Chế biến thủy sản

1 TRNG TRUNG CP NGH CNG NGHIP TU THY HU ------------ oOo -------------
Bi ging
CH BIN THY SN
(Ti liu dng cho o to nng cao tay ngh)
Bin son: ThS L Thanh Long i hc Nng lm Hu
Hu 10, nm 2008
ThS L Thanh Long i hc Nng Lm Hu
2 MC LC Chng I MT S KHI NIM V KIN THC C BN 4
1.1. Tiu chun k thut ca sn phm - Phn loi thc phm...................................... 4 1.1.1 Tiu chun k thut sn phm................................................................................4 1.1.2 Phn loi thc phm.............................................................................................. 4 1.2 Kin thc c bn v vi sinh vt v s h hng thc phm....................................... 5 1.2.1 Kin thc c bn v vi sinh vt............................................................................... 5 1.2.2 H hng thc phm do vi sinh vt.......................................................................... 7 1.3 Bo qun thc phm..................................................................................................8 1.3.1 Nguyn tc bo qun thc phm............................................................................8 1.3.2 Mt s phng php bo qun thc phm.............................................................8 1.4 Nguyn liu thy sn - Bin i cht lng............................................................. 12 1.4.1 Gii thiu cc loi nguyn liu thy sn ph bin.................................................12 1.4.2 Bin i cht lng thy sn sau khi cht............................................................ 14 1.5 Nguyn l ch bin lnh thy sn.27 1.5.1 Nguyn l chung ch bin lnh thy sn. 27 1.5.2 Lm lnh thy sn28 1.5.3 Lm lnh ng thy sn. 30 Chng 2 K THUT S CH, BO QUN V VN CHUYN NGUYN LIU THY SN 35
2.1 Nguyn tc chung.....................................................................................................35 2.2 Phng php s ch, bo qun v vn chuyn tm nguyn liu............................36 2.3 Phng php s ch, bo qun v vn chuyn c................................................. 41 2.4 Phng php s ch, bo qun v vn chuyn mc..............................................43 Chng 3 K THUT CH BIN LNH NG MT S SN PHM THY SN. 47 3.1 K thut ch bin lnh ng tm..............................................................................47 3.1.1 Mt s k thut c bn ch bin lnh ng tm................................................... 47 3.1.2 Mt s qui trnh ch bin sn phm tm ng lnh xut khu in hnh..............63 3.2 K thut ch bin lnh ng c................................................................................75 3.2.1 Mt s k thut c bn ch bin lnh ng c..................................................... 75 3.2.2 Mt s qui trnh ch bin sn phm tm ng lnh xut khu in hnh............. 78 3.3 K thut ch bin lnh ng mc............................................................................ 84 3.3.1 Mt s k thut c bn ch bin lnh ng mc.................................................. 84 3.3.2 Mt s qui trnh ch bin sn phm mc ng lnh xut khu in hnh............ 87
3 Chng 4 AN TON THC PHM V HACCP 98
4.1 Ng c thc phm v cc nguyn tc an ton phng ng c thc phm.......98 4.1.1 Cc triu chng v nguyn nhn gy ng c thc phm................................... 98 4.1.2 Cc nguyn tc an ton phng ng c thc phm.......................................101 4.2 Mi nguy gy mt an ton thc phm thy sn v cch kim sot....................... 104 4.2.1 Mi nguy vt l v cch kim sot...................................................................... 105 4.2.2 Mi nguy ha hc v cch kim sot..................................................................106 4.2.3 Mi nguy sinh hc v cch kim sot..................................................................108 4.3 Cc nguyn tc v qui trnh thc hin HACCP......................................................110 4.3.1 Gii thiu khi qut v h thng qun l cht lng HACCP v cc nguyn tc HACCP.........................................................................................................................110 4.3.2 Tm quan trng ca h thng HACCP............................................................... 111 4.3.3 Phng php tin hnh xy dng k hoch HACCP......................................... 112 Chng 5 V SINH V KH TRNG TRONG NH MY CH BIN THY SN XUT KHU 129 5.1 Gii thiu chung.....................................................................................................129 5.2 Yu cu v v sinh cng nhn...............................................................................129 5.2.1 Sc khe cng nhn........................................................................................... 129 5.2.2 V sinh c nhn.................................................................................................. 129 5.3 Nguyn tc trong cng tc v sinh ti nh my ch bin thy sn........................131 5.3.1 Nguyn l chung trong cng tc v sinh nh my.............................................. 131 5.3.2 Nhng qui nh ring v v sinh nh my.......................................................... 132 5.4 Chng trnh v sinh nh my.............................................................................. 132 5.4.1 Yu cu c bn ca chng trnh v sinh nh my........................................... 132 5.4.2 Lch trnh lm v sinh in hnh ca mt nh my ch bin thy sn................ 134 5.5 Cht ty ra v kh trng......................................................................................136 5.5.1 Cht ty ra.........................................................................................................136 5.5.2 Cht kh trng.....................................................................................................136 5.6 Gim st v kim tra lm v sinh...........................................................................138
4 Chng1:
MT S KHI NIM V KIN THC C BN
1.1. Tiu chun k thut ca sn phm - Phn loi thc phm 1.1.1 Tiu chun k thut sn phm Tiu chun k thut ca sn phm l nhng m t v sn phm v nhng tiu chun ca sn phm m ngi sn xut quyt nh thc hin. Bng tiu chun ca sn phm phi c bin son chnh xc, cp nht v lu tr thnh h s c xc nhn ca ngi c trch nhim da trn tiu chun s c s dng (tiu chun nh nc, ngnh v n t hng). Tiu chun cn r rng, khng qu chung chung hoc phc tp kh hiu. Ti sao phi hiu r tiu chun ca sn phm? - Khch hng nh gi cao mt sn phm c tnh n nh v cc mt gi tr dinh dng v cm quan. iu ny s to nn s tin tng cho khch hng, tng kh nng cnh tranh ca sn phm v doanh nghip s thu c nhiu li nhun hn. - Khuyn khch cc nh sn xut nng cao cht lng ca sn phm ca mnh. - Gip cng nhn c thc cao trong vic duy tr c cht lng ca sn phm. - Nu cc nh sn xut mun ng k thng hiu cho sn phm ca mnh th h phi lp ra mt tiu chun ca sn phm ng k thng hiu. 1.1.2 Phn loi thc phm C nhiu cch phn loi thc phm. Cch n gin v hu dng nht l chia chng thnh 2 loi khc nhau nh sau: - Thc phm kh. - Thc phm t. + Thc phm t axit (chua) + Thc phm t axit yu (t chua) V d: - Loi kh: Cc loi ng cc, tinh bt, bnh trng, c kh, gia v. - Loi t axit: Tri cy, nc gii kht, sa chua, da chua, nem, tht c ti. - Loi t axit yu: Tht, c, rau, sa, nc mm. S phn loi ny gip ta xc nh: - Thc phm nn c ch bin v bo qun nh th no? Cc thc phm trong cng nhm c th c ch bin theo cng nguyn tc c bn no? - Thc phm s b h hng nh th no? - Thc phm b nhim c th nguy him nh th no? ThS L Thanh Long i hc Nng Lm Hu
5 Thc phm kh thng bo qun c trong thi gian di, trong nhiu thng nhit thng nu khng b nhim bn, ht m. Trong qu trnh bo qun ch quan tm vic trnh cng trng, chut b. Thc phm t axit gi c trong mt khong thi gian. Mt s loi lu hn s khc cng loi. V d: da mui c th vi tun, nhng yaourt ch c vi ngy nu khng bo qun lnh t 2-3oC. Thc phm t axit yu th h hng nhanh chng. V d: sa ti h hng rt nhanh ch sau vi gi nu khng bo qun lnh. C ti bt u bin i theo chiu khng c li (n thi) ngay sau khi chng b nh bt, sau mt ngy nhit thng khng th n c. Tht ti thng c ch bin ngay trong ngy. Loi thc phm ny bt but phi bo qun lnh (ngn ngy) hoc bo qun ng (di ngy). Nhit bo qun v lng hng bo qun l nhng yu t quan trng trong vic bo qun loi thc phm ny. Thc phm t axit yu phi c ng gi v thao tc rt cn thn v cc vi khun gy ng c thc phm thng php trin rt nhanh trn chng. Lu : t c ngha l trong sn phm cn li mt lng nc nht nh ty thuc vo yu cu trng thi ca sn phm. V d: Du n tinh ch l cht lng nhng khng phi l thc phm t. Du n hu nh khng cha nc nn n l thc phm kh. 1.2 Kin thc c bn v vi sinh vt v s h hng thc phm 1.2.1 Kin thc c bn v vi sinh vt Vi sinh vt, chng sng u? Vi sinh vt l nhng thc th sng c kch thc rt nh m mt thng khng trng thy c (ch thy c qua knh hin vi). V c bn c ba loi vi sinh vt l: vi khun, nm men, nm mc, ngoi ra cn c vi rt. Vi khun c kch thc cc nh, hng triu vi khun c th sng c trn u mt que tm. Chng sinh sn rt nhanh, trong iu kin thch hp c 20 pht chng c th tng gp i s lng ca mnh ln. Trong 9 gi mt vi khun c th sn sinh ra 130 triu vi khun! Vi sinh vt c th tn ti mi ni, bi v chng rt nh v phn b rt rng, ngay c trong tng hi th ca bn, trong mi git nc, ht bi u cha vi sinh vt. - Trong khng kh: Vi sinh vt l lng khp ni trong khng kh v chng rt nh. Che ming khi bn ht hi! Mi ln ht hi nh vy s mang theo hng triu vi khun! - Trong nc: Nc l mi trng rt tt cho s pht trin ca vi sinh vt, c bit l trong cc ao, h bn. iu ny gii thch ti sao phi c ngun nc sch ch bin thc phm ni chung v ch bin thy sn ni ring. ThS L Thanh Long i hc Nng Lm Hu
6 - Cc mi trng khc: Vi sinh vt cn tn ti trong thc phm, trn b mt dng c, thit b ch bin, trn tay v o qun chng ta. iu ny gii thch ti sao thc phm c ch bin khng m bo v sinh th s h hng rt nhanh. Nhng yu t nh hng n s pht trin ca vi sinh vt Nhng yu t chnh quyt nh n s pht trin ca vi sinh vt l: - Nhit - Hm lng nc - Hm lng axit ( chua) - Cc cht dinh dng Trong iu kin thch hp vi sinh vt c th pht trin mt cch nhanh chng. Trong iu kin khng thch hp chng s cht hoc khng pht trin c. ngn chn s pht trin ca vi sinh vt, chng ta phi to ra nhng iu kin khng thun li cho s pht trin ca chng. Nhit Vi sinh vt cng ging con ngi, chng thch thi tit m p. Thng thng vi sinh vt pht trin mnh nht khong 30oC. nhit trn 60oC hu ht cc men (enzyme) v vi sinh vt u b ph hy v tiu dit. Vi sinh vt pht trin rt chm nhit thp nh trong t lnh. Khi thc phm c ng lnh th hu ht hot ng ca cc vi sinh vt u b ngng li. Hm lng nc Vi sinh vt cng ging nh con ngi chng cn c nc sng. thc phm kh s h hng xy ra rt chm v hm lng nc bn trong rt t vi sinh vt c th pht trin. cc thc phm t nh tri cy, rau xanh, c, tht c hm lng nc rt cao nn vi sinh vt d dng pht trin hn. Hm lng axit ( chua) Cc loi vi sinh vt khc nhau c phn ng khc nhau i vi hm lng axit trong mi trng sng ca chng. Thc phm cng chua ( axit cao), hu ht vi sinh vt b hn ch pht trin, do thc phm bo qun cng lu. Cht dinh dng
7 Vi sinh vt cn dinh dng pht trin. Nu chng pht trin, cung cp cht dinh dng nh ng cho cc nm men trong qu trnh to bt nho lm bnh m. Nu mun hn ch pht trin ca vi sinh vt th khng cung cp cht dinh dng cho chng bng cch nh ra sch cc dng c cha, cc dng c ch bin. Vi sinh vt c th sng trn nhng mu thc phm rt nh v chng c kch thc rt nh. Nc bn, b mt dng c/thit b khng sch, nguyn liu hng, thc phm tha s cung cp ngun thc n phong ph cho vi sinh vt pht trin v gy ra nhng kh khn trong cc nh my ch bin thc phm. 1.2.2 H hng thc phm do vi sinh vt Hu ht cc nguyn liu cng nh thc phm cui cng u s b h hng. Cc phng php bo qun, ch bin thc phm ch nhm mc ch hn ch bin i h hng ch khng th lm cho nguyn liu, thc phm ti tt ln. Ngn chn s h hng thc phm l nhim v rt quan trng i vi cc nh ch bin thc phm. Nhn chung hu ht vi sinh vt l c hi vi ngnh ch bin thc phm, chng gy ra: - H hng - Lm gim cht lng ca nguyn liu v thnh phm - Lm rt ngn thi gian bo qun ca nguyn liu v sn phm - V c th gy ra ng c thc phm Vi sinh vt l nguyn nhn ch yu gy nn s h hng ca thc phm. Vi sinh vt sng v pht trin trn b mt thc phm. Chng n thc phm v thi ra cc cht lm nhim thc phm. Chnh nhng cht thi ny lm h hng thc phm, chng thng c mi hi, mt s l c t, cc cht c vi con ngi. Mt s vi khun khi tn ti vi s lng ln c th lm thay i mu sc hoc lm cho thc phm b ha nhy, nht. Mc d cc vi sinh vt c kch thc rt nh nhng do tn ti vi s lng ln nn chng sn sinh ra mt lng ln cht thi. Ch : Cc dng h hng thc phm khc ca thc phm khng lin quan n vi sinh vt c th xut hin trong ch thc phm: - H hng do cc yu t vt l nh: nng bc v m t lm ko chy nc. - H hng do yu t c hc nh: sn phm b gy v, bm dp, nt, cong vnh. - H hng do oxy ha nh nh sng chiu trc tip vo cc sn phm nhiu du, giu cht bo (c bo b i kht khi phi nng). - H hng do men (enzyme) nh chui b thm en sau khi ct mt thi gian, c tht b mm nhn ra sau khi cht.
8 1.3 Bo qun thc phm 1.3.1 Nguyn tc bo qun thc phm Bo qun thc phm v h hng thc phm l hai qu trnh tri ngc nhau. Bo qun thc phm l nhm ngn chn hoc lm chm li cc qu trnh h hng ca thc phm. Trong c bit quan tm n vic ngn chn bin i h hng do enzym v vi sinh vt gy ra. Bo qun thc phm nhm ko di thi gian s dng ca thc phm; y chnh l mc tiu chnh ca ngnh ch bin thc phm. Bo qun thc phm tt s lm tng gi tr s dng ca sn phm v c li cho khch hng. 1.3.2 Cc phng php bo qun thc phm Cc phng php bo qun thc phm c bn: - Gia nhit - Bo qun nhit thp - Gi hm lng nc thp - iu chnh chua (pH) ca thc phm - Bo qun bng s phi trn thm cc thnh phn trong nguyn liu - Bo qun bng ha cht cho php - Chiu x - Kt hp cc phng php Gia nhit Nguyn tc ca phng php ny l dng nhit ph hy cc enzym v tiu dit vi sinh vt. Khi c gia nhit, thc phm cng thay i tnh cht, v d tht b nu chn, tm c b hp chn Cc yu t cn quan tm trong phng php ny l nhit , thi gian v phng php gia nhit. nhit trn 70oC hu ht enzym v vi sinh vt b ph hy v tiu dit ngoi tr mt s vi khun chu nhit. Khi gia nhit, nhit s truyn t b mt vo trung tm ca sn phm. B mt ca thc phm s d dng t c nhit cao nhng phi tn kh nhiu thi gian phn trung tm ca sn phm t n nhit ny. un si: thc phm (hoc bao b ng thc phm nh thc phm ng chai, ng hp) c ngm trong nc ang si hoc c un si trc tip. y l phng php d thc hin, tc nhanh nn c s dng nhiu nht bo qun thc phm. V d nh: lm sa u nnh, lm bn, lm ch, luc tm, c. Hp: thc phm c gia nhit bng hi un nng. mt s trng hp phng php ny thch hp hn phng php un si. Trong c hai phng php nhit s ph hy v git cht cc enzym v vi sinh vt nhng hp lm gim hao ht cc cht dinh dng, mi v sn phm tt hn, thc phm ht nc t hn v vn gi nguyn ThS L Thanh Long i hc Nng Lm Hu
9 trng thi nh hnh. Hp tn t thi gian hn v nng lng trong hi nc ln hn nhng n ch thch hp cho nhng thc phm mng. Qu trnh hp cng lm chn thc phm. Tit trng: tiu dit tt c cc loi vi sinh vt. Vi cch ny c th bo qun c thc phm trong thi gian di. Tuy nhin phng php ny i hi phi c cc thit b chuyn dng v thch hp vi nh my ch bin ln. V d c tht ng hp, sa ti tit trng. Thanh trng theo phng php Paster: phng php ny c p dng i vi mt s thc phm dng lng nh sa, nc p tri cy. Thc phm c un nng nhanh ri lm ngui nhanh. Cch ny s ph hy cc men (enzym) v tiu dit hu ht vi khun. N ko di thi gian bo qun thc phm nhng cng trong thi gian ny cc vi khun sng st s pht trin tr li v gy h hng thc phm. V d nh bia, nc tri cy, v sa ng gi. Phng php ny ch yu c s dng nhng nh my ln. Nng: nhit cao ca l nng s tiu dit tt c cc vi sinh vt trong qu trnh nng. V d nh bnh m c ch bin theo phng php ny. Bo qun nhit thp Lm lnh: vi sinh vt gy h hng thc phm sinh sn chm hn nhit thp, do vic lm lnh s ko di thm thi gian s dng ca thc phm. Lm lnh khng git cht vi sinh vt, do khi thc phm c a ra khi mi trng lm lnh th vi sinh vt bt u sinh sn tr li. V d: sa chua c gi lnh nhit 0-5oC. Lm lnh l phng php tt nht duy tr ti ca nguyn liu ti sng nh tht, c, rau qu. ng lnh: mt s vi sinh vt s b git cht nhng khng phi tt c. Vi sinh vt pht trin chm nhit thp hn 0oC. nhit -18oC cc vi sinh vt khng pht trin nhng vn tn ti. Vi sinh vt cn nc pht trin nhng thc phm ng lnh nc tn ti dng nn khng thch hp cho vi sinh vt pht trin. Do thc phm c th gi c trong thi gian di. V d: c, tht ng lnh xut khu c gi lnh 18oC trong 6-12 thng. Gim thp hm lng nc Vi sinh vt khng th pht trin trong iu kin kh ro. Nu mt sn phm c chuyn i t trng thi t sang trng thi kh th s cn tr qu trnh pht trin ca cc vi sinh vt gy h hng cho thc phm. Cc thc phm kh phi c bo qun trong iu kin kh ro. Nu chng ht m tr li v bao b hng, lu gi trong mi trng c m cao th cc vi sinh vt khng hot ng vn tn ti trn b mt ca thc phm s pht trin tr li v lm h hng thc phm. Sy (phi) kh: tc l lm cho m ca thc phm xung thp n mc m vi sinh vt khng th pht trin c. V d: y l phng php c s dng bo qun ThS L Thanh Long i hc Nng Lm Hu
10 bnh trng, bt, ng cc, thy sn kh... Nng cng l bin php lm kh thc phm. V d: vi sinh vt khng th pht trin trn v bnh m kh. Chin: chin cng c coi l mt phng php nu chn. Trong khi chin, du si s ht nc v lm kh thc phm. V vy sn phm s kh hn so vi nguyn liu. V d: khoai ty chin, tm mc tm bt chin. Nng: nh mc nng. Nng va lm chn v lm kh thc phm cng lc. iu chnh chua ( axit) ca thc phm Thc phm cng c axit cao th vi sinh vt cng kh pht trin. Mt s thc phm c axit kh cao nn c th ct gi thi gian di. Vi d nhu gim hay gim c gia v. Axit thc phm c th c thm vo sn phm nh thc ung khng cn hoc c to ra mt cch t nhin trong qu trnh ch bin nh trong qu trnh mui chua rau qu. Cc nh ch bin thc phm c th s dng cc loi thc phm dng tinh khit hoc dng t nhin. V d: - Axit Citric trong dch qu chanh - Axit Axetic trong gim - Axit Lactic trong sa chua v da chua Bo qun bng cch phi trn thm cc thnh phn trong nguyn liu Mui: nng mui cao, cc t bo vi khun b co v kh li. Vi sinh vt ch c th pht trin rt chm trn nhng thc phm mn. nng ln hn 16%, vi sinh vt khng th pht trin c. Nhng nng ny th gy ra v qu mn, do thng thng ngi ta s dng kt hp mui, ng, axit. Chng hn lm mui da chua. ng: ng cng c tc dng tng t nh mui. Vi sinh vt khng th sinh sn, pht trin c nu nng ng trong thc phm cao hn 68%. V d: phng php ny c p dng trong vic ch bin cc loi mt, ko truyn thng. Ko c lu bi v n hu nh ton ng. ng tinh khit khng m c th gi v thi hn. Cn: cn nng cao th gy c i vi vi sinh vt. Bia cha 3-5% nng cn v c th b h hng nn cn phi thanh trng bia ko di thi gian s dng. Ru vang thng c nng cn khong 10% v cn thm mt t oxyt lu hunh (SO2) bo qun. Khi nng cn t n 10% th s gy c cho loi nm men sinh ra n. Cc loi ru chng ct nh whisky c th c nng cn l 45% v c ct gi trong nhiu nm m khng cn s dng cc tc nhn bo qun no khc.
11 Ch : Cc cht gia v nh t, tiu, hnh, ti bn thn trong thnh phn chng c cha cc cht st trng c kh nng c ch pht trin vi khun. Khi cho vo trong thc phm cng c tc dng bo qun. Bo qun bng ha cht cho php Mt s ha cht gy c hi cho vi sinh vt c th c thm vo thc phm mt lng rt nh ko di thi gian s dng. Nhng ha cht ny cng c th gy c cho con ngi liu lng ln hn. V vy c nhng qui nh v s dng cc ph gia thc phm. Nhng qui tc sau y l rt quan trng: - S dng ha cht cng t cng tt. - Khng s dng ha cht vt qu gii hn cho php. - Tun th nghim ngt cc qui nh v vic s dng ha cht trong sn xut thc phm. - m bo ha cht trong iu kin v sinh v n l mt thnh phn thc phm. - Ch s dng nhng ha cht dnh cho thc phm. Ha cht cng nghip l khng tinh khit. - Ch s dng nhng ha cht cho php. Kh SO2 l ha cht chng nm mc v vi khun rt hiu qu. N s b phn hy hu ht khi thc phm c un si v n ngn cn s bin i mu ca thc phm nh tri cy khng b bin i mu nu khi sy. Kh SO2 c to thnh khi t chy lu hunh hoc nhng hay ngm trong dung dch Natri metabisunfit (NaHSO3). V d nh ru vang c bo qun bng phng php ny. Trong ch bin thy sn kh, xng kh SO2 b hn ch s dng trong bo qun sn phm, mt s th trng nghim cm tn d lu hunh trn thy sn kh. Natri benzoat c dng bt mu trng v tc ng c hiu qu n nm mc. Nng gii hn s dng l 1000 ppm (0,01%) v nhn chung y l cht bo qun rt tt. N thng c s dng cho cc sn phm t tri cy v n tc dng hiu qu trongg mi trng axit. V d: trong nc p tri cy, x du u c cht ny. Trong thy sn kh tm gia v c th b sung natri benzoat lm cht bo qun. Axit Sorbic v Kali sorbat l nhng cht bt mu trng v c tc dng c ch hot ng ca nm men, nm mc v vi khun. Chng tc dng hiu qu trong bo qun trong c mi trng kim v axit. Ch : Hn the khng phi l ph gia c php s dng trong thc phm, l mt cht c vi con ngi. Trong bo qun ti thy sn ur, khng sinh (chloramphenicol) l nhng cht cm dng.
12 Chiu x Tia cc tm thng c dng tit trng nc v tiu dit cc vi sinh vt trn cc b mt dng c, thit b ch bin, mi trng khng kh trong cc nh my ch bin thc phm. Phng php ny rt r v d s dng. Kt hp cc phng php Trong thc t, nhiu nh sn xut kt hp nhiu phng php. V d, chiu x tia cc tm kt hp vi lm lnh th c th gi c nguyn liu trong thi gian di gp i so vi vic ch n thun lm lnh. C, tht, rau p mui l mt phng php kt hp gia vic tng nng mui v gim hm lng nc. ng gi L mt phn quan trng trong vic bo qun thc phm v n ngn nga thc phm khi b ti nhim bi vi sinh vt, cht bn, ct bi v hi nc. Bao b bo qun thc phm khi nhng "tc nhn gy h hng khc" m chng ta cp trn. 1.4 Nguyn liu thy sn - Bin i cht lng 1.4.1 Gii thiu cc loi nguyn liu thy sn ph bin C bin Do c im ca vng bin nhit i nn c bin ca Vit Nam phn ln l cc loi kch thc nh v chu k sinh sn ngn. C bin c khai thc quanh nm, tp trong 2 v khai thc chnh l v c Nam v v c Bc. - V c Nam: T thng 5 n thng 10 hng nm. - V c Bc: T thng 11 n thng 4 nm sau. C bin c khai thc bng nhiu loi ngh nh ngh li ko, li vy, li r, ngh cu, v, mnh. v.v Mt s nhm loi c bin xut khu chnh: - C ni ln: C ng (Tuna), c kim (Swordfish), c c (Marlin), c thu (Mackerel), c da (Mahi-mahi). - C ni nh: C nc (Scad), c ch vng (Yellow strip trevally), c trch (Herring), c cm (Anchovies), c bc m (Indian mackerel). - C rn: C m (grouper), c vc (Barramundi), c hng (Snapper). - C y: C li tru (Tongue sole), c h (Largehead hairtail), c chim (Pomfret), c bnh ng (Yellow back seabream), c ng c (Threadfin bream), c ng quo (Japanese horsehead fish), c phn (yellow goatfish). C bin c ch bin xut khu di nhiu dng sn phm khc nhau. Cc sn phm xut khu chnh thng c ng lnh di hnh thc ng block v ng IQF. Cc dng sn phm c th c phn thnh cc nhm nh sau: - Ti p /ng lnh nguyn con ThS L Thanh Long i hc Nng Lm Hu
13 - Phil ng lnh - Hng gi tr gia tng - ng hp C nc ngt Ch c khong vi chc loi c nc ngt c ch bin xut khu, trong quan trng nht l c tra v c basa. C nc ngt c khai thc quanh nm, tuy nhin cng c th chia lm hai v chnh l v Xun H (thng 2-8) v Thu ng (thng 9 - thng 2 nm sau). Mt s loi c nc ngt xut khu chnh: c Basa (Yellowtail catfish), c tra (Shutchi catfish), c lc (Snakehead), c r phi (Tilapia). C nc ngt c ch bin di nhiu dng, nguyn con, ct khc, phi l ng lnh ti, ch bin sn, kh, hp v n lin. Gip xc Cc loi gip xc ph bin v l i tng xut khu ca Vit Nam gm nhng nhm nguyn liu: - Tm bin: tm s (Black tiger shrimp), tm th chn trng (White leg shrimp), tm st (Cat tiger), ch (Pink shrimp). Tm bin c ch thnh 2 nhm sn phm chnh: s ch ng lnh ti (nguyn con, bc v) v sn phm gi tr gia tng, phi ch. - Tm nc ngt: tm cng xanh (Giant freshwwater shrimp). Cc dng sn phm: S ch ng lnh ti, cc sn phm ch bin gi tr gia tng, sn phm phi ch khc. - Cua bin: cua xanh (Green Crab), cua bn (Mud Crab). Dng sn phm: sng, ti, ng lnh. - Gh: gh xanh (Green crab), gh m (Gazami crab), gh ba chm (Three spots swimming crab). Cc sn phm gh xut khu gm cc dng ph bin: nguyn con, ct mnh, gh tht hp thanh trng. Nhuyn th chn u Nhuyn th chn u bao gm cc loi mc ng, mc nang, mc tuc l ngun nguyn liu hi sn xut khu quan trng ca Vit Nam sau tm v c. Nhuyn th chn u ca Vit Nam hin nay c ngun gc hon ton t khai thc t nhin v u c khai thc quanh nm. Tuy nhin cng c th chia thnh 2 v chnh: - V Bc : ma kh (thng 12 - thng 3 nm sau). ThS L Thanh Long i hc Nng Lm Hu
14 - V Nam: ma ma (thng 6 - thng 10). Mt s loi nhuyn th xut khu chnh: mc nang (Cutlefish), mc ng (Squid), mc tuc (Octopus), mc l (Bigfin reef squid). Cc sn phm ch bin xut khu phn ln di dng ng lnh nh Block, IQF, semiIQF, ng lnh khay hoc ng gi chn khng. Hnh thc cc sn phm ch bin nh phi l, ct khc, ta hoa, ch bin sn nu hoc di dng sn phm sushi n gi, cc sn phm phi ch khc v ch bin n lin nh mc nng, mc kh nghin tm gia v Nhuyn th c v Nhuyn th c v gm mt s loi c gi tr xut khu nh: S huyt (Blood cookle), Nghu la (Undulating Venus), Ngao du (Asiatic Hard Clam), ip qut (Scallop), Vm xanh (Green Mussel). Cc dng sn phm ch bin bao gm: luc, phi kh, tm gia v. 1.4.2 Bin i cht lng thy sn sau khi cht a. Tng qut cc bin i thy sn sau khi cht Thy sn sau khi cht xy ra hng lot bin i phc tp c bit l cc bin i su sc v ha hc, l cc qu trnh phn gii phn hy t nhin lm cho nguyn liu bin cht hon ton khng th s dng c na. S bin i ca ng vt thy sn sau khi cht bao gm cc qu trnh c bn sau y: - S tit nht ra ngoi c th (i vi c v vi loi khc). - S t cng ca c tht - S mm ha tr li tc dng t phn gii - S thi ra
Bt u cht Tit nht Bt u thi Rt ti Sng Trc t cng t cng Tc dng t phn gii Tc dng ca vi khun Ti Mm ha Kmti Thi ra
Nhng bin i trn y khng tun theo mt th t nht nh m chng thng gi u ln nhau. S bin i hoc song song, hoc l cui qu trnh ny bt u ca qu trnh khc. ThS L Thanh Long i hc Nng Lm Hu
15 Tit nht Loi c v mt s ng vt thy sn khi cn sng lun tit nht ra ngoi c th bo v lp da ngoi, chng s xm nhp ca bn ngoi vo c th v gim s ma st khi bi li, nhng ng vt thy sn hay chui rc di lp bn th tit nhiu nht. Sau khi cht chng vn tip tc tit nht cho n khi t cng v lng nht cng tng dn, l s t v cui cng ca chng. Trong cht nht c c nhiu cht dinh dng, phn ln c c tnh protein. Chnh v vy m cht nht tit ra t c l mi trng rt thun li cho s pht trin ca vi sinh vt. Sau khi ng vt thy sn cht, khng th ca chng khng cn, vi khun bm ngoi da gp mi trng tt s pht trin rt nhanh v xm nhp vo c th. S phn hy cht nht lm cho cht nht nho nt ra v bin dn t trng thi trong sut sang vn c, chuyn mu xm v tip tc l qu trnh thi ra xy ra nhanh chng gy mi kh chu. S t cng Ngay sau khi cht, c tht c dui hon ton v kt cu mm mi, n hi thng ko di trong vi gi, sau c s co li. Khi c tr nn cng v ton b c th c kh un cong th c ang trng thi t cng. Trng thi ny thng ko di trong mt ngy hoc di hn, sau hin tng t cng kt thc. Khi kt thc trng thi t cng, c dui ra v tr nn mm mi nhng khng cn n hi nh tnh trng trc khi t cng. Phng php p v git cht c cng nh hng n thi im bt u hin tng t cng. Phng php git c bng cch gim nhit (c b git cht trong nc lnh) lm cho s t cng xut hin nhanh, cn khi p vo u c th thi im bt u t cng s n chm, c th n 18 gi. Loi c sng tng ni nh c thu, ng, trch.. chng hot ng nhiu v men trong c th chng cng hot ng mnh nn sau khi cht t cng rt sm v thi gian t cng cng rt ngn. ng vt hot ng nhiu s lm cho nng lng d tr trong c tht gim xung nht l khi hot ng mnh lin tc. V vy phng php nh bt v git cht c nh hng trc tip n nng lng d tr. V d c nh bng li vt vng vy nhiu trong li v th chng rt chng b co cng v thi gian co cng cng ngn, nhng c cu th tri li. Sau khi bt nn git cht ngay, khng nn n giy gia nhiu s lm tiu hao nng lng d tr. C sau khi nh bt git cht bo qun vn chuyn cn cn thn nh nhng, khng lm cho c b tn thng th th s t cng s n mun v qu tnh t cng cng ko di. T phn gii (mm ha) C sau khi t cng dn dn tr li mm, ta gi l s t phn gii hoc l qu trnh t tiu. Qu trnh ny do cc enzym ni ti trong c hot ng phn gii. Khi ng vt ThS L Thanh Long i hc Nng Lm Hu
16 cn sng do s tn ti ca khng th nn enzym khng hot ng t phn gii cc t chc ca mnh, nhng khi ng vt cht, sc chng mt i nn hot ng ca enzym tr nn d dng. Qu trnh t phn gii bt u t khi c cn t cng. Trong qu trnh ny c nhiu loi enzym tham gia. Trong qu trnh t phn gii cc t chc c tht c nhiu thay i v l ha, trong ch yu l s phn gii protein. C tht tr nn mm mi, hng v thm ti, c m ln v d tiu ha hn. Cng vi s phn gii thng c thm qu trnh thi ra. Trong thc t hai qu trnh thng ln ln vi nhau, c bit i vi tht ng vt thy sn th li cng kh phn bit. Qu trnh t phn gii s lm tng thm hng v ca c tht, pht huy u im , chng ta cn tin hnh qu trnh t phn gii nhit dng thp (khong t 1-4oC) hn s xm nhp v pht trin ca vi sinh vt gy thi. Nu hiu mt cch my mc th s phn gii l do enzym ni ti hot ng cn thi ra l do vi sinh vt gy nn, sn vt ca qu trnh phn gii cui cng l axit amin, cc cht m ha tan; cn thi ra l nhng sn vt cp thp thi nt. Nu khng c qu trnh thi ra th qu trnh phn gii s khng tng ln v hn m n mt mc no s t n trng thi cn bng (do enzym khng hot ng c na). Do qu trnh phn gii thng lm tng thm mi v ca tht ng vt trn cn, nhng i vi ng vt thy sn thng ln vi qu trnh thi ra nn nu qua qu trnh t phn gii c khi li lm gim phm cht. Qu trnh t phn gii tuy lm cho c bin t cng sang mm nhng c vn cn ti tt. i vi c tng ni nh c thu, ng tc dng t phn gii nhanh hn loi c tng y nh c bn, nguyn nhn cng do men gy ra. Thi ra Nguyn liu thy sn sau khi cht th men trong c tht s tin hnh qu trnh phn gii, ng thi lc vi sinh vt s phn hy cc sn vt ca qu trnh phn gii thnh nhng sn phm cp thp lm cho nguyn liu bin cht h hng, gi l qu trnh thi ra. Vi sinh vt c 2 nhm, mt nhm l nhng vi sinh vt tn ti trong nguyn liu trong qu trnh sinh sng, cn mt loi l do ly nhim trong qu trnh bo qun ch bin. Vi sinh vt c tm thy trn ton b mt ngoi (da, mang c) v c trong rut ca c sng v c va nh bt. C sau khi cht, gp iu kin thun li th cc loi vi sinh vt pht trin rt nhanh. S thi ra ca ng vt thy sn bt u l do vi khun k kh k sinh trong c th ng vt cn sng. Khi cht do iu kin thch hp nh nhiu cht dinh dng, nhiu nc, khng c nh sng mt tri v t khng kh vi khun k kh bt u pht trin t ThS L Thanh Long i hc Nng Lm Hu
17 trong ni tng n dn ra c tht. ng thi vi khun hiu kh trn da c, vy chng s xm nhp vo c tht bn trong. Thi gian xm nhp ca vi khun vo c tht khong 24-60 gi. Biu hin bn ngoi u tin ca c l mang mt mu, xm li, cht nht trn da c ngu, vy d bong trc, c mi hi thi. Di iu kin thch hp cc loi c ni chung ch 1-2 ngy l thi ra, cc loi khc nhau tc thi ra c khc nhau. Tc thi ca cc loi c tht nhanh hn loi trng. Tc thi ra cn ph thuc vo cu trc v cc thnh phn trong c m trc ht l hm lng nc trong tht c, c t nc th tc thi s chm hn c nhiu nc. C ngm trong nc s chng thi hn ngoi khng kh. Nhit l nhn t nh hng rt quan trng n qu trnh thi ra thy sn. Trong iu kin v phm vi nht nh, tc thi ra t l thun vi nhit , iu l do khi gp nhit thch hp enzym trong c s hot ng mnh v vi sinh vt pht trin nhanh chng phn hu cc thnh phn ca c gy thi ra mnh. Do dng nhit thp bo qun c v cc ng thc vt thu sn khc rt tt. S lng vi sinh vt cng nhiu th qu trnh thi ra din ra cng nhanh. Do trong qu trnh bo qun nguyn liu cn trnh cc yu t gy nhim vi sinh vt. V vy trc lc tin hnh bo qun hoc ch bin cn thit phi ra sch nguyn liu c bit l mang v ni tng loi tr phn ln vi sinh vt, s gim c qu trnh thi ra. b. Bin i cm quan sau khi cht ca nguyn liu thy sn * Bin i cm quan c ti Bin i cm quan l cc bin i nhn bit c nh cc gic quan nh biu hin bn ngoi, mi, kt cu v v. Trong qu trnh bo qun, nhng bin i cm quan u tin ca c lin quan n biu hin bn ngoi v kt cu. V c trng ca cc loi c thng th hin r trong vi ngy u ca qu trnh bo qun bng nc . Vic nh gi cm quan c nguyn liu ch v bn c thng qua biu hin bn ngoi, kt cu v mi. Bng 1 khi qut nh gi ti cn c vo nhng bin i xy ra trong qu trnh bo qun c iu kin nhit nc ang tan. Thang im t 0 n 3 im, trong 3 im tng ng mc cht lng tt nht. Bng 1: Khi qut nh gi ti ca c
Cc b phn ca c c kim tra Cc tiu ch im 3 2 Biu hin bn ngoi Da Sng, mu ng nh, khng bin mu Sng nhng khng ng nh ang bin mu v m c
(1)
0 M c
18
Dch nht trong sut nh c nc Mt Li (phng ln) Gic mc trong sut ng t en, sng Mang Mu sng Khng c dch nht Tht (ct t phn bng) Hi xanh, trong m, nhn v sng Khng thay i mu nguyn thy Mu (dc theo ct sng) Cc c quan bn trong Tht Khng mu Dch nht hi c Li hi trng Gic mc hi c ng t en, m Gim mu Hi c vt dch nht Mt nh nhung, c sp, m c Mu hi bin i Pht hng Hng
(1)
Dch nht trng c Phng Gic mc c ng t m c ang bin mu Dch nht m c Hi c
Dch nht m c
(1)
Lm gia
Gic mc c nh sa
ng t xm xt Hi vng Dch nht c nh sa

(1)
c hn
C mu sng nh mu Chc v n hi B mt nhn
Mu c, mu b bin mu iu kin Km n hi
Mu nht
(1)
Mu nu nht
Hi mm (mm xu), km n hi, b mt m c Hi dnh
(1)
Mm (mm xu), vy d tch khi da, b mt nhn nheo, ging bt Khng dnh
Mng bng
Dnh hon ton vo tht Rong bin
Dnh Mi
(1)
Mang, da, khoang bng

(1)
Khng c mi rong bin hoc bt k mi kh chu no
Hi chua
(1)
Chua
Hoc trng thi ti t hn.
