt trong nhng trch nhim quan trng nht ca ngi qun l l bo v d liu. Phn ny khai thc cch s dng phn chiu tng kh nng cu vt d liu khi h thng b hng trm trng. Bn c th chn yu cu h iu hnh phn chiu d liu hay yu cu chnh h thng SQL Server phn chiu thng tin.Kt thc phn ny l s ging giI vai tr ca vic sao lu d phng d liu trong mI trng phn chiu . 2.3. S chiu a ca h iu hnh L mt trong nhiu c tnh ca h iu hnh Windows NT, c tinh phn chiu a hoc mi quan tm c bit ca nhng ngi qun l c s d liu SQL Server.Bn c th nh ngi qun l a ca h iu hnh to mt b phn chiu, vic to mt b phn chiu c ngha rng mt khi bn ghi vo a chnh , Windows NT cng ghi vo a phn chiu b hng nng, h iu hnh c th tip tc lm vic bng cch da vo a cn lI. Sau y l mt s nguyn gy ra h hng a Do v u a Do s sa i d liu chnh Do hng ng c a Do hng card iu khin a

S phn chiu lm tng thm chi ph b mt trong sut cc thao tc ghi d liu, v h iu hnh phi ghi cc tc v ny hai ln.Tuy nhin i vi cc thao tc c, s phn chiu c th lm tng thm tnh thc thi, V Windows NT c hai ngun thng tin c gi tr ngang nhau: a c s v a phn chiu. H iu hnh c th chn gia hai loi a ny . 2.4. S phn i h iu hnh S nhn i l s phn chiu h iu hnh c thc hin thm mt bc na, khi s nhn i l mt phn ca chin thut phn chiu hy s dng cc b iu khin a ring cho a c bn v a phn chiu. iu ny
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lm tng thm tnh bo m v h thng, v bn loi b c mt s c hng hc ph bin. S phn chiu thit bi SQL Server Khi bn to mt thit b, bn c th ch dn SQL Server phn chiu thit b.Chng hn, trong hnh minh ho di y, chng ta to mt thit b c tn images chn nt Mirror. Nu bn mun s dng Transact_SQL, bn c th tu s dng cc lnh sau: DISK MIRROR DISK UNMIRROR DISK REMIRROR Khi bn s dng SQL Server phn chiu mt thit b, h thng c s d liu ghi tt c nhng thay vo c s d liu hai ln: mt vo thit b c bn v mt vo thit b phn chiu. iu ny nh hng n vic lm chm thao tc ghi nhng khng ng k. Lu rng s phn chiu ny khng c ngha khi bn ang lm vic vi cc a nh hn s phn chiu s khng em lI mt li ch no v s hp nht d liu: mi d liu vn cn nm trong mt cho d bn too ra bao nhiu ngn. Chn gia s phn chiu h iu hnh v s phn chiu SQL Server Sau y l mt s tiu chun cn xem xt p dng cho mI trng ca bn 1.Windows NT advanced server v Windows NT Workstation. Nu bn ang chy phin bn Windows NT advanced server Worktion, bn khng c mt s la chn no ngoI vic thc thi s phn chiu SQL Server . y l iu cn thit bi v phin bn ny khng h tr s phn chiu h iu hnh. 2. D dng tip cn vi ngi s dng Windows NT Nu bn lm vic trong mt mI trng m trong bn d dng tip cn vi ngi qun l h iu hnh( hoc nu bn l ngi qun l c h thng ln c s d liu), th vic ci t v bo qun phn chiu h iu hnh l n gin. Mt khc, nu ngi qun l Windows NT khng phI l ngi d tip cn, tt hn bn nn s dng s phn chiu ring ca bn ( ngha l s
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phn chiu ca SQL Server) , v bn khng cn s h tr ca ngi qun l h thng sau khi c nh v tr cc a vt l C sn phn cng RAID. Nu cc a ca bn c hp nht cng ngh RAID, vic s dng cc tnh nng phn chiu h iu hnh s tt hn l s dng cu trc phn chiu SQL Server. RAID c tc thc thi nhanh hn, hu hiu hn, v chim lu lng a hn s phn chiu c s d liu thun khit. Chn d liu cn phn chiu Bn nghin cu cc tu chn phn chiu khc nhau dnh cho ngi qun l SQL Server , by gi chng ta s xc nh nhng thng tin no cn phn chiu, thng thng, vi gi a qu thp, ng phn chiu mi d liu ca h thng. Bng cch ny, kh nng lm mt thng tin s gim xung. Hn na, s phn chiu cho php bn tip tc lm vic trong trng hp bn yu cu tm ngng trc . Hy so snh chi ph ti thiu ca cc a b sung vi lng th gian cn ti. Nu bn khng c lu lng a phn chiu mi th v bn ang chy mt h thng m vi h thng , bn khng th cung ng cc giao tc b mt, bn nn chiu log giao tc. 2.5. S phn chiu log giao tc Log giao tc cha cc thng tin quan trng v nhng d liu c thay i trong c s d liu. Khi bn khi ng lI h thng SQL Server sau khi b tc ngn, n s xem xt cc ni dung ca log xc nh nhng thay i no vn cn ang c nh du lu dI v nhng thay i no cn ang c x l khi h thng tm ngng hot ng. Nh c s d liu theo trng thI ca n trc khi tt my. Nu bn quyt nh khng phn chiu log giao tc bn c th nh mt tt c cc giao tc khi thit b log giao tc b hng. S phn chiu thit b log giao tc c ngha rng ngay c khi thit b log gc b hng, ni dung ca log giao tac vn cn phc hi lu d phng . Lu , nu bn ch chn phn chiu thit b loggiao tc v sau khng thay i d liu qu nhiu( ngha l log giao tc khng cha qu nhiu thng tin) bn c th chn phn chiu cc thit b d li v khng bo v thit b log giao tc. Tt nht l ng thc hin quyt nh kh chu ny: bn s kho hn nu bn phn chiu nhiu th.
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2.6. Phn chiu v lu d phng Tuy s phn chiu c nhiu quyn nng, nhng ngi qun l cng cn thc hin lu d phng c s d liu thng thng, S phn chiu gip bn trnh c vic lm hng a, nhng n s khng c ngha nu bn phI phc hi lI t cc s c ln hn v c tnh bo hm hn, chng hn nh my tnh b hng, b ph hu hay b mt trm . thin tai cng c th lm hng h thng ca bn( chng hn nh ng t hay chy nh). Trong nhng trng hp ny, trng thi a khng cn thch hp v c nhng vn ln hn. Bn s phI lm g nu phI to lI d liu trn mt h thng mi.? Mt chin thut lu tr d phng gip bn x l nhiu tnh hung d liu b mt, t nhng hng b xa nhm n nhng h thng ph hu hon ton. Lu cui cng trong vic lu d phng d liu: Xem xt s sao chp li nh l mt phn trong chin thut lu d phng. Chng 16 c miu t s sao chp ny 2.7. Cc phn on( Segment) Khi cp n vic nng cao kh nng hot ng nhp xut, bn nn s dng phng php phn chia v chinh phc. Ngha l, thay v t tt c thng tin vo a cng lm vic x l mt yu cuc, thng tin thng xut hin nhanh hn v c t tr ngi hn. chia thng tin ra a, bn c th s dng cc segment cc segment l cc tn logic m ngi qun l gn cho khng gian a.Ga s bn c ba a C, D v E.Mc ch cui cng l chia thng tin trong cc a ny. Bng cch to ra cc Segment v biu din chng ra cc ny, bn c th yu cu SQL Server cha mi i tng c th trn cc segment Trong m hnh ny, chng ta to ba segment, mi segment cho a, Segment th nht table_ segment c s dng cha cc bng. Segment th hai index_ segment, s cha cc ch mc khng theo cm. Segment th ba log_ segment l nI ginh cho log giao tc ca SQL Server Chng ta c th ch nh cc segment cn s dng khi to ra cc table v cc ch mc mi