Hnh 1: Bin i cm quan b mt thn c theo thi gian gian bo qun
19 * Bin i cm quan tm nguyn liu So vi c, tm n nhanh hn rt nhiu v chng nh, tuyn tiu ha cha cc men (enzym) khng c loi b ngay nn d dn ti hin tng t phn hy. Tm l loi thc phm thng c n c con nn vic x l chng nhanh tr nn quan trng gp bi phn nhm trnh n hng. Trong mt s trng hp hot tnh enzym cao trong tuyn tiu ha ca tm c nh bt ln khi chng ang hoc va n xong c th lm u chng b phn hy v thm ch lm cho u tm b long ra. C th pht hin ra mi n trong tm trc tin phn u trc khi phn tm cn li c du hiu n. Bng 2 m t bin i cm quan tm nguyn liu theo thi gian bo qun trong nc . Bng 2: Bin i cm quan ca tm nguyn liu
Mu u Mu thn S gn kt u thn Mi Cu trc Hi xanh xm Hi xanh lc hoc hi nu lc Nguyn vn c trng hoc trung tnh Sn chc v n hi, v cng Hi xanh xm, v b bc mu Bc mu nh Nguyn vn n long nh Trung tnh C mng en rng u Bc mu, vi ch vng sng dc sng lng Long nng Trung tnh n khai nh Sn chc
S ngy trong nc o (0 C)
Ch : Nhng bin i cm quan cht lng nguyn liu thy sn cn do thao tc khng cn thn trong qu trnh nh bt thu hoch, s ch. Nhng bin ny khin cho nguyn liu thy sn suy gim hng cht lng mc d ti vn cn m bo. Ch tiu cm quan cht lng tm (tm s) c m t bng 3 v sai li cht lng thng thng ca nguyn liu tm s c trnh by bng 4.
20
Bng 3: Cc ch tiu cm qun cht lng tm s nguyn liu
21 Bng 4: Sai li cht lng thng thng ca nguyn liu tm s
22
23
* Bin i cm quan mc nguyn liu Lc mi nh bt ln khi mt nc, c tht mc trong sut, lng c mu nu xm v cc t bo sc t trn da rt linh ng (nhp nhy). Sau nhp nhy gim dn v c tht chuyn sang mu trng nht. Nu mc lu ngoi khng kh da ca chng b mt m, c tht co cng li, t bo sc t c nh v khng cn nhp nhy na. Nu mc c duy tr trng thi m t th t bo sc t co dn li v b mt tr nn trng vi cc chm en. Dn dn sc t b tch ra, mc chuyn sang mu nht, lc ny mc i vo giai on n hng. Ch thao tc khng cn thn trong nh bt, bo qun s lm mu da nhanh chng bin hng, (mc ng). Cc ch tiu cm quan nh gi cht lng mc ng nguyn liu c trnh by bng 5. Ch tiu cm quan nh gi cht lng mc nang nguyn liu c trnh by bng 6. Ch tiu cm quan nh gi cht lng bch tuc nguyn liu c trnh by bng 7. Bin i cht lng cm quan mc ng c trnh by bng 8.
24 Bng 5: Ch tiu cm quan nh gi cht lng mc ng nguyn liu

Mc cht lng Tn ch tiu Mu sc
Mu sc bn ngoi Mu ca tht - Mu t nhin c trng theo tng loi (t mu hng hoc nu cam n mu trng hng) sng bng. - Trng ngn t nhin c trng ca mc ng ti. - Thnh trong ca ng mc trng ngn - Da km bng, cho php bin mu hng nh hoc mu hng do v sc t n 1/5 din tch thn - Tht trng hi c, cho php c vt mu pht hng khng qu 1/10 din tch ming phil. - Thnh trong ca ng mc hi pht hng - Chp nhn mu chuyn sang hng, bin mu trn 1/2 din tch thn Tht chuyn mu thm vng hoc hng , hoc c vt mu pht vng hoc hng qu 1/10 din tch ming phil. - Thnh trong ca ng mc thm vng hoc chuyn sang mu xm -
Loi A
Loi B
Loi C (Khng chp nhn cho xut khu)
Trng thi
- Thn nguyn vn, cng trn, c th c vt xc hoc try da nh, nhng khng rch thng, khng c vt cu gai, da bm cht vo thn - u dnh cht vo thn. - Mt nguyn vn, sng, ng t xanh en, gic mc trong sut - Ru nguyn vn, bm dnh r rt - Cho php v bu mc do tc ng c hc, ni tng cn nguyn vn - C tht sn chc, n hi - Thn hi cng trn, xc hoc try da, khng rch thng, cho php c khng qu 3 vt cu gai hoc vt thng khng qu 2 1cm , da d tch khi thn. - u long nh - Mt km sng, ng t m, gic mc hi trng c - Ru hi mm, km dnh, cho php t 1 hoc 2 ru khng lin nhau - Cho php v bu mc do tc ng c hc - Tht km n hi, hi mm - Thn khng cn cng trn hoc mm nhn, da rch, thng nhiu qu 1cm2, hoc c qu 3 vt cu gai, da d tch khi thn. - u long nng - Mt c, ng t, gic mc c - Ru mm, bung thng, khng dnh - Bu mc, ni tng v do phn hy - Tht mm
Mi
Mi t nhin - Mi t nhin c trng ca mc ti, (gn nh mi nc bin hoc rong bin ti), khng c mi l - Mi thm t nhin c trng ca mc ti khi luc chn, khng c mi l - Mi t nhin, khng c mi l - Mi hi nh
Mi khi luc
- Thong mi thm t nhin, khng c mi l
- Khng c mi thm t nhin, hoc c mi l
V
V t nhin V ngt m - V km ngt, khng c v l Khng c v hoc c v l
25
V khi luc V ngt m Nc luc trong - V km ngt, khng c v l - Nc luc km trong - Khng c v hoc c v l - Nc luc vn c
Bng 6: Ch tiu cm quan nh gi cht lng mc nang nguyn liu

Mc cht lng Tn ch tiu Mu sc
Mu sc bn ngoi - Mu t nhin c trng theo tng loi, sng bng, t mu nu xm n nu ta sm, sng lng mu vng cam hoc vng nu, bng trng m. - Tht c mu trng ngn t nhin c trng ca mc nang ti. Thn nguyn vn, cho php c vt xc hoc try da nh, nhng khng rch thng. u dnh cht vo thn. Mt nguyn vn, sng, ng t xanh en, gic mc trong sut Ru nguyn vn, bm dnh r rt Bu mc, ni tng cn nguyn vn Thnh trong ca ng bng, trng m Gan mc nguyn vn, mu vng tI C tht sn chc, n hi - Da hi bin mu hng, km sng, cho php bin mu nh dn 20 % thn, c th c vt mu xanh nht hoc mu kem xut hin phn bng - Tht trng c cho php pht hng nh hoc c vt pht vng Xc hoc try da, cho php khng qu 2 3 vt cu gai, vt thng khng qu 1cm u lng lo khng dnh cht vo thn Mt km sng, ng t m, gic mc hI trng c Ru hi mm, km dnh, cho php t 1 hoc 2 ru khng lin nhau Cho php v mc do tc ng c hc Thnh trong ca ng hi pht vng hoc pht hng Gan hi en Tht km n hi. Mu chuyn sang ta hoc en sm, bin mu trn 20% thn Tht chuyn mu vng n vng m
Loi A
Loi B
Loi C (Khng chp nhn cho xut khu)
Mu ca tht
Trng thi
Trng thi bn ngoi Da rch, thng nhiu qu 1cm , hoc c qu 3 vt cu gai u gn nh long ra khi thn Mt c, ng t, gic mc c Ru mm, bung thng, khng dnh Cho php v mc do tc ng c hc, ni tng c th v, nhng khng thm vo thn mc Thnh trong ca ng thm vng Gan en Tht mm nhn, m t
2
Trng thi ca tht -
Mi
Mi t nhin Mi t nhin c trng ca mc nang tI (gn nh mi nc bin hoc rong bin ti), khng c mi l Thm t nhin - Mi t nhin, khng mi, khng c mi l Mi hi nh, hi ging mi thy sn n thi hoc c mi l Khng cn mi thm t nhin hoc c mi l
Mi khi luc
- Thong mi thm t nhin, khng c mi l
26
V t nhin V ngt m - V km ngt, khng c v l Khng c v hoc c v l
Tn ch tiu Loi A Mu sc
Mu sc bn ngoi Mu ca tht
Mc cht lng Loi B (Khng chp nhn cho xut khu)

- Mu chuyn sang hng ta, en sm n sm, dc theo ru v bng c mu hng, bin mu trn 60% thn. - Tht mu vng n vng m hoc hng n nu
- Mu t nhin c trng theo tng loi, sng bng, lng t mu trng xm n nu xm hoc xanh nht, bng trng m. - Tht c mu trng ngn
Trng thi
- C th c vt xc hoc try da nh, nhng khng rch thng, khng qu 2 vt cu gai - u dnh cht vo thn. - Mt nguyn vn, sng, ng t xanh en, gic mc trong sut - Ru nguyn vn, bm dnh r rt, cho php t t 1 n 2 ru nhng khng nh hng n xp bng - Bu mc, ni tng cn nguyn vn hoc c th v nh do tc ng c hc - Thnh trong ca ng bng, trng m - C tht sn chc, n hi Da rch, thng nhiu, hoc c nhiu hn 2 vt cu gai Long u Mt c, ng t, gic mc c Ru mm, bung thng, khng dnh, bin hng, t ru nh hng n xp bng - Bu mc, ni tng v do qu lu - Thnh trong ca ng pht vng n vng xm - Tht mm nhn, m t
Mi
Mi t nhin Mi khi luc - Mi t nhin c trng ca bch tuc ti, gn nh mi nc bin hoc rong bin ti, khng c mi l - Thm t nhin Mi hi , hi chua, hi ging mi thy sn n thi hoc c mi l - Khng cn mi thm t nhin hoc c mi l
V
V khi luc V khi luc - V ngt m - Nc luc trong - V ngt m - Nc luc trong - Khng c v hoc c v l - Nc luc vn c - V km ngt, khng c v l - Khng c v hoc c v l - Nc luc km trong - Nc luc vn c
27 Bng 7: Ch tiu cm quan nh gi cht lng bch tuc nguyn liu Bng 7: Ch tiu cm quan nh gi cht lng bch tuc nguyn liu
28 Bng 8: Bin i cht lng cm quan mc ng
1.5 Nguyn l ch bin lnh thy sn 1.5.1 Nguyn l chung ch bin lnh thy sn Nguyn liu thy sn l loi nguyn liu nhanh n chng thi nht trong cc loi nguyn liu dng lm thc phm. Do vic gi ti nguyn liu l cng vic quan trng trong ch bin thy sn. Bin i ca thc phm in hnh l thy sn tng nhanh nhit cao (40-50oC) cho n h hng, n thi do hot ng ca men phn gii (enzym) ca bn thn thy sn v ca vi sinh vt (tc nhn chnh) lm h hi hon ton, gy c tnh v mi hi thi. nhit thp, hot ng ca men v vi sinh vt b km hm. Nhit cng thp th hot ng ca men v vi sinh vt cng gim, bin i h hng cng c hn ch, thi hn bo qun tng ln. Trong phm vi nhit bnh thng th c h thp 10oC th tc phn ng gim xung 1/2 n 1/3 ln. Nhit thp tc dng n men phn gii nhng khng tiu dit c chng. Nhit di 0oC phn ln hot ng ca enzym b nh ch. Nhit thp c kh nng km hm qu trnh pht trin ca vi sinh vt. Trong khong nhit -5oC -10oC hu ht cc vi sinh vt khng th pht trin c. Tuy vy 10oC vn cn vi khun Micrococus pht trin chm. Do , ngn nga vi khun pht trin, thy sn phi bo qun nhit thp hn -10oC. ngn nga nm mc phi thp hn -15oC.
29 Ngoi ra nhit thp lm cho nc trong t bo ng c thnh tinh th v lm v mng t bo vi sinh vt. Vi sinh vt pht trin trong mi trng c m thch hp, nu mi trng sn phm khng m th vi sinh vt cng khng pht trin c. Cc loi nm mc c th pht trin ni khan nc nhng lng nc ti thiu phi l 15%. Do , nhit thp c th dng bo qun sn phm phi l -18oC v nhit ny nc trong sn phm ng bng n 86% ch cn 14%, khng cho vi sinh vt hot ng. Tm li nguyn l ch bin lnh thy sn l h thp nhit ca sn phm thy sn nhm c ch hot ng ca cc men v km hm hot ng ca cc vi sinh vt. 1.5.2 Lm lnh thy sn a. Nguyn l lm lnh Lm lnh hay p lnh l h nhit ca sn phm cn lm lnh xung gn im ng bng, khong -0,5 -1oC (nhit ng bng bnh qun ca thy sn l -1oC). nhit ny enzym b c ch, vi sinh vt hot ng chm chp. Tuy nhin, sau mt thi gian vi sinh vt v enzym phn gii hot ng, sn phm dn b h hng. Do vy, phng php lm lnh ch c tc dng lm chm qu trnh bin i h hng, bo qun nguyn liu thy sn tm thi trc khi a i ch bin tiu th hay ch bin lnh ng. Nh vy nguyn liu thy sn c lm lnh phi l nguyn liu ti sng ( giai on tit nht hoc mi nh bt). Nguyn liu thy sn cn phi sch s trc khi p lnh v vic lm lnh cn thc hin nhanh, u khp. b. K thut lm lnh p S dng p lnh l phng php ph bin nht trong bo qun thy sn v n c nhiu u im: - Kh nng lm lnh trn mt n v khi lng hay th tch cao - li v hi, d vn chuyn v tng i r - ph hp p lnh v tc lm lnh nhanh - Khi p , nhit truyn trc tip t thy sn sang qua tip xc trc tip v qua nc tan ra. Nc lnh chy ra t hp th nhit ca thy sn v khi chy qua s c lm lnh tr li. Do , trn k thy sn v vi nhau khng ch lm gim dy ca lp cn lm lnh m cn to iu kin trao i nhit gia nc, v thy sn. Cc loi nc s dng ph bin trong lnh vc thy sn gm: - dng st - vy - xay ThS L Thanh Long i hc Nng Lm Hu
30 - cy Trong st ch c s dng cc tu nh c c ln. Ch c vy mi m bo yu cu v v sinh s dng trong ch bin thy sn xut khu.
Hnh 2: Cc loi nc
C hai phng php p nguyn liu: - p trc tip: Nguyn liu c p theo tun t mt lp nc mt lp nguyn liu. Phng php ny ph hp cho lm lnh c, tm.
Hnh 3: Phng php p trc tip
- p gin tip: Cc lp nguyn liu c cch ly vi lp nc bng cc tm PE. Nguyn liu ng trong cc khay c np y kn hoc nguyn liu c bc ring bit trong tng ti PE. Phng php ny ph hp cho lm lnh mc ng, mc nang v bch tuc.
Hnh 4: Phng php p gin tip
31 Lm lnh bng khng kh lnh Thy sn c cho vo phng lnh v khng kh lnh trong phng c h xung n 0 -2oC bng my lnh. Nh vy mun lm lnh bng khng kh lnh phi trang b my mc, nhng b li k thut ny c li im l c th to nhit di 0oC d dng v duy tr mt nhit nht nh. Phng php ny thng s dng trong nh my ng lnh bo qun tm thi bn thnh phm trc khi cp ng. Lm lnh bng nc kh Ngi ta cn s dng kh lm lnh thy sn. Nc kh l kh cacbonic trng thi rn, p sut thng n s bay hi v thu nhit. Khi bay hi n c kh nng lm lnh nhanh v c th lm lnh ng sn phm. Nc kh thng ch c s dng bo qun mu sn phm thy vn chuyn nhanh bng ng hng khng. 1.5.3 Lm lnh ng thy sn a. Nguyn l lm lnh ng Lm lnh ng hay p ng thy sn l qu trnh lm lnh thy sn nhm a nhit ban u ca nguyn liu thy sn xung di im ng bng (ti -8 -10oC v c th xung thp hn na: -18oC, -30oC hay -40oC) a s nc trong thy sn ng c li. Khi h nhit xung -65oC th tt c nc trong thy sn ng c li. Trong cng nghip ch bin lnh thy sn ngi ta khng dng n mc nhit ny v chi ph s tng cao m thng ch h nhit n -40oC l m bo cht lng sn phm. Nh vy lm lnh ng thy sn l h thp nhit , lm chm s h hng ca thy sn sao cho n khi r ng ta khng th phn bit c thy sn ng lnh v thy sn ti sng. Bo qun thy sn bng p lnh ch ph hp trong vi ngy hoc ti a hai tun, trong khi p ng v tr ng cho php bo qun thy sn nhiu thng hay c th ko di n mt nm hay hn na. b. K thut lm lnh ng Cn c vo thi gian lm lnh ng ngi ta c th chia lm 2 loi: lnh ng nhanh v lm lnh ng chm. Tc lm lnh ng nh hng rt ln n cht lng ca sn phm. Lnh ng chm Thi gian lm lnh ng ko di trn 10 gi. Khi ng chm th s lng tinh th hnh thnh trong t bo t, kch thc tinh th ln. Tc lm ng cng chm kch thc tinh th hnh thnh cng ln s dn n s ph v mng t bo. Khi r ng dch trong t bo dch chy ra ngoi, mt phn dch cha protein v cc cht trch ly c gi tr lm sn phm mt tnh cht t nhin, mu sc, mi v v km. Tc lm ng chm cn lm tng khuch tn nc do lm tng s mt nc ca sn phm. ThS L Thanh Long i hc Nng Lm Hu
32 Lm ng chm thng xy ra khi s dng thit b ng bng khng kh lnh (t ng hay hm ng gi) vi nhit > -25oC v tc lu thng gi <1m/s hoc nhit lm ng thp hn nhng khi lng hng trong t ng qu ln, kch thc sn phm qu dy khin thi gian lm ng ko di.
Lm ng nhanh
Cha lm ng Lm ng chm
Hnh 5: Hnh dng kch thc tinh th khi lm ng
Lm ng nhanh Thi gian lm lnh ng khong 2-6 gi. Khi lm ng nhanh tc thot nhit t sn phm nhanh, s lng tinh th hnh thnh trong t bo nhiu, kch thc tinh th nh, nhuyn v u khp. Tc lm ng cng nhanh kch thc tinh th hnh thnh cng nh v hu nh khng nh hng n sn phm sau khi r ng. Ngoi ra tc lm ng cng nhanh s gim c s khuch tn nc do gim s mt nc ca sn phm. Cht lng sn phm khi ng nhanh t b bin i v gi c c tnh cm quan tng t trc khi lm ng. Lm ng nhanh c th tin hnh bng cc phng php: - Lm ng bng t (hm) ng gi vi nhit < -25oC v vn tc khng kh t 3 - 5m/s. - Lm ng bng t ng tip xc. Lm ng cc nhanh Thi gian lm ng t 5-10 pht. Cht lng ca sn phm hu nh khng bin i sau khi r ng. Hu ht sn phm ng dng ri u yu cu thc hin bng phng php ny. Lm ng cc nhanh c th tin hnh trn thit b ng bng chuyn dng thng hoc xon. c. X l thy sn sau khi ng M bng ThS L Thanh Long i hc Nng Lm Hu
33 M bng l to nn mt lp bng mng ln trn b mt sn phm bng cch phun sng, pht nc hay nhng bo v sn phm khi nh hng mt nc oxy ha v lm p b mt. Qu trnh m bng thng thu nhiu nhit nn sn phm nu cn phi c lm lnh trong mt thi gian trong my ng trc khi chuyn vo kho tr ng. Cn kim sot cht ch vic m bng to mt lp o bng y v ng u. Lng nc m bng hnh thnh trn b mt sn phm ty thuc vo thi gian m bng, nhit nc, c v dng sn phm. C 2 phng php m bng: Nhng trong nc lnh v phun nc ln b mt sn phm. Phng php nhng m bo u hn, p hn, thc hin n gin nhng tn hao lnh ln, sau khi nhng mt s ln th nc b nhim bn nn phi thay th. Nc nhng c nhit khong 1 4oC. Phng php phun thc hin t nhiu pha, h thng iu khin t ng phi nhp nhng gia cc khu. Tuy nhin khi phun mt di ca sn phm s khng c m nn phi c bin php b sung.
M bng kiu phun
M bng kiu nhng
Hnh 6: Cc kiu m bng
Do vy ngi ta thng s dng kt hp c 2 phng php trn l va nhng va phun. v tr phun sn phm chuyn ng vng xung mng cha nc nn c hai mt u c m bng: mt trn c m do phun cn mt di c m nh nc trong mng. Phng php ny m bo u 2 mt nhng lng nc cn thit khng nhiu v mt mt lnh khng ng k. Sau khi lm t b mt sn phm c trong khng kh, nc ly lnh t sn phm v kt tinh trn b mt to thnh lp bng bm cht b mt sn phm. tng lp bng m khng nn ko di thi gian m bng, v nh vy s gy mt nhit m nn thc hin nhiu ln, gia cc ln xen k lm lnh tip sn phm. m u sn phm cn tin hnh m nhiu ln, khng cho cc lp thc phm tip xc vi nhau nhiu. Chiu dy bng m t nht l 0,3mm. Sau khi m bng do nhit sn phm tng nn ngi ta a i ti ng li ln na lm lnh sn phm. ThS L Thanh Long i hc Nng Lm Hu
34 Bao gi sn phm bo v, bo qun v lm tng thm m sn phm, sau cp ng thy sn c chuyn sang khu ng gi bao b. y l khu ht sc quan trng lm tng gi tr thc phm, thu ht khch hng v qung b sn phm. Bao b phi p ng cc yu cu c bn sau y: - Phi kn trnh tip xc khng kh gy ra xi ho sn phm. Mt khc phi chng thm nhp hi m hoc thot m ca sn phm. Thng sn phm c bao bc bn trong l bao PE bn ngoi l thng carton trng sp, mt s bao b bng giy nhiu lp, giy nhm. - Bao b phi p v hp dn, m bo thm m. - Bao b dng khi d dng xp t v vn chuyn. Ti ng Cc mt hng thy sn sau khi cp ng c phi qua mt s khu nh m bng v ng gi nn mt mt phn nhit. V th, trc khi em bo qun thng ngi ta a qua thit b ti ng li h nhit nhm bo qun tt hn. Bung ti ng c cu to ging bung cp ng dng thng nhng kch thc ngn hn. d. Bo qun thy sn ng lnh Ch bo qun Bo qun sn phm ng hay tr ng l giai on quan trng sau khi lm lnh ng v bao gi sn phm. Bo qun ng nhm duy tr thnh phm ng lnh gi nguyn trng thi v cht lng cho n khi phn phi n tay ngi tiu dng. Nhit bo qun cng thp cng tt, nhng m bo tnh kinh t Vit Nam nhit bo qun thy sn ng qui nh chung l -18oC 2oC. Trong qu trnh bo qun lnh ng, nhit kho bo qun cn duy tr n nh, ti thiu phi bng nhit ca sn phm duy tr trng thi ng lnh ca sn phm, trnh xy ra hin tng r ng v ti kt tinh lm gim dn cht lng sn phm. Nhit bo qun cng dao ng cht lng cm quan sn phm ng cng bin i theo chiu hng xu. S chy lnh sn phm ng Trong qu trnh bo qun lnh ng dn dn theo thi gian, thy sn ng lnh b chy lnh lm thit hi cht lng l hng v nu khng ngn chn kp thi s thit hi ln v kinh t. Chy lnh l hin tng sn phm b mt nc nhiu do s kt tinh li v thng hoa nc . Khi chy lnh sn phm kh xc, bc mu hoc c mu ti sm. Sn phm chy lnh c mi km c trng so vi sn phm bnh thng.
35 Nu tm cn v, phn v chy lnh b bin mu, c nhiu vin nu. Trn v xut hin nhng m trng hoc nhng phn trng trn cc t v. Mc phi l chy lnh cng khng c mu trng ng na m b kh xp, c mu trng sa; khi luc khng cn mi v na. i vi c chy lnh, tht c c mu hi nu hoc sm mu, kh t; nhng c bo li pht sinh mi hi kht do oxy ha m.
36 Chng 2:
K THUT S CH, BO QUN V VN CHUYN NGUYN LIU THY SN
2.1. Nguyn tc chung Qu trnh n hng bt u ngay sau khi thy sn cht. n hng l h qu ca mt lot nhng bin i phc tp do enzym ca bn thn nguyn liu thy sn, cc phn ng ha hc v vi khun gy ra. Mt s bin i quan trng do enzym gy ra c th tip tc din ra sau khi thy sn cht, c bit l cc bin i hng v din ra trong vi ngy bo qun u tin trc khi vi khun lm hng thy sn mt cch r rt. Ngoi nhng bin i do vi khun v enzym gy ra, nhng phn ng oxy ha m c th sinh mi v v kht. Nh vy, n hng l qu trnh t nhin khi thy sn cht. p lnh c th lm chm qu trnh ny v ko di thi gian s dng thy sn lm thc phm. Cc yu cu sau rt quan trng trong sut qu trnh s ch, bo qun v vn chuyn nguyn liu thy sn:
Cn thn nh nhng - Sch - Lnh - Nhanh

Nh nhng trong x l l ht sc quan trng do nhng vt ct, vt thng c th m ng cho vi khun gy n hng thm nhp, to iu kin cho chng pht huy tc dng xu n c tht. Sch s cng rt quan trng v 2 l do: (i) c th loi b phn ln vi khun t nhin ngay sau nh bt bng cch b rut v ra sch cht nhn trn da; (ii) c th gim ti mc thp nht kh nng nhim khun bng cch m bo lun x l thy sn hp v sinh. Nhng quan trong hn c l thy sn cn phi c p lnh nhanh chng v lun c gi lnh. Tc pht trin ca vi khun ph thuc vo nhit . Trn thc t, nhit l yu t quan trng nht kim sot tc n hng ca thy sn. Nhit cng tng tc pht trin ca vi khun s dng c tht thy sn lm thc n cng cao. Do cn cp ng v bo qun trong kho lnh bo qun di hn trong nhiu tun hoc nhiu thng. Khng th bo qun thy sn cha cp ng nhit va thp ngn nga hon ton hot ng ca vi khun v a s thy sn bt u ng nhit -1oC. Tuy nhin, nn gi nhit thy sn cha cp ng cng gn vi nhit trn cng tt gim thiu n hng; cch d nht v tt nht thc hin vic ny l dng nhiu lm t nc sch c im nng chy l 0oC. V d: c c bo qun tt trong 15 ngy 0oC, 6 ngy 5oC v ch 2 ngy 15oC trc khi tr thnh ph liu. Ngoi ra tc qu trnh x l thy sn sau khi thu hoch, nh bt nh hng ln n bin i cht lng sn phm cui cng. Tc x l cng nhanh, s bin i cht lng do enzym, cc phn ng ha hc v vi khun gy ra cng c hn ch. ThS L Thanh Long i hc Nng Lm Hu
37 2.2 Phng php s ch, bo qun v vn chuyn tm nguyn liu Thc trng sau thu hoch, x l v vn chuyn tm nguyn liu Ngun nguyn liu tm cung cp cho cc nh my ch bin thy sn ch yu t ngun tm nui nh tm s, tm th chn trng. Tm sau khi thu hoch thng qua rt nhiu bc trung gian thu gom, x l v vn chuyn trc khi c l tm ln chuyn n cc nh my ch bin. Trong c qu trnh , ti mi bc u din ra hot ng mua bn gia cc bn, tm u b ra, m, phn c, phn loi trc tip trn b m, sn nh ri p tr li nn tn rt nhiu thi gian, ng thi tm c nguy c ly nhim vi khun rt cao v nhit tm b dao ng ln t 4 - 20oC lm nh hng xu n cht lng tm nguyn liu. iu ny khng ph hp vi quan im v cht lng, do cng c gng gim bt cc bc x l, vn chuyn trung gian cng tt. Phng php x l v bo qun tm sau thu hoch/ khai thc Mc d ti thi im bn cho thng li thu gom cht lng ca tm trng c v vn cn tt, nhng vic x l v bo qun khng ng cch ngay t u (ngay sau khi thu hoch/khai thc) s lm nh hng xu n cht lng ca tm nguyn liu ti ni tip nhn ca nh my sau 2 - 3 ngy k t khi thu hoch/khai thc. mt s ni, tm thng c a n nh my ch bin khong t 30 - 40 gi sau khi thu hoch. Trong thi gian ny, nu x l, bo qun v vn chuyn khng ng cch th cht lng tm c du hiu gim st, t l tm t loi c bit c th gim t 80-90% xung cn 5 - 25% v t l tm b loi 2 ln n 10 - 20%. V vy, ngay sau khi thu hoch/khai thc, tm phi c x l nh nhng, cn thn cng nhanh cng tt theo trnh t cc bc sau: - La v ra tm. - Gy cht tm bng nc lnh gn 0oC. - Bo qun lnh tm. La v ra tm Ngay sau khi thu hoch, tm phi c loi b rc, tch ring c, cua... trnh b dp nt do b cua kp hoc rc . Sau nhanh chng a sang ra bng nc mt, sch loi b bn bn dnh bm trn tm nhm lm gim s ly nhim vi sinh vt. Vic la tm phi c thc hin cng nhanh cng tt bo v tm trnh cc tc hi ca mi trng xung quanh lm nh hng xu n cht lng tm nh nhit cao, nh nng.