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Lu , bn khng ch t cc ch mc theo cm trn cc segment khc vi cc bng chnh. Trong khi cc segment rt hu ch c th tng kh nng nhp xut a, thng th vic t c cc kt qu nng cao s d dng hn khi bn s dng chin thut t n, chng hn nh s k sc a hay RAID. K thut t ng ny t cn qun l hn phng php phn on. Tm li, ng qun rng s trnh by v qun l a l nhng vn cn c quan tm. ng b qua vic nghin cu v xem xt ch quan trng ny. Sau khi so snh s khc bit gia phng php RAID v chin thut phn on, bn c th quyt nh chn h thng RAID, v h thng ny i hi t s qun l hn chin thut phn on 2.8. Cc kiu h thng file L mt ngi qun l, bn c hai chn la i vi cc kiu h thng file:FATv NTFS.Bn c th s dng tin ch Windows NT Disk Administrator chn gia cc h thng file ny. Hy xem xt chi tit c kiu h thng File ny FAT Fat l kiu h thng c vit tt t ch File Allocation Table( bng phn cp file), y l mt kiu h thng file k tha ca MS- DOS. N cng cung cp nhiu tnh nng an ton mc d n cho php bn khi ng c MSDOS v Windows NT. Nu bn c nh s dng server c s d liu chy h thng file ca bn theo kiu FAT. NTFS NTFS l ch vit tt ca NT File System( h thng fileNT). N c gii thiu cng vi h iu hnh WindowsNT v cung cp nhiu c tnh b sung, chng hn nh tnh an ton, s phc hi v s thc thi.NgoI ra, bn c th tn dng s nn file NTFS bo ton khng gian lu tr cho d bn c th chu mt s tht bi v thc thi.Nu bn d kin chuyn bit my NT lm server c s d liu v khng bao gi khi ng MS- DOS, hy s dng h thng file ny, nu bn ang s dng mt nn ng dng khng thuc Intel, chng hn nh DEC Alpha hay MIPS bn s khng c chn la no ngoI vic s dng NTFS, hay v mi trng ny khng th chy MS- DOS.
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Tin ch DBCC v thng tin a Nh nu trc y, tin ch DBCC cung cp thng tin trng thI a c gi tr cho ngi qun l c s d liu . Vic chy tt h thng s gp kh khn nu bn c nhiu lu d liu, v vy bn cn hiu DBCC, Hy xem xt cng c quan trng ny v cch s dng n nhn r trng thI lu tr a ca h thng. Bn c th chy DBCC vi nhiu tham s khc nhau.Hy xem cc tham s ny nhn bit a c s c no khng? Checkalloc V chy DBCC vi mt tham s CHECKALLOC s bo cho SQL Server kim tra tnh hiu lc ca khng gian s dng. Lu CHECKALLOC c cung cp cho tnh tng hp ngc vi cc phin bn trc y ca SQL Server. Tt nht ang s dng tu chn NEWALLOC. NEWALLOC cung cp nhiu chi tit hn CHECKALOC, v c kh nng lm vic lin tc cho d n c gp li Nu bn quyt nh s dng CHECKALLOC, bn c th chuyn mt bn c s d liu di dng tham s. Nu bn khng cung cp mt c s d liu, SQL Server xem xt c s d liu hin hnh