38 Tin hnh la v ra tm ni sch s, thong mt, trnh nh nng mt tri bo v tm khng b sc v khng b cht. V ngay sau khi tm cht iu kin nhit mi trng khong 27-32oC, c bit l di nh nng mt tri tm b bin i cht lng rt nhanh (b long u, bc mu, thm ch cn b bin hng nh). Cn ch trc khi s dng phi lm mt cc dng c cha ng tm nh thng, r, tm nha hoc mt bn. V nhit b mt cc dng c thng cao hn nhit mi trng. c bit l khi cc dng c ny lu ngoi tri nng, nhit ca chng s tng ln rt cao. Nu cha ng tm trong cc dng c nng th tm s b cht v bin i cht lng rt nhanh.
Hnh 7: La tm ti m nui ngay sau khi thu hoch
Tm phi c trn tm nha sch, r nha hoc bn inox. Nu tm trc tip xung t, sn g hoc nn xi mng tm s b nhim bn v ly nhim vi sinh vt t t hoc sn nh. Gy cht tm bng nc lnh 0oC Cng on ny v cng quan trng v c nh hng n tc bin i cht lng ca tm sau khi cht. Nu tm giy gia nhiu trc khi cht s lm tn tht nng lng d tr ca tm, nn sau khi tm cht b bin i cht lng rt nhanh v c th dn n nhanh n hng. V vy, ngay sau khi thu hoch cn phi gy cht tm cng nhanh cng tt hn ch n mc ti thiu s tht thot cht lng do s giy gia ca tm trc khi cht. Cng on ny thc hin rt n gin, dng c cn thit l thng cch nhit hoc thng nha c np y. Lng nc v nc sch dng gy cht tm tu thuc vo lng tm. gy cht 100 kg tm cn 50 kg nc v 50 lt nc.
Cch tin hnh: u tin chun b hn hp nc lnh 0oC bng cch trn nc sch vi nc xay hoc vy theo t l mt nc v mt (1kg nc v 1lt nc sch) trong thng cch nhit hoc thng nha sch c np y. Khuy u cho nc tan nhit h xung gn 0oC, sau cho tm s c la v ra sch vo hn hp ny. tm khng giy gia nhiu v nhy lung tung khi cho vo nc lnh th nn cho tm vo trong ti li but cht ming ti li
Hnh 8: Gy cht tm bng hn hp nc lnh 0oC
39 ri mi nhng ton b vo hn hp nc lnh. C th dng r nha c np y thay th ti li. Gi tm trong nc lnh khong t 15 - 30 pht gy cht v lm lnh. Sau , vt tm ra v a ngay sang p vi nc gi cho nhit ca tm khng b tng ln. Sau khi tm cht, nu lu nhit mi trng th cc bin i sinh ho, ho hc v bin i do vi sinh vt tm xy ra rt nhanh lm cho tm b gim cht lng v dn n n hng rt nhanh. V vy, tm sau khi gy cht xong phi lun gi nhit thp gn 0oC hn ch cc bin i lm suy gim cht lng v dn n tm b n hng. Sau mi m, nn b sung mt lng nc bng 1/3 khi lng tm. Nu tm c ra sch trc khi gy cht th c sau 5 m nn thay nc mt ln. Bo qun lnh tm sau khi gy cht Tm sau khi gy cht phi c bo qun lnh ngay. Cc phng php bo qun lnh tm: Phng php 1: Bo qun bng nc xay hoc nc vy trong thng cch nhit c l thot y. Phng php 2: Bo qun bng nc xay hoc nc vy trong thng cch nhit khng c l thot y. Phng php 3: Bo qun bng nc xay hoc nc vy v nc sch trong thng cch nhit. Mi phng php u c u v nhc im. V vy, tu thuc vo tng trng hp c th m c th chn mt trong ba phng php trn bo qun lnh tm s nguyn liu. * Bo qun lnh tm bng nc xay hoc nc vy trong thng cch nhit c l thot nc y thng u im: - Lm lnh tm nhanh, trong vng 4 gi k t khi p c th h nhit tm xung di 5oC v sau 6 - 7 gi c th h nhit tm xung 0oC. - Hiu qu lm lnh ln nht v nc tan chy thot ra ngoi qua cc l thot y nn gi cho tm khng b trng nc. - Gi tm sng bng, t l tm b long u, gin t thp. - Trong qu trnh bo qun, tm
Hnh 9: Bo qun lnh tm bng nc trong thng cch nhit c l thot nc y thng
40 c ra t nhin bng nc tan chy t lp tm trn cng xung lp di v thot ra ngoi qua cc l y thng. - Chi ph thp, d p dng. Nhc im: - Nu bo qun trong thi gian di, c th xy ra hin tng tm b bin en. - Phi cn thn khi bo qun trnh hin tng lm lnh khng ng u (ch khng c , ch qu nhiu ). Cch tin hnh: Tm c p vi nc theo tng lp, u tin ri mt lp nc y thng, sau c ri mt lp tm li n mt lp nc cho n khi y thng. Trn cng ph mt lp nc ri y kn np thng. m bo lm lnh tm c ng u, lp nc y thng v lp nc trn cng phi dy hn 5cm, cc lp tm phi mng hn 10cm.
Hnh 10: Bo qun lnh tm bng nc trong thng cch nhit khng c l thot nc y thng
* Bo qun lnh tm bng nc xay hoc nc vy trong thng cch nhit khng c l thot nc y thng
u v nhc im ca phng php ny tng t vi phng php bo qun tm trong thng cch nhit c l thot nc y. im khc l lng nc tan chy trong qu trnh bo qun b ng li y thng nn cn phi dng lng nc nhiu hn lm lnh phn nc ng y thng. Hn na, nu thi gian bo qun di th lp tm ngp trong nc v c bit y thng c th b trng nc, long u, gin t, mm v v/hoc tht. * Bo qun lnh tm bng nc xay hoc nc vy v nc sch trong thng cch nhit
Hnh 11: Bo qun lnh tm bng nc v nc sch trong thng cch nhit khng c l thot nc y thng
41 u im: - Lm lnh tm rt nhanh v ng u, trong vng 2 gi k t khi p c th h nhit tm xung di 5oC v sau 4 gi c th h nhit tm xung 0oC. - Hin tng tm b bin en xy ra chm. - Chi ph thp, d p dng. Nhc im: - T l tm b trng nc, long u, gin t, bc mu cao. - Vn chuyn kh khn, chi ph vn chuyn tm nguyn liu tng do s thng bo qun tng ln. Cch tin hnh: Tm c p vi nc theo tng lp, u tin ri mt lp nc y thng, sau c ri mt lp tm li n mt lp nc cho n khi y thng. Cho nc sch c lm n gn 0oC vo trc khi ph lp nc trn cng. Sau cng ph mt lp nc ri y kn np thng. m bo lm lnh tm c ng u th lp nc y thng v lp nc trn cng phi dy hn 5cm, cc lp tm phi mng hn 10cm. Lng nc dng trong bo qun tm Nc dng trong bo qun tm c tc dng lm lnh nhanh v ng u. Tuy nhin, nu s dng khng ng cch, nc s nh hng xu n cht lng ca tm (lm cho tm b bc mu, trng nc, long u, gin t). Lng nc dng cng nhiu th cht lng tm cng km. Lng nc thch hp l: 1lt nc v 3kg tm. Ch : Nu bo qun tm bng v nc th nn s dng lng nc vi t l 3kg tm v 1lt nc. Vi t l ny s cho t l tm loi c bit v t l tm loi 2 gn bng vi trng hp bo qun tm bng khng c nc. Vn chuyn tm nguyn liu Vn chuyn tm bng cc phng tin chuyn dng nh xe lnh, ghe, xung Phng tin vn chuyn phi c thit k bng phng, t ngc ngch, d lm v sinh, kh trng v bo dng. Thng cha tm phi c bo qun trnh xa ngun nhit (my n), nh nng mt tri v phi c buc c nh khng b lc trong khi vn chuyn. Lm v sinh sch s sau mi chuyn vn chuyn. ThS L Thanh Long i hc Nng Lm Hu
Hnh 12: Xe ti lnh
42 L do: S dng cc phng tin vn chuyn khng chuyn dng s l nguyn nhn ly nhim vi sinh vt t hng ho hoc cc loi nguyn liu khc vo tm trong qu trnh vn chuyn. Phng tin vn chuyn c cu trc phc tp, b mt g gh s rt kh lm v sinh v l ni tr n tt cho vi sinh vt v bo v chng an ton khi lm v sinh kh trng. Bo v cc thng tm trnh cc ngun nhit v nh nng mt tri nhm lm gim s tan chy nc to thm nc trong thng. iu ny va tit kim c chi ph nc dng trong bo qun tm, va khc phc cc bin i xu ca tm khi b ngm trong nc nh trng nc, long u, gin t, bc mu... Nh s mang li hiu qu kinh t cao v cho tm c cht lng tt. 2.3. Phng php s ch, bo qun v vn chuyn c Qui trnh s ch c sau khi nh bt hoc thu hoch nh bt (hoc thu hoch)
Git cht
X mu
Moi rut
Ra sch
Bo qun
Vn chuyn Git cht c i vi mt s loi c nh c ng i dng (mt to, vy vng), c tra, basa ..c sau khi nh bt cn git cht ngay. Nu git c nhanh v ng cch s mang li cc u im sau: - Trnh c nhng h hng v c hc nh dp nt, bm dp. - Duy tr cht lng ti tt ca c tht c. Phng php git cht c ph thuc vo loi c v cng c th ph thuc theo yu cu khch hng (nh trng hp c ng i dng). ThS L Thanh Long i hc Nng Lm Hu
43 X mu X mu ng cch ngay sau khi c cht s mang li nhng li ch sau: - Gi c sc mu t nhin ca c. - Gi cho c c ti tt. Cn ch : - Phng php v thao tc x mu c ph thuc vo tng loi c. - X mu c hiu qu nht khi c vn cn sng v thao tc x mu ng cch. - Thng thng c ni v nhiu loi c hnh dt khng c x mu hoc moi rut ngoi bin. - i vi hu ht c c c tht trng x mu v moi rut ng cch l rt quan trng. Hai phng php git cht, x mu v moi rut c thng c p dng: Phng php 1 Phng php 2
Ct su vo hng
Ct su vo hng v moi r ut
X mu trong nc bin ha y n c ngt X mu trong nc bin Ct bng v moi rut
Ra v p
Loi b ni tng Loi b ni tng c mang li nhng li ch sau:
Ra v p
- Lm cho qu trnh lm lnh sau hiu qu hn. - Loi b men phn gii, phn hy khng mong mun. - Ngn chn s ly nhim ca vi khun khng mong mun t rut c. - Trnh s xm nhp ca k sinh trng nh giun trn t rut c vo c tht c. Qu trnh loi b ni tng c c hiu qu khi: - Khng lm chm qu trnh lm lnh sau . - Khng gy nhim cho cho bn thnh phm chng hn gia ni tng c v cc ming phil mi c phil. ThS L Thanh Long i hc Nng Lm Hu
44 Ra sch c Nhm: - Loi b bt tp cht bn chng hn nh vt mu ng t, cc mu ni tng v mang c cn st li. - Loi b bt vi sinh vt bm trn b mt. Bo qun c c nguyn liu c cht lng cao, khi bo qun cn thc hin theo hai bc sau (thng p dng cho cc loi c kch thc ln nh c ng i dng): - H thn nhit ca c xung bng cch cho chng trong nc bin c lm lnh (hn hp dng st gia xay/hoc vy v nc bin). - Sau khi ngm thn nhit c t gn 0oC chuyn sang p c. i vi cc loi c khc c th kt hp hai bc ny tc va lm lnh va gi c nhit thp bng nc lnh hoc bng nc bin lnh (nhit ca nc bin c th xung thp di 0oC). t c qu trnh lm lnh nhanh gia c v nc c th dng kh nn a vo y thng khuy o. Thc hin phng php p lnh trc tip bng vi lng nc ty thuc vo khong cch vn chuyn. T l thng t 1c : 0,5 n 1c : 1. Vn chuyn C c vn chuyn bng cc phng tin chuyn dng nh xe ti lnh. Cc yu cu ca qu trnh vn chuyn tng t nguyn liu tm. Ch : Trong trng hp vic s ch, vn chuyn ch thc hin ti cc bn c v n nh my ch bin th xem nh b qua cc cng on git cht, x mu, moi rut ch thc hin cc cng on ra, bo qun v vn chuyn. 2.4. Phng php s ch, bo qun v vn chuyn mc Cht lng mc nguyn liu ph thuc vo phng php nh bt v bt u gim ngay sau khi b nh bt. Cc phng php cu, chp v by thng gy sc cho mc trc khi cht. Do cn phi x l nh nhng, cn thn trnh lm dp nt c hc v nh hng ca cc tc nhn vt l nh nng, gi. Nu x l khng ng cch c th lm ti mc v c quan ni tng b dp v gy bin mu bn trong thnh ng mc. Nng, gi s lm cho da mc b kh, cc t bo sc t trn da b v ra lm bin mu c tht mc. Cc bc s ch, bo qun v vn chuyn tm bao gm: Lm sch b mt tip xc
45 Dng nc sch hoc nc bin sch xt ln cc b mt tip xc trc tip vi mc lm mt trc khi t mc x l. C th s dng tm cao su tri trn sn trnh tnh trng ny. Tch b u v ni tng nu cn thit Vic tch b u v ni tng thng c thc hin sau khi nh bt a vo cng c. Ty vo mc ch s dng cho cc loi mt hng khc nhau sau ny m quyt nh nn tch u v ni tng hay khng. Ring i vi bch tuc nn tch b ht ni tng ngay lp tc. Vic tch b u v cc c quan ni tng nn tin hnh di vi nc sch lin tc v nhanh chng chuyn ni tng ra khi l hng. L do: H enzym tiu ha mc c nhiu v tiu ho thc n ca chng khi cn sng. Sau khi cht, cc enzym ca d dy v rut vn tip tc hot ng lm phn hu mng ca b my tiu ha v c tht ca mc gy bin mu thnh trong ca ng mc. c bit h enzym tiu ho bch tuc hot ng rt mnh nn bch tuc sau khi cht nu khng tch b ni tng th cht lng s b suy gim rt nhanh. Ra sch Mc phi c ra sch trc khi a vo lm lnh v bo qun. i vi mc loi b ni tng phi dng nc sch ra chng k lng trc khi bo qun. L do: Ra ng cch s loi b nht, cht bn v cc vi khun trn b mt. Ra phi c thc hin cng nhanh cng tt m bo duy tr cht lng ca mc. S dng nc bin sch ra nhm trnh ly nhim cho mc. Lm lnh (s b) Mc sau khi x l cn phi c lm lnh s b nhm mc ch h nhit ca chng xung gn 0oC cng nhanh cng tt lm gim tc n hng. Phng php lm lnh (s b) tt nht l dng nc bin lnh trong thng cch nhit. Mt s im lu khi lm lnh s b: - T l ti thiu v khi lng l: 1 nc : 1 nc : 1 nguyn liu. Tuy nhin t l ny ph thuc vo cc yu t nh: Mc cch nhit ca thng cha, thi gian bo qun, nhit mi trng xung quanh. - Phng php: C 2 phng php ThS L Thanh Long i hc Nng Lm Hu
46 + p gin tip: Bo qun mc ng, mc nang. + p trc tip: Bo qun mc tuc. u tin chun b hn hp nc bin lnh bng cch trn nc xay hoc nc vy vi nc bin sch (hoc nc mui long) theo t l khi lng nc / nc bin sch l 1/1 (1 kg nc v 1 lt nc bin sch) trong thng cch nhit c np y. Khuy u cho nc tan nhit h xung 0oC, sau ngm mc c x l vo. Thi gian ngm mc c th ko di t 5 - 8 gi khi nhit thn mc h xung 0-2oC th vt ra a vo bo qun lnh. Thnh thong cn phi khuy o duy tr nhit nc bin lnh ng u trong thng.
Hnh 13: Bo qun trc tip mc tuc
Hnh 14: Bo qun gin tip mc nang
Mc sau khi lm lnh s b h nhit ca chng xung gn 0-2oC phi nhanh chng a ngay sang p lnh gin tip bng nc xay hoc vy. Lng nc s dng phi v p ng k thut m bo duy tr nhit ca nguyn liu gn 0oC trong sut qu trnh bo qun. Nc s dng nn c lm t nc sch m bo v sinh an ton thc phm v khng c ly nhim trong khi x l v bo qun. Khng c s dng nc qua s dng v nc tip xc vi thng cha bn. Ch nn dng nc sch v m bo v sinh an ton thc phm trong lm lnh nc bin v bo qun mc. L do: Sau khi vt mc ra khi nc bin lnh, nu khng nhanh chng a sang p lnh bng nc th nhit ca chng s tng ln lm gim cht lng nhanh chng. Nu lng nc s dng bo qun nguyn liu khng hoc bo qun qun khng ng k thut th cht lng ca nguyn liu cng s b suy gim nhanh chng. Nc lm t ngun nc bn hoc b ly nhim trong qu trnh x l v bo qun s ly nhim vo mc khi p nc . Vn chuyn mc Vn chuyn mc bng cc phng tin chuyn dng nh xe lnh. ThS L Thanh Long i hc Nng Lm Hu
47 Phng tin vn chuyn phi c thit k bng phng, t ngc ngch, d lm v sinh, kh trng v bo dng. Phng tin vn chuyn phi c cch nhit tt m bo gi c mc gn 0oC trong sut qu trnh vn chuyn. - Lm v sinh sch s sau mi chuyn vn chuyn. L do: Phng tin vn chuyn khng chuyn dng, c cu to khng ph hp, kh lm v sinh kh trng s lm tng nguy c ly nhim cho mc. Phng tin vn chuyn khng gi c nhit ca nguyn liu n nh gn 0oC trong sut qu trnh vn chuyn s lm cho nguyn liu b bin i cht lng nhanh chng do khng c ch c hot ng ca enzym v vi sinh vt.
48 Chng 3: K THUT CH BIN LNH NG MT S SN PHM
THY SN
3.1 K thut ch bin lnh ng tm 3.1.1 Mt s k thut c bn ch bin lnh ng tm Tm l mt hng ch lc chim t l ln trong c cu ca hng thy sn xut khu ca Vit Nam. V l hng xut khu nn ngi mua, tc khch hng nc ngoi, vn l ngi quyt nh ti hu v qui cch ch bin mt hng v do vy c ni, c lc mt s tiu chun k thut s thay i. Tm ti c ch bin thnh rt nhiu dng sn phm khc nhau. Mt s dng in hnh bao gm: Tm nguyn con: tm cn u v cn v. Tm b u: tm b u v cn v. Tm cn ui: tm b u, b rut v bc mt phn v. - Tm x lng, bc v n t p cht. - Tm cnh bm, bc v n t p cht, ct dc theo chiu di sng lng, x banh ra. - Tm dui: tm c 4 t u c bc v v ct kha theo chiu di phn bng, dng dng c chuyn dng p cho thn tm dui di ra. Tm bc nn: tm b u, bc v v b rut. - Tm bc nn. - Tm bc nn x lng. - Tm bc nn khng nguyn vn. - Tm bc nn v ct cnh bm: tm bc nn c ct dc theo chiu di n t cui cng. - Tm bc nn c 4 t u tin c ct theo chiu di. Tm chn bc v. a. Tip nhn nguyn liu Tip nhn nguyn liu l u vo ca nh my ch bin nn b tr sp xp hp l cc dng c, phng tin tip nhn cng nh s ch s b ti khu vc tip nhn trnh n tc mt nhiu thi gian cho cng on ny, hn ch bin i cht lng. Trc khi tip nhn nguyn liu tt c cc khu vc tip nhn phi c lm v sinh bng nc pha clorin 100ppm. Nhng thng bo qun tm c bc d t xe ti xung nn xp trn sn sch s. Khng nn tr tm trong nhng thng cha qu nng hai ngi c th vn chuyn ThS L Thanh Long i hc Nng Lm Hu
49 cc thng c d dng. Nu tm mui xa trn xe ti, dng co bi tm v dng xng xc tm vo dng c cha hoc cn x a xung xe y v chuyn vo khu tip nhn. Nn dng mng chuyn nguyn liu t xe xung cn x hng bn di xe gim nh thao tc v gii phng xe nhanh. Cn xc nh nhng trnh dp nt nguyn liu v tm nht l v tm, d xy xt, gip v. Trong qu trnh bc d ch hn ch trnh xm nhp cn trng, rui nhng vo trong xng sn xut. Tt c cc nguyn liu tip nhn u phi qua cng on s ch (ra, phn loi v cn). Ch nguyn liu hn ch ng trn sn vn l ngun nhim bn. Cn phi bit r xut x ca l hng t a ra bin php tt nht x l tm trong giai on ny. Tin hnh ra tm trong cc thng nha hay cc b xy bng xi mng lt gch men c l thot y vi lng tm mi ln ra khong 50kg. Tm c a vo thng, m vi nc chy ngp b. Dng tay hay mi cho g khuy nh ng tm. Nc cn d li, rc v tp cht ni ln, ln vo trong nc. Dng r ht b vo thng rc. M van tho nc ri tip tc m nc vo y b ra thm ln na. Sau xc tm vo cn x mi a sang bn phn loi. Nc dng ra tm nguyn liu phi pha clorin 30-50ppm. Cn thao tc nhanh v nc cn st li trong nguyn liu khng lnh bo v nguyn liu. i vi tm c ln nh tm s, tm th c th tin hnh tng thng bo qun tm ln bn, nht tm vo r v nhng ra trong thng nc sch c nc lnh. Ty mc sch bn ca nguyn liu tnh ton thay nc ra hp l. phn loi tm nn tin hnh tng lng tm khong 10kg. Ngi phn loi gt ng tm v bn cnh mnh phn, mi ln chng 0,5 kg ty c tm. Khng nn gt nhiu v nh vy s lm ri mt, kh phn chnh xc. Cn thng xuyn ph tm bng xay hay vy. y l bc phn loi s b to thun li cho cc cng on tip theo, nn ch yu phn thnh 3 hay 4 loi theo c ng thi s b tch ring nhng con tm khng t ti, nguyn vn m chia ra: nguyn liu lm tm v, nguyn liu lm tm tht (tm bc nn), nguyn liu xu lm tm hng B, tm ph liu. Trng hp trm thu mua phn loi s b v c, ging loi, th v nh my ch phn loi v cht lng quyt nh sn phm s ch bin. Cn phn bit nguyn liu ch bin theo tiu chun tng i sau: Nguyn liu ch bin tm v nguyn con (tm v b u) - Nguyn liu mi bt ln, rt ti sng. - V nguyn vn, cng v sng bng, mu sc c trng. - u dnh cht vi mnh, chn v ui cn y , nguyn vn. - Tm khng m trng, khng dnh qu nhiu rong ru. ThS L Thanh Long i hc Nng Lm Hu
50 - Tm khng b bnh. Nguyn liu ch bin tm v khng u - Tm khng c mi n thi, d n nh. - Tm khng c im en no trn thn hoc khng qu 3 im en v im en khng n su vo tht. - Tm khng b b v, nu c th ch chp nhn 3% trn tng s, vt b khng qu 3% chu vi t. V tm c mu t nhin sng bng. - Mng ni vi c lng lo, nhng cha b. V b st mnh tm. - Tm khng m trng v khng b bnh. Nguyn liu lm tm bc nn (tm tht) - Mng ni u c b. V khng b st mnh tm. - C nhiu im en trn thn tm; im en n su vo tht. - Tm b b v, v tm km sng bng. V nguyn tc nguyn liu tm ch bin nguyn con phi l tm cn sng hoc va cht, ngha l tm cn nguyn vn v rt ti. Vic ch bin tm nguyn con thng c u tin ch bin trc ngay sau khi tip nhn tm nguyn liu trnh bin i. Sau mi n tm v v cui cng l tm tht. Ch : Khi tip nhn nguyn liu i vi tm s cn ch du hiu bt thng ca tm b bm chch tp cht (agar, tinh bt) v ngm ha cht bo qun cm (ur, hn the, khng sinh). Nu cn ly mu kim tra vic nhim tp cht theo cc phng php c khuyn co hoc gi mu n cc n v c chc nng kim tra. Khi lng cn, trt nguyn liu ro nc vo cha c trng lng bit trc chuyn n bn cn. Ti ch cn phi c ngi theo di mt cn ghi s lng tm chnh xc v ring bit theo tng loi. H s phi c chi tit v ngun hng, s lng, cht lng. y cng l cn c truy xut ngun gc l hng khi cn thit. Sau khi cn tm nguyn liu c p chun b a vo khu ch bin. Ty cng sut ca nh my ngi iu hnh sn xut phi c tnh s nguyn liu c th ch bin trong ngy. S cn d (ch yu l tm nguyn liu lm tm tht) phi em bo qun c th ngy hm sau ch bin tip. Vic bo qun li qua m ch bt c d v phi tnh n t l gim cht lng sau thi gian bo qun trnh thit hi v kinh t. T l mui tm ch bin trong ngy l 1 /1 tm. i vi tm di ra cho cc ngy sau th t l mui l 2 /1 tm. Nu mui tm v th sau 3 gi kim tra li, nu tnh trng cha tt cn b sung . Ch c th dng phng lnh bo qun tm v sp xp thng bo qun theo nguyn tc "vo trc, ra trc" hoc u tin tm tt, tm ln xut kho ch bin trc. ThS L Thanh Long i hc Nng Lm Hu
51 b. X l X l bao gm cc tc ng ct, xn, sa sang hnh dng nguyn liu c c hnh thc sn phm theo qui cch yu cu. X l tm to 3 dng sn phm ch yu: tm nguyn con, tm v b u v tm tht. trnh kh nng nhim cho ca vi sinh vt i vi sn phm thy sn cc loi, cc mt hng khng c x l ng thi chung nhau trong mt ch. Cn chia mi loi x l ring trong tng phng hoc t nht phi vi bn cho mi loi. Nu khng th x l theo cch trn th ta phi gii quyt mt loi thy sn xong, lm v sinh ni lm vic mi gii quyt loi thy sn khc. X l tm v nguyn con Trc ht nguyn liu c ngm trong h nc lnh 1oC, c pha clorin 20ppm trong 20 pht ton thn tm lnh u. Sau vt tm ra, dng r to mc nh ln hoc nm ru cc con ko ln nh tng xu 3 n 4 con chuyn n bn x l, trnh thao tc mnh tay, lm try v gy tm. Dng dao v tht cht cng v ct ru tm (nu ch bin tm cng xanh), hoc dng tay ngt b cng, ch cha li t t cui. Ct ru tm n cn 3 cm, hai cng gp li, mnh dui thng. Dng bn chi nha ra v ngoi trong thau nc lnh c pha clorin 15ppm. Ch yu ch sch rong ru tp cht bm trn v. Ch u c, cc chn u, ch phn di c v cc gc chn, chn bng v ui. Nu rong ru bm cng vo v th loi con tm cho sang lm tm tht. Nhng con tm c chm en cng chuyn sang lm tm v b u hay tm tht. Tm sau khi ch ra c ngm trong nc lnh 1oC c pha clorin 15ppm. X l tm v b u Nguyn liu bao gm cc loi tm th, s, cng. Vt u. Mt s ni tm v nh my c vt u ti cc i l cung cp nguyn liu hoc cc trm thu mua. Vic a v nh my loi tm vt u s tit kim nc bo qun, hn ch ngun ly nhim t ni tng tm v ra trong qu trnh vn chuyn. Tuy nhin nu thc hin vic vt u trong iu kin v sinh km s to iu kin tt cho vi khun gy hi xm nhp ph hng tht tm. Ti nh my tm c tng cm 10kg trn bn v c ph trong khi vt u tm hoc tm c bng chuyn chuyn tm n tng bn ch bin. Vi nc lnh trc mt cng nhn thao tc c m ra, chy theo nhng tia nh, v tm c lm di nhng tia nc ny. C th s dng cc thau nc nh c pha nc lnh v pha clorin 15ppm.
52
Hnh15 : Phn tht u thn tm (tm s v)
Hnh 16: Cc dng mp tht u
Vic vt u cn thao tc sao cho ly ht phn mp tht u (phn tht l ra ni tip gip gia u v thn. Ch thao tc cn thn trnh ngt ngang phn u c s lm t phn tht u ny chung vi u tm hoc cn bm vo u khng trc ra v phn tht u b xc x, km m quan. Thao tc thng c tin hnh nh sau: tay tri cm nga con tm vi lng bn tay pha bng tm. Tay phi cm u tm, ngn tay phi da trn nh mai u c ang hng pha di; ngn tay tr phi chc vo gia khe v c bao bc phn tht u dnh lin vi tht thn tm. Hnh 17: Vt u tm Gi cht tay tri c nh phn thn tm, n ngn ci tay v pha trn to un cho mp tht u nh ln v ngn tay tr phi hi mc su vo khe h v c ko bt ra, tch ri mp tht u v v c, ng thi mai u c cng bt ra lun, ni tng v gch dnh u mp tht. Rt ch. ngay ng sng lng tm c mt ng en chy t t u n t cui thn tm, gi l ch lng tm. Ch lng tm l gn mu v rut tm, l ni pht sinh phn gii nhanh chng lm thi tht tm, do cn rt ch lng. Dng mi dao nh kp ng ch l ra u t ri rt nh ch ra. Phi un nh lng tm cho hi thng rt ch ra ht, trnh cn st li trong thn tm.
53 mp v pha bng thng bm nhng mng en, a ngc li dao lun vo mt trong ca v co nh v nhng vo nc mng en ri ra. Cui cng dng dao co nh hai mp tht u v t u, va co va khuy trong nc ct, t ri ra. C th x l gp chung 2 cng on vt u v rt ch. Mt s qui trnh yu cu ra tm sau khi x l lm sch tm trc khi chuyn sang khu k tip. X l tm bc nn Nguyn liu bao gm cc loi tm th, s, ch, gn, st, bc, ngh, chon. Vt u. Ging nh cch vt u tm v. Lt v. Thao tc c tin hnh nh sau: tm c cm tay tri hi gn pha ui. Ngn tr tay phi v ngn ci tay phi nm ngang phn gc chn bng ca t u tin lt ngc ln. V s rch t ch v mng bng v do lc x ca ngn tay s rch theo ng khp v mng ni lin t v thc ba v th t, tch ri phn v ca ba t u ny. Bp nh phn cui ui cho tht hi tch ra khi v v gi c nh phn ui bng cc ngn tay tay tri, tay phi nm phn tht ba t u ko nh ly thn tm ra khi v. Trong sn xut thc t, tr trng hp tm cng, thng hai thao tc vt u v lt v thc hin lin tip ti mt ch do mt ngi lm. i vi tm nh hoc tm t, chon, st, thao tc lt v bao hm vt lun u tm, tc l khi lt v ba t u cc ngn tay phi tut lun u tm ra t pha c v u tm loi ny nh, d bc khi thn. Vt u, lt v tm c thc hin trong thau nc lnh, c pha clorin 15 ppm. Tm nguyn liu tng cm nh trn bn cho tng cng nhn, mt trn c ph xay. Trong qu trnh lt v, phn ring loi tm ln nh, cc tm khc loi hoc tm hng B. X lng ly ch. Sau cng on lt, tm c tp trung x lng ly ch lng. Ch x lng nhng tm c 90 con/pound tr ln. C th dng li dao kp u ch rt ra khi lng nh cch lm tm v m khi cn x lng v tm tht mm, d b t ch trong thn tm, cn x lng tch n ra v ra sch ng ch. Cm nn tm tay tri, lng tm quay ln hng u tm v pha trc. Tay phi cm dao x dc lng tm mt on t 3 - 4, ng x su chng 2 mm, l ng ch lng mu en. Lch mi dao vo ng x mc ng ch lng ln, tay tri ni nh cho thn tm hi cong t nhin ch lng c ly ra d dng. Tip theo dng li dao co sch bn bn trn mp tht u, hai bn hng v gc tht chn bng c c mt nn tm phng phiu. tm tht, cn c nhiu qui cch ch bin c nhiu loi sn phm khc nhau. Chng hn tm tht x bm, ng x su hn chia thn tm lm hai mnh nhng cn dnh nhau lp tht mng. Ngoi ra cn c sn phm tm ui (tail-on), tc l tm vn lt v nhng cha li phn v ui v phn v ny cn tt.
54 d. Ra Tm sau khi x l bc nn, c tp trung ra trong nc lnh 1-4oC c pha clorin 10 ppm. Ra tm c th thc hin trong hai h nc sch, ra k trong h nc th nht, xong ra s h th hai. C 20kg ra xong thay nc h th nht v hng nc mi, h th hai chuyn sang lm v tr h th nht. Khi ra nho trn khi tm cn nh nhng khng qu mnh tay lm t ui hoc try tra thn tm. e. Phn c hng Tm sau khi ra chuyn sang khu phn c - hng nhm tch ring ra cc c, hng, loi tm. Ty thuc yu cu khch hng phn loi, tuy nhin c th phn loi theo qui cch sau: C tm. C tm tnh theo s thn tm trong 1pao (pound) (1pound = 453,6g) Thng thng c tm c qui nh: 1 - 2; 2- 4; 4 - 6; 6 - 8; 8 - 12; 13 - 15; 16 - 20; 21 - 25; 26 - 30; 31 - 40; 41 - 50; 51 - 60; 61 - 70; 71 - 90; 91 - 100; 100 - 200; 200 - 300; 300 - 500. Ty loi sn phm m c nhng c nht nh: Tm v c u: Tm s, th: c 1/2 16/20 Tm v b u: 4/6 - 6/8 - 8/12 - 13/15 - 16/20 - 21/25 - 26/30 - 31/40 - 41/50 - 61/70 Tm tht - Tm tht x lng: t c u/8 n 71/90 (u/8 l t c tm ln n c 6/8, u l under:di) - Tm tht khng x lng: t c 91/100 n c 300/500 (gm cc c 90 up) Mt c tm l mt di s c, gm s u v s cui. Ri vo s no trong di s u thuc v c tm . chnh xc, ngi ta tnh trng lng ca s u v s cui, thn tm c trng lng nm trong khong trng lng ca s u v s cui th thuc v c . Ty thuc vo kinh nghim ca ngi phn c, vic phn c cn ng u khng cho php ln c qu ln hay qu nh vo mt c. qui nh c ln hn, nh hn, ngi ta tnh c trung bnh v qui ra nh sau: C hi nh: nhng thn tm c trng lng nh hn t 25% n 35% trng lng trung bnh. C hi ln: nhng thn tm c trng lng ln hn t 25% n 35% trng lng trung bnh c. C qu ln: nhng thn tm c trng lng ln hn 35% trng lng trung bnh ca c.
55 C qu nh: nhng thn tm c trng lng nh hn 35% trng lng trung bnh ca c. Tm c c ng u l cc thn tm u c trng lng nm gia trng lng ca u c v cui c, cho php ln vo 3% tm hi ln hoc hi nh. Hng tm, loi tm. Cc hng cht lng tm c th xp nh sau: hng 1, hng 2, vn B, ni a. Bng 9: Phn bit cht lng hng 1 v hng 2 ca tm khi phn hng
Tm v Hng 1 - Tm ti, khng c mi n thi Hng 2 - Tm ti, khng c mi n thi
- Tm khng c im en bt k - Khng c qu 3 im en trn thn (im en khng ni no n su vo tht), vnh bng c vin en nht - Tm khng b v (c th chp - Tm b b v nhng khng trc hon ton mt t nhn 3%) no (vt b khng qu 1/3 chu vi t) - Tht tm c mu sc c trng - Tht tm c mu sc c trng v sn chc v sn chc - V tm khng mm, c mu t - V tm khng mm, b bin mu nh, en ui t l nhin, sng bng 10% khng sng bng Tm tht Hng 1 - Tht tm khng mi n thi Hng 2 - Tht tm khng mi n thi
- Tht tm cn nguyn vn, c th - Tht tm khng cn nguyn vn nhng t l cn 5 t chp nhn t ui, t l 3-5% c chp nhn 3-5% - Tht tm khng b bin mu hay - Tht tm c mu hng nht hay bc mu bc mu - Tht cn sn chc - Tht tm hi mm
Tm tht vn (cn gi l tm BM: Broken Meat) hay tm xa. Tiu chun ging nh tm tht nhng thn tm b gy i, gy vn, mt t ui, mt t u, cn t hai n nm t. Tuy nhin khng c ln loi tm ngoi c vo (tm ngoi c l nhng thn tm ngoi s c qui nh, tc l 500up). Thng nhng loi tm tht vn cng mu c chung vi nhau: th, gn, ch, bc chung; st, s, rn, chon chung. Tm B. Nhng thn tm bin mu hng, c m en n su vo tht nhng khng qu 50% s thn tm. Tm c mi khai nhng khng c thi. Ngoi ra tm B khng qu dp nt, khng c ln tm BM v tm ngoi c. Tm ng ni. Nhng tm bin mu , nht, c rt nhiu m en, mi khai, thi. Loi ny khng xut khu ch bn cho cc c s ch bin nhng loi c sn ni a c pha thm tm, nh bnh phng tm.
56 K thut phn c-hng. Tm sau khi x l v ra sch s c chuyn n bn phn c theo tng thi im (1/2 hoc mt gi ty loi tm). Tm v b u: thng s lng khng nhiu v cn tp trung lm nhanh tranh th ti ca tm. Tm c ng trn bn, dng hai tay nht cc c tm v b vo cc r ring bit, xong chuyn i ra. Tm v b u v tm tht: cch phn hai loi ny tng t nh nhau, nhng phi thc hin trn hai bn khc nhau. Tm c ln bn trc mt ngi phn tng cm khong 5kg, phn xong li tip ln. Tm ang phn phi c ph xay 2 tm:1 . Pha trc cnh tm l nhng thau hay r nh cha nhng c hng tm phn. Tay tri ban tm v la tm cho tay phi phn v nht tm nm vo cc thau r pha trc. Ty thuc vo tay ngh cng nhn v cch b tr sn xut c th p dng mt trong hai cch phn loi: phn c nhn v phn theo nhm (hoc theo dy chuyn). Khi phn theo dy chuyn 3-4 ngi, tm c ln bn khong 5-10kg ngi u tin. Ngi ny phn vi ba c ln nht ri a tm c nh hn sang ngi th hai. Ngi th hai phn vi ba c nh tip theo ri a c nh hn na cho ngi th ba. C th l tm s c phn ht cc c-hng. Kiu phn theo dy chuyn thng c p dng cho tm c ln, t c u/8 n 71/90 v cc c ny kh nhn dng chnh xc. Ngi th nht phn c xong ri mi phn hng 1, hng 2. Ngi th hai, th ba ... c th phn c, hng ng thi. Phn c nhn thng p dng cho c tm 90up, v khng c nhiu c v cc c d phn bit. Ngi cng nhn cng dng bn tay tri la tm cho tay phi phn. Loi c no nhiu th a v pha mnh ri gt dn cho tm ri xung thau hng bn di bn, thng l tm vn v d nhn din nht. Trn bn phn cc c 100-200; 200-300; 300500; cn c 91-100 v ngoi c c nm vo r ring v s lng t. Tm B cng c tch ring ra mt gc trong qu trnh phn, cui cng gom li mt r ring. Phn c xong mi tin hnh phn hng. Phn c c th thc hin trn my v nng sut cao, tuy nhin my t v chnh xc ch n 80-90%. Do vic phn c bng tay vn ph bin cc nh my ch bin Vit Nam. Trong qu trnh phn c tm, nu thy nghi ng chnh xc, c th th c tm. Cch kim tra bng cch cn 1 pound (453,6g) tm ang phn, xong m s thn tm nu nm trong c ang phn l ng. Thng ngi ta chn s gia c m khng chn s u c v cui c v nh vy kh nng ln c s thp. V d: C 31- 40 th chn s 35 - 36 m khng chn 31 - 32 hoc 39 - 40. Sau bng kinh nghim ngi cng nhn xem s qua mc ng u c th c tm c phn xong. Tuy nhin cng cn phi th c u v cui xc nh chnh xc mc ng u ca c v ch ng c tm trong phm vi ca c, tc c th phn c dn v pha u c hoc cui c.
57 i vi tm nh khi th c phi m qu nhiu thn tm nn c th gim trng lng mu th xung. Ta c th cn tm ang phn 151g hoc 115g m s thn tm, xong kt qu m c nhn 3 hoc 4 c kt qu s c cn thit. Cc c tm phn khi y r th tng c c vo cc thng nha ring c ph nc xay, 1 tm:1 c pha 10ppm clorin v chuyn sang khu ra. f. Ra sau phn c Tm cn c ra qua 3 b nc 1oC v nng clorin 10ppm, ln lt nh sau: B th nht: nhm ra sch tp cht v nc dch B th hai: nhm ra sch nc dch B nc th ba: nhm dit trng Tm ra theo th t u tin: tm v c u, tm v khng u, thm tht ln, tm tht khng x lng, tm B. Ch xong mt loi tm phi thay nc trc khi ra loi tm khc trnh nhim cho. Dng r c mt tha xc tng r khong 2-3kg ri nhng ngp r vo b. Tay tri gi vnh r, tay phi khuy khi tm nh nhng cho tp cht thot ra khi khi tm qua mt r, tp cht ni ln mt nc ri gn ra khi r, ln lt ra ht b th nht, th hai, th ba. B u tin hng nhn nguyn liu trc nn mau c nc, cn thay sau t u tin. C sau mt t khong 20kg thay nc, khi chuyn chiu ra theo b 1-23 thnh 3-2-1, tc b mi thay (b 1) s tr thnh b th 3, b th 2 tr thnh b 1. Cc r tm sau khi ra xong c t ln nhng bn c g cao nghing cho nc trong tm thot ra ht. Thi gian ro nc t 2-5 pht. g. Kim sot - cn Tng r tm chuyn n c kim tra cht lng, kch c trc khi cn. Ngi cn kim tra hng tm v th c tm. Nu ng c, hng th tin hnh cn; nu sai cn chuyn v cho khu phn c hoc iu chnh nhanh ti khu vc cn. Cn thng s dng loi cn c chnh xc cao c kim tra chnh xc hng ngy (tt nht dng cn in t thit k kiu treo). Ty yu cu khch hng, thng cn 2kg hoc 1,8 kg cho mi n v sn phm. Tuy nhin do qu trnh gim trng lng trong qu trnh cp ng v bo qun ng, cn gia thm mt lng ph tri. Lng ph tri ty thuc cht lng tm, c, loi sn phm, tc lm ng v thi gian tr ng. Tm cng ti, c cng ln, tc lm ng cng chm v thi gian tr ng cng di th ph tri cng nhiu. Thng lng ph tri khong 2,5% n 10% tc cn thm 50g n 250g cho mt n v sn phm 2kg. Ch hao ht trng lng trong qu trnh cp ng v bo qun cng nh hng n s gim c, do cn xc nh s c ti thiu ca c c php la sn phm n khch hng vn ng kch c.
58 Bng 10: C ti thiu cho php

C Trng lng con cui c (gam) 113,4 75,6 56,7 37,8 30,2 22,7 18,1 15,1 11,3 9,1 7,6 6,5 5,0 11,3 9,1 7,6 6,5 5,0 4,5 2,3 1,5 0,9 C ti thiu cho php Trng lng con ti thiu c php phn (gam) Tm v 2-4 4-6 6-8 8 - 12 13 - 15 16 - 20 21 - 25 26 - 30 31 - 40 41 - 50 51 - 60 61 - 70 71 - 90 31 - 40 41 - 50 51 - 60 61 - 70 71 - 90 91 - 100 100 - 200 200 - 300 300 - 500 119,1 79,4 59,5 39,7 31,8 23,8 19,0 15,9 11,9 9,5 7,9 6,8 5,3 Tm tht 12,2 9,6 8,1 7,0 5,3 5,0 2,5 1,7 1,0 37,2 46,5 55,9 65,1 83,8 90,0 18,0 237,0 458,0 37 47 56 65 84 90 182 273 458 3,8 5,7 7,6 11,4 14,3 19,0 23,8 28,6 38,1 47,6 57,1 66,7 85,6 3 5 7 11 14 19 23 28 38 47 57 67 86 S c tng ng S ti thiu
Ngi kim tra - cn xc tm kim c vo r con (ng knh 30cm) chng 2kg, ri t vo a cn. Thm bt sao cho ng trng lng cn cn c ph tri. B th c ng vi c trn r, nhng nc clorin 10ppm ri t vo r, xong chuyn sang bn xp tm. Ghi chp s lng v kch c tm va cn vo s theo di. h. Xp khun Cng on xp khun c p dng i vi sn phm ng dng block. Vi sn phm ng ri tin hnh ri bn thnh phm ra sau khi phn c ln bng chuyn tin hnh lm ng. Cng on cn cho mt n v sn phm cui cng thc hin sau khi cp ng, m bng. Chun b khun. Khun dng cp ng phi l loi thp khng g, nguyn vn, khng r r, mp mo, ng kch c yu cu. Khun c ra sch bng x phng: dng bn chi ch ra cc gc khun, cc ch ghp m. Xong nhng ra khun trong dung dch clorin 100 ppm; ra qua bng nc sch ri p chng cc khun vi nhau ro nc. ThS L Thanh Long i hc Nng Lm Hu
59 Xp tm vo khun. Ni xp tm phi c b tr phng bit lp cch xa cc khu x l, phn c ngn cc ngun nhim. Mi cng nhn chun b mt khun. Khi r tm t bn cn chuyn n, ngi cng nhn ly th c gn trn r vo thnh khun ri ly tm t r v xp vo khun. Trong qu trnh xp nu thy trong khun c ln tp cht: rc, tru, v, ru tm,.. nht tp cht ra v nhng tay vo thau nc lnh t trc tp cht ri ra khi tay, tip tc xp cho ht khi tm. Xp tm v c u Cm tm phn ui cun vo bng ri t vo khun tng con, con ny k tip con kia ln lt chim y lng khun. Xp mt trn cng th quay lng ln trn. Ch th c gn bn hng b ngang ca khun. Xp tm v b u Trc tin th c hng ngang ca khun, mt s ca th chm thnh khun. Mi tay cm mt thn tm xp vo khun theo th t con ny kt tip con kia thnh hng di theo chiu di khun. Con sau hi k v che mt phn con trc theo kiu lp mi ngi. Ba hoc bn hng thnh mt lp, ht lp ny n lp trn cho n khi ht tm. Tnh ton sao cho tm u n cc hng, khng tha thiu. La nhng thn tm tt trong khi tm (ng u mu sc, v nguyn vn, sng bng) xp lp mt v lp y. C ba thao tc xp chnh: xp hai hng bin (xp dc theo hai thnh khun, hai tay cm hai thn tm xp ng thi hai bin); xp hai hang gia (hai tay cm hai thn tm chu u vo nhau thnh thnh mt ng trung tuyn ca khun); v xp mt hng gia (cm tng con xp ln lt thnh mt hng gia khun). Xp mt y v mt trn cng sao cho khi ra bnh tm ch thy thn tm m khng thy chn tm: mt y xp hai hng bin trc ri mi n hai hng gia hoc mt hng gia, tm hi nga ln du chn vo trong khun; mt trn cng th tri li. Ty theo c tm m khi tm 2kg c th xp vo khun thnh s hng nhiu hay t. Xp tm tht p mt s ca th c vo gia thnh khun theo chiu di. C 3 kiu xp tm tht: Xp theo th t tng hng, tng lp theo cch xp tm v nu trn, ch dng cho cc thn tm c u/8 n 26/30. Xp hai mt: Dng hai khun, khun th nht xp mt y, lp gia ln xn, khng xp. Kiu ny c p dng cho tm tht c t 31/40 n 71/90. K n dng mt y ngoi ca khun th hai xp mt lp tm. Khi tm 2kg cn li bao nhiu vo khun th nht trn lp y xp v ban tm ra. Xong tay phi nhc khun th nht hi chch ln, tay tri cm khun th hai va xp mt lp tm ln mt y ngoi, p vo khun th nht lm lp mt ca bnh tm. Lm cn thn trnh ln xn mt tm. Tm t 51/60 n 71/90 phi xp lp mt v y nm hng thay v bn hng.
60
Kiu xp khun th t
1. Xp hai bin
2. Xp hai gia
3. Xp mt gia Kiu xp tm tht hai mt
Cch xp mt khun tm (c 6/8)
1. Lp y
2. Lp mt
Hnh 18: Cc kiu xp tm
xa. Tm ln ln vo khun, khng xp, dng cho tm tht c 91up, tm vn, tm B v tm ng ni a. Sau khi xp xong khun tm c chuyn sang p mt v cht bt nc dch tm tit ra. i. Ch ng Khun tm c nhp vo phng lnh 0-5oC bo qun trc khi a i lnh ng, thi gian lu li phng ch ng cng nhanh cng tt ti a 2-4 gi. Khun tm c xp vung gc chng ln nhau thnh cy trong phng ch. Khi xut phng ch chuyn lm lnh ng, phi u tin tm tt theo th t: tm v c u, tm v b u, tm tht ln, tm tht nh, tm xa vn, tm B. Do khi xp khun tm vo phng ch cn xp cc khun tm tt gn ca ra vo. j. Cp ng Nhp t cp ng. Cn kim tra v sinh t ng trc khi a hng vo t cp ng. Nu t cha sch cn s dng vi nc p lc mnh xi ra cc tm kim loi lm sch bi bn, bng tuyt. Ch khng dng vt cng cy bng trn tm kim loi v c th lm thng tm kim loi. Tip theo ng kn ca t v bt u vn hnh my, bt qut t lm lnh t ng. Khong 15 n 1/2 gi cc tm kim loi kh v lnh, mt ngoi bm tuyt nh. Nhit t ng t -1020oC th tin hnh nhp hng vo t. Cn thao tc nhanh hn ch mt lnh t ng. Qu trnh nhp khun tm vo t ng kt hp chm nc. Chm nc l nc vo khun cp ng to thnh mt lp bng bao bc block tm, tng v m quan, d bao gi vn chuyn v ngn chn cc yu t h hi bn ngoi. C hai hnh thc chm nc: chm nc mt ln v chm nc hai ln.
61 Chm nc mt ln l chm nc ngay sau khi nhp t. Khi xp cc khun ln bn ng, tin hnh chm nc cho va lp mt tm, xong y np khun, h gin ng v ng ca t. Chm nc hai ln l chm nc cch nhau mt thi gian nht nh, ln u l lc nhp t ng. Chm ln u mt t lt nn, trnh tm khi b qu kh, gy ra r mt di. V khi khu xp tm, khun tm c c p v cht nc c ra, nu chc k s li nhng l k gia cc thn tm mt pha y khun. Nu khng chm nc lt ln nht khi v t ng, n khi chm nc ln hai, cc thn tm lin kt nhau, nc chm khng th thm xung n y, do c hin tng r mt y. Thng chm ln 1 n 1/3 chiu cao tm trong khun, chm ln hai cho nc ph mt tm cao khong 5mm l va. u im ca chm nc mt ln l tit kim lao ng v thi gian cp ng ngn hn, nhng d lm x dch b mt tm v tm ni ln mt nc. Chm nc hai ln c u im l chm nc d dng hn, khng lm x dch mt tm, nhng thi gian cp ng di hn v hao tn trng lng nhiu hn. Sau khi chm nc xong cho h gin, ng ca v chy my lnh. Theo di lnh ng. Thi gian lnh ng t 4 - 6gi n khi nhit trung tm sn phm t -12oC. Cn kim tra b mt khun tm quyt nh kt thc thi gian cp ng. Khi thy mt trn cng vi lp bng cng, ht tay, v c u l block tm t nhit . Ngoi ra iu quan trng l k thut lm lnh ng cng to cho ngoi hnh sn phm c dng v m quan, hp dn khch hng. Ngoi hnh block tm c th b khuyt im bi hin tng nh mt bng g gh, gai , r mt, chy v, tr bng, nt mt bng. - Mt bng g gh l mt bng bnh tm khng phng, ni u ln b mt. Hin tng g gh mt bng (hay u mt bng tm) l do tc dng truyn nhit khng u vo sn phm, mt di v thnh bn khun tm khng vt qua im ng bng nhanh, cn mt trn, gia vt qua 0oC chm chp, do phi chu tc dng ng sut nhit tng 10% th tch v lm mt bng ni u gia khun. C khi mt bng st hoc gn np khun, cc u ni ln b np khun ngn li nn mt block tm b gn thnh vn l nh. - Mt bng block tm cng b ni ln nhng gai nc thnh sn si. Hin tng ny do tuyt ng bn ng trn ri xung mt tm khi nc chm cha ng c, nc thm rt ln phn tuyt; ng thi nhit lnh lm phn tuyt ng cng li lm cho mt bng b lm chm gai bng. Lp bng trn mt tm c th dy ln do tm b lch ln hoc do tm ni cm cha c p phng, cn chm nc nhiu ln lp mt tm. - Nt bng l lp bng trn mt block tm xut hin nhng ng rn. Hin tng ny do chnh lch nhit gia trong v ngoi t ng, hay gia gia nhit lnh ng ca block tm v nhit xung quanh mt khong cch, vi iu kin nhit mt bng phi di -5oC. Nhit xung quanh t ng cng cao th nt mt ThS L Thanh Long i hc Nng Lm Hu
62 bng cng nhiu. Nhit xung quanh t ng cng lnh th gim thiu s nt mt bng. - R mt l hin tng xy ra mt di, do thiu nc mt di. - Tr bng cn gi l "thiu nc", l hin tng mt trn block tm khng c lp bng, l b mt tm. Hin tng ny c th do chm nc khng lp mt tm hoc c chm nc nhng khun b thng l, chy ht nc v i khi chm nc st.
1. G gh mt bng; 2. G gh c np; 3. Gai mt bng s s 4. Dy bng do x lch mt tm; Dy bng do khng p mt tm
Hnh 19: Mt vi nh hng xu n mt bng block tm
- Ngoi ra khun tm ng lnh cn c hin tng "chy v" xy ra khi tm tip xc trc tip vi khng kh lnh ng, c bit i vi tm v mng. C th y l nhng thnh phn Canxi c trong v khi mt nc s ni r thnh nhng m trng trn v, m trng ny l chm tia trn, mu trng sa.
Hnh 20: Hin tng kh v tm
khc phc hin tng gy nh hng ngoi hnh block tm cn s dng nhng khun tm nguyn vn, khng mp mo. Khng cht nc khun tm qu k v cn chm nc lt y trnh r mt tm. Trnh cho tm v tip xc trc tip lu vi nhit lnh ng bng cch chm nc kp thi hoc bao gi block tm v khi lm lnh ng. trnh hin tng gai , ch cn dng np y khun ngn tuyt ri. Ch khi chm nc, c bit chm nc ln hai, tuyt ri trn mt nc; mc d y np ThS L Thanh Long i hc Nng Lm Hu
63 khun nhng nu ta khng kha cho phn tuyt ny tan trong nc th v tnh cng b hin tng gai . Np khun cng l phng tin ngn chn hin tng g gh mt tm vi iu kin mt tm cng vi nc chm khun st vi mt tm, hin tng u c th xy ra nhng b np khun xung (sc ny c s kt hp ch yu ca hai bn ng kp cht khun tm li v b mt ca np khun s lm phng mt bnh tm). Np khun cn khot l gia loi tr lc trng n th tch ca khi tm, nu khng s lm mo m khun tm). Ra hng. Ly khun ra khi t ng ri tp trung chuyn n bn tch khun, m bng. Tch khun l tho block tm ng lnh ra khi khun tm. Nhng khun tm vo thng nc tch khun (nhit khong 25oC) khong 3 giy, ly khun p vo mt mt cao su, dng bn tay n vo y khun tch block tm. Ch khng ngm khun tm trong nc qu lu, nh hng n b mt block tm. Tt nht nn cho nc tip xc vi mt ngoi khun m khng nhng ngp khun tm vo nc. M bng l bc mt lp bng mng ln b mt ngoi ca ca ton th block tm. Mc ch m bng cng tng t nh chm nc nhng m bng bo v block tm bng cch bc kn tm trong lp o bng, c bit mt y v mt bn, v nhng mt ny tip xc vi khun tm, c th tr bng hoc bng bc qu mng. C th thc hin vic m bng bng cch nhng block tm vo nc lnh t 01oC c pha 5ppm clorin trong 2 n 3 giy, xong ly ra ro trong 5 giy. Ngoi ra c th m bng trn bng chuyn phun nc lnh. i vi tm ng ri IQF xc tng r tm ng lnh (khong 2kg) nhng m bng, ly ra. Khi ly r tm ln khi mt nc m bng, phi xc r cho vi bt nc lp m u v khng tm dnh nhau. Cc bnh tm sau khi m bng c kim tra nhanh bn ngoi pht hin nhng sai st v k thut, th c v tp cht. Sau khi kim tra xong, nhng bnh tm t yu cu c t ln mt mt phng sao cho c nh mt u ngang, u cn li c nng ln v hng v pha cng nhn. M ming bao PE v hng bnh tm t u ngang ny, bnh tm nm gn trong bao PE. i vi tm v, th c v tr u ngang c nh v cui cng th c pha ming bao PE khi bnh tm vo bao. Tm sau khi vo bao PE c ng vo thng carton, ghi k m hiu, b phiu kim tra cht lng v em dn, xit ai np. Mi thng xit bn ai, hai ngang hai dc, phn bit mu sc cho hng tm, dng dy cho hng 1 v dy xanh cho hng 2. Tm B ch xit 3 dy xanh, hai ngang 1 dc. Tm ng ni ch xit hai dy xanh, mt ngang mt dc. Mt s thut ng ting Anh trn thng hay dng:
Tn ting Vit
Tm th Tm s
Ting Anh
White Black Tiger
Vit tt T.Anh
W T
Tn ting Vit
Tm tht x lng Tm tht khng x lng
Ting Anh
Peeled and deveined Peeled and undeveined
Vit tt T.Anh
PD PUD
64
Tm ch, gn Tm sc Bc ngh Tm v c u Tm v khng u Pink Cat Tiger Yellow Head-on Shell-on Head-less Shell-on P CT Y HOSO HLSO Tm tht vn Tm x Tm B Hng 1 Trng lng tnh Broken meat Unclassified Shrimp code B Grade 1 Net weight NW BM UC B
3.1.2 Mt s qui trnh ch bin sn phm tm ng lnh xut khu in hnh Cc mt hng ph bin ch bin t tm: Tm v nguyn con ng lnh, tm v b u ng lnh v tm tht hp, luc ng ri, ng block. a. Qui trnh sn xut tm v nguyn con ng lnh dng block Nguyn liu Ra Phn c, loi Cn Ra Xp khun, chm nc Cp ng Tch khun M bng Bao gi R kim loi V thng Carton, bo qun Nguyn liu Nguyn liu dng ch bin tm v nguyn con cn t mt s tiu chun: - Nguyn liu mi nh bt cn rt ti tt. - V nguyn vn, cng v sng bng, mu sc c trng. - u dnh cht vi mnh, chn v ui cn y nguyn vn. ThS L Thanh Long i hc Nng Lm Hu
65 - Tm khng m trng, dnh qu nhiu rong ru, tm khng b bnh. - Tm khng b m en. Cch thc tip nhn: nguyn liu thu mua thng qua i l c k hp ng vi cng ty, tm c bo qun lnh trong thng cch nhit, vn chuyn n cng ty bng xe lnh hoc xe bo n, nhit bo qun 1-4oC. Thi gian tip nhn cho 1 tn nguyn liu khng qu 30 pht. Ra Nguyn liu sau khi tip nhn nhanh chng a qua khu vc ra. Phng php ra: tm ra r nha 11,5 kg/1 r, ra sch qua 3 b nc lnh nhit 4oC. Sau 10 ln ra cn b sung thm v sau 20 ln ra cn thay nc ra. Phn c, loi Tm sau khi ngm thuc thi gian qui nh, tm c a ln bn phn c phn loi. Ty thuc vo khch hng v th trng tiu th c th phn theo cc c sau (s con tm/kg): U/6; 6/8; 8/12; 13/15; 16/20; 21/25; 26/30; 41/50; 51/60; 61/70 Tm s nguyn con thng c phn lm 2 loi sau: Loi 1 Loi 2
+ Tm cn ti, khng c mi n + Tm cn ti khng c mi n thi thi. + Tm khng c im en bt c + Khng c qu 3 im en trn thn ni no. (im en khng n su vo tht). + Tm khng b b v (c th chp + Tm khng b b v, khng c trc nhn 3%). hon ton mt t no (vt b khng qu 1/3 chu vi t). + Tht tm c mu sc c trng v sn chc v tm khng mm, c + Tht tm c mu sc c trng v mu t nhin, sng bng. sn chc. +V tm khng mm, bin mu nh, en ui t l 10% khng sng bng. Cn i vi tm cn mi r l 800g v cn thm ph tri l 20g. Yu cu i vi khu ny: Cn ng v , trong qu trnh cn cn quan st kim tra trng thi bn ngoi ca tm li ln cui nu pht hin thy con no khng t yu cu th loi ra. Sau khi cn, mi m cn c cho vo mt hp, t th size ln hp trnh nhm ln gia cc size. Trn th size ghi y k m hiu: ngy/thng/nm sn xut, kch c, tn KCS gim st v tn ngi xp hp. ThS L Thanh Long i hc Nng Lm Hu
66 Xp khun, chm nc Mi m cn c xp vo 1 khun. t th size di y khun, phn ch p xung di y khun. Cm tm xp tng con mt, u dng ra thnh khun, xp ht lp ny n lp khc cho n khi no ht tm. Tm sau khi xp xong cn tin hnh chm nc lnh nhit 4oC, lng nc chm ty theo yu cu khch hng. Cp ng Trong trng hp cha cp ng ngay, bn thnh phm phi c a vo kho ch ng, nhit kho ch ng: -1 4oC, thi gian ch ng khng qu 4 gi. Tin hnh cp ng trong cc t ng tip xc. Trc khi cp ng, t ng phi c v sinh sch s, khi ng 10-15 pht h nhit t xung -10 -15oC mi bt u cho hng vo t. Chun b lng hng mi ln cho hng vo t khng qu 30 pht. Qu trnh cp ng kt thc khi nhit t ng t -45 -50oC, thi gian cp ng t 4-6 gi, vi t0TTSP -180C. Tch khun, m bng Sau khi cp ng, a cc khun tm ln my tch khun, my s tin hnh tch block tm ra khi khun v m bng qua nc lnh nhit 4oC. Lun b sung lnh n nh nhit nc m bng 4oC. Bao gi, r kim loi Block tm c cho vo 1 ti PE cng kch c hn kn ri chuyn n cng on r kim loi. Nu pht hin c kim loi cn loi ra v nu khng c kim loi th c mi ti PE cho vo 1 hp giy trng sp. Bn ngoi hp nh du k hiu: tn mt hng (HOSO), c, loi, chng loi ph hp vi sn phm bn trong. Bao gi Mi thng cacton ng 12 hp tm, sau ai np hai ngang, hai dc bng my hn ai, mu ca dy ai cng uc qui nh mt cch nghim ngt tu thuc vo loi sn phm. Thng tin ghi trn thng bao gm: tn cng ty, a ch cng ty, tn sn phm, tn khoa hc sn phm, kch c, ngy sn xut. Bo qun Cc thng cacton c bo qun trong kho lnh c nhit t - 20 20C. Thi gian bo qun trong vng 6 thng. b. Qui trnh sn xut tm s v b u ng lnh dng block Nguyn liu Nguyn liu dng sn xut tm s v b u cn t cc ch tiu sau: - Tm ti tt, ch cho php n nh, tm khng c im en no trn thn ThS L Thanh Long i hc Nng Lm Hu
67 - Tm khng b b v, nu c ch chp nhn 3% trn tng s vt b v vt b khng qu 1/3 chu vi t Nguyn liu Ra X l Phn c, loi Ra Cn Xp khun Chm nc khun Cp ng Tch khun M bng Bao gi R kim loi Bao gi, bo qun - Tm khng m trng, khng b bnh, kch c gii hn t 90 thn/pound tr xung. Cch thc tip nhn: tng t sn phm tm s nguyn con. Ra Nguyn liu sau khi tip nhn nhanh chng chuyn sang khu vc ra. Qu trnh ra c thc hin bng tay hoc bng my ra qua b nc lnh lun lu, thao tc nh nhng, nhanh chng v chnh xc.
68 X l Tm sau khi ra ln 1 uc chuyn n phng x l x l. Ti y tm c vt u rt rut, cc thao tc c thc hin di vi nc chy. Yu cu phi nhanh, chnh xc trnh lm mt phn tht pha tht u. Cch vt u: Tay tri cm tm, tay phi cm dao, dng u nhn ca dao tch phn v tip gip gia u v thn tch u ra khi thn. Sau dng tay n nh mi dao vo chnh gia phn tip gip gia u v thn rt rut thn tm ra. Dng dao co sch mng en, gch tm dnh mp tht u. Trc, trong v sau khi vt u, tm lun c bo qun bng vy gi nhit bn thnh phm 4oC. Phn c, loi Tm uc phn thnh cc c sau (s thn tm/pound): U/6; 6/8; 8/12; 13/15; 16/20; 21/25; 26/30; 41/50; 51/60; 61/70; 71/90 Mt d my phn loi tm lm vic nng sut cao nhng chnh xc ca n ch t khong 80%. V vy cn phi thng xuyn ly mu kim tra c v iu chnh li my. Tm c phn lm 2 loi: Loi 1 Loi 2 + Tm ti, khng c mi n hoc + Tm ti, khng c mi n hoc mi l khc, c tht sn chc. mi l khc. + Mu sc t nhin, sng bng, v, + Tm b b v nhng khng bong trc ui, chn cn nguyn vn, khng hon ton t no. mm. + Khng c qu 3 im en trn thn + Khng c im en. tm (im en khng n su vo tht). Yu cu phn c, loi nhanh chng, chnh xc, lun bo qun tm vi vy gi nhit bn thnh phm 4oC. Ra Tm c ra theo tng c, loi. tm ra tng r nha: 1 - 1,5kg, ra qua 3 b nc lnh nhit 4oC. Trong qu trnh ra dng tay khuy o nh tm sch u. Sau 10 ln ra cn b sung thm v sau 20 ln ra cn thay nc . Cn bn thnh phm ro nc 10 pht trc khi cn. Ty theo kch thc ca khun l 1,8kg hay 2,0kg m cn mi r tm vi khi lng v lng ph tri khc nhau. Sau khi cn, mi m cn c cho vo 1 khun, t th size ln khun tm nhm trnh nhm ln gia cc size. Trn th c ghi y m hiu: ngy/thng/nm sn xut, tn sn phm, kch thc, chng loi, ni sn xut, tn KCS gim st v tn ngi xp khun. ThS L Thanh Long i hc Nng Lm Hu
69 Xp khun Mi m cn c xp vo 1 khun. t th size bn thnh khun, phn ch p ra ngoi thnh khun. Cm tm xp tng con mt, xp thnh tng hng theo chiu di thnh khun, st vo nhau ht lp ny n lp khc cho n khi no ht tm, u hng ra thnh khun. Lp di y khun xp chn con ny ln lng con kia v lp trn cng xp lng con ny ln chn con kia. Chm nc khun Cc khun tm sau khi sp xp c vn chuyn bng xe y n phng cp ng. Ti y tin hnh chm nc lnh nhit 4oC vo khun. Lng nc chm va trng 1 lp mng y khun. Cp ng Trc khi cp ng, t ng phi c v sinh sch s, khi ng 10-15 pht h nhit t xung -10 -15oC mi bt u cho hng vo t. Chun b lng hng mi ln cho hng vo t khng qu 30 pht. Sn phm trc khi a vo t ng phi c chm nc lnh nhit 4oC, lng nc chm va ph b mt block tm. Qu trnh cp ng kt thc khi nhit t ng t -45 -50oC, thi gian cp ng t 4 - 6 gi, vi t0TTSP -180C. Tch khun, m bng Sau khi cp ng, a cc khun tm ln my tch khun, my s tin hnh tch block tm ra khi khun v m bng qua nc lnh nhit 4oC. Lun b sung lnh n nh nhit nc m bng 4oC. Bao gi Mi block tm cho vo 1 ti PE cng kch c v em hn kn ming, sau cho vo my kim tra kim loi. Nu pht hin c kim loi cn loi ra v nu khng c kim loi th c mi ti PE cho vo 1 hp giy. Bn ngoi hp nh du k hiu: tn mt hng (HLSO), c, loi, chng loi ph hp vi sn phm bn trong. Cc hp tm cng c, loi c cho vo 1 thng carton mi thng 6 hp, ai np chc chn. Thng tin ghi trn thng bao gm: ngy sn xut, n v sn xut, size, chng loi, tn sn phm, thi hn s dng, m code cng ty ph hp vi sn phm bn trong. Cc thng cacton c bo qun trong kho lnh nhit , t=-20 + 20C, thi gian 6 thng.