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CHNG III: CI T V QUN TR SQL SERVER


I. TO V QUN L CC USER ACCOUNT SQL Server c 2 mc (level) ca mt user. Mc th nht ca user l login. Mt login c php thit lp mt connection vi SQL Server. Tt c login c lu tr trong bng SYSLOGINS (nm trong database MASTER). Mc th hai ca user l user. Mc ny SQL dng qun l cc quyn truy xut ti cc object ca SQL Server nh: table, view, stored procedure trong mt database. Mt user c th trong mt hoc nhiu database, nhng mt user phi c mt login ca database m n c quyn truy xut. Tt c user c lu tr trong bng SYSUSERS ca mi database m cc user c quyn truy xut. SQL t chc 2 mc user mc ch cho php mt user c nhiu mc truy xut khc nhau trn cc database m user kt ni vo, v vn duy tr mt password duy nht. lm c iu ny, mt user c mt login i km vi mt password, khi mt login yu cu kt ni, SQL Server s kim tra login ny km vi password. Khi khng c mt login hp l, user khng th truy xut vo bt c database no trn SQL Server. Khi to mt login th bao gi cng to ra mt user ca login trn database. tomt login cng nh user ca login ta c th s dng tin ch SQL Enterprise Manager hoc s dng hm h thng sp_addlogin v sp_adduser, khi s dng hm ny ta c th to mt login t mt connection c quyn tng ng nh SA. iu ny rt thun li khi ta vit ng dng Web, t ng dng Web ta c th to, xa, cng nh gn quyn cho cc user. C php ca sp_addlogin l : sp_addlogin login_id[,password [,defaultdb [,defaultlanguage]]] trong login_id l tn ca login s c to

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password l mt khu c gn cho login s to, thng s ny l tu chn. defaultdb l tn ca database m login s c lm vic sau khi kt ni vo, nu NULL th SQL Server s mc nh l MASTER database. defaultlanguage nu l NULL th SQL Server s ly mc nh l default language ca server. C php ca sp_adduser l sp_adduser login_id[,username [,grpname]] trong login_id l tn ca login s c thm vo database, nu login cha c th tc v ny khng thnh cng. username c cung cp cho php login gn vi mt database, iu ny cho php mt login c th kt ni vo nhiu database khc nhau, v vi mt database th n c mt user. grpname cho php nh ngha tn mt nhm m user s thuc vo nhm . loi b mt login hoc user ta c th s dng cc hm sp_droplogin hay sp_dropuser vi c php sp_droplogin login_id v sp_dropuser username. 1. S dng GROUP qun l cc user Mt nhm bao gm cc user c quyn ging nhau, thay v ta phi gn quyn ring cho tng user mi khi user c to, ta ch cn to nhm v phn quyn cho nhm , nu c thm mt user mi, th khi to s gn n vi nhm phn quyn. Gn quyn cho user v group Trong SQL Server c cc object nh : table, view (bng o), stored procedure, mi mt user hay group s c quyn hn khc nhau i vi tng object. SQL Server c cc quyn hn sau cho mi user:

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SELECT cho php user c th c d liu t table hoc view. Quyn SELECT c th c gn ring cho tng ct trong table hoc view. INSERT cho php user thm mt dng mi vo table hoc view. UPDATE cho php user thay i d liu trong table hoc view. Quyn UPDATE c th c gn ring cho tng ct. DELETE cho php user xa d liu ca table hoc view. EXECUTE cho php user thi hnh mt stored procedure. DRI/REFERENCES (Declarative Referential Integrity - DRI) l mt phng thc duy tr rng buc ton vn database, khi c gn quyn ny user c th thm vo table mt kha ngoi (foreign key). Mt cch khc duy tr ton vn d liu l dng trigger. DDL/Data Definition Language cho php user c th to mi, thm vo, hoc xa cc object trong database. V d: CREATE TABLE, ALTER TABLE, DROP TABLE. ALL cho php user c ton quyn trn object. Ch c user SA mi c quyn ALL khi s dng cc pht biu DDL 2. S dng lnh GRANT v REVOKE gn hay loi b mt quyn hn ca user hay group. C php GRANT permission_list ON object_name TO name_list v REVOKE permission_list ON object_name FROM name_list trong :

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permission_list l danh sch cc quyn hn s c gn hay tc b. Nu nhiu hn mt quyn th cc quyn hn c cch nhau bi du phy. object_name l tn ca table, view, hay stored procedure m user s c gn quyn hay b tc quyn. name_list l danh sch user hay group s c gn quyn hay b tc quyn. Gia cc tn user hoc group ngn cch bng du phy. Nu s dng t kha PUBLIC th tc v gn chung cho ton b cc user. To v gn quyn cho user trn database ng k my Tt c sinh vin s dng chung mt account trn Windows NT server c tn l usrDKM v nhng ngi qun tr database ng k my s s dng chung account c tn adminDKM. Nh vy cn to 2 login v 2 user trn database c tn dbDangkymaySQL. C th dng SQL Security Manager map mt account ca Windows NT server n mt login cng tn account NT, sau to user c tn ging nh login v gn vi login va c map. Cui cng l cp quyn cn thit cho 2 user ny. Quyn hn ca usrDKM trn database dbDangkymaySQL nh sau:

Object CaMay Dangkycamay Dangkydetaikhoa Detaikhoa Loaidetai May Sinhvien

SELECT

INSERT

UPDATE

DELETE

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S dng SQL Enterprise Manager gn quyn cho user usrDKM nh sau:

Quyn hn ca adminDKM trn database dbDangkymaySQL nh sau:

Object CaMay Dangkycamay Dangkydetaikhoa Detaikhoa Loaidetai May Sinhvien Khoa Admin

SELECT

INSERT

UPDATE

DELETE

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S dng SQL Enterprise Manager gn quyn cho user adminDKM nh sau:

II. CHUYN T MT DATABASE MICROSOFT ACCESS THNH DATABASE SQL SERVER Dng cng c Upsizing Wizard, y l mt add-on tool nm trong b Microsoft Office 97 Professional hoc b Microsoft Developer Network, cng c ny c 2 tool: Tool th nht ca wizard to mt database trn SQL Server c cu trc cc table, data v hu ht cc thuc tnh ca Access database, k c RelationShip cng c chuyn i theo. Tool th hai l SQL Server Browser, cho php xem, to, v sa i cc object ca SQL Server, bao gm cc table, view, default, rule, stored procedure v trigger. SQL Server Browser c th dng qun tr c hai loi database c to bi Upsizing Wizard hay bt k database c sn no trn SQL Server. Cc bc thc hin chuyn n nh sau:
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BAN CH O CNTT CA C QUAN NG

`SQL Server v qun tr

Chun b: To database mi trn SQL server chun b nhn d liu chuyn n. Nu mun add d liu vo mt database c sn th b qua bc ny. To ODBC Data Source cho database trn SQL Server s nhn d liu chuyn n. Chy Upsizing Wizard t Microsoft Access, sau theo cc bc hng dn chi tit a wizard. Kt thc qu trnh chuyn n, dng SQL Server Browser i xem database kt qu. III. GII THIU CC TP LNH C BN CA SQL ( mang tnh cht gii thiu m phng, nn tham kho k gio trnh ngn ng SQL) Tp lnh SELECT:y l lnh thng c dng nhiu nht trong CSDL ,n thng c s dng nhn d liu t CSDL. Tp lnh INSERT,UPDATE,DELETE:cc lnh ny thng hay c dng vo mt hng mi,sa i hay xo b cc hng tn ti trong cc quan h ca CSDL. Tp lnh CREATE,ALTER,DROP:Ba lnh ny dng to,thay i,xo b bt k cu trc d liu no ca cc quan h nh bng ,VIEW,INDEX.. Tp lnh GRANT,REVOKE:Hai lnh ny c s dng cho php quyn truy nhp hay khng cho php quyn truy nhp ti CSDL ca Oracle v cu trc bn trong n. Trong phn gii thiu cc tp lnh ny ta dng ba bng quan h sau lm v d minh ho: R1(Nhn vin) (#NV,Ho_tn,Nsinh,ngh nghip,a ch,lng) R2(Lin kt) (#NV,#MP) R3(phong) (#Mp,Tn_phong,tel)

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BAN CH O CNTT CA C QUAN NG

`SQL Server v qun tr

1. Lnh SELECT Mnh SELECT tng ng vi ton t project(php chiu ) ca i s quan h.N c dng to danh sch cc thuc tnh m ta mong mun.Khi lnh SELECT gm c ba mnh chnh: +SELECT:xc nh ni dung ca cc ct cn a ra. +FROM:danh sch cc quan h c qut qua +WHERE:ng vi mt khng nh la chn ca I s quan h.N l mt khng nh lin quan n cc thuc tnh ca quan h xut hin trong mnh FROM: -Mt hi p cu SELECT thng c dng: SELECT [distinct]*/A1..An FROM r1..rm [WHERE p]; Trong : Ai l cc thuc tnh rj l cc quan h (c th l cc TABLEs,VIEWs..)Ta c th dng cc b danh cho cc Ai,rj. p:l iu kin rng buc. y WHERE c th c hoc khng. Dng * ch tt c cc thuc tnh ca cc quan h c chn -Hi p ny tong ng vi biu din sau trong quan h: A1..An[S p(r1..rm)] loi b cc b gi tr (cc hng) trng nhau ta thm t kho Distinct vo sau SELECT (trc y SQL thm t kho unique). Trong khng nh p:ta c th dng cc lin t logic and,or,not khi kt hp nhiu iu kin VD1: hin cc thng tin v mt gm(#,H_tn,N_sinh,Chc_v,a_ch,lng) SELECT Distinc * FROM R1; a ra (h_tn,Nsinh,chc_v,a_ch,lng,tn_phng) vi iu kin lng>500.000 v ia_ch khng H ni
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nhn