70 c. Qui trnh sn xut tm s/tm bc hp PDTO ng lnh IQF. Nguyn liu Ra Bo qun X l Phn c, loi X lng, kim tra tp cht Ra Ngm ro, xp v Hp Lm lnh Lm ro nc, tch ri tm, cp ng M bng Ti ng Cn, bao gi, kim tra kim loi ng thng Bo qun
71 Nguyn liu Nguyn liu tm s, tm bc nguyn vn, ti tt, khng dp nt, long u, v gch, khng b bin mu. Cch tip nhn: tng t sn phm tm nguyn con v tm v b u. Ra Nguyn liu sau khi tip nhn nhanh chng chuyn sang khu vc ra. Phng php ra: tm ra r nha 1,5 - 2kg/1 r, ra sch qua nc lnh chy lun lu. Thao tc nh nhng, nhanh chng, chnh xc. Bo qun Trng hp nguyn liu nhp v nhiu khng ch bin kp phi bo qun li theo phng php bo qun kh: lp lp tm lp trn u. Nhit bo o qun nguyn liu 4 C, thi gian bo qun khng qu 48 gi. X l Dng tay tch u tm ra khi thn tm. Thao tc nh nhng, chnh xc trnh lm mt phn tht pha tht u. Dng dao nh rt rut, co sch mng en, gch tm dnh mp tht u. Khi rt rut cn un nh lng tm rt ht rut, khng lm t rut. Lun bo qun tm vi vy gi nhit bn thnh phm 4oC. Phn c, loi Tin hnh phn tm ra thnh cc c: 16/20; 21/25; 26/30; 41/50; 51/60; 61/70; 71/90; 91/120. n v tnh: s thn tm/pound. Ch sn xut tm vi cht lng loi 1: tm ti, khng c mi n hoc mi l khc, khng c im en bt c ni no, c tht sn chc, v khng b mm bm cht vo vo tht, mu t nhin v sng bng. Bc v Sau khi la chn tm dng sn xut tm luc cn nhanh chng chuyn tm sang khu vc bc v tm. Thao tc bc v c tin hnh bng tay. Bc ht v 5 t u, cha li t cui v ui. Thao tc nh nhng, trnh lm dp nt thn tm v lm t ui tm. Lun bo qun tm vi vy gi nhit bn thnh phm 4oC. X lng, kim tra tp cht Dng da nh chuyn dng x 1 ng trn lng tm. ng x ko di 3 t gia v khng n su vo tht. Tm sau khi x lng c kim tra li v, chn, rut cn st trn thn tm. Lun bo qun tm vi vy gi nhit bn thnh phm 4oC.
72 Ngm ha cht (ty thuc yu cu khch hng) Tm sau khi ra sch c a sang cng on ngm thuc. Ngm theo tng c. Cho vo my quay mui chuyn dng: 4 kg ha cht Brifitol (hoc STPP 2% nhm gi nc, chng bin mu) + 4 kg mui + 100 lt nc + 92 kg vy + 200 kg bn thnh phm. Cho my hot ng lin tc 1 gi. Cn iu chnh tc thch hp trnh dp nt v t ui tm. Tm sau khi ngm ha cht vt ra ro trn gi sau tin hnh xp v. Mi c tm c xp trn mt v li inox. Cm tng con mt xp nm thng trn tng v, xp tng hng, y np v c nh thn tm. Hp Khi ng thit b hp t nhit : 99-100oC mi bt u cho tm vo hp. Tm sau khi xp v nhanh chng c a vo thit b hp. Hp theo tng c. Thi gian hp ty tng c tm. C 16-20 21-25 26-30 31-40 41-50 51-60 61-70 71-90 91-120 Thi gian hp 120 giy 100 giy 85 giy 77 giy 67 giy 60 giy 55 giy 50 giy 42 giy
Sau khi hp nhit tm sn phm t 70oC, duy tr trong 5 giy. Lm mt Tm sau khi khi hp c chuyn n b lm lnh theo bng chuyn t ng. b lm lnh, tm c lm lnh trong nc lnh nhit 4oC. Lm ro nc, tch ri tm, cp ng Theo bng chuyn t ng, tm sau khi lm lnh c chuyn n h thng lm ro nc. y c kim tra li v tch ri nhng con cn dnh vi nhau trc khi a vo t ng. T ng IQF c khi ng n nhit -35 -38oC mi bt u a tm vo. Theo bng chuyn, tm s c chuyn vo t ng. T ng lun c duy tr nhit 35 -38oC. Thi gian cp ng 4-10 pht ty c tm. Nhit trung tm sn phm sau khi cp ng -18oC. ThS L Thanh Long i hc Nng Lm Hu
73 M bng Theo bng chuyn t ng, tm sau khi cp ng c chuyn n h thng m bng. y tm c m bng qua nc lnh nhit 4oC. ty theo yu cu khch hng v trng lng nc m bng iu chnh vi phun thch hp. Ti ng Theo bng chuyn t ng, tm sau khi m bng c chuyn vo t ti ng nhm lm tng ng i vi nhng con tm cha t ng. Ch thng xuyn duy tr nhit t ti ng nhit -35 -38oC. Cn, bao gi, kim tra kim loi, ng thng Cn ng trng lng 1kg (trng lng ty yu cu khch hng). Ty thi gian lu kho cn thm lng ph tri thch hp (khng qu 5%). Sau khi cn mi m cn c cho vo ti PE ng kch c v hn kn ming di my hn, sau cho qua my kim tra kim loi. 10 ti PE cng c cho vo mt thng carton ai nin chc chn. Trn thng ghi y cc thng tin lin quan n sn phm. Bo qun Cc thng cacton c bo qun trong kho lnh nhit , t = -20 20C, thi gian 6 thng. d. Qui trnh sn xut tm ch luc chn ng lnh dng block Tip nhn nguyn liu Phn c s b, ra Luc Lm lnh Bc v Phn c Ra Cn vo ti PE
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Chm nc, hn ti, xp khay Ch ng Cp ng Tch khun Bao gi, kim tra kim loi, ng thng Bo qun Nguyn liu Nguyn liu tm ch bin, tm ch nc l, tm nguyn vn, ti tt, khng b dp nt, long u, v gch, khng bin mu. Cch tip nhn: tng t sn phm tm nguyn con v tm v b u. Phn c s b, ra Nguyn liu sau khi tip nhn nhanh chng chuyn qua khu vc phn c s b, tm c phn thnh 3 c: to, nh, trung bnh. Trong qu trnh phn c cng nhn phi nht tp cht sau ra sch tp cht rong ru. Phng php ra: tm ra r nha 23 kg/r, ra sch qua 3 b nc lnh lu thng. Luc Thit b luc bng ni inox di cp nhit bng ni hi. Dng c luc bng gi inox c mt li. Thao tc luc: tm vo gi luc theo tng c ring, khi lng 3 4 kg, nhit nc luc t 98 - 100oC mi bt u cho tm vo luc. Thi gian luc tnh t khi si tr li khong 1 n 1,5 pht. Trong qu trnh luc lun dng thanh inox chuyn dng khuy o nh tm chn u. nh k luc 15 n 20 gi thay nc luc 1 ln. Lm lnh Tm luc xong c lm ngui ngay bng nc lnh thng ri chuyn sang lm lnh bng nc lnh c nhit 4oC trong thit b hp v sinh.
75 Bc v Sau khi lm lnh, tm c vo thng nha chuyn dng v c chuyn n khu vc s ch bc v. i vi tm PTO bc v cn ui v tm tht bc ht v. Yu cu thao tc nhanh nhn chnh xc, khng lm t ui tm, khng nm nhiu thn tm trong tay. Lun bo qun vy gi tBTP 4oC. Phn c Tm c kim tra li loi b chn, v, ru tm sau chuyn sang phng phn c. Tm c phn thnh cc c (s thn tm/pound): - i vi tm tht: 30/60; 60/90; 90/120; 100/200; 200/300; 300/500; 500/800; Broken. - i vi tm PTO: 30/40; 40/50; 50/60. Thao tc nhanh nhn chnh xc, lun bo qun vy gi tBTP 4oC. Ra tm ra r nha: 11,5 kg, ra qua 4 b. B th nht nc lnh thng, b 2,3 nc lnh t 4oC v b cui cng nc lnh c pha mui nng 3%. nh k ra 10 r cn b sung thm v sau 30 ln ra cn thay nc ra. Cn vo ti PE Cn ng trng lng tnh 2000g, ty cht lng nguyn liu hoc thi gian lu kho cn thm ph tri thch hp. Cn xong tin hnh vo ti PE qua phu inox, ngoi ti PE c ghi k m hiu: Loi tm (R: tm ch l, P: tm ch bin), kch c, ngy sn xut, ca sn xut v KCS gim st. Ngm nc, hn ti, xp khay Sau khi tm vo ti PE t cp ng nhanh chng chuyn sang khu vc chm nc chm nc. Nc chm tm m bo yu cu: nc tit trng c nhit 4oC, nng mui 2o/oo. Sau tin hnh hn kn ming ti PE. Xp 3 ti PE vo cng 1 khay chuyn dng, hp v sinh. Ch ng Trong trng hp cha cp ng ngay, BTP phi c a vo kho ch ng. Nhit kho ch ng lun duy tr 14oC, thi gian ch ng khng qu 4 gi. Cp ng Trc khi cp ng, t ng phi c v sinh sch s, khi ng 10 - 15 pht h nhit t xung -10 -15oC mi bt u cho hng vo t. Chun b lng hng mi ln cho hng vo t khng qu 30 pht. ThS L Thanh Long i hc Nng Lm Hu
76 Qu trnh cp ng kt thc khi nhit t ng t -45 -50oC, thi gian cp ng t 4 - 6 gi, vi t0TTSP -180C. Tch khay Sau khi cp ng, t cp ng chuyn khay tm ln bn v tin hnh tch block tm ra khi khay trong iu kin kh ro. Bao gi, kim tra kim loi, ng thng Mi block tm sau khi tch khay c cho qua my kim tra kim loi trc khi cho vo thng carton. 10 block tm cng c, chng loi cho vo 1 thng carton. Ngoi thng ghi y : tn sn phm, chng loi, kch c, ngy/thng/nm sn xut, code cng ty, tn nh phn phi ph hp vi chng loi sn phm bn trong. Tin hnh ai np chc chn: 3 dy ngang, 2 dy dc, dy mu . Bo qun Sau khi ng thng, thnh phm nhanh chng chuyn vo kho bo qun lnh. Duy tr nhit kho lnh: 20 2oC. 3.2 K thut ch bin lnh ng c 3.2.1 Mt s k thut c bn ch bin lnh ng c C ng lnh ti sng c th c nhng dng sau: - C nguyn con (round): nguyn c con, khng m. Nu c ln thng b mang. - C m d dang (semi-dress): b mang v rut. - Cc m hn (pan-dress): b mang, rut, u, c khi b c vy. - C phi-l (fillet): lc thn c thnh hai ming dc theo hai bn xng sng (c khi lt c da: skinless). - C ct khoanh (steak): ct ngang thn c thnh tng khoanh dy khong 1,5cm. - C ct khc (chunk): cng nh c ct khoanh nhng dy hn. - C bm (chop): tht c bm nh. - C ct thi (bar): c ng khun ct thnh tng thi. a. Tip nhn nguyn liu Nguyn liu s dng cho ch bin c ng lnh l loi c ti, mu sc v mi t nhin, khng c mi n thi, thn nguyn vn. Nguyn liu sau khi tip nhn phn loi c cha trong thng nha, p bo qun hoc chuyn ngay n khu vc s ch. ThS L Thanh Long i hc Nng Lm Hu
77 b. Phi-l C em phi-l l loi c nguyn con hoc ct u mc rut. Trc khi tin hnh phi-l c c ngm trong nc lnh lm sn chc c tht, to iu kin cho thao tc phi-l, gim t l hao ph do st tht li trn xng. Dng c dao lc c c lm bng thp khng g, cn dao bng nha thch hp d lau chi v dao lun phi c mi bn. Tht dng phi-l c cn c lm bng nha khng c, b mt trn tru, d lau chi. Phi gi gn cho tht lun sch m hoc mu c. Ty thuc vo thao tc, cn s dng dao phi-l ph hp. Mt s loi dao thng c s dng trong phi-l c nh hnh sau.
cy lit dao
Hnh 21: Cc loi dao dng cho ch bin c phi-l Thao tc phi-l: loi c khng vy nh c thu, tra, basa.. dng dao s 1, 2. u c nm hng bn tri, lng ca c i din vi ngi phi-l. - Thao tc 1: Tay phi cm dao t mt ng ct di vy bi, tay tri dc ln thn c cch li dao 5-7cm, n mnh li n xng, nghing li dao sang phi ko mt ng dc t di ln, dao xin dc thn khong 45o st vi xng sng c (phi bo m ly ht tht c trn xng). - Thao tc 2: Nghing li dao ln ct dc theo xng xn ca c, dn mnh tay ct sut t bng n ui c. Nhu th hon thnh mt na thn c. Nhng c vo nc lnh, ra sch mu v nhng ln na vo nc c clorin 20ppm. - Thao tc 3: Lt phn c cn li lng c i din vi ngi ang thao tc phil ct pha di vy bi, nghing dao v ct t ng sng lng dc theo vy n ui. Tr li ln na ct ht tht cn st li v a mt ng khc t bng n (phn thn pha di) ui. ThS L Thanh Long i hc Nng Lm Hu
78 Ly da c: dng dao s 2. - C th ly t ui ln hoc ngc li. - t ming phi-l c t trn tht, mt da bn di. Ngi ta lch mi da vo gia ming phi-l v da pha ui, gi cht dao v ko ming da va tch, ng thi cnh dao mit vo ch tip gip gia da v tht phi-l phn da dn ri khi tht, gc cnh dao phi lun hi xin i vi da. Ming phi-l sau khi lt phi trn nhn. Ch : khng nn ch ko da c hoc dn dao xung, m tay cm dao ct v tay kia phi ko nh. Vanh c: dng dao s 3 v 4. Yu cu ca vic vanh c gm: - Ly ht cc tht c mu trn thn c. - ng tht bn trong c, ht da trn ming c. - Ly ht m c. - Ly ht xng ca c. - Ct b cc phn tht h do ct sai phm lc phi-l hoc ly da. - Ct phn ui sau cng ca c cho phng. Sau khi vanh xong, nhng ming phi-l vo nc lnh v nhng vo nc clorine. Ch bin c nhng dng khc cng dng nhng dng c nh phi-l. u c c ct theo ng mang va khi tch u khi thn s l phn ni tng c. K bng c s c ct theo mt ng gia cc vy bng cho n pha di hc mang. Phn ni tng cn st c mc ra ht v ra sch c di vi nc. Sau c c chuyn n khu cp ng. C x l xong c th c ct khoanh mt khu ring bit vi khu x l. C c ct chiu dy thch hp ri em xp khun. c. Cp ng, bao gi Ty thuc loi sn phm v kch c c tin hnh cp ng. Ngi ta xp mm cc ming c phi-l ri lm lnh ng. i vi c phi-l c kch thc nh c th lm ng trn bng chuyn IQF. Sau khi cp ng ming phi-l c m bng trc khi bc trong ti PE, sau ng thng hoc bao ti PP, ngoi ghi r tn c, trng lng, ngy thng sn xut, qui cch ch bin. Ch khi xp khay phi gi cho ming phi-l phng, khng ko qu di lm mt cn i. Phi dng tay vut ming c sau khi xp cho bng lng trc khi t mt lp PE ngn cch trn mt. Mt s thut ng ting Anh trn thng hay dng:
K hiu
WHOLE GGS (Gutted, Gilled, Scaled) C nguyn con M bng ly rut, nh mang, ly vy
Qui cch
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H/LESS FILLET-FILLET B/LESS: BONELESS-SKIN-ON B/S/LESS: BONE SKIN LESS S/LESS BONE-ON=S/LESS Cc khng u sch rut C phi-l Phi-l cn da, khng xng Phi-l khng da, khng xng Phi-l khng da cn xng
3.2.2 Mt s qui trnh ch bin sn phm c ng lnh xut khu in hnh a. Qui trnh sn xut c thu phi-l ng lnh dng IQF Nguyn liu Nguyn liu c ti, mu v mi t nhin, khng c mi hi. C tht sn chc, n hi. Thn nguyn vn, khng b try st, dp nt hoc bin dng do tc ng c hc. Ngm mui Nguyn liu sau khi tip nhn c chuyn vo khu vc s ch. Tin hnh ngm trong dung dch mui vi nng mui 2%, nhit nc ngm 4oC, thi gian ngm khng qu 30 pht. Phi-l t c nm trn tht nha, lng quay v pha ngi phi-l. Dng dao ln lt tch tht c t u n ui. Lt p c v tin hnh tch phn tht ca mt cn li. Hai ming c phi-l lun c bo qun gin tip qua lp PE vi vy nhit 4oC. Tch xng, lm sch, nh hnh t ming phi-l ln tht nha, dng dao rch hai ng thng st vo dy xng sau dng tay tch xng ra. Tip tc dng dao lm sch vt mu bm, vt bn, gn c. Dng dao vanh li ming c cn i, ng vanh thng, khng b rng ca, khng phm su vo tht. Ming phi-l lun c bo qun gin tip qua lp PE vi vy nhit 4oC. Kim tra ming c fillet Dng tay r sot k ton b ming phi-l. Nu pht hin cn st xng th dng nhp nh xng ra. Kim tra li mu bm, gn trn ming c phi-l. Phn c Ming phi-l c phn thnh cc c (s g/ming): 300/500; 500/800; 800/1200; 1200 UP. Ming phi-l lun c bo qun gin tip qua lp PE vi vy nhit 4oC.
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Nguyn liu Ngm mui Phi-l Tch xng, lm sch, nh hnh hnh Kim tra ming c fillet Phn c Ra Cn Lau kh, vo ti PE, xp khay Ch ng Cp ng Tch khay, kim tra kim loi, ng thng Bo qun
Ra ming phi-l ra r nha t 1-2 kg. Ra theo tng size qua 3 b nc: b th nht nc lnh thng, b th hai v ba nc lnh nhit 4oC. Trong qu trnh ra dng tay khuy o nh c sch u. B sung thm sau khi ra c 10 ln v sau 20 ln ra thay nc.
81 Cn C sau khi ra ro 10 pht trc khi cn. Cn ng trng lng theo yu cu khch hng v ph tri c qui nh cho tng c (khng qu 5%). Mi m cn c cho vo r nha v t th size trnh nhm ln gia cc size. Lau kh, vo ti PE, xp khay C sau khi cn c a sang cng on lau kh. Dng khn sch lau kh tng ming phi-l, sau mi ming c cho vo 1 ti PE. ng vi mi m cn c xp trn cng mt khay. Xp ri tng ming c trn khay, gia hai lp c cch nhau mt tm chn. Yu cu ming c phng, thng, khng b gp ui. Ch ng Trong trng hp bn thnh phm cha c cp ng ngay phi a vo kho ch ng. Nhit kho ch ng -1 4oC, thi gian ch ng khng qu 4 gi. Cp ng Trc khi cp ng, t ng phi c v sinh sch s, khi ng 10 - 15 pht h nhit t xung -10 -15oC mi bt u cho hng vo t. Qu trnh cp ng kt thc khi nhit t ng t -45 -50oC, thi gian cp ng 2-3 gi, nhit trung tm sn phm -18oC. Tch khay, kim tra kim loi, ng thng Chuyn khay hng ra khi t, dng tay tch ming c phi-l ra khi khay trong iu kin kh ro. Mi khay cho vo r nha sau chuyn c qua my r kim loi. Mi khay cho vo 1 ti PE v hn kn ming di my hn. Hai ti cng kch c cho vo 1 thng carton, ai nin chc chn. Bo qun Hng sau khi ng thng nhanh chng a vo kho lnh bo qun. Duy tr nhit kho lnh t -20 -23oC. b. Qui trnh sn xut c tra/ba sa phi-l ng lnh block/IQF Nguyn liu C nguyn liu c thu mua t b nui. Trc khi thu hoch 5-10 ngy ly mu c kim tra chloramphenicol, nitrofural, green malachyte, Fluoroquinolones (i vi c xut vo th trng M) nu t th thu hoch. C c vn chuyn bng b v nh my, c phi cn sng, thi gian vn chuyn 16 gi.
82 Nguyn liu X l 1 X l 2 nh hnh Ra 1 Kim tra k sinh trng Phn c Ra 2 Phn loi Cn Ra 3 Xp khun Ch ng Cp ng Tch khun, m bng, bao gi R kim loi ng thng, ghi Bo qun
83 Ti nh my ch nhn c nguyn liu cn sng, khng b bnh, c kt qu kim tra chloramphenicol, nitrofural, green malachyte, Fluoroquinolones (i vi c xut vo th trng M) t, ng thi phi c giy cam kt ca ngi nui ngng s dng khng sinh trc khi thu hoch t nht 4 tun v m bo l nguyn liu c nui trong vng kim sot d lng cc cht c hi t yu cu do NAFIQAVED chng nhn. X l 1 C chuyn qua ch bin c ct t hu cho mu chy ra, sau c c cho vo h nc sch ngm nhm cho mu trong c ra ht. Thi gian ngm 15 pht, thay nc sau khi ngm khong 100 r (500kg c). X l 2 Dng dao ct 1 ng t pha u n st vy lng v ct t lng xung n ui dc theo xng sng. a li dao t ui ln n bng, n bng nghing li dao ct vng theo cc xng sn ln pha u. Tch na ming phi-l ra ngoi, lt c tr li v phi-l pha i din tng t ly phn ming tht cn li. Sau khi phi-l xong, c cho vo r chuyn n h nc nhng ra cho sch mu, mi r 5kg, toH2O 150, thay nc sau khi ra 30 r (khong 150 kg). Tng r c sau khi ra sch c chuyn ln bn v chuyn qua my lng da. nh hnh Ming c c t trn tht nha dng dao vanh cc phn tht c mu trn ming c, loi b xng, m, da, v nhng ch b bm dp ng thi chnh sa ming c cho p. Sau ming c c chuyn n bn kim kim tra li xng, m, da cn st li. Trong qu trnh nh hnh c lun c ph toBTP 7oC. Ra 1 C c ra ln lt qua 3 h nc sch, toH2O 50C, mi r 5kg, thay nc sau khi ra 60 r (300kg). Kim tra k sinh trng C sau khi nh hnh xong, c a tng ming qua bn soi kim tra k sinh trng trong tht c. Loi b nhng sn phm c k sinh trng. Nhit trc v sau khi soi k sinh trng phi m bo toBTP 7oC. Phn c C c tnh bng g/ming hoc oz/ming (1oz=28,35gr). Thng thng c c phn thnh cc c sau: 3/5; 5/7; 7/9; 9/10 v 300/up (ty theo yu cu ca khch hng), c c tnh bng s gram trn ming c phi-l. Nhit trc v sau khi phn c phi m bo toBTP 7oC. Ra 2 C sau khi cn xong c ra qua 3 h nc sch v lnh c nhit t 40C, thay nc sau khi ra 60 r (300kg). ThS L Thanh Long i hc Nng Lm Hu
84 Phn loi C sau khi kim k sinh trng c chuyn n bn phn loi. Loi c chia lm 4 loi da trn mu sc c: loi 1 (mu trng), loi 2 (mu hng), loi 3 (mu vng nht), loi 4 (mu vng m). Nhit trc v sau khi phn loi phi m bo toBTP 7oC. Cn C sau khi phn c xong, cho vo r ri tin hnh cn. Sn phm block: Cn mi r 3,4kg cng c, cng loi (hoc theo yu cu khch hng). Trn mi r b mt th c: ghi c, loi c. Sn phm IQF: Cn mi r 1kg cng c, cng loi (hoc theo yu cu khch hng). Trn mi r mt th c: ghi c, loi c. Ra 3 C sau khi cn xong c ra trong h nc sch v lnh c nhit t 50C, thay nc sau khi ra 60 r (300kg). Xp khun Sau ra 2 c ng trong r chuyn n bn xp khun, cch xp: Sn phm block: Tri tm PE ln xung y khun, p st cc gc ri xp c phi-l ln sao cho khng dnh nhau, xp xong mt lp th chm nc, tri tm PE ln ri xp c tip, c th tip tc cho n ht c trong r v gp tm PE li. ng thi pha trn c th c ng theo c v loi. Nc chm khun t 50C. Sn phm IQF: tng t nh xp khun block nhng mi lp c khi xp xong s khng chm nc. Ch ng C sau khi xp khun xong chuyn vo t ng. Trng hp cha c t ng th phi chuyn sang kho ch ng. Cc khun c c chuyn n kho ch ng, xp chng ln nhau hnh mi ngi, -10C tokho 40C, thi gian ch ng 2 gi. Cp ng ng block: C sau khi ch ng c s lng cho mt m cp ng th tin hnh cp ng ngay. T ng c chy trc h nhit t xung -12 0C (bm tuyt trn dn lnh) mi cho khun c vo. Thi gian cp ng 2-3 gi, nhit t t-40 0C, T0ttsp-18 0C. ng IQF: C sau khi ra xong c chuyn ngay n khu vc cp ng IQF. Bng chuyn c vn hnh trc t nhit -40 0C. C c xp ln bng chuyn theo tng c, tha, phng, khng dnh nhau. Thi gian cp ng 14 -17 pht tu theo c sao cho T0ttsp-12 0C. ThS L Thanh Long i hc Nng Lm Hu
85 Tch khun, m bng, bao gi Sn phm block: Ly khun ra khi t ng, chuyn n khu vc ra hng. Khun p xung a qua thit b tch khun, dng tay n vo y khun tch block c ra khi khun v cho mi block vo mi ti PE khng hn ming. Sn phm IQF: Block c sau khi tch ra khi khun s ri tng lp, mi lp c s c m bng, cho vo 1 ti PE, hn kn ming. R kim loi Sn phm sau khi vo ti PE, c a qua my r kim loi pht hin loi b sn phm b nhim mnh kim loi. ng thng, ghi nhn Sn phm block: ng 2 block cng c, loi vo 1 thng carton (hoc theo yu cu khch hng). Sn phm IQF: ng 10 ti cng c, loi vo 1 thng carton (hoc theo yu cu khch hng). Trn thng c ghi y : tn sn phm, tn khoa hc, tn thng mi, vng nh bt, chng loi, kch c, loi, trng lng tnh, ngy sn xut, thi hn s dng, m s doanh nghip, sn phm ca Vit Nam, tn v a ch cng ty, m s l. Thng carton c ai np 2 ngang, 2 dc. Bo qun Sau khi ng thng cc sn phm c a ngay vo kho lnh v c bo qun to -18 0C. 3.3 K thut ch bin lnh ng mc 3.3.1 Mt s k thut c bn ch bin lnh ng mc C 3 loi nguyn liu mc ph bin c s dng ch bin cc loi sn phm ng lnh xut khu. Sn phm c bn l mc phi-l. Tuy nhin hin nay cc sn phm c gi tr gia tng t mc ang dn chim u th do ngun nguyn liu ngy mt t, k thut v iu kin ch bin ngy mt nng cao. Cc sn phm nh mc nang, mc ng sashimi, mc ng ct khoanh, mc ng tube, mc nang ct rng lc... ang c sn xut ph bin cc nh my ng lnh. a. Tip nhn nguyn liu Nguyn liu dng cho ch bin mc xut khu ch yu t ngun nguyn liu ti sng, ngoi ra c th s dng ngun nguyn liu qua lnh ng nhp khu. Ty loi sn phm la chn nguyn liu, tuy nhin phi t cc yu cu sau: - Tht trng, n hi - Nguyn con, khng qu hai vt thng trn thn, din tch vt thng khng qu 1 cm. ThS L Thanh Long i hc Nng Lm Hu
86 - Bng m trng hoc hi hng - Mi tanh t nhin, cho php hi pht vng nhng din tch khng qu 20%. Nguyn liu khi tip nhn ch thao tc nh nhng, trnh v ti mc v hn ch ngm qu lu trong nc. b. X l Khu x l thng chia lm hai bc: x l s b v x l hon chnh. Mc nang X l s b: gm - Ly nang-xng: vi mc nang, dng dao x dc t u n ui trn sng lng ly nang mc ra. Nang l mt phin trng nm trn lng ngay di lp da, khi rch lp da th nang mc l ra, lch ngn tay nm ko nang mc ra d dng. Thn mc m ra, cho thy phn ni tng bn trong. - Tch u v ni tng: thao tc di vi nc chy, trnh nc mc en thm vo tht mc. Bn tay phi nm u mc ko nh tch khi thn mt t l hai l mang pha trn. G b hai l mang, xong ko tip cc thnh phn ca ni tng, tch ri khi s lin kt vi thnh bng cho n khi ni tng ch cn dnh tip im ui th ngng li khng tip tc ko u mc v d b t ngang v b ti mc. Lc ny dng lng bn tay nm gn b lng ko nh khi thn. Phn thn b ring lt phi-l, phn u c dnh ni tng ring ch bin u mc. C th tch b ti mc trc khi tch ni tng hn ch kh nng b v ti mt. - Lt da: tay tri gi thn mc, tay phi nm mp da, pha ui bc ngc ln pha u tch ht da khi thn, k c phn d (cnh) hai bn thn. Thn mc tr thnh mt ming tht trng nn. X l hon chnh (lm sch) Ming mc phi-l c xn xung quanh cho trn gc cnh bng cch t ln tht v dng dao ct b nhng phn tht sn, x mp. Cng cn xn b phn vin en xung quanh ch c vt thng, khot thnh vt hoc l nh gn gng. Co nh cho sch nhng mng en, trn ming phi-l, trnh lch li dao lm try ming mc. Mc ng X l s b: rt u v rut di vi nc chy. Cn thn trnh lm b ti mt. Thc ngn tay vo l mc ly mai (nang) mc v mng bng (khi rt u v rut khi thn, thn mc ch cn l mt hnh ng chp nhn, c l pha u). Nang mc ng l mt phin v mng, trong sut. K n lt da mc t pha ui ln u, g ht phn cnh (d).
87 X l hon chnh: Vi sn phm phi-l dng dao ct b 2cm ui v xn b vin c thng c mu . u li dao vo ng mc vt sch bn d v co sch nhng vt en ngoi ng mc. i vi sn phm sashimi, mc cn c lt mng (mng trong v mng ngoi) cn thn sao cho khng li vt n su vo thn mc. Mc sau khi x l c ra sch trong nc lnh c pha clorin 10ppm, tin hnh phn c, hng theo tiu chun tng ng cho tng loi sn phm. C mc nang, ng phi-l tnh theo s ming phi-l/kg. C nhng c ph bin sau: 1 - 2; 2 - 4; 5 - 7; 8 - 12; 13 - 20; 21 - 30; 31 - 40; 41 - 60; 61 - 80; 80 - 120. Mc phi-l ng lnh khng cho php bt c vt en, vng, nu. c. Cp ng, bao gi Mc sau khi cn c xp khun ty thuc vo kch c v dng sn phm. i vi sn phm phi-l xp khun 2kg thng c 2 kiu: kiu semi block (cc c 1/2 n 8/12 ming phi-l/kg) v ng block (t c 13/20 n 80/120). Cun trn tng ming phi-l xp vo khun, u ui giao nhau, ty theo c m c cc li xp thch hp (hnh 22), th c p mt y khun.
Hnh 22: B mt cc khun mc nang phi-l
Yu cu thi gian lnh ng t 4 - 6 gi, nhit trung tm sn phm ti thiu t -12oC. i vi loi ng semi block, khi a khun vo t ng, chm nc m bng lnh 1oC, c pha 5 ppm clorine, n 1/3 chiu cao lp mc v ch chm mt ln lc vo t. i vi loi ng block, chm nc nh nhng n ngp lp mc, mt nc hn mt lp mc khong 5mm. Khi t ng, block mc c mu trng trong m u khp, s thy ht tay. Nu l mc semi block, ming phi-l c mu ng, trng sa, s thy kh cng, ht tay, dng que st g nghe thy lanh canh. Tch khun trong nc lnh, sch v thao tc nhanh trnh lm tng nhit mc. M bng mc trong nc lnh 1oC c pha 5ppm clorine. ThS L Thanh Long i hc Nng Lm Hu
88 Cc block mc c cho vo ti PE, xp theo c, hng. Xit dy ai np thng hai ngang hai dc, ghi r kch c, loi qui cch ch bin vo thng. Bo qun nhit -18 2oC, thi gian bo qun khng qu 3 thng. 3.3.2 Qui trnh ch bin mt s sn phm mc ng lnh xut khu in hnh a. Qui trnh sn xut mc ng tube ng lnh dng block Nguyn liu Ra Bo qun Tch u, ni tng, lt da, dim Quay mui Lm sch Phn c Ra Cn Xp khun, chm nc Ch ng Cp ng Tch khun, m bng Bao gi, kim tra kim loi, ng thng Bo qun ThS L Thanh Long i hc Nng Lm Hu
89 Nguyn liu Nguyn liu mc ng ti, thn nguyn vn, mu t nhin, khng b bin mu hoc mu l khc. Khng c mi n hi, mi ng nc hoc mi l khc. Cch thc tip nhn: Nguyn liu thu mua thng qua i l c k hp ng cung cp nguyn liu. Nguyn liu c bo qun kh (lp / lp mc/ lp ) trong thng cch nhit vi nhit 1- 4oC. Ra Nguyn liu c ra trong b nc lnh lm sch tp cht. Thao tc ra cn nh nhng trnh v ti mt, try da. Bo qun Trng hp nguyn liu v nhiu khng ch bin kp phi bo qun li theo phng php bo qun kh trong thng cch nhit. Nhit bo qun 4oC, thi gian bo qun khng qu 3 gi. Nu thi gian bo qun qu 3 gi phi tin hnh tch u, ni tng, lt da, sau bo qun di dng bn thnh phm. Thi gian bo qun lc ny khng qu 24 gi. Tch u, ni tng, lt da, dim Dng tay tch u ko theo ni tng ra ngoi, sau ly xng. Tip tc tin hnh lt da, tch d. Thao tc nh nhng trnh v ti mt, yu cu phi sch da. Mc lun c bo qun bng vy gi nhit bn thnh phm 4oC. Quay mui Ha tan 2,5kg mui trong 47,5 lt nc sch, lng 5 pht. Cho vo my quay mui 100kg bn thnh phm v 50 kg vy. nh nhng nc mui ha tan vo my. Cho my quay mui hot ng, thi gian 8 - 10 pht. Sau vt ra chuyn sang cng on lm sch nh hnh. Lm sch Mc sau khi lt da, dng khn sch mm ly cc cht bn, ni tng, tp cht cn dnh bm trn thn mc. Thao tc c thc hin trong chu nc lnh nhit 4oC v c 5 pht thay chu nc 1 ln. t thn mc ln tht nha dng dao ct ht phn da mu hng pha u. Yu cu ng ct thng v vung gc vi ng mc. Mc ng tube lun bo qun bng vy gi nhit bn thnh phm 4oC. Phn c Mc c phn thnh cc c (s thn/kg): 10/20; 20/40; 40/60. Trong qu trnh phn c cn loi ra nhng thn mc b rch thng, bin mu, mm nhn, c mi n. Yu cu thao tc nhanh, chnh xc. Ra ThS L Thanh Long i hc Nng Lm Hu
90 Ra qua 3 b nc lnh v sch nhit 4oC trong r nha. Trong qu trnh ra dng tay khuy nh mc sch u. Sau 10 ln ra cn b sung v sau 30 ln ra cn thay nc. Cn Cn ng trng lng tnh 1800g v 2000g. Ty theo cht lng nguyn liu hoc thi gian lu kho cn thm ph tri thch hp (khng qu 5%). Xp khun, chm nc Mi m cn c xp vo 1 khun. Xp theo kiu mi ngi, ht lp ny n lp khc, phn u mc quay ra hng hai u block sn phm. Tin hnh chm nc ngay sau khi xp khun xong. Lng nc chm va ph 1 lp mng y khun v nhit nc chm 4oC. Ch ng Trong trng hp bn thnh phm cha c cp ng ngay phi c a vo kho ch ng, nhit kho ch ng -1 4oC, thi gian ch ng khng qu 4 gi. Cp ng T ng c chy trc h nhit t xung -12 0C (bm tuyt trn dn lnh) mi cho khun mc vo. Trc khi cho hng vo t cn tin hnh chm nc lnh nhit 4oC, lng nc chm va ph b mt block sn phm. Qu trnh cp ng kt thc khi nhit t ng t -45 -50oC, thi gian cp ng 2-3 gi, nhit trung tm sn phm -18oC. Trc khi kt thc cp ng 15 pht cn tin hnh trng 1 lp bng mng b mt block mc phng u, p. Tch khun, m bng Sau khi cp ng xong, a cc khun mc ln my tch khun m bng. My s tin hnh tch block mc ra khi khun v m bng qua nc lnh nhit 4oC. Bao gi, kim tra kim loi, ng thng i vi block mc trng lng tnh 1,8kg; mi block mc cho vo 1 ti PE cng kch c v em ht chn khng sau cho vo my kim tra kim loi. C 10 block cng kch c cho vo 1 thng carton. i vi block mc trng lng tnh 2,0kg: mi block mc cho vo 1 ti PE cng kch c em hn kn ming sau cho vo my kim tra kim loi. C 6 block cng kch c cho vo 1 thng carton. Bn ngoi thng carton ghi y k hiu: ngy thng sn xut, n v sn xut, size, chng loi, tn sn phm, thi hn s dng, m code ca cng ty ph hp vi sn phm bn trong. Tin hnh ai nin chc chn.
91 Bo qun Sau khi ng thng cc sn phm c a ngay vo kho lnh v c bo qun to -18 0C. b. Qui trnh sn xut mc nang sashimi ng lnh Nguyn liu Nguyn liu mc nang ti tt, thn nguyn vn, mu t nhin, khng bin mu hoc mu l khc, khng c mi n. Nguyn liu a v nh my c bo qun kh nhit 4oC. Ra Ra qua b nc lnh hoc di vi nc chy lm sch tp cht. S ch Dng dao x lng mc v ly nang mc ra. Dng tay tch u ko theo ni tng ra khi thn mc, thao tc nh nhng trnh v ti mt. Trng hp v ti mt phi ra sch ngay di vi nc chy. Tip tc tch dim, lt da mc. Yu cu phi sch da, trnh khuyt tt cho mc. Bn thnh phm sau khi lt da, tch dim c bo qun ngay trong thau nc lnh nhit 4oC. Phn c s b, chn la Tin hnh phn c s b cc ming phi-l thnh cc c: c nh 100/500 g/ming, c ln > 500g/ming. Chuyn nhng ming di c khng sn xut mt hng sashimi, nhng ming b mm, mu vng, hng hoc mu l khc, c mi hi, c khuyt tt c hc sang sn xut mt hng khc. Quay mui Sau khi phn c, loi s b ming phi-l nhanh chng a vo quay mui ngay. Mi m quay mui cn: 80kg mc, 12kg vy, 12 kg nc sch v 2 kg mui. Thi gian quay mi m ty thuc vo c mc: c nh 5-6 pht, c ln 7-8 pht. Ra Ming mc sau khi nh o mui cn phi c ra sch di vi nc chy. Thao tc nh nhng, nhanh chng, trnh to khuyt tt trn ming mc. Lt mng Nhanh chng chuyn mc phi-l vo phng sch lt mng. Dng dao lt ht hai lp mng mc. Thao tc nh nhng, chnh xc trnh to khuyt tt. Yu cu lt ht mng, khng st mng. Bn thnh phm lun bo qun bng vy gi nhit bn thnh phm 4oC. ThS L Thanh Long i hc Nng Lm Hu
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Nguyn liu Ra S ch Phn c s b, chn la Quay mui Ra Lt mng nh hnh Phn loi Lau kh Vo ti PE, ht chn khng Phn c Cn Xp khay Cp ng Tch khay Kim tra kim loi, ng thng Bo qun
93 Phn loi Mc c phn thnh cc loi: Loi 1: C tht sn chc, dy, mu trng u, khng c mu hng, vng hoc mu l khc, hnh dng ming mc cn i, khng c khuyt tt, mi t nhin ca mc khng c mi l. Loi 2: C tht cho php mm hn loi 1, dy km hn loi 1 nhng khng qu mng, phn lng c mu trng t nhin, phn bng c mu vng nht khng c mu l khc, ming mc cn i khng c khuyt tt, mi t nhin khng c mi l. Loi K: C tht sn chc, n hi, dy, mu trng nh loi 1, ming mc cn i, cho php c khng qu 2 vt rch trn thn, vt rch khng su qu 1 cm, rng qu 2cm, mi t nhin khng c mi hi hoc mi l. Mi loi c cho vo mi r c mu sc c trng d phn bit. V d: loi 1 cho vo r c mu xanh m, loi 2 cho vo r c mu xanh nht, loi K cho vo r c mu vng. Trong qu trnh phn loi, bn thnh phm c bo qun gin tip vi vy qua lp PE gi nhit 4oC. Lau kh Bn thnh sau khi phn loi c a sang bn lau kh. Dng khn sch, ht nc tt, khng lng, c v sinh sch s v kh trng trc khi a vo s dng. Mi khn ch c lau mt ln sau em git, nhng qua nc OSLON 200ppm v a vo my git vt kh. Vo ti PE, ht chn khng Sau khi lau kh ming mc c cho vo ti ht chn khng PE-PA ngay. B mt lng quay v pha ch in trn ti, sau tin hnh nh du k hiu bn gc phi ca ti PE phn bit loi. Loi 1 khng nh k hiu, loi 2 k hiu II, loi K k hiu K. Chuyn ngay ti PE vo my ht chn khng v hn kn ming. Yu cu khi ht chn khng ng hn chc chn, thng, 2 mt PE p cht vo ming fillet, khng c ng nc bn trong. Phn c Mc nang sashimi c phn thnh cc c (s g/ming): 100/150; 150/200; 200/300; 300/400; 400/500; 500/600; 600/800; 800/1000; 1000/UP Cn i vi c 100/150; 150/200: cn 5kg + 2% ph tri i vi c 200/300: cn 2kg + 2% ph tri i vi c 300/400 n 600/800: cn 5 kg + 2% ph tri i vi c 800/1000 v 1000/UP: cn 10kg + 2% ph tri ThS L Thanh Long i hc Nng Lm Hu
94 Xp khay Mi m cn 5kg c xp vo mt khay. M cn 10kg c xp vo 2 khay c nh s th t trn mi khay trnh nhm ln. M cn 2kg, xp 6kg vo 1 khay. Trong qu trnh xp cn iu chnh ming mc c hnh dng cn i, xp ri nhau. Gia hai lp mc cch nhau 1 tm kim loi. Ch ng Mt hng sashimi cn a ngay vo cp ng ngay, ch ch ng trong trng hp hng sn xut ra nhiu khng t ng cp ng. Nhit kho ch ng -1 4oC, thi gian ch ng khng qu 4 gi. Cp ng Trc khi cp ng t ng phi c v snh sch s, khi ng 10 - 15 pht h nhit t ng xung -10 -15oC mi cho hng vo t. Khng chy ng chung hng sashimi vi cc mt hng sng khng n lin. Qu trnh cp ng kt thc khi nhit t ng t -45 -50oC, thi gian cp ng 2 - 3 gi, nhit trung tm sn phm -18oC. Tch khay Tin hnh tch khay trong iu kin kh ro, hp v sinh. Thao tc nh nhng, chnh xc trnh gy v mc v nhm c, loi. Kim tra kim loi, ng thng Tt c sn phm u c a qua my r kim loi trc khi ng thng. i vi c 100/150; 150/200: 5 kg/ti PE x 2/carton i vi c 200/300: 2kg/ti PE x 5/carton i vi c 300/400 n 600/800: 5 kg/ti PE x 2/carton i vi c 800/1000 v 1000/UP: 10kg/ ti PE/carton Bn ngoi thng ghi y k m hiu ph hp vi sn phm bn trong. Thng c dn bng keo 2 y, ai nin chc chn: 2 dy ngang, 2 dy dc. loi 1 dy mu , loi 2 dy mu xanh v loi K dy mu vng. Bo qun Sau khi ng thng cc sn phm c a ngay vo kho lnh v c bo qun to -18 0C. c. Qui trnh sn xut mc ng ct khoanh ng lnh dng block Nguyn liu Nguyn liu mc ng ti, thn nguyn vn, mu t nhin, khng b bin mu hoc mu l khc. Khng c mi n hi, mi ng nc hoc mi l khc. Thn nguyn vn, khng b rch thng hoc khuyt tt c hc. ThS L Thanh Long i hc Nng Lm Hu
95 Cch thc tip nhn: Nguyn liu thu mua thng qua i l c k hp ng cung cp nguyn liu. Nguyn liu c bo qun kh (lp / lp mc/ lp ) trong thng cch nhit vi nhit 1 - 4oC. Thi gian tip nhn cho 1 tn nguyn liu khng qu 30 pht. nguyn liu ra r nha 1,5 - 2kg, ra qua nc lnh thng lu thng ra tp cht. Nguyn liu Ra Bo qun Tch u, ni tng, lt da, d Quay mui Lm sch Ct khoanh Ra Cn Xp khun, chm nc Ch ng Cp ng Tch khun, m bng Bao gi, kim tra kim loi, ng thng Bo qun ThS L Thanh Long i hc Nng Lm Hu
96 Bo qun Trng hp nguyn liu v nhiu khng ch bin kp phi bo qun li theo phng php bo qun kh trong thng cch nhit. Nhit bo qun 4oC, thi gian bo qun khng qu 3 gi. Nu thi gian bo qun qu 3 gi phi tin hnh tch u, ni tng, lt da, sau bo qun di dng bn thnh phm. Thi gian bo qun lc ny khng qu 24 gi. Tch u, ni tng, lt da, d Dng tay tch u ko theo ni tng ra ngoi, sau ly xng. Tip tc tin hnh lt da, tch d. Thao tc nh nhng trnh v ti mt, yu cu phi sch da. Mc lun c bo qun bng vy gi nhit bn thnh phm 4oC. Quay mui Chn nhng thn mc c: 20/40; 40/60 ( n v tnh: s thn mc/kg). loi ra nhng thn mc c mu hng, vng hoc mu l khc, thn mc b mm nhn, dp nt c hc, rch thng. Ha tan 2,5kg mui trong 47,5 lt nc sch, lng 5 pht. Cho vo my quay mui 100kg bn thnh phm v 50 kg vy. nh nhng nc mui ha tan vo my. Cho my quay mui hot ng, thi gian 8 - 10 pht/m. Lm sch Mc sau khi lt da, dng khn sch mm ly cc cht bn, ni tng, tp cht cn dnh bm trn thn mc. Thao tc c thc hin trong chu nc lnh nhit 4oC v c 5 pht thay chu nc 1 ln. Thao tc nh nhng trnh lm rch thng thn mc. t thn mc ln tht nha dng dao ct ht phn da mu hng pha u. Yu cu ng ct thng v vung gc vi ng mc. Ty theo yu cu khch hng tin hnh ct hoc khng ct ui. Trong qu trnh lm vic mc lun c bo qun vi vy gi nhit BTP 4oC. Ct khoanh t thn mc ln tht nha, dng dao ct ra thnh tng khoanh. ng ct phi thng, phng vung gc vi ng mc. Ty theo yu cu ca khch hng ct khoanh mc c chiu di khc nhau. Khoanh mc c bo qun gin tip vi vy qua lp PE gi nhit BTP 4oC.
97 Ra khoanh mc ra r nha 1-2kg. Ra qua 3 b nc lnh v sch nhit 4oC trong r nha. Trong qu trnh ra dng tay khuy nh mc sch u. Sau 10 ln ra cn b sung v sau 30 ln ra cn thay nc. Cn sn phm ro nc trc khi cn. Cn ng trng lng tnh 2kg. Ty theo cht lng nguyn liu hoc thi gian lu kho cn thm ph tri thch hp. Xp khun, chm nc Mi m cn c xp vo 1 khun. khoanh mc ra khun v dn u b mt. Khi cn kim tra li khoanh mc loi ra nhng khoanh mc b rch, mm nhn, c mu l, loi b tp cht vad nang mc. Sao tin hnh chm nc nc ngay. Lng nc chm va ph b mt block mc v nhit nc chm 4oC. Ch ng Trong trng hp bn thnh phm cha c cp ng ngay phi c a vo kho ch ng, nhit kho ch ng -1 4oC, thi gian ch ng khng qu 4 gi. Cp ng T ng c chy trc 10 - 15 pht h nhit t xung -12 0C (bm tuyt trn dn lnh) mi cho khun mc vo. Trc khi cho hng vo t cn tin hnh chm nc lnh nhit 4oC, lng nc chm va ph b mt block sn phm. Qu trnh cp ng kt thc khi nhit t ng t -45 -50oC, thi gian cp ng 2 - 3 gi, nhit trung tm sn phm -18oC. Trc khi kt thc cp ng 15 pht cn tin hnh trng 1 lp bng mng b mt block mc phng u, p. Tch khun, m bng Sau khi cp ng xong, a cc khun mc ln my tch khun m bng. My s tin hnh tch block mc ra khi khun v m bng qua nc lnh nhit 4oC. Bao gi, kim tra kim loi, ng thng Mi block mc cho vo 1 ti PE cng kch c v em hn kn ming sau cho vo my kim tra kim loi. C 6 block cng kch c cho vo 1 thng carton ai nin chc chn. Bn ngoi thng carton ghi y k hiu: ngy thng sn xut, n v sn xut, size, chng loi, tn sn phm, thi hn s dng, m code ca cng ty ph hp vi sn phm bn trong. Tin hnh ai nin chc chn.
98 Bo qun Sau khi ng thng cc sn phm c a ngay vo kho lnh v c bo qun to -18 0C.
99 Chng 4:
AN TON THC PHM V HACCP
4.1 Ng c thc phm v cc nguyn tc an ton phng ng c thc phm 4.1.1 Cc triu chng v nguyn nhn gy ng c thc phm Ng c thc phm l g? Ng c thc phm hay cn gi l trng c thc n l nhng bnh mc phi khi n nhng thc n c cha cc cht c, n c th gy m nh, m nng v nghim trng c th gy t vong ngi tiu dng. Cc triu chng ca ng c thc phm - Cc triu chng thng gp nht l i chy, nn ma, au bng. - Cc triu chng khc bao gm st, bun nn, au u, au c v cc khp. - Cc triu chng ny c th xut hin rt nhanh ngay sau khi n hoc nhiu ngy sau . Cc nguyn nhn gy ng c thc phm - Cc vi sinh vt gy bnh nh vi khun, cc nm mc, virut v k sinh trng. - Cc ha cht c hi. - Cc ph gia thc phm khng c php s dng hoc s dng qu liu lng cho php. - Cc thc phm c. Vi khun Vi khun l nhng vi sinh vt cc nh ch c th nhn thy c qua kinh hin vi. Chng ta phi ngn chn khng cho cc vi khun gy bnh ly nhim vo hoc pht trin trn thc phm. Thm ch mt s thc phm c mi, v v hnh dng bn ngoi bnh thng nhng vn c th gy ra ng c. Cc vi khun gy bnh cn nhng iu kin pht trin - Cc cht dinh dng - Nhit m p - Thi gian (thng thng khong 4 gi hoc lu hn) - m - chua thp Nm mc Mt vi loi nm mc c th tit ra cc cht c. ThS L Thanh Long i hc Nng Lm Hu
100 Nhng cht c ny c th gy ng c tc thi (cp tnh) hoc gy hi lu di (mn tnh) nh gy ra cc bnh ung th. Cc loi nm mc thng pht trin trn nhng thc phm c bo qun trong iu kin m t. V vy phi bo qun thc phm nhng ni kh ro v khng c s dng cc thc phm b mc. Virut Virut c cu to nh hn vi khun. Virut gy bnh bng cch pht trin trong cc t bo ca c th chng ta. Nhng thc phm nhim virut c th gy ng c cho ngi tiu dng. Nhng ngi b nhim cc loi virut c th truyn nhng virut sang thc phm nh khi h ht hi, ho vo thc phm. Virut khng th pht trin c trn thc phm nhng nu chng c mt trong thc phm th thm ch vi s lng rt nh cng c th gy ng c cho ngi tiu dng. Nc b nhim c th cha virut v nu chng ta s dng ngun nc ny ch bin thc phm th thc phm ca chng ta cng b nhim. Cc loi thy sn c nui trong nhng vng nc b nhim cng c th b nhim virut. K sinh trng K sinh trng l nhng sinh vt nh sng k sinh trong c th ngi v ng vt. N c bi tit ra ngoi nh giun sn. Chng thng c trong tht sng v thy sn. Chng c th nhim vo: + Tht trong qu trnh git m + Cc loi rau v hoa qu c bn bng phn hu c hn ch nguyn nhn gy ng c t virut v k sinh trng, cn phi: - Nu chn tht v cc loi thy sn - S nc sch ra nguyn liu - Khng cng nhn, ngi m ch bin thc phm - Cng nhn ch bin thc phm phi ra tay sch s sau khi i v sinh. Cc ha cht c hi Cc ha cht c hi c th gy c gm: - Thuc tr su s dng cho cc loi cy trng - Thuc th s dng cho cc vt nui ThS L Thanh Long i hc Nng Lm Hu
101 - Cc loi ha cht ty ra dng trong cng nghip thc phm - Kim loi t cc thit b hoc thng cha Cc bin php phng cc ha cht c hi trong ch bin thc phm - Mua nguyn liu c cht lng tt t nhng ngun cung cp ng tin cy. - Kim tra v sinh cc thit b dng c bo qun trc khi s dng chng. - S dng cc ha cht ty ra thch hp cho ngnh ch bin thc phm. - Lun tun theo cc ch dn trn cc bao b ng ha cht. - Khng ha cht gn cc loi thc phm. - Khng s dng cc dng c cha ng thc phm ng ha cht (c th gy nhm ln khi s dng). - Khng s dng cc dng c ha cht ng thc phm cho d n c v sinh v ch cn mt lng nh ca ha cht cn st li cng c th gy ng c thc phm. Cc ph gia thc phm Cc loi ph gia c cho vo thc phm lm tng mi, v v hnh thc cm quan ca sn phm. Mt s ph gia c tc dng bo qun thc phm. Ngi tiu dng c th b ng c nu: + Cc cht ph gia c s dng qu liu lng cho php. + S dng cc cht ph gia b cm nh phocmon, hn the, ure. Khng nn mua hoc s dng cc loi ph gia b cm. Ch s dng cc loi ph gia c nhn hiu vi cc thng tin nh: + Tn ph gia + Tn v a ch ca nh sn xut, nh nhp khu. + Cc hng dn s dng. Lun tun theo cc ch dn ghi trn nhn bao b ph gia. Cc thc phm c Mt s thc phm c cha c t t nhin nh nm c v c nc. Mt s thc phm gy c s tr nn an ton sau khi c ch bin nh khi luc sn s loi b cc cht c c trong chng. Ch c t trong thy sn c mt s kh bn vi nhit cao, cho nn i vi thy sn c c tt nht khng s dng d c nu chn.
102 4.1.2 Cc nguyn tc an ton phng ng c thc phm Cc nguyn tc an ton gm: - Gi v sinh - Khng chung thc phm sng vi thc phm chn, thc phm mi v thc phm c. - Ch bin thc phm nhit ph hp. - Bo qun thc phm nhit thch hp. - S dng nc sch v cc nguyn liu an ton ch bin thc phm. 1. Gi v sinh Phi gi v sinh: - C th v tay trnh lm nhim bn thc phm - m bo thit b, dng c v nh xng sch s a. V sinh c nhn Ra tay Ra tay: - Trc khi bt u lm vic. - Sau khi tip xc vi thc phm sng - Ngay lp tc sau khi i v sinh, ho, ht hi, h mi, ht thuc, n, tip xc vi ph phm v rc. au m Nhng cng nhn b tiu chy, nn ma hoc bnh truyn nhim khc phi ngh lm vic. Nhng ngi ny khng c i lm cho n khi khng cn cc triu chng ca bnh. Nhng cng nhn b nhim trng da, au nhc, cm lnh nng, mt v tai chy m cng nn nh. B t tay v nhim trng Cc cng nhn b t tay v b nhim trng cng c th gy nhim bn thc phm. Vt t phi c bng b bng vi khng thm nc. Cc ming bng c th ri vo thc phm. Mang gng tay che cc ming bng. Ht thuc Nhng mu thuc cn li v tn thuc c th nhim bn vo thc phm. Ht thuc gy ho v iu ny lm nhim bn thc phm. Nhng mu thuc sau khi ht b nhim bn do cha nc bt c th b vt trn b mt ni lm vic. ThS L Thanh Long i hc Nng Lm Hu
103 o qun bo h o qun bo h phi sch mu v c mu sng. Tc ln vo sn phm thng b khch hng phn nn v mt lng tin v qun l sn xut. Do phi buc tc ra pha sau v trm kn. Nhng ngi tip xc vi thc phm khng c mang trang sc. Vi sinh vt c th sng trn n trang v nhim vo thc phm. eo gng tay sch hn ch ti thiu vic tip xc trc tip gia tay vi thc phm. Khi gng tay b rch, bn v khi thay i vic tip xc t nguyn liu n thnh phm phi thay i gng tay. b. Gi v sinh thit b v nh xng Gi v sinh cho thit b Chng ta s trnh c nguy c nhim bn cho thc phm t cc thit b nu chng c v sinh sch s. Gi v sinh cho nh xng Gi v sinh cho nh xng s trnh c cc nguy c nhim bn thc phm nh: - Chut, gin v chng khng c ch n np v sinh sn. - Mt xng sn xut c thit k v xy dng hp l s lm cho cng tc v sinh c d dng hn. Ngn chn ng vt gy hi Chut Chut rt nguy him v chng mang nhiu vi khun gy bnh trn c th v trong phn ca chng. Chng sng nhng gc ti v m t nh nhng ch hng ca tng ni c cc ng nc i xuyn qua, trn v trong cc ngn ko v trong cc bao b. Chut xm nhp vo xng sn xut qua cc l, ng dn v ca. Du hiu pht hin s c mt ca chng l phn, du chn, nhng vt gm nhm, vt vy trn g tng hoc trn thnh ng, cc du cn ph trong kho v mi hi kh chu. Chut c th gy hi mt khi lng gp mi ln so vi nhng g chng n. Cn phi: - Dn v kim tra cc kho cha thng xuyn - Khng ri vi cc mnh thc phm hoc rc - y cht cc thng rc - Gi nn v tng bn trong xng lun sch s - Phi sa cha kp thi cc h hng trong xng Rui
104 Rui thng bay v u nhng ni bn, chng mang nhng cht gy nhim chn, cnh v c th ca chng. Khi u ln cc thc phm, chng truyn nhng vi khun gy bnh ln . Chng c thi quen mang i mt phn nhng thc n m chng va n xong. V vy chng lm nhim bn thc phm bng nc bt v phn ca chng. Cn phi: - Lun y kn cc thng rc vi np va kht - Gia cc thng sch, dng cc bao giy ng rc - Lp li cc ca s trong xng sn xut - S dng sn c cha thuc dit cn trng - S dng bnh xt thuc dit cn trng dit rui nhng ni khng c thc phm Gin Gin thch nghi nhng ni m p, m t, ti. Chng thi phn v mt cht lng c mi rt kh chu. Chng mang nhng vi khun gy bnh trn c th ca mnh v li nhng vi khun ny nhng ni chng tip xc. 2. Khng chung thc phm sng vi thc phm chn, thc phm mi v thc phm c (nhim cho) Khng chung thc phm sng vi thc phm chn Cc thc phm sng c th cha vi sinh vt, vi sinh vt gy ng c thc phm. Thc phm chn khng cha cc sinh vt, v chng b tiu dit trong qu trnh lm chn. Khng chung thc phm sng v thc phm chn bng cch: - ng trong cc dng c chuyn bit - S dng cc dng c ring bit (c qui nh cch phn bit) ng thc phm chn hoc ra v lau kh cc dng c trc khi s dng chng ng thc phm chn. - Khng c cc loi gi lau tip xc vi thc phm. Khng chung thc phm mi v thc phm c Nu chung thc phm mi c ch bin chung vi thc phm c, cc vi sinh vt gy ng c thc phm c th nhim t thc phm c sang thc phm mi c ch bin. S dng cc thc phm c trc hoc loi b nu thy khng s dng c, khng nn trn chung cc moe sn phm vi nhau.
105 3. Ch bin thc phm theo ng phng php Cc thc phm sng c nu hoc ch bin s dng. Qu trnh nu v ch bin phi ng phng php c c thc phm an ton. V d: Tm luc 100oC trong 5 pht. Ngi ch bin nn dng nhit k v ng h kim tra ch luc hn l nh trong u theo thi quen. 4. Bo qun thc phm nhit thch hp Bo qun thc phm nhit phng s to iu kin cho cc vi khun gy ng c thc phm pht trin n mc nguy him. ngn chn s pht trin ca cc sinh vt, vi sinh vt gy hi, cc thc phm c ch bin phi c: - un nng hoc lm lnh - Khng c bo qun nhit bnh thng qu 4 gi Cc thc phm cn bo qun lnh phi c lm lnh nhanh bng cch: - Lm lnh hoc lm ng ngay sau khi c un nng - Khng c b qu nhiu thc phm vo t hoc kho lnh (lm qu ti t v kho lnh) Khng bo lnh thc phm trong t lnh qu 4 ngy v mt s vi khun gy ng c thc phm vn c th pht trin nhit ny. 5. S dng nc sch v nguyn liu an ton ch bin thc phm Nc sch l nc khng cha sinh vt, vi sinh vt, c t gy ng c. Ch s dng nc t nh my nc (nc my) ch bin thc phm. Khng s dng nc sng h, knh rch, nc ngm c th khng an ton cho ch bin d c qua h thng s l ti nh my. Cc nguyn liu an ton phi m bo: - Ti - Khng h hng, km phm cht, khng mc - c ng gi trong bao b nguyn vn - C ngun gc r rng, ng tin cy 4.2 Mi nguy gy mt an ton thc phm thy sn v cch kim sot Khi xem xt cht lng thc phm thy sn, ngi ta quan tm n ba nhm ch tiu lin quan n cht lng: tnh kh dng, tnh trung thc v kinh t, tnh an ton thc phm. - Tnh kh dng. V d: mu sc km ti, c cu tht km sn chc...
106 - Tnh trung thc v kinh t. V d: C tra mang nhn c basa, c tp trn ln vo c tht lt bn vi gi cao hn. - Tnh an ton. Tnh cht khng gy hi cho sc khe ca ngi tiu dng. HACCP truyn thng v FDA (c quan qun l thc phm v dc phm ca M) ch tp trung kim sot 1 ch tiu duy nht trong 3 ch tiu lin quan n cht lng l tnh an ton. Th trng EU quan tm ch yu n 2 nhm ch tiu tnh an ton v tnh kh dng. NMFS (C quan dch v hi sn quc gia M) NMFS tp trung kim sot c 3 ch tiu tnh kh dng, tnh trung thc v kinh t, tnh an ton. Theo FDA, HACCP truyn thng: Mi nguy l cc tc nhn sinh hc, ho hc hoc vt l trong thc phm c kh nng gy hi cho sc khe ca ngi tiu dng. Theo NMFS (C quan dch v hi sn quc gia M): Mi nguy l cc tc nhn sinh hc, ho hc hoc vt l trong thc phm c kh nng gy hi cho sc khe ca ngi tiu dng hoc cc yu t lm gim tnh kh dng, tnh trung thc v kinh t. 4.2.1 Mi nguy vt l v cch kim sot Mi nguy vt l l cc vt rn: mnh kim loi, mnh thy tinh, sn, xng... n t cc ngun khc nhau c th gy tn thng c hc (gy rng, mc c, thng bng...). Ngun gc - Phng php khai thc, thu hoch: qu trnh nh bt li cu c th cn st li trong thu sn, ngi tiu dng n phi s gy tn hi n h tiu ho. Sn c th c mt s loi thy sn c nh bt theo phng php gi co. - Trong qu trnh x l, vn chuyn, bo qun thu sn c th b nhim mnh kim loi t dng c cha, mnh thu tinh t bng n, knh xe v... - Do gian di kinh t: inh, ch, agar, tinh bt c th c cho thm vo nhm tng trng lng, size c; hoc dng tm tre gn kt cc t tm b long t. Tc hi Bn cnh yu t gy tn thng h tiu ha, vic c tnh a mi nguy vt l vo thy sn do gian di kinh t ng thi cng c th lm cho thy sn b nhim VSV gy bnh (mt an ton) hoc b dp nt (gim tnh kh dng). Cch kim sot v phng nga mi nguy vt l - Loi b tp cht t nhin: ngay trong qu trnh nh bt thu hoch, nguyn liu cn c ra v loi b ngay tp cht. - Trnh xm nhim: Trong qu trnh vn chuyn bo qun ch bin cn trnh s thm nhp ca cc yu t vt l (inh, mnh g, mnh thy tinh,). ThS L Thanh Long i hc Nng Lm Hu
107 - Lut l, qui nh, rng buc: Ngoi vic x pht i vi cc hnh vi bm chch vo nguyn liu thy sn, cch tt nht l k hp ng cam kt vi cc i l thu mua v tnh trng tp cht c trong nguyn liu v qui trch nhim khi c s c v tp cht trong sn phm. Nu cn c th ly mu kim tra i din. 4.2.2 Mi nguy ha hc v cch kim sot Mi nguy ha hc l cc cht ho hc c sn hoc thm vo trong thc phm c th gy hi cho ngi tiu dng. Ngun gc t: - Gn lin vi loi - T mi trng hay v tnh a vo - C tnh a vo 1. Mi nguy ha hc gn lin vi loi Mt s cht ha hc c th gy ng c cho ngi c sn trong mt s loi nguyn liu nh: - Histamin c th gy d ng hoc ng c cho ngi tiu dng (bun nn, tiu chy). Histamin c to ra t Histidin, l loi axit amin c hm lng cao trong c tht mt s loi c tht nh c thu, c ng... Sau khi c cht mt s vi khun c kh nng tit ra men c th bin i Histidin to nn Histamin. - Mt s cht c nh: PSP (c t gy lit c), DSP (c t gy tiu chy), ASP (c t gy mt tr nh) c trong to c, cc loi nghu, s n to cht c s tch t trong c th. Ngi tiu dng n nghu, s trn s b nhim c. - CFP l c t c trong to c l nhng loi to bin ph du sng gn nhng rn san h hay ngm. c t tch t trong nhng loi c n to c hay trong nhng loi c d n nhng c n to c ny. Ngi ta tm thy h c hng, c m thng c c t ny nu chng sng nhng vng c to c. - c t Tetrodotoxin c c nc, bch tuc m xanh... ngay khi cn sng, l mt cht rt c, bn vi nhit cao, c kh nng gy t vong cho ngi s dng. Tuyt i khng s dng cc loi nguyn liu thy sn ny ch bin thc phm. Cch kim sot mi nguy ha hc gn lin vi loi - Kim sot nhit v thi gian t khi nh bt n khi ch bin, c bit i vi nguyn liu thy sn ch bin cc dng sn phm n sng (nh c ng i dng), i tng d hnh thnh c t histamin. - Loi b c nc v bch tuc xanh ra khi nguyn liu. 2. Mi nguy ha hc t mi trng hay v tnh a vo T mi trng
108 - Kim loi nng (Pb, Hg, Cd) (cht thi cng nghip, bnh vin, nc sinh hot ca dn c) nhim vo ngun nc thy sn sng. - Thuc tr su (hot ng nng nghip). V tnh a vo (con ngi a vo m khng thc c iu ) - D lng thuc th y trong nguyn liu thy sn (lm dng hoc s dng khng ng cch thuc th y khi nui thy sn). + Thuc khng sinh: S dng khng sinh cm (NF, Chloramphenicol ) hoc lm dng khng sinh c php (Tetracyline ...) trong nui trng thy sn. + Thuc kch thch sinh sn: Progesterone, Testosterone... - Cc cht ty ra, kh trng: Trong qu trnh sn xut (khai thc, bo qun, ch bin) s dng cc ho cht ty ra kh trng v sinh cc trang thit b, nh xng, dng c,... to nguy c gy nhim vo thu sn. - Du my: c nguy c nhim vo thy sn nu khng c ch s dng v bo qun ng cch. - Aflatoxine: c th c trong thc n ch bin t ng cc b mc. Cch kim sot mi nguy ha hc do v tnh a vo Chng trnh kim sot d lng ang c NAFIQAVED cng vi cc chi cc bo v ngun li thy sn a phng tin hnh. Hng thng cc chi cc BVNLTS kim tra ly mu ti cc vng sp tin hnh thu hoch gi v cc chi nhnh NAFIQAVED kim nghim. Ngoi ra cn ly mu thc n thy sn kim nghim. Cc kt qu kim nghim hng thng u c gi v cho tt c cc chi nhnh v cc doanh nghip. V vy khi mua nguyn liu thy sn nui, cn da vo kt qu gim st d lng ca NAFIQAVED. 3. Mi nguy ha hc do con ngi a vo c mc ch Mt s ha cht c thng c s dng v mc ch gian di: - Borat (hn the), ure c s dng tri php bo qun nguyn liu thy sn to ti gi to v c th gy hi cho sc khe ngi s dng. - Mt s th trng cho php s dng Sulfit bo qun tm chng bin en nhng vi liu lng nht nh v vic s dng ny phi c ghi r trn nhn do sulfit gy d ng cho mt s ngi khi n phi. - Lm dng ph gia c php hoc s dng phm mu cng nghip (b cm dng trong thc phm) c th gy hi cho sc khe ngi tiu dng. - Khng c php s dng khng sinh bo qun thy sn do d lng khng sinh c th gy hi cho sc khe ngi tiu dng. Cch kim sot mi nguy ha hc do con ngi a vo - Kim sot vic s dng ha cht, ph gia. ThS L Thanh Long i hc Nng Lm Hu
109 - Thng xuyn cp nht thng tin v cc loi ha cht c php s dng. - Cn ly mu nguyn liu kim tra khi thy nghi ng. Tc hi ca mt s mi nguy ha hc
Ho cht/khng sinh Thuc tr su Tc hi Nhim c cp tnh, gy co git u v c, tn thng tim v h h hp, c th gy t vong, nhim c mn tnh lm hng gan, nght th, nh hng n thn kinh..