vin

no

BAN CH O CNTT CA C QUAN NG

`SQL Server v qun tr

SELECT Ho_tn,Nsinhn,chc_v,a_ch,lng,tn_phng FROM Nhnvin R1,Linkt R2,Phong R3 WHERE (R1.lng>500.000) and (not R1.a_ch=H ni) and (R1.#NV=R2.#NV) and (R2.#MP=R3.#MP); Trong lnh trn ta dng R1,R2,R3 lm b danh cho Nhn vin, Lin kt,Phong Cc b danh ch c tc dng trong mt cu lnh Cc v d sau ny ta dng R1,R2,R3 thay cho cc bng trn cho gn C 4 ton t hay c dng vi cc kiu d liu.Trong mnh WHERE l: In (not In) Between..and..(not between..) Like(not like) Is null (not is Null). + Ton t In (not In):dng kim tra gi tr trong(khng nm trong) mt danh sch c ch ra. V d :a ra nhng ngi c ia_ch H ni v H ty. SELECT * FROM R1 WHERE ia_ch in (H ni,H ty); + Ton t Between..and..(not ..) : kim tra gi tr nm gia (khng nm gia) mt phm vi c ch ra. VD :a ra nhng ngi c lng nm trong khong (500.000-:1.000.000). SELECT * FROM R1 WHERE lng between 500.000 and 1.000.000; + Ton t like (not like):dng kim tra nhng gi tr ging (khng ging) vi gi tri sau like,thng s dng vi xu k t v khi ta khng bit chnh xc gi tr cn tm kim hoc gi tr cn tm kim ging mt mu no .Trong SQL ngi ta s dng k hiu % cho xu con v _cho 1 k t bt k. VD:Tm nhng ngi c tn m c k t u tin bt k,k t tip theo l OA v tip theo l dy k t bt k:
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BAN CH O CNTT CA C QUAN NG

`SQL Server v qun tr

SELECT *FROM R1 WHERE hoten=_OA%; + Ton t Is Null (not is Null):kim tra cho cc gi tr rng (khng rng); VD:a ra tt c nhng nhn vin m cp nht a ch SELECT *FROM R1 WHERE Dia_chi Not Is Null; -Cc hm hay c s dng trong mnh SELECT: + AVG:tnh gi tr trung bnh ca mt hoc nhiu trng b qua cc gi tr rng. VD:tnh lng TB ca c quan: SELECT AVG(lng) FROM R1; + Count:c dng m cc b (hng) VD:Im tng s bn ghi t R1 c long>500.000 SELECT count(*) FROM R1 WHERE lng>500.000 + Hm Max:tm gi tr ln nht ca biu thc: VD:tm ngi c lng ln nht trong R1 c a ch H Ty SELECT Max(lng) FROM R1 WHERE a_ch=H_ty; + Hm Min:tm gi tr nh nht ca biu thc: VD:tm ngi c lng nh nht trong R1 c a ch H Ty SELECT Min(lng) FROM R1 WHERE a_ch=H_ty; + Hm Sum:tnh tng gi tr b qua gi tr rng. VD:Tnh tng lngca c quan SELECT Sum(lng) FROM R1; Ngoi 3 mnh chnh trn ta cn c th : + Tm kim theo nhm nh mnh GROUP BYc s dng phn chia cc b thnh cc nhm nh . VD:a ra danh sch cc nhn vin theo nhm a ch SELECT *FROM R1 Group by ia_ch; Thng i vi mnh Group by l mnh Having by s dng ch ra nhng hn ch ca cc nhm c hin th.Ch rng mnh Having by
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BAN CH O CNTT CA C QUAN NG

`SQL Server v qun tr

ch i vi Group by v iu kin ca n ch tc ng n tng nhm bn ghi c ch ra mnh Group by ch khng tc ng n ton bng. VD: a ra danh sch cc nhm nhn vin cng chc v v c lng >500.000 SELECT * FROM R1 Group by chc_v Having by lng>500.000 -Sp xp theo mt hoc nhiu trng ta dng mnh ORDER BY (colum1/[ASc|Desc] ..) +ASc sp xp theo chiu tng (ngm nh) +Desc sp xp theo chiu gim VD Sp xp nhn vin theo chiu gim theo lng ,nu cng mc lng th theo sp xp theo chiu xp theo chiu tng ho_tn SELECT * FROM R1 ORDER BY lng/Desc,ho_tn; 2. Nhm lnh INSERT, UPDATE, DELETE: INSERT: Dng chn dl vo mt quan h chng ta c th to ra 1 b chn vo hoc mt tp cc b t hi p SELECT chn vo C php ca lnh: INSERT INTO R[A1..An] VALUES(vl1..) VD:chn 1 hng ni,800.000)vo R1 (020,Nguyn trng Ngha,Bo v,H

INSERT INTO R1 VALUES (020,Nguyn trng Ngha,Bo v,H ni,800.000); UPDATE Dng s i gi tr ca mt hoc nhiu b tn ti trong quan h c php cu lnh UPDATE R SET..[WHERE p] VD:-lng ca tt c cc nhn vin ca c quan cng tng 5% UPDATE R1 SET lng=lng*1,05
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BAN CH O CNTT CA C QUAN NG

`SQL Server v qun tr

-ch tng lng ca nhng ngi c lng<500.000 v tng 10% UPDATE R1 SET lng=lng*1,1 WHERE lng<500.000 DELETE: Dng xo b 1 hoc nhiu b trong quan h C php: DELETE FROM R[WHERE P] nhng b no tho mn k P th mi b hu b khi quan h R VD: DELETE FROM R1 WHERE ng_sinh>01-01-1935;