Kim loi nng (thy ngn, ch,...) Gy nhim c cp tnh: nn ma, tiu chy, c th cht ngi mn tnh: gy bong da, thoi ha gan thn, gy ung th Khng sinh Chloramphenicol, Nitrofuran... c t nm Aflatoxine Thuc tng trng Gy suy ty, ci cc, ung th, nhn thuc Gy ung th Gy ri lon h thng ni tit, nh hng qu trnh sinh trng
4.2.3 Mi nguy sinh hc v cch kim sot Mi nguy sinh hc bao gm: - Vi khun: Salmonella, T cu, Cholera,... - K sinh trng: giun trn, sn l, giun mc,... - Virus: virus vim gan siu vi A... Ch : Khi c mt trong thc phm virus khng pht trin, chng khng cn thc n, nc, khng kh tn ti. Virus khng lm hng thc phm. Virus gy bnh bng cch nhim vo t bo sng v sinh sn bn trong t bo ca vt ch, sng v sinh sn bng vt liu t cc t bo . Virus c th sng hng thng trong ng rut ca ngi, nc bn v thc phm ng lnh. Ngun gc - Ly nhim t cng nhn v sinh km, cng nhn mang mm bnh. - Nguyn liu thy sn km sch. - Nh xng, thit b, dng c cha khng sch. - ng vt gy hi. - Nc, nc khng sch. - Cc phng tin vn chuyn khng sch. - Nguyn liu thy sn b bm chch tp cht. - Mi trng sng ca thy sn b nhim.
110 Tc hi ca mt s mi nguy sinh hc

Mi nguy Tc hi
Staph. aureus (T cu vng, mi trng sng chnh: mi, c hng, da ngi v ng vt, c bit l vt thng Tiu chy, st, au bng, nn c m; sinh c t rt bn nhit, nu nng bnh thng ma khng th ph hy c t ny) Salmonella (Trong rut ngi v ng vt cng nh trong Thng hn, tiu chy, st, au mi trng b nhim phn ngi) u Shigella Vibrio cholera Cl. botulinum (Thng lin quan n thc phm n lin) K sinh trng (n thy sn sng, ti) Kit l, st, au bng Th t Nn ma, suy gim h hp St, au bng, vim ti mt, vim gan
Cch kim sot v phng nga mi nguy sinh hc i vi cc vi khun v virus gy bnh, thc hin 4 nguyn tc v sinh thc phm thy sn: - Trnh nhim cho, bng cch: + B tr tch bit v khng gian cho cc hot ng sn xut khc nhau + Trnh i t khu vc bn sang khu vc sch + Trnh s dng ln ln dng c gia cc khu vc ch bin khc nhau + ring thy sn nu chn v nguyn liu ti - Hn ch iu kin pht trin ca vi sinh vt, bng cch: + Bo qun thy sn nhit an ton + Kim sot nhit v thi gian + Hn ch dng cht v nc + S dng cht c ch - Gim s lng vi sinh vt, bng cch: + Trng ra dng c trc khi s dng + Ra nguyn liu bng nc lnh sch khi cn thit - Tiu dit vi sinh vt, bng cch: + Nu chn k + Dng nhit cao + Dng cht kh trng + S dng tia cc tm ThS L Thanh Long i hc Nng Lm Hu
111 i vi k sinh trng - Soi gp - Nu chn trc khi n - Cp ng Ch : Qu trnh ch bin gia nhit c sng nhm lm cht cc loi vi khun gy bnh cng l lm cht cc loi k sinh trng. Hoc cp ng nhit -200C hoc thp hn trong 7 ngy -350C trong 15 gi) i vi thy sn nh dng n sng cng s lm cht cc loi k sinh trng. 4.3 Cc nguyn tc v qui trnh thc hin HACCP 4.3.1 Gii thiu khi qut v h thng qun l cht lng HACCP v cc nguyn tc HACCP HACCP (Hazard Analysis and Critical Control Point) L h thng qun l cht lng mang tnh phng nga nhm m bo an ton thc phm da trn vic phn tch mi nguy v p dng cc bin php kim sot (phng nga) cc mi nguy ng k ti cc im ti hn(*).
(*)
im ti hn (CCP) l mt bc (mt cng on) trn dy chuyn sn xut m ti cc bin php
kim sot c p dng ngn nga hoc loi tr mt mi nguy v an ton thc phm hay lm gim n ti mc c th chp nhn c.
Thay v pht hin cc vn c th xy ra lm mt an ton thc phm sau khi xy ra, hy ngn chn chng trc khi xy ra. Bng cch s dng h thng kim sot phng nga mi nguy i vi mi sn phm v qui trnh c th. Da vo nhng bin php c nh r i ng nhn vin nh my s ngn nga cc mi nguy xy ra. HACCP l mt cng c c th nh gi cc mi nguy v thit lp h thng kim sot nhm tp trung vo vic phng nga ch khng ph thuc ch yu vo kim tra sn phm cui cng. Mi loi thy sn, mi sn phm, mi qui trnh phi c k hoch HACCP ring. Mi nh my phi t trin khai k hoch HACCP ca chnh mnh. Mc d HACCP nhm mc ch chnh l kim sot an ton, nhng nhng nguyn tc ca n c th c p dng cho cc mi nguy khng nh hng trc tip n an ton nh s phng nga gian di kinh t trong dn nhn, phn hng, khi lng... hoc nhng kha cnh khc ca cht lng thc phm nh tnh kh dng (s ph hp ca sn phm i vi ngi tiu dng). Cc nguyn tc ca HACCP: 1. Phn tch mi nguy v cc ri ro lin quan n sn phm trong qu trnh sn xut v xut cc bin php kim sot (phng nga) i vi cc mi nguy nhn din. ThS L Thanh Long i hc Nng Lm Hu
112 2. Xc nh nhng im kim sot ti hn (CCP) trong qu trnh ch bin kim sot c hiu qu cc mi nguy ng k nhn din. 3. Thit lp (cc) gii hn ti hn phi t c cho mi bin php kim sot ti mi im kim sot ti hn. 4. Thit lp h thng gim st cho mi gii hn ti mi CCP theo di qu trnh ch bin ang din ra nh th no v mi nguy nhn din c nm trong tm kim sot hay khng? 5. ra cc hnh ng sa cha thc hin khi gim st cho thy rng mt CCP no nm ngoi phm vi kim sot. 6. Thit lp th tc thm tra xc nhn h thng HACCP ang hot ng hiu qu v lm c s r sot mi khi c bt k thay i vi h thng. 7. Thit lp h thng lu gi cc h s ghi chp cung cp cc ti liu trung thc cho bit khi no gii hn ti hn c tha mn, khi no b vi phm v hnh ng sa cha c tin hnh nhm a qu trnh tr li tm kim sot. 4.3.2 Tm quan trng ca h thng HACCP 1. i vi c quan qun l cht lng C quan qun l sn phm thc phm c trch nhim bo m rng thc phm bn cho ngi tiu dng ch t phi an ton khi n. Hin nay, khi nhn thc ra rng, vic kim tra sn phm cui cng em li hiu qu kim sot km i vi an ton thc phm. V vy, cc c quan qun l ngy cng tng cng i hi c s sn xut phi thc hin cch qun l theo kiu phng nga i vi an ton v sinh da trn nguyn tc ca HACCP. HACCP khng ch tr thnh cng c qun l m cn l cng c kim tra. 2. i vi cc doanh nghip xut khu sn phm thy sn Bt k doanh nghip xut khu sn phm thy sn sang chu u v Bc M u phi thc hin chng trnh HACCP. Nu khng chng minh c vi cc c quan qun l cc nc nhp khu rng l ang thc hin mt chng trnh qun l cht lng hiu qu trong cc x nghip ch bin, ngi nhp khu s khng c php nhn sn phm ca x nghip ny. 3. i vi th trng trong nc Nhu cu v an ton khng ch gii hn i vi hng xut khu m ngy cng tr nn bc xc t pha nhng ngi tiu th v nhng c quan nh nc c thm quyn trong nc. Chnh v vy m tt c cc c s sn xut thc phm thy sn u phi tin ti p ng cc iu kin p dng HACCP, d l c s sn xut xut khu hay tiu th ni a. 4. Nhng li ch ca vic p dng HACCP
113 C s ch bin thy sn khng c s la chn no khc nu h mun thm nhp vo th trng xut khu, mt khc cn c nhiu li ch ch thc khc trong vic s dng HACCP nh: - Ci tin vic kim sot cht lng ca qu trnh ch bin, m bo sn phm lm ra s p ng yu cu ca ngi tiu dng, tit kim sc lao ng v tin bc v s c t sn phm khng m bo yu cu k thut v s t b khiu ni, t b gim gi hoc thu hi sn phm. - Khuyn khch nhn vin tham gia tch cc vo vic duy tr cht lng, mang li lng t ho cho mi c nhn vo cng vic m h ang lm. HACCP l mt cng c gio dc tt. - Chi ph cht lng thp, nhng hiu qu cao. Bi v chi ph cht lng khi p dng HACCP l chi ph phng nga, m chi ph phong nga lun thp hn chi ph sa cha. 4.3.3 Phng php tin hnh xy dng k hoch HACCP 1. Cc chng trnh tin quyt p dng HACCP a. Qui phm sn xut tt (GMP: Good Manufacturing Practices) Khi cha p dng HACCP vo qun l cht lng thy sn, th GMP c p dng nh l mt chng trnh qun l cht lng hu hiu. Khi p dng HACCP th GMP tr thnh mt chng trnh h tr rt hiu qu cho HACCP. Qui phm thc hnh tt (GMP) l cc bin php, cc thao tc thc hnh cn tun th trong qu trnh sn xut thc phm nhm m bo to ra nhng sn phm t yu cu v cht lng: sn phm phi an ton-v sinh, phi hp dn, dinh dng v khng gy thit hi v kinhh t cho ngi tiu dng. GMP gip nh sn xut thc phm kim sot tt c nhng yu t lin quan n cht lng thc phm trong qu trnh sn xut t khu tip nhn nguyn liu n thnh phm, nh nguyn liu, nhit , thi gian, ha cht, ph gia, nc, bao b, nc , tay ngh thao tc ca cng nhn, mi trng ch bin ... Phng php xy dng GMP Chng trnh GMP c xy dng da trn qui trnh sn xut ca tng mt hng hoc nhm mt hng c th. Nh vy chng ta trc ht phi m t s qui trnh vi y cc thng s k thut v thao tc chnh ti tng cng on ca qui trnh. Chng trnh GMP ca mt mt hng l tp hp cc qui phm ca mt hng (mi qui phm ng vi mt cng on sn xut). Tuy nhin, cn lu rng c th phi xy dng nhiu qui phm cho mt cng on sn xut (nu cng on c nhiu thao tc phc tp) v ngc li c th xy dng mt qui phm cho nhiu cng on (khi cc cng on c cc thng s k thut v thao tc tng t nhau).
114 Khi tin hnh xy dng qui phm tng cng on hoc mt phn cng on ta cn: nhn din cc yu t c th nh hng n cht lng sn phm ti v ra cc yu cu, th tc hot ng cn tun th m bo c cc yu cu . V d: Ti cng on ra nguyn liu, ta cn nhn din cc yu t nh hng n cht lng sn phm nh: - Nc ra - Dng c ra: thng, r - Cng nhn vi sn phm. - Nhit ra ....... Hnh thc v ni dung ca mt qui phm sn xut (GMP) GMP c trnh by di dng vn bn, gm cc thng tin sau: - Tn v a ch ca c s sn xut - Tn sn phm - S v tn qui phm sn xut (cng on sn xut) Ni dung chnh ca qui phm: - Qui trnh (m t cc thao tc chnh ti cng on) - Gii thch/l do (v sao phi c cng on) - Cc th tc cn tun th (tt c cc qui nh, thao tc cn thc hin m bo cht lng sn phm. Trnh by theo ng trnh t trong sn xut). - Phn cng trch nhim v biu mu gim st: phn cng c th t ngi chu trch nhim gin tip, trc tip i vi vic thc hin qui phm. Ai l ngi t chc thc hin, ai l ngi trc tip thc hin ng qui phm, ai l ngi gim st vic thc hin qui phm? Kt qu gim st c ghi vo biu mu gim st no? - Ngy thng, nm v ch k ph duyt ca ngi c thm quyn. T chc thc hin GMP trin khai xy dng v t chc thc hin GMP ti c s sn xut cn theo cc bc sau: - Tp hp cc ti liu v thng tin cn thit - Thit lp chng trnh GMP, bao gm: * Thit lp s qui trnh cng ngh cho sn phm * Thuyt minh qui trnh cng ngh * Son tho cc qui phm (cho tng cng on sn xut) ThS L Thanh Long i hc Nng Lm Hu Ch s dng nc sch. c lm v sinh v kh trng. Phi v sinh sch s trc khi tip xc khi tip xc Di 5oC (phi cho nc )
115 * Thit lp cc biu mu gim st - Thm tra li chng trnh: xem chng trnh GMP y c s khoa hc cha v c th p dng vo sn xut m bo cht lng sn phm ti c s hay khng? - Ph duyt cho p dng: sau khi thm tra tnh hp l ca chng trnh GMP th ph duyt cho p dng ti c s sn xut bng vic ban hnh quyt nh p dng v ngi c thm quyn k ng du trn tng vn bn GMP. - o to cho nhng ngi lin quan trc tip v gin tip n tng qui phm - Phn cng thc hin i vi tng GMP - Gim st vic thc hin GMP trn dy chuyn sn xut (kt qu gim st ghi vo cc biu mu). - Lu tr h s: gm vn bn, ti liu lin quan n xy dng v gim st thc hin GMP. b. Qui phm v sinh chun (SSOP-Sanitation Standard Operating Procedures) SSOP l qui trnh lm v sinh v cc th tc kim sot v sinh ti mt c s sn xut thc phm. SSOP cng l mt chng trnh tin quyt ca h thng HACCP v rt cn thit ngay c khi c s sn xut cha p dng chng trnh HACCP. Ti sao c s sn xut phi p dng SSOP? - Gip thc hin cc yu cu v sinh chung ra trong chng trnh GMP ca tng mt hng. - Gim s lng cc im kim sot ti hn (CCP) trong k hoch HACCP. Mt chng trnh v sinh tt s lm gim mi nguy sinh hc, ha hc ly nhim vo thc phm trong qu trnh sn xut ti c s sn xut. Do vy HACCP ch tp trung kim sot cc mi nguy ng k, nh hiu qu phng nga ca HACCP i vi mi nguy cng cao. * Cc lnh vc cn kim sot v v sinh C 10 lnh vc sau y cn kim sot v v sinh: - An ton ngun nc - An ton v sinh nc - V sinh cc b mt tip xc vi thc phm - Ngn nga s nhim cho - V sinh c nhn - Bo qun v s dng ng cch cc loi ha cht - Bo v sn phm khng b nhim bn ThS L Thanh Long i hc Nng Lm Hu
116 - KIm sot sc khe ca cng nhn - Kim sot ng vt gy hi - Kim sot cht thi * Cc th tc cn thc hin m bo an ton v sinh ca cc lnh vc SSOP 1: An ton ngun nc v x l nc Cn thc hin cc th tc: - Lp s h thng cung cp ngun nc v x l nc - Bo tr v kim tra h thng cung cp nc v x l nc, bao gm: + Kim tra bo tr h thng cung cp v x l nc hng ngy + Lm v sinh h thng cung cp + Lm v sinh b cha + Lm v sinh h thng x l nc - Lp k hoch ly mu v kim nghim nc - Tin hnh ly mu v kim nghim nc SSOP 2: An ton nc Cn thc hin cc th tc: - Bo tr v kim sot h thng sn xut nc - Kim sot cht lng nc SSOP 3: V sinh b mt tip xc trc tip vi thc phm Cn thc hin cc th tc: - Lm v sinh v kh trng thit b dng c ch bin: u ca, gia ca, cui ca - Lm v sinh v kh trng bo h lao ng: u ca, gia ca, cui ca SSOP 4: Ngn nga s nhim cho Cn thc hin cc th tc: - Ngn nga s nhim cho t khng kh - Ngn nga s nhim cho t nguyn liu, bn thnh phm v ph liu - Ngn nga s nhim cho t con ngi - Ngn nga s nhim cho t thit b dng c ch bin SSOP 5: V sinh c nhn Cn thc hin cc th tc: - Th tc o to v v sinh cng nghip cho cng nhn ThS L Thanh Long i hc Nng Lm Hu
117 - Th tc v sinh c nhn, gm: + Th tc ra tay + Cc qui nh khc - Th tc bo tr thit b v sinh hng ngy: + Nh v sinh + Phng thay bo h lao ng + Thit b ra tay + H st trng ng SSOP 6: Bo qun v s dng ng cch ha cht Cn thc hin cc th tc: - Lp danh sch cc ha cht c s dng trong x nghip - Lp danh sch cc nh cung cp ha cht - Th tc t mua, tip nhn, s dng v bo qun ha cht SSOP 7: Bo v sn phm khng b nhim bn Cn thc hin cc th tc: - Lm v sinh cc b mt khng tip xc trc tip vi thc phm (nn xngbao gm c cng rnh thot nc thi; trn, tng-bao gm c ca s v ca ra vo) - Bo tr nh xng - Bo tr cc b phn thit b khng tip xc trc tip vi sn phm SSOP 8: Kim tra sc khe cng nhn Cn thc hin cc th tc: - Th tc khm sc khe cng nhn nh k - Th tc kim tra, bo co tnh trng sc khe cng nhn hng ngy SSOP 9: Kim sot ng vt gy hi Cn thc hin cc th tc: - Lp h s t by, t b - Th tc ngn ngn ng vt gy hi - Th tc tiu dit ng vt gy hi SSOP 10: Kim sot cht thi Cn thc hin cc th tc: - Th tc thu gom cht thi (ph liu) trong qu trnh sn xut - Th tc lm v sinh dng c v kho cha cht thi rn ThS L Thanh Long i hc Nng Lm Hu
118 - Th tc kim sot hot ng ca h thng x l cht thi * Hnh thc v ni dung ca SSOP SSOP th hin di dng vn bn, bao gm: Tn v a ch c s sn xut S hiu v tn qui phm: tn lnh vc cn xy dng Ni dung ca qui phm: - Yu cu/mc tiu: cn c vo ch trng ca c s sn xut v cht lng v cc qui nh ca cc c quan qun l cht lng c thm quyn nu cc yu cu cn t c ca mi lnh vc. - iu kin hin nay: m t iu kin thc t hin nay ca c s sn xut v tng lnh vc. - Cc th tc cn tun th: nu cc qui nh cn thc hin m bo an ton v sinh trong lnh vc ang xt. - Phn cng trch nhim v biu mu gim st: nu r ngi chu trch nhim gin tip, trc tip, ngi kim tra gim st, tn sut gim st, biu mu gim st, hnh ng sa cha... Ngy thng nm ph duyt ca ngi c thm quyn. * T chc thc hin SSOP trin khai xy dng v t chc thc hin SSOP ti c s sn xut cn theo cc bc: - Tp hp cc ti liu v thng tin cn thit - Xy dng chng trnh SSOP gm 10 lnh vc trn. - Thm tra li chng trnh: xem chng trnh SSOP y c s khoa hc cha v c th p dng vo sn xut m bo cht lng sn phm ti c s hay khng? - Ph duyt cho p dng: sau khi thm tra tnh hp l ca chng trnh SSOP th ph duyt cho p dng ti c s sn xut bng vic ban hnh quyt nh p dng v ngi c thm quyn k ng du trn tng vn bn SSOP. - o to cho nhn vin v SSOP - Phn cng thc hin i vi tng SSOP - Gim st vic thc hin SSOP (kt qu gim st ghi vo cc biu mu). - Lu tr h s: gm vn bn, ti liu lin quan n xy dng v gim st thc hin SSOP. 2. Cc bc tin hnh xy dng k hoch HACCP
119 trin khai xy dng k hoch HACCP cho mt sn phm ti s s sn xut cn thc hin cc bc theo s sau: Bc 1 Thnh lp i HACCP
Bc 2
M t sn phm
Bc 3
Xc nh phng thc s dng sn phm
Bc 4
Xy dng s qui trnh cng ngh
Thm tra s cng ngh trn thc t Bc 5

Tin hnh phn tch tng mi nguy, xc nh cc bin php kim sot
Bc 6
Bc 7
Xc nh cc im kim sot ti hn (CCP)
Bc 8
Thit lp cc gii hn ti hn cho mi bin php kim sot ti mi CCP
Bc 9
Xc nh cc im kim sot ti hn (CCP)
Bc 10
ra hnh ng sa cha cho cc sai lch c th xy ra
Thit lp cc th tc thm tra Bc 11
Bc 12
Thit lp ti liu v lu tr h s
Trong 12 bc trin khai xy dng k hoch HACCP th 5 bc u tin c gi l cc bc chun b, cn 7 bc sau chnh l cc nguyn tc ca HACCP. ThS L Thanh Long i hc Nng Lm Hu
120 Bc 1: A. LP I HACCP gm nhng ngi c kin thc chuyn mn cn thit cho dy chuyn sn xut c th m bn ang xem xt. C th l: - Ngi am hiu nhng mi nguy v sinh hc, ha hc hoc vt l lin quan n mt nhm sn phm c th trn quan im kim sot cht lng. - Nhng ngi sn xut c kinh nghim v kin thc v qui trnh k thut trong sn xut mt (nhiu) sn phm c th, ngi c th bit iu g thc s xy ra trn dy chuyn sn xut. - Mt k thut vin c kinh nghim v kin thc v nhng yu cu v v sinh v hot ng sn xut (nh xng/thit b) hay nhng kin thc c bit khc (v vi sinh vt, v sinh, cng ngh thc phm, kt cu nh xng, bo tr, sn xut, yu cu th trng,...). B. XC NH PHM VI K HOCH HACCP. Phm vi cn m t cng on no ca dy chuyn sn xut thc phm c lin quan v phn loi chung cc mi nguy s c cp. Bc 2: M T SN PHM cung cp nhng thng tin cn thit cho khch hng v ngay c bn thn c s sn xut th cn phi m t sn phm xem: - C nhng g trong sn phm (nguyn liu, ph liu, ph gia v.v..)? - Cu trc v cc tnh cht vt l ca sn phm l g (rn, lng, gel, hot tnh nc,vv...)? - Sn phm c ch bin nh th no (gia nhit, ng lnh, phi kh, p mui, hun khi) v ti mc no? - Sn phm c bao gi nh th no (hn kn, ht chn khng,...)? - iu kin bo qun v phn phi sn phm l g? - Yu cu thi hn s dng l g (bao gm bn trc ngy v s dng trc ngy)? - C nhng hng dn s dng g? - C tiu chun no c bit v ha hc v vi sinh khng? Bc 3: NU MC CH S DNG CA SN PHM: - Ai l i tng tiu th? - Phn on ngi tiu th s ch bin v s dng sn phm nh th no? - C lu c bit no khng (v d: sn phm cung cp cho cc c quan hay khch du lch ..., hay c bt k nguy him no nu nhm ngi sc kho yu dng sn phm)? - C nhng yu cu c th do ngi nhp khu hoc nc nhp khu t ra? ThS L Thanh Long i hc Nng Lm Hu
121 Bc 4: XY DNG S QUI TRNH CNG NGH Ch ra tt c cc bc c th trong qui trnh sn xut, t thi im tip nhn nguyn liu cho n khi a sn phm cui cng vo th trng - tip nhn, s ch, ch bin, ng gi, bo qun, phn phi. a ra mt s qui trnh cng ngh chi tit vi cc s liu k thut y . V d nhng thng tin phi a ra gm: - Trnh t cc bc trong qu trnh ch bin t tip nhn nguyn liu, b sung ph liu hoc ph gia, cho ti tt c cc hot ng sn xut lin quan khc, cch bao gi, bo qun v vn chuyn. - Cc thng s k thut v mi kha cnh ca cng on sn xut, t bit l thi gian v nhit , k c nhng thng s lin quan n s dn tc sn phm. - Sn phm dch chuyn (hoc lu thng) trong c s sn xut nh th no, t bit l nhng thng tin v ly nhim cho, nguy c dn tc v s tng nhit . - Nhng khu vc bn (nguy c cao) c phn tch khi cc khu vc sch (nguy c thp) nh th no. Bc 5: THM TRA s qui trnh cng ngh v tt c cc chi tit thu thp trn thc t: Trong qu trnh xy dng S QUI TRNH CNG NGH, iu thit yu l phi trc tip quan st c s sn xut trong gi lm vic thm tra rng s c xy dng l chnh xc v mi chi tit ghi chp c u phn nh trung thc nhng g ang xy ra, ch khng phi da trn nhng iu vit trong sch hng dn sn xut lc hu (y l mt l do khc l gii tm quan trng phi c mt i HACCP gm cc thnh vin gn b vi dy chuyn sn xut). S qui trnh cng ngh l mt cng c gip bn nhn din CC MI NGUY v thit lp cc im kim sot ti hn. Bc 6: XC NH NHNG MI NGUY TIM N CHO MI BC LIN QUAN TI SN XUT. TIN HNH PHN TCH MI NGUY, V XEM XT MI QUI TRNH KIM SOT CC MI NGUY NHN DIN. i HACCP nn lit k tt c cc mi nguy c th xy ra ti mi bc t s ch, ch bin, sn xut v phn phi cho n tiu th. i vi mi bc trn s cng ngh cn t cu hi sau: - C ci g trong nguyn liu, ph liu c dng hay trong t bn thn sn phm hoc trong cch thc x l v ch bin c th gy hi i vi sc khe khng? - C ci g trong iu kin nh xng hoc thit b, dng c ang c s dng c th gy hi i vi sc khe khng? - C nhng nhit ti hn no phi c theo di, iu chnh cn thn? ThS L Thanh Long i hc Nng Lm Hu
122 - C kh nng ly nhim hay ti nhim t bt k ngun no khng? - C s sng st hay s pht trin khng th chp nhn c ca vi khun, hay vic s dng ho cht ti mc khng chp nhn c bn thnh phm, sn phm cui cng, dy chuyn sn xut hoc ton b mi trng xung quanh dy chuyn khng? - C s hnh thnh hay tn ti khng th chp nhn c ca cc c t hay nhng vt khng mong mun xy ra trong sn phm khng? (Ch : i HACCP phi thng nht c th ci g l mi nguy trong cng on sn xut) TIN HNH PHN TCH MI NGUY Tip theo i HACCP nn tin hnh phn tch mi nguy xc nh xem c nhng mi nguy no m vic loi tr hay lm gim chng n mc chp nhn c c ngha quan trng trong vic sn xut thc phm an ton. Trong khi tin hnh phn tch mi nguy, phi lu n: - Kh nng xy ra cc mi nguy v mc nghim trng ca chng i vi sc khe. - nh gi s hin din ca mi nguy v mt nh tnh, nh lng. - S sng st hay pht trin ca vi sinh vt c lin quan. - S hnh thnh hay tnh bn trong thc phm ca cc c t, ho cht hoc tc nhn vt l. - Nhng iu kin dn n cc tnh trng trn. Trong qu trnh phn tch mi nguy, cn nh gi ngha tim n ca mi mi nguy qua xem xt mc ri ro v tnh nghim trng ca n. Mc ri ro l s c tnh kh nng xy ra ca mt mi nguy. Vic c tnh ri ro thng c da vo s kt hp gia kinh nghim, s liu dch t v thng tin trong ti liu k thut. Tnh nghim trng l mc trm trng ca mi nguy. i HACCP c trch nhim quyt nh mi nguy no l ng k v phi c a vo K hoch HACCP. i lc, qu nhiu mi nguy c nhn din, nhng ch cn kim sot nhng mi nguy tht ng k v an ton; l, mi nguy c nhiu kh nng xy ra m nu khng c kim sot thch hp, th c th dn ti ri ro khng th chp nhn c i vi sc kho ngi tiu dng. Vi nhng mi nguy phi thit lp mc hot ng qui nh, mc chp nhn c gii hn hay cc gii hn khc cho n, th "ri ro khng th chp nhn c i vi sc khe" l ri ro xy ra khi mi nguy vt qu mc gii hn nhng khng biu hin ti mc c th pht hin c. Khi phn tch mi nguy, nhng vn an ton phi c phn bit vi vn cht lng.
123 XC NH CC BIN PHP KIM SOT: Ti y, i HACCP phi xt xem c nhng bin php kim sot no i ph vi mi mi nguy. Bin php kim sot l nhng hnh ng v hot ng c th c dng ngn nga hay loi tr mt mi nguy v an ton thc phm hoc lm gim n ti mc chp nhn c. C th phi cn nhiu bin php kim sot mt (nhiu) mi nguy c th, cng c th kim sot nhiu mi nguy bng mt bin php c th. Mt s v d v bin php kim sot l: Mi nguy sinh hc: Kim sot thi gian/nhit , qu trnh gia nhit, lm lnh, cp ng, ln men, pH, vic b sung mui hoc cc cht bo qun khc, qu trnh lm kh, kim sot ngun gc (thu mua nguyn liu t cc ngun khng b nhim), thc hnh v sinh. Mi nguy ha hc: Kim sot ngun gc (chng nhn ca ngi bn v th nghim nguyn liu), kim sot sn xut (dng v ng dng hp l cc cht ph gia thc phm, ...). Mi nguy vt l: Kim sot ngun gc, kim sot sn xut (dng my pht hin kim loi,...). Ch : Cc bin php kim sot c th nm ngay cng on c xem xt, trong thc t, cng on cng c th l mt bin php kim sot, nhng i HACCP vn phi xem xt li tnh hiu qu ca bin php sn c ny v va phi cn nhc n nhng bin php khc. i HACCP cn t liu ho nhng iu pht hin c, bn cht ca (cc) mi nguy v ri ro, cng nh nhng kt lun ca i v cc bin php kim sot. Bc 7: XC NH CC IM KIM SOT TI HN: Mt im kim sot ti hn (CCP) l mt bc m ti s kim sot c p dng ngn nga hoc loi tr mt mi nguy v an ton thc phm hay lm gim n ti mc c th chp nhn c. Mc ch ca HACCP l tp trung kim sot ti cc CCP. Nu nhn din c mt mi nguy ti mt bc ng phi c kim sot m bo an ton, nhng cha c bin php kim sot no ti bc hay bc khc, th nn sa i sn phm hoc qu trnh bng cch b sung bin php kim sot vo cng on ny hay bt k cng on no trc hoc sau . C th d dng xc nh mt CCP trong h thng HACCP bng cch p dng s cy quyt nh. Cy quyt nh c th c dng lm hng dn nhng p dng n phi linh hot, tu vo bn cht ca cng on. Cn ch ti mt CCP c th kim sot mt hoc nhiu mi nguy ng k. Mt s cy quyt nh xc nh cc CCP nh hnh di (tr li cc cu hi theo th t).
124 V d: CCP tip nhn nguyn liu c th kim sot cc mi nguy: Histamin, ha cht bo qun c ng i dng. Ngc li, kim sot hu hiu mt mi nguy ng k, phi dng n nhiu CCP. V d: kim sot hu hiu mi nguy Histamin trong tht c ng, phi kim sot ti CCP tip nhn nguyn liu v CCP ch ng.
CH 1: C bin php kim sot phng nga no i vi mi nguy nhn din khng? C Khng? Kim sot bc ny c cn thit i vi an ton khng? Sa i cng on qui trnh hoc sn phm
C Kh
Khng Khng? Khng phi l mt CCP CH 2: Cng on ny c c thit k c bit loi tr hay gim thiu kh nng xy ra mi nguy n mc c th chp nhn c khng (**)? Dng li (*)
C Kh
Khng Khng? CH 3: Cc mi nguy c nhn din c kh nng gy nhim qu mc c th chp nhn hoc c kh nng gia tng n mc khng th chp nhn c hay khng?
C Kh
Khng Khng? Khng phi l mt CCP - Dng li (*)
CH 4: C bc no tip theo cng on ny s loi tr hoc gim thiu mi nguy nhn din n mc c th chp nhn c hay khng?