Xo b tt c cc nhn vin ta dng lnh DELETE FROM R1; Ch :lnh DELETE ch thao tc vi 1 quan h.Mun hu cc b t nhiu quan h ta dng DELETE cho mi quan h.Lnh DELETE ch nh du cc bn ghi ch cha thc s xo hn ,ta c th khi phc li c . xo hn ta dung lnh COMMIT ,khi ra lnh ny ta khng th khi phc li c na .Khi cha ra lnh COMMIT ta c th khi phc li bng cch dng lnh ROLLBACK. 3. Nhm lnh CREATE, ALTER, DROP: 3.1. Lnh CREATE Lnh ny dng to ra cc quan h nh TABLE,VIEW,INDEX CREATE TABLE Bng l mt cu trc c bn ct gi trong h thng quan h.C khun dng hai chiu gm c cc ct v hng.Nl yu t c bn cho cc thao tc khc nhau.C th ni vic to bng l bc u tin quan trng nht thit lp CSDL. C php ca lnh ny: CREATE TABLE table-name(colom_name type(size)..) Khi to ra bng chng ta phi ch ra kiu d liu ca ct v mi ct ch c th c mt kiu d li duy nht.Khi to bng ta c th a ra cc rng buc

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BAN CH O CNTT CA C QUAN NG

`SQL Server v qun tr

Cc rng buc ca cc trng c th l : primary key,foreign ket ,unique,not null ... VD:to bng nhn vin CREATE TABLE NHAN_VIEN (#NV varchar(4) constraint NV_Primary key,ho_tn Varchar(25),Ng_sinh date,chcv varchar(20),ia_ch varchar(30).lng number(7)); Trong VD trn ta to ra mt rng buc l #NV c nh ngha l primary key Ta cng c th to ra bng mi vi cu trc v d liu t 1 bng khc. C php: CREATE TABLE TABLE_name[(colum_name..)]AS SELECT statement; VD:to ra 1 bng mi c tn l NVN (#NV,h_tn) t bng NHAN_VIEN CREATE NHAN_VIEN; TABLE NVN AS SELECT #NV,h_tn FROM

CREATE VIEW: VIEWs ging nh nhng window m thng qua nhng window ny d liu c th c xem hoc thay i. N c th c to ra da trn mt hay nhiu bng trong CSDL.N l mt bng o khng tn ti thc s trong CSDL.Nhng n c th c truy nhp nh l cc bng thng thng.Ta c th nhn c cc hng t VIEW vi cc lnh SELECT v trong hu ht cc trng hp ca vic UPDATE,INSERT,DELETE hng t CSDL thng qua VIEW.C mt vI trng hp khng cho php UPDATE t CSDL. Vic s dng VIEW c rt nhiu hu ch trong vic: +Hn ch vic truy nhp CSDL .SELECT t mt VIEW c th hin th phn hn ch ca CSDL mt cch nhanh chng. +Cho php ngi dng to ra nhng hi p n gin nhn c kt qu t nhng hi p phc tp m khng cn bit cch thc ni cc bng nh th no.
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BAN CH O CNTT CA C QUAN NG

`SQL Server v qun tr

+Cung cp cc phn t d liu c lp cho ngi s dng v cc chong trnh vit ng dng dn n m bo cho vic bo mt d liu ,che du d liu no khi mt user no . C php : CREATE [or REPLACE/FORCE] VIEW view_name [colum..] AS Query,[with check option] OR REPLACE:cho php mt VIEW c to ra thm ch nu mt VIEW tn ti c cng tn nh vy.Do n s thay th VIEW c. FORCE:cho php to ra VIEW thm ch cc bng c s cha tn ti nhng cc bng phi tn ti trc khi VIEW c s dng 1. Mnh WITH CHECK OPTION:ch ra rng vic INSERT,UPDATE thc hin thng qua VIEW l khng cho php.

VD: To VIEW c tn NV_phong t R1,R2,R3 gm cc trng H_tn,phng CREATE VIEW NV_phong AS SELECT hotn,tnphong FROM R1,R2,R3 WHERE (R1.#NV=R2.#NV)and (R2.#MP=R3.#MP) with check option; CREATE INDEX Bng ch s l mt i tng c bit c to ra cung cp cho vic truy nhp ti bng trong CSDL mt cch nhanh chng C php: CREATE INDEX index_name ON table(colum) VD: CREATE INDEX Nhn _ vien_id ON NHAN_VIEN (H_tn); 3.2. Lnh ALTER Dng hoc l thm mt hay nhiu trng vo bng hoc sa i mt ct hin ti.SQL ANSI chun khng cho php hu b cc ct. C php: ALTER TABLE TABLE_name ADD | MODIFY | DROP option (colum Datatype..) +ADD:thm ct mi
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BAN CH O CNTT CA C QUAN NG

`SQL Server v qun tr

+MODIFY:sa i ct +DROP option xo b cc rng buc VD1:thm trng gia nh kiu char(1) vo R1 ALTER TABLE R1 ADD gia nh char(1); VD2:Thay i trng a_ch Varchar(30) trong R1 thnh a_Ch(20): ALTER TABLE R1 MODIFY a_Ch varchar(20); VD3:Hu b rng buc trng kho #NV trong R1 ALTER TABLE R1 DROP constraint NV_prim 3.3. Lnh DROP Dng xo b mt quan h,khi ta xo b mt bng c s th tt c cc VIEW,INDEX c nh ngha trn bng s b xo b . C phap: DROP TABLE/VIEW/INDEX Name; VD:Xa b Nhn_vin_id; DROP INDEX Nhn_vin_id; 4. Tp lnh GRANT,REVOKE kim tra quyn truy nhp CSDL dng lnh GRANT C php: GRANT privileges ON object TO (user/public)[WITH GRANT OPTION] Cc quyn (privileges) truy nhp CSDL: +Read(c) +SELECT(chn) +write(ghi) +INSERT (b sung) +UPDATE (sa i) +DELETE,r un. i tng (object) :l tn cc quan h hoc tn cc chng trnh.
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BAN CH O CNTT CA C QUAN NG

`SQL Server v qun tr

Tn ngui s dng: Tn ca mt ngi, mt nhm ngi hoc danh sch ngi public:cho tt c mi ngi cng c s dng. T kho :with grant OPTION: m bo ngi s dng c th tip tc trao quyn s dng cho ngi khc. VD: cho php SELECT, INSERT, UPDATE trn bng R1 cho Ngha, Khi GRANT SELECT, INSERT, UPDATE ON R1 TO Ngha, Khi with grant option; Ngha, Khi c th trao quyn trn cho ngi khc. hu b quyn truy nhp C php: REVOKE privileges ON object FROM user VD: hu b quyn UPDATE t Ngha: REVOKE UPDATE ON R1 FROM Ngha; IV. CI T MY CH SQL V CCH S DNG TOOL QUN TR 1. Hng dn ci t my ch SQL Server trn mi trng NT, Cu hnh SQL Client Nhng iu cn bit trc khi ci t: i vi cc thit b phn cng: Mt my ch ci trn mi trng NT, vng iu khin vng chnh Primary Domain Controller. Cc my trm c cu hnh trn mi trng mng NT, trong vng domain ca my ch trn. Trong mi trng lm vic n nh SQL, iu kin thit b phn cng ci SQL Server l 64 Mb b nh RAM, khong a trng trn 100 Mb. 2. Phn ci t SQL Server bao gm cc bc sau: My ch NT c ci t sn, cc thao tc trn my ch NT nh sau:
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BAN CH O CNTT CA C QUAN NG

`SQL Server v qun tr

B1. Chn biu tng trn a CD nh hnh v di

B2. Kch p biu tng Setup

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BAN CH O CNTT CA C QUAN NG

`SQL Server v qun tr

B3. Chn nt continue tip tc

B4. Nhp tn t chc, tn cng ty v Product ID chn nt continue

B5. Hin th trn mn hnh, kim tra thng s chnh xc chn nt continue tip

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BAN CH O CNTT CA C QUAN NG

`SQL Server v qun tr

B6. Chn mc Install SQL Server and Utilities, chn nt continue tip

B7. Chn nt Resum tip tc ci t

B8. c ni dung License, chn nt I Agree tip

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BAN CH O CNTT CA C QUAN NG

`SQL Server v qun tr

B9. La chn a v th mc ci t, chn nt Continue tip

B10. Kim tra cc thng tin yu cu a , chn nt continue tip tc

B11. Chn mc Install on Hard Disk, chn nt Continue ci t tip

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BAN CH O CNTT CA C QUAN NG

`SQL Server v qun tr

B12. Nu mun quy nh ch t khi ng sau mi ln my ch NT khi ng chn hai nt Auto Start Server at boot time & Auto Start SQL Execute at boot time, chn nt Continue ci t tip

B13. La chn cc mc tng ng: Install the SQL Execute service to log on to Window NT as: (Ci t SQL Execute service login vo my ch NT) Thc hin nhp mt nu chn bc ny. Install to log on as Local System account ( Ci t login vo h thng mc nh trn my ch) Chn nt Continue tip tc Xut hin mn hnh ci t nh sau:

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BAN CH O CNTT CA C QUAN NG

`SQL Server v qun tr

B14. Kt thc ci t chn nt Exit to Windows NT kt thc qu trnh khi ng

B15. Nn khi ng li h iu hnh Windows NT thc hin khi to t ng cc dch v SQL sau khi khi ng li NT. Chn nh hnh v di y:

B16. Thc hin ng nhp my ch: User ng nhp: Sa


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BAN CH O CNTT CA C QUAN NG

`SQL Server v qun tr

Chn Enter tip tc

B17. Chn nt OK Login ng nhp my ch SQL

Ton b thao tc trn kt thc ci t SQL trn my ch NT V. CCH CI T SQL CLIENT Trn my trm kt ni vo my ch SQL thng hay dng ph bin cc h iu hnh nh: Windows 95 /98. Nt workstation - Ci t ng nhp login v qun tr t Client
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BAN CH O CNTT CA C QUAN NG

`SQL Server v qun tr

B1. Thc hin nh cc bc t B1 thc hin ci t ging trn my ch n khi xut hin mn hnh sau:

B2. Chn cc mc mun ci t hin th trn mn hnh Client, sau chn nt Continue tip tc ci

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BAN CH O CNTT CA C QUAN NG

`SQL Server v qun tr

B3. Chn mc Install on Hard Disk, chn Continue tip

B4. Chn nt Reboot khi ng li h iu hn, kt thc qu trnh ci t

- Ci t Tools SQL truy nhp vo CSDL trn my ch B1. Chn file ci t trn CD nh mn hnh sau:

B2. Chn File Setup.exe bt u ci t

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BAN CH O CNTT CA C QUAN NG

`SQL Server v qun tr

B3. Chn tip nt Continue tip tc ci t

B4. nh v th mc cn ci t trn a, chn nt Continue tip tc ci t

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BAN CH O CNTT CA C QUAN NG

`SQL Server v qun tr

B5. nh du cc mc la chn trong Installation Options, chn Install tip tc ci t

B6. Chn OK kt thc qu trnh ci t

- Cc bc thc hin kt ni SQL Client vi my ch SQL B1. Chn chng trnh nh hnh v di y:

Xut hin mn hnh nh sau:

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BAN CH O CNTT CA C QUAN NG

`SQL Server v qun tr

B2. Chn tn SQL Server, ng nhp tn User v mt khu. Sau chn nt Connect kt ni. Khi kt ni thnh cng di mn hnh nh sau:

B3: Trn ca s dng lnh g cu lnh SQL (Tham kho cc cu lnh SQL trong phn ni dung l thuyt.
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BAN CH O CNTT CA C QUAN NG

`SQL Server v qun tr

V d: Hin th cc bn ghi trong tp CSDL tn l Jobs. G c php dng lnh nh sau: Select * from Jobs Trn mn hnh nhn c kt qu nh sau:

VI. GII THIU MT S CHC NNG QUN TR SQL SERVER qun tr cc chc nng, chn trn thanh cng c Microsoft Enterprise trn SQL Server hoc SQL Client SQL Enterprise Manager Xt chi tit mi thng tin m SQL Enterprise Managar bo co v hot ng ngi dng. Tt c nhng s liu thng k u c trnh by trong chng ny khi xem xt cc v d. Detail activity Status: Cho bit trng thi hin hnh ca tin trnh.

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BAN CH O CNTT CA C QUAN NG

`SQL Server v qun tr

Process ID: y l b nhn dng s m SQL Server gn cho mi tin trnh ring.
Login ID: y l b nhn dng hay b danh m ngi s dng hay tin trnh s dng khi ni kt vi c s d liu.

Database: y l c s d liu hin hnh m ngi s dng hay tin trnh ang truy cp. User name: y l tn ngi s dng hin ti ang nhn dng tin trnh. Command: y l lnh ang chy ni kt khi bn a ra mn hnh. Bn c th cp nhp lnh mi hn bng cch nhn nt refresh. Host: y l my m ngi s dng hay tin trnh nh v. i vi cc tin trnh h thng, chng hn nh lazywriter v checkpoint ang ngh, gi tr ny trng, v bi mc nh, chng nm trn my hin hnh. Application: y l tn ca tin trnh ng dng m ngi s dng hay tin trnh ang chy. i vi cc tin trnh h thng, gi tr ny c trng. Blocked by: Nu ngi s dng hay tin trnh nm theo khi, trng ny cho bit tin trnh ID ca ngi chu trch nhim i vi khi ny. Blocking: Nu ngi s dng hay tin trnh ny ang gy cn tr cho ngi khc, trng ny hin th mt gi tr khc zero. Gi tr zero c ngha rng ngi s dng hay tin trnh khng gy cn tr cho bt k ai khc. Lock type: Nu ngi s dng hay tin trnh ang gi mt kho, SQL Server hin th mt biu tng trnh by kiu kho. Nu khng c kho, SQL Server s hin th ( No Lock). Locked object: Nu ngi s dng hay tin trnh kho mt i tng, SQL Server hin th tn i tng trong trng hp ny. Group name: Trng ny cung cp tn nhm c s d liu ca ngi dng.

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BAN CH O CNTT CA C QUAN NG

`SQL Server v qun tr

CPU usage: Trng ny cho bit s tch lu ca I/O logic m ngi s dng hay tin trnh s dng k t khi ni kt vi SQL Server. Physical I/O: Trng ny cho bit s thao tc I/O vt l hin hnh m thao tc c s d liu ca ngi s dng hoc ca tin trnh thc hin. Host Process: y l mt tin trnh ID h c s 16 c gn bi h iu hnh NT. 1. To lp mt Database mi

B2. Sau khi nhp tn database v cc thng s cn thit. V d to Database c tn l databasevitti hnh v nh sau:

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BAN CH O CNTT CA C QUAN NG

`SQL Server v qun tr

B3. To lp mi cc tp Database: C hai cch: Cch1 dng trc tip cc cu lnh khi to bng d liu ca SQL, Cch 2 thc hin thao tc to lp cc bng CSDL nh sau:

B4. ng ca s v ghi la ln tp d liu

2. To lp User Database & Group Database B1. Chn New User nu mun to mt ti khon mi ( i vi to User )

B2. Nhp cc thng s cn to mt ti khon mi. Ghi ch: Cc bc to lp cc nhm tng t.

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BAN CH O CNTT CA C QUAN NG

`SQL Server v qun tr

3. Qun tr cc database v quyn chia s: Kch p chn database cn qun tr xem y cc thng tin nh sau:

Trong trng hp qun tr mi quan h gia cc Database v cc nhm hoc User nh mn hnh di y:

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BAN CH O CNTT CA C QUAN NG

`SQL Server v qun tr

V d: i vi User Database haipv c cc quyn i vi Database nh: to lp bng CSDL, to bng View hin th v to lp cc lut bng lm vic 4. Cc hin th biu Database xem cc thng tin chi tit v Database ta chn mc mn hnh di y:

Kt lun: Trn y l bi thc hnh ci t my ch SQL Server v cu hnh my trm, gip cho cc bn hc vin nm c v t ci t c CSDL ln my ch mng. Cc vn lin quan qun tr chi tit c trnh by trc tip trong bi ging thc tp.

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