C Kh Khng l mt CCP
Khng Khng? Dng li (*)
im kim sot ti hn (CCP)
125
(*) Chuyn sang xem xt mi nguy nhn din k tip trong qui trnh sn xut (**) Cn xc nh r mc chp nhn c hay khng chp nhn c trong mc tiu chung khi nhn din cc CCP trong k hoch HACCP
Bc 8: THIT LP CC GII HN TI HN CHO BIN PHP KIM SOT Gii hn ti hn l mt gi tr hay mt ngng xc nh m mi bin php kim sot ti mt CCP phi tha mn. Hoc l mt tiu ch phn bit gia kh nng chp nhn c v kh nng khng chp nhn c. Cc thng s ny, nu c duy tr trong nhng ranh gii, s bo m an ton cho sn phm. Mt gii hn ti hn phi tht c th i vi mi bin php kim sot ti tng CCP. Trong mt s trng hp, c th c nhiu gii hn ti hn i vi mi CCP c th. Tiu ch thng c dng bao gm nhit , thi gian, m, pH, hot tnh nc, hm lng Clorin v nhng thng s cm quan ca sn phm. Mt s v d v cc gii hn ti hn: Bin php kim sot
Mi nguy: K sinh trng +) ng lnh +) Nu chn +) Soi gp Mi nguy Histamin +) Cm quan ti nguyn liu +) Bo qun nhit thp Mi nguy: Vi sinh vt gy bnh (S.Aureus) +) Gia nhit +) to 70oC khng di 5 giy +) T l h hng (n) 2,5% +) to -5oC, thi gian 24 gi +) to -20oC, thi gian t 7 ngy tr ln +) Luc 100oC, thi gian 2 pht +) Khng qu 3 bo nang/1kg sn phm
Gii hn ti hn
Gii hn ti hn c th c tm thy t cc ngun khc nhau, nh nhng vn bn qui nh v hng dn ca nh nc (c ca nc sn xut ln nc nhp), hoc cc b lut thc hnh quc t, hng dn ch bin, ti liu iu tra, cc nghin cu th nghim hoc thng qua li khuyn ca cc chuyn gia c kin thc chuyn mn. Bc 9: THIT LP MT H THNG GIM ST V KIM TRA TI MI CCP iu c bn l phi c mt lch trnh quan st v o lng, m bo p ng cc gii hn ti hn c th m bn thit lp ( bc 8). Lch trnh ny phi m t r rng v phng php phi dng, tn sut quan st phi tin hnh, php o phi thc hin, v th tc ghi chp phi s dng ( ng c trch nhim c th hiu c). Lch trnh phi m t r rng v t m cho tng CCP: ThS L Thanh Long i hc Nng Lm Hu
126 AI s thc hin gim st, kim tra v/hoc o lng? Gim st CI G, php o hay s quan st? KHI NO tin hnh gim st, kim tra v o lng? Vic kim tra, gim st hay o lng s c thc hin NH TH NO? Cc php o lng hay gim st phi c kh nng pht hin s mt kim sot ti cc im ti hn, v cung cp thng tin ng lc thc hin hnh ng sa cha kp thi nhm ngn nga s vi phm gii hn ti hn. Khi cn, c th phi iu chnh qu trnh nu kt qu gim st cho thy xu hng mt s kim sot ti mt CCP, nhng iu chnh ny nn c tin hnh trc khi xy ra s vi phm. Vic gim st nn nhanh, khng phc tp hoc khng nn c nhng phn tch kim nghim. Cc cng nhn cn bit: - Bn cht ca bin php kim sot ti cng on h lm vic, v cch thc gim st CCP trong phm vi trch nhim ca h. - Cc th tc cn thit bo co khi c sai lch so vi cc c tnh kim sot v tm quan trng trong vic lu tr h s ng cch. - Xy dng cc ch dn v qui trnh lm vic - mt cng c b tr trong chng trnh o to c th h tr k hoch HACCP- nhm xc nh r nhim v ca nhng ngi lm vic ti mi im CCP. Bc 10: THIT LP HNH NG SA CHA khi gim st cho thy qu trnh b vt qu gii hn ti hn. K hoch phi c chun b v thc hin sao cho nhng ngi c trch nhim c th i ph tc th khi chng trnh quan st v cc php o cho thy cc gii hn ti hn ang b ph v hoc c xu hng sp b ph v. K hoch ny phi c chun b v xy dng t trc trnh chm tr khi thc hin hnh ng sa cha. K hoch c th do i HACCP xy dng v nn ch r: Nhng hnh ng sa cha c th cho mi CCP khi xy ra sai lch v cch thc thc hin nhng hnh ng khc phc nguyn nhn gy sai lch v a CCP tr li tm kim sot. Ai s c trch nhim thc hin hnh sa cha. Cch x l sn phm c sn xut trong khong thi gian m qu trnh sn xut nm ngoi tm kim sot
127 Cch thc lu tr h s ghi chp v s sai lch v mi hnh ng sa cha thc hin; cc th tc x l sn phm phi c t liu ho trong h s lu tr v HACCP. Bc 11: THIT LP TH TC THM TRA m bo rng h thng HACCP ang v tip tc hot ng c hiu qu. Thm tra: l vic p dng cc phng php, cc th tc, cc php th v cch nh gi khc nhau nhm xem xt tnh hp l ca k hoch HACCP v xc nh s tun th theo k hoch HACCP trong thc t sn xut. Vic thm tra c tin hnh nhiu mc . Ngi ph trch m bo cht lng nn r sot h thng hng ngy bit l n ang hot ng tt v x l kp thi mi vn . Vo nhng khong thi gian nht nh, nn kim tra k hn m bo h thng hot ng nh k hoch vch ra. i HACCP nn m t chi tit nhng phng php v th tc s c dng thm tra hiu qu hot ng ca h thng. V d v nhng phng php c th c dng thm tra: Ly mu ngu nhin, kim nghim (phn tch vi sinh) v phn tch xu hng. Cc phn tch hoc th nghim tng cng ti cc CCP c chn la. Cc phn tch k i vi sn phm trung gian hay cui cng. Tin hnh kho st v nhng iu kin thc t trong qu trnh bo qun, phn phi, bn v s dng sn phm. V d v cc th tc thm tra: Kim tra hot ng sn xut, m bo rng CCP nm trong tm kim sot. Cng nhn hiu lc ca gii hn ti hn cng vi cc chuyn gia v c quan xy dng tiu chun. Sot xt nhng sai lch so vi cc gii hn ti hn thit lp, cc hnh ng sa cha v cch x l sn phm. Thm nh ton b h thng HACCP v h s ca n, y l cuc kim tra c lp c tnh h thng thng qua s quan st ti ch v sot xt h s xc nh s ph hp gia k hoch HACCP v vic thc hin k hoch . Thm tra cn khng nh c h thng HACCP thit lp l ph hp vi dy chuyn sn xut hin c. Nu c th, nn c cc hot ng cng nhn hiu lc nhm khng nh tnh hiu qu ca mi yu t trong k hoch HACCP. Sau mi khong thi gian v vi tn sut thch hp, phi c s thm tra bit nhng iu khon thit lp cho h thng ang c p dng thch hp. Tn sut thm tra phi m bo rng h thng HACCP hot ng hiu qu.
128 Vic thm tra c th do ban qun l nh my, hoc cng cc c quan bn ngoi (phn tch/ t vn), hay cng tc vi cc c quan kim tra nh nc thc hin, tu theo yu cu ca tng nc v h thng HACCP. H c thay i v qui trnh x l/ ch bin, nguyn liu, ph gia.., th cn sot xt li h thng HACCP thit lp, m bo rng n vn c hiu lc k c khi c thay i. V d v nhng thay i khin phi xem xt li h thng HACCP: S bo co v s sai lch trong qu trnh ch bin tng Thay i v mt bng hay mi trng nh my, hoc thay i v trang thit b ch bin. Thay i v vt liu v qui trnh lm v sinh, kh trng Thay i v cc iu kin ng gi, bo qun v phn phi. Thay i trong cch s dng ca ngi tiu dng Khi nhn bt k thng tin no v mi nguy mi lin quan n sn phm. Nu s sot xt cho thy h thng HACCP phi c iu chnh th phi cp nht y nhng thay i vo tt c cc vn bn v h thng lu tr h s sao cho nhng thng tin mi, chnh xc v h thng HACCP sn c. Bc 12: THIT LP cc th tc LU TR H S Lu tr h s: l hnh ng t liu ha mi hot ng c thc hin trong k hoch HACCP nhm m bo rng qu trnh thc hin HACCP c kim sot. Cc loi h s chng minh bng vn bn rng H thng HACCP ang hot ng. "Khng c h s, khng c HACCP". Ti mi CCP, ni tin hnh kim tra hay o ghi, thng tin phi c ghi chp mt cch c th t. Thng tin ny phi c trnh by mt cch r rng v d hiu ngi c trch nhim duy tr h thng bit cc gii hn ti hn c c duy tr hay khng, nu khng th phi tin hnh cc hot ng hu hiu ngay lp tc. Tt c h s ghi chp v ti liu lin quan n vic gim st cc CCP phi c ngi ang trc tip gim st v cn b thm tra vic gim st ca cng ty k. S phi cn n h s lu tr thm tra xc minh rng h thng HACCP ang hot ng hiu qu, v chng minh vi cc c quan kim tra nh nc, nh nhp khu cc nc khc, v thm ch vi cc c quan kim tra ca nc nhp khu rng c mt chng trnh hu hiu ang hot ng trong nh my. H s cn phi lu tr l: K hoch HACCP v ti liu h tr c dng trong vic xy dng k hoch, nh phn tch mi nguy, nhn din CCP v xc nh ti hn gii hn; h s gim st cc im kim sot ti hn (lin quan n cc thnh phn nguyn liu, tnh an ton ca sn phm, qu trnh ch bin, bao gi, bo qun v phn phi); ThS L Thanh Long i hc Nng Lm Hu
129 h s v cc hnh ng sa cha, h s v cc hot ng thm tra v sa i h thng HACCP, v chc chn l khng th thiu nhng thng tin v bn cht, m ho v phn b sn phm. Cc thng tin ny c ngha quan trng i vi vic truy xut sn phm.
130 Chng 5:
V SINH V KH TRNG TRONG NH MY CH BIN THY SN XUT KHU
5.1 Gii thiu chung Lm v sinh v kh trng l nhng hot ng quan trng nht trong cng nghip ch bin thy sn. Khng thc hin hoc thc hin khng y cc qui trnh lm kh trng dn n nhiu trng hp thit hi do sn phm b hng hoc b nhim vi khun gy bnh n mc khng th chp nhn c. Lm v sinh l nhm loi b thc phm d v y l ngun dinh dng cn thit cho vi sinh vt pht trin. Qu trnh ny ng thi cn loi b phn ln vi sinh vt thng qua tc ng c hc ca vic xi ra. Vic kh trng bng nhit hoc ha cht sau khi lm v sinh s h tr thm cho vic kim sot vi sinh. Tuy nhin i vi cc nh my thc phm khi nim sch khng ch bao gm kha cnh vi sinh m cn c cc yu t ha l khc. Sch l tnh l khng cn cc vt bn trn b mt; sch ha hc l khng cn d lng ha cht (k c cht ty ra v kh trng). 5.2 Yu cu v v sinh cng nhn 5.2.1 Sc khe cng nhn y l iu quan trng v vi khun c th truyn vo thc phm qua ho, cm lnh v cc vt thng. Ngi bnh hoc nghi c bnh hay mm bnh c th ly truyn sang thc phm khng c php vo bt k khu ch bin no c nguy c ly nhim sn phm v phi bo ngay tnh trng bnh tt vi ban qun l. Qun l phn xng sn xut cn phi kim tra vt xc trn tay v mt cng nhn, khng nhng ngi b l tham gia sn xut sn phm chn v cc cng on quan trng khc. Cng nhn phi bo co khi b tiu chy, vim hng, st, l lot mng m hay bnh vng da. Nhng ngi ny cn c tm ngh cho n khi hn hoc nu tip tc th phi xp sang vic khc khng tip xc vi thc phm. Nn bng kn vt thng bng bng khng thm nc hoc bng dnh chng cht dch hoc mu truyn hay vi khun t vt thng truyn vo thc phm. 5.2.2 V sinh c nhn Cng nhn phi gi v sinh c nhn tt, mc qun o bo h lao ng sch, eo khu trang, i m v i ng khi cn. Vi khun v bi bn trn da, o qun mt ngoi c th truyn vo thc phm. Gi v sinh c nhn tt nh tm ra, gi u, ra tay thng xuyn lm gim kh nng gy nhim. Mng tay ngn, sch t kh nng gy nhim thc phm hn mng tay di, bn l ni nui dng vi khun gy bnh. Tc ru, lng tay l ngun gy nhim trc tip vo thc phm. Vic vut, chi tc, gi u c nhiu kh nng truyn vi khun qua tay sang thc phm hn so vi trng hp si tc ri vo thc phm. Tuy nhin s c mt ca tc trong thc phm s gy cm ThS L Thanh Long i hc Nng Lm Hu
131 gic kh chu hn l an ton thc phm, do vic che tc l cn thit. m bo cc yu cu v v sinh, li chp trn u phi bao bc kn hon ton tc. Phi thay o qun bo h lao ng b bn. Trong trng hp sn xut sn phm sch, cng nhn cn thay ton b o qun v tm ra trc khi mt o qun bo h sch hon ton. Nn nh o qun bo h nhm bo v thc phm trnh ly nhim bi con ngi v qun o mc ngoi ca h ch khng phi bo v chnh h v qun o ca h khi bn. Mi ngi khi vo nh my u phi mc qun o bo h, i m thch hp (bo v thc phm khng b ly nhim). Nn eo khu trang bo v trong trng hp sn phm nhy cm vi vi sinh vt. Vi khun c th c th xm nhp vo thc phm qua khng kh th ra t ming. Tuy nhin, x l thc phm sau khi chm tay vo khu trang c kh nng gy nhim thc phm cn nng hn so vi lng vi khun b y ra t mi v t ming. Dng khu trang i khi mang ngha tm l hn l mang tnh thc t. Cng nhn phi thng xuyn ra tay nu v sinh c nhn ca h c th nh hng n an ton thc phm. Khuyn khch cng nhn c thi quen ra k bn tay v c tay nh mt phn x t nhin trong nhng tnh hung nht nh nh: - Trc khi bt u lm vic hoc bt u hot ng x l thc phm - Trc v sau gi n, ngh gia gi - Ngay sau khi i v sinh, h mi hoc gi - Khi ri khi hoc tr li khu ch bin v bt k l do g - Khi i sang lm vic khc trong khu ch bin - Khi tay b bn ngoi mun v bt k l do g, chng hn do x l nguyn liu hay vt t thit b nhim bn khin c th gy nhim sang thc phm khc. Ra tay t nht 2 pht v kh trng ng cch nh sau: - Lm t tay - Ly x phng t bnh cha x phng nc - Ch tht k - X nc tht k - Lm kh tay - Dng thuc kh trng (t bnh xt, c th dng cn 96 ) - Ch tht k n khi kh tay Tay v gng tay c tm quan trng c bit trong cng nghip ch bin thy sn, ni c qu nhiu cng vic vn phi lm bng tay. Tay v gng tay lun tip xc vi thc phm. Ly nhim tay v gng tay chc chn s dn ti ly nhim cho thc phm cha ng gi. ThS L Thanh Long i hc Nng Lm Hu
132 Da ca con ngi rt xp v cc t bo da thng xuyn b bong. Da lin tc tit ra m hi v cc vi sinh vt mi lin tc pht trin. V vy, ra tay lm sch bi bn, m hi v vi sinh vt. C khong 10 triu vi khun trn tay cha ra v vn cn khong 100 ngn vi khun sau khi ra tay v n s c th nhn ln rt nhanh, c bit nhit c th l mi trng thch hp cho n sinh sn. S vi khun nhn ln gp i ch khong 20 pht. Kh trng tay sau khi ra c th gim s lng vi khun t 100 ngn trn tay ra cn 10 nhng sau mt thi gian nht nh 10 vi khun s nhn ln. V vy phi ra tay thng xuyn. 5.3 Nguyn tc trong cng tc v sinh ti nh my CBTS 5.3.1 Nguyn l chung trong cng tc v sinh nh my 1. Nh xng, thit b, dng c v cc phng tin vt cht khc ca nh my phi c gi sch, bo tr tt trong iu kin ngn np, v sinh. Nh xng, thit b phi c bo tr tt nhm: - Thun tin cho cc qui trnh lm v sinh - Hot ng ng cha nng nh, c bit ti cc bc ti hn - Trnh gy nhim thc phm do vn kim loi, va long, cc mnh v hoc ha cht 2. Tnh trng v sinh chung trong c s ch bin thy sn lm thc phm cho ngi phi t tiu chun cao; mi hot ng x l, ch bin t s ch n phn phi thc phm phi c thc hin trong iu kin hp v sinh. Ngi qun l c s ch bin thc phm chu trch nhim duy tr v sinh c s mc chp nhn c. Trnh trng v sinh km phn nh kin thc, quan im v sch lc ca ngi qun l. 3. V li ch ca chnh mnh, mi nh my ch bin thy sn nn b tr mt c nhn c trch, khng tham gia sn xut, chu trch nhim v v sinh nh my. C nhn hoc nhm chuyn trch phi thuc bin ch chnh thc hoc din hp ng n nh, c o to k lng v s dng cng c chuyn dng, phng php tho lp thit b lm v sinh, tc hi ca vic ly nhim v cc mi nguy km theo. 4. Mi nh my cn m bo rng cng nhn c o to y v thch hp v v sinh cng nh kim sot v sinh; v i ng cng nhn chuyn lm v sinh c hiu qu lun c duy tr. thc v sinh ca cng nhn l vn ln nht ca ngnh cng nghip ch bin thy sn. i khi cng nhn km thc do ngi qun l giao cng vic v sinh cho nhng cng nhn mi tuyn hoc nhng cng nhn km nht, lit vic lm v sinh vo loi cng vic tm thng, tr lng thp nht hoc giao cho nhm cng nhn mt mi sau ca sn xut phi lm ci vic m h cho l lao dch. Ngi lm v sinh cn hiu r cht lng cng vic ca h tc ng nh th no n sn phm, v cn c hun luyn k v qui trnh lm v sinh. Cn kim sot cht vic lm v sinh nht l vo bui ThS L Thanh Long i hc Nng Lm Hu
133 ti. Ngi qun l cn khch l khi cng vic c lm tt nhm khuyn khch cng nhn hay ngi gim st v sinh lm vic tt hn. Cn hiu r rng thiu thc c th v hiu ha c nhng k thut v sinh tt nht. 5.3.2 Nhng qui nh ring v v sinh nh my Mt s khu vc hoc thit b dng ch bin thy sn cn c ch trng c bit bi l nhng im ti hn v mt an ton v sinh hoc cht lng ca thc phm c ch bin. B mt dng phi l hoc ct thy sn phi c c ra v kh trng thng xuyn. Nu c th chng cn c xi ra bng dng nc sch lin tc sut thi gian thao tc. Nc ra phi c d lng clorine ti thiu 4ppm. Cn lm v sinh b mt dng phi l hoc ct thy sn trong gi gii lao hoc trc ca sn xut. Nu khng c ra v kh trng trit cc b mt ny (t nht sau mi ln lm vic) kh nng ly nhim vi sinh nghim trng s xy ra t ngy ny qua ngy khc. S ly nhim vi sinh thc phm ln mt bn ch bin c th gim ng k nh di ra lin tc bng nc my lnh v sch. Cn trnh lm dng vic s dng cht kh trng bi d lm hng thnh phm. Mi my mc trong ch bin thy sn phi c lm sch, kh trng v ra cn thn sau nhng khong thi gian thch hp, cui ca sn xut, trc khi bt u sn xut li hay bt k lc no thy cn. Vic s dng my mc s lm gim nguy c ly nhim t con ngi. Tuy nhin nu khng c bo dng v lm sch cn thn, my mc c th tr thnh ngun gy nhim nghim trng. Cn nh k loi b thc n b kt hay tch t trong my mc thit b sut thi gian lm vic. Mi my mc thit b cn c kim tra k trc khi bt u sn xut m bo chng c lm sch, kh trng, di ra k lng v lp rp li ng cch. 5.4 Chng trnh v sinh nh my 5.4.1 Chng trnh v sinh nh my Hot ng ch bin thy sn cn kim sot c cc mi nguy t thc phm thng qua vic s dng h thng Qui phm v sinh (SSOP). to iu kin cho vic kim sot lin tc v c hiu qu cc mi nguy t thc phm, cn trng hoc cc tc nhn c kh nng ly nhim sn phm, vic bo tr v lm v sinh nh my cn c coi nh mt CCP chung lin quan n ton b nh my ch khng ring g mt sn phm hay dy chuyn no. Cn thit lp h thng hu hiu nhm: - m bo ch lm v sinh v bo tr y v ph hp - m bo loi tr c ng vt gy hi - Qun l c cht thi ThS L Thanh Long i hc Nng Lm Hu
134 - Gim st c tnh hu hiu ca vic lm v sinh v bo tr Chng trnh c vit ra nhm: - Xc nh bt k cng on no trong qui trnh mang tnh ti hn i vi s an ton v tnh n nh ca thc phm. - Thc thi cc th tc kim sot hu hiu ti cc cng on - Gim st cc th tc kim sot m bo tnh hiu qu lin tc - Lu tr cc h s ghi chp cn thit - Xem xt li cc th tc kim sot theo nh k hoc mi khi c s thay i trong sn xut. HACCP s hiu qu qu hn khi c SSOP v nh vy n c th tp trung vo mi nguy lin quan n thc phm hoc qu trnh sn xut ch khng phi vo mi trng sn xut ca nh my. Mc khc vic lm v sinh cc khu vc xung quanh (vn khng nh hng trc tip n sn phm, v d trn nh) cng nn l mt phn ca SSOP. Mi chng trnh m bo cht lng phi bao gm c chng trnh lm v sinh v kh trng c vit d hiu thc hin. Chng trnh ny cn m bo rng mi khu vc x l thy sn u c lm v sinh v lm v sinh v kh trng ph hp. Chng trnh lm v sinh c th thay i ty tnh hung c th, mi bc thc hin nn c iu chnh thch ng thu c kt qu tt nht. Phi ghi li chng trnh lm v sinh v kh trng mt khi son tho. y l chng trnh s c s dng trong o to cng nh trong thc t thao tc hng ngy cho cng nhn lm v sinh v kh trng. Vn bn cn xc nh r: - Nhng khu vc, nhng b phn ca thit b, dng c cn lm sch - Trch nhim ca tng vic c th - Phng php v tn sut lm v sinh - B tr gim st Cn ln lch lm v sinh c th bao qut ht mi b phn ca thit b cng nh khu vc sn xut, bao gm c phng v sinh, phng thay o qun, phng n v khu ngh ngi. C th tin hnh lm v sinh bng cch s dng ring r hoc kt hp vic c ra hoc phun nc mnh vi vic dng cht ty ra, cn hoc axit. C 3 hot ng khc nhau trong ton b qu trnh lm v sinh: i)cng vic chun b; ii) Lm v sinh v iii) Kh trng. Tuy chia lm 3 hot ng nhng thc cht li lin quan vi nhau v kt qu cui cng ch chp nhn nu thc hin ng c 3 hot ng. Cc bc trong mt chu trnh hon chnh gm cng vic chun b, lm v sinh, kh trng v kim sot theo trnh t sau:
135 1. Dn dp khu vc v cc thit b cn lm v sinh, gm nhng thao tc nh chuyn ht sn phm khi khu vc, che nhng b phn nhy cm v bao b khi b nc bn, nht hoc qut cc thy sn vn.. 2. Tho cc thit b l ra b mt phi lm v sinh 3. Chuyn cc thit b nh, cc b phn, chi tit c th tho ri em ra nhng ni chuyn dng. Che y cc b phn thit b d cm ng nc khi lm hng... 4. Dn sch thc phm cn st li trong khu vc, my mc v thit b bng cch phun xi nc (lnh hoc nng) v c ra bng bn chi hoc chi. 5. Di cht ty ra. 6. Dng nc xi ra k nhm loi hon ton cc cht ty ra sau thi gian tip xc thch hp (d lng cht ty ra c th hn ch tc dng kh trng). 7. KIm sot vic lm v sinh. 8. Kh trng bng ha cht hoc bng nhit. 9. Dng nc di trng sch cht kh trng sau khi kh trng thi gian. Khng cn thit trng ra ln cui i vi mt s cht kh trng b phn r nhanh nh oxy gi (H2O2). 10. Sau khi trng ra ln cui, lm kh v lp li thit b. 11. Kim sot lm v sinh v kh trng. 12. Trong mt s trng hp, thc t s tt hn nu kh trng li (bng nc nng hoc nc c nng clorin thp) trc khi sn xut. 5.4.2 Lch trnh lm v sinh in hnh ca mt nh my ch bin thy sn Lch trnh lm v sinh in hnh ca mt nh my ch bin thy sn thng c tin hnh nh sau: 1. Trc khi vo ma a) Lm v sinh ton b my mc, thng cha, bn, nn, tng v trn loi b bi bn, rc mang vi trng. b) Kh trng mi b mt lm vic bng dung dch clorin 25 ppm. 2. V sinh thng xuyn a) Mt bn, nn v cc b mt lm vic khc phi nghing nc thot thng xuyn, trnh t ng thnh cha vi khun. b) Ra sch xe hoc ng bm chuyn, bng chuyn mi khi trt ht. 3. V sinh bui sng
136 Hng ngy trc khi bt u lm vic dng nc lnh cha 5-10ppm clorin t do x trn cc b mt lm vic nhm lm sch cc cht ty ra, kh trng cn ng li t ln v sinh trc. 4. Mi ln ngh a) V thc t nn x l ht s thy sn trn dy chuyn ch bin. b) Loi khi b mt lm vic ph liu, mnh vn thy sn cn st li. c) Dng nc cha 5ppm clorine t do ra tri ht nht, mu trn b mt lm vic. d) Xc dn ht cht thi trn nn. 5. Ngh n tra a) Loi ht thy sn khi bng chuyn. b) Loi ht ph liu khi b mt lm vic. c) Tho ht cht thi trn nn. d) Tho ht nc khi thng ra thy sn. e) Dng vi nc c p lc xt dung dch 25 ppm clorin ra cc b mt lm vic. f) Cui gi ngh tra dng vi p lc xt dung dch 5ppm clorin loi i s clorine cn xt li. 6. V sinh cui ngy Lp li nhng mc trn t (a) n (f). g) Trng ra cc b mt lm vic bng nc lnh cha 25ppm clorin. h) Tho cc tm chn l ra nhng chi tit c tip xc vi sn phm. i) C ra cc b mt lm vic bng cht ty ra v bn chi hoc dng thit b p lc cao phun cht ty ra. j) C ra tt c tht trong thng c cha dung dch clorin 100ppm. k) Trng ra ton b khu ch bin bng dung dch clorin nng cao hn, c 30-50ppm. Thi gian tip xc 10 pht. l) C ra sn v tng. Nn dng chi c sn to, si cng. m) Trng ra cc b mt bng nc sch cha 5ppm clorine. Mc clorin thp ny nhm trnh n mn b mt kim loi. 7. Cui tun mt s khu vc nht nh v trn cc thit b nh xe ch, mng trt c xu hng hnh thnh mt lp cao bm kh cng. y l ni c th s dng cc cht ty ra mnh v lp ny kh lm sch bng bn chi v cc cht ty ta thng thng. Khi dng cc cht ty ra ny cn ch : ThS L Thanh Long i hc Nng Lm Hu
137 a) Ra tri ht nguyn liu cn xt li, pha long ha cht vo thng theo hng dn ca nh sn xut. b) Phun cht ty ra ln nhng b mt kh c ra v nhng b mt khc c lp cn ng dy. c) cht ty ra ng li trn b mt t 30 pht n 1 gi, sau x nc k. Ch cht ty ra c tnh kim mnh s n mn b mt kim loi. d) C th dng cht ty ra c tnh acid mi thng 1 ln hoc mi ma vi ln. Khng dng cht ty ra axit ra nn sn b tng v axit lm r b tng. 5.5 Cht ty ra v kh trng 5.5.1 Cht ty ra Cht ty ra gip lm bong trc cht bn v gi chng dng huyn ph sau b loi i khi trng ra. Qu trnh ny lm gim lng vi khun c trn thit b nhng chc nng chnh ca chng vn l h tr qu trnh ty sch cht bn. C vi dng cht ty ra c phn loi nh sau: 1. Kim v c - n da v khng n da 2. Axit v c v hu c 3. Cc cht hot ng b mt 4. Cht kt ta v c v hu c Cc cht ty ra c th dng dng dung dch nc, bt hoc keo. Thng ngi ta s dng dng hn hp pha trn t cc ha cht khc nhau, mi cht to nn phm cht ring cho tng loi cht ty ra. Di y l thnh phn nhng cht ty ra thng dng nht: Natri cacbonat Natri metasilicate Alkyl aryl sulphonate Natri tripolyphotphate : 30% : 35% : 5% : 30%
T l pha: 3 n 5 phn bt trong 1000 phn nc. i vi cht ty mang tnh kim mnh dng x l m v protein gia nhit, trong cng thc cn c NaOH. 5.5.2 Cht kh trng Sau khi ra sch cn c khu kh trng. Cht kh trng thng ch lm gim lng vi khun sng song khng tiu dit c bo t vi khun. Kh trng hiu qu khng nht thit l dit sch vi khun nhng phi gim chng xung ti mc khng gy hi cho sc khe. Kh trng s khng pht huy ht hiu qu nu thiu cng on lm v sinh trc .
138 Nhng cht kh trng ph bin nht hin nay l clorin v hp cht cha clorin. Clorin v cc sn phm c gc clorin k c cc hypoclorite t ra thch hp nht cho mc ch kh trng thng thng ti cc nh my thc phm. Nhng cht ny tc dng nhanh ln nhiu loi vi sinh vt v gi tng i r. Hai dng c bn: Natri hypoclorite (NaOCl) thng c bn dng lng nh mt cht ty mu c nng clorin t do thp (khong 5%, nng thng mi khong 10-14%). Canxi hypoclorite (Ca[OCl]2) c dng di dng bt, loi ny ang c dng ph bin nhiu nh my ch bin thy sn. Clorin (Canxi hypoclorite) c dng bt trng, mn, mi cay kh chu, d vn cc do ht m, d mt hot tnh khi tip xc lu vi nh sng. Nu nhn thy clorine b vn cc hoc vng l km cht lng khng nn s dng. Clorine phi c cha ng trong dung dch khng b n mn ha hc v c np y kn. Bo qun clorin ni kh ro, thong mt, trnh c ma, nng. Hin nay c ba loi clorin thng c s dng: - Clorin 70% hot tnh do M sn xut - Clorin 60% hot tnh do Nht sn xut - Clorin 40% hot tnh do Trung Quc sn xut Cch s dng clorine n v thng dng l ppm (n v phn ngn), l s miligam clorin tinh khit trong mt lt nc. V d: 5ppm l nng tng ng vi 5mg clorin tinh khit trong mt lt nc. Cch tnh lng bt clorin cn dng pha thnh dung dch nh sau: Gi: - Lng nc cn pha l V (lt) - Nng clorin cn pha l N (ppm) - Hot tnh ca clorin s dng l F (%) - Lng bt clorin nguyn cht cn dng l P (mg): - Lng bt clorin thc t cn dng pha ch l X (mg): P=N x V Px100 X= F
Khi lng ny cng c tnh sn bng sau: Bng tnh sn khi lng bt clorin cn dng pha thnh dung dch clorin cc nng khc nhau (gam)
Lng nc (lt) Dng Clorin hot tnh 70% 1 5 10 0,0071 0,0357 0,0714 0,0143 0,0714 0,1428 0,0286 0,1428 0,2756 0,0714 0,3571 0,7142 0,1428 0,7142 1,4285 5 ppm 10 ppm 20 ppm 50 ppm 100 ppm
139
20 50 100 1 5 10 20 50 100 1 5 10 20 50 100 0,1428 0,3571 0,7142 0,0083 0,0416 0,0833 0,1666 0,4166 0,8333 0,0150 0,0625 0,1250 0,2500 0,6250 1,2500 0,2857 0,7142 1,4285 0,0166 0,0833 0,1666 0,3333 0,8333 0,6666 0,0250 0,1250 0,2500 0,5000 1,2500 2,5000 0,5712 1,4280 2,856 0,0332 0,1666 0,3333 0,6666 1,6666 3,3333 0,0500 0,2500 0,5000 1,0000 2,5000 5,0000 1,4285 3,5714 7,1428 0,0833 0,4166 0,8333 1,6666 4,1666 8,3333 0,1250 0,6250 1,2500 2,5000 6,2500 12,5000 2,9571 7,1428 14,2857 0,1666 0,8333 1,6666 3,3333 8,3333 16,6666 0,2500 1,2500 2,5000 5,0000 12,5000 25,0000
Dng Clorin hot tnh 60%
Dng Clorin hot tnh 40%
Nng clorin dng trong ch bin - Nc ra nguyn liu lc tip nhn: 50ppm. - Nc ra nguyn liu lc ch bin: 10-20ppm. - Nc ra th c trc khi xp khun: 20ppm. - Nc ngm khun tm ch ng, chm khun, tch khun, m bng: 3-5ppm. - Nc ra tay cho cng nhn: 10ppm. - Ra dng c sn xut (khun khay, bn gh, dao, r..): 50-100ppm. - V sinh nh, tng, nc nhng ng: 200ppm. 5.6 Gim st v kim tra lm v sinh Ch thit lp tiu chun v sinh l cha , iu quan trng l phi khuyn khch cc nhn vin quan tm v c thc v v sinh. Ngoi vic thng xuyn o to cho nhn vin, vic tin hnh kim tra v gim st vic lm v sinh l ht sc cn thit. Mt phng php quan trng v ph bin nht gim st l kim tra bng mt. V d xem cng nhn c thc hin cc bin php v sinh c nhn cn thit khng, hoc qu trnh lm v sinh ang c tin hnh nhm m bo rng khng cn nhn thy sn phm st li, hoc c b phn my mc no c mi, c sch khng. Cc kim tra ny ph thuc vo kinh nghim v trnh ca ngi kim tra vi kh nng phn bit c thit b sch hay bn, nhn din c cc du hiu bt thng, v trn ht c kh nng xc nh ng tc ng ca vic lm v sinh v kh trng i vi s an ton v cht lng ca sn phm ang c ch bin. Thng thng bng danh mc kim tra c th h tr trong trng hp kim tra nh k lp li. V d: k hoch kim sot v sinh c nu tn cc phng, my mc, b mt c
140 gim st, sau khi xem xt cn thn nu nhn thy sch th ghi "c" vo mc "sch". Nu thy khuyt im c th ghi ch hnh ng sa cha cn thit nh "lm v sinh li".
Cng ty Trang ....... ngy.......
Bo co kim sot v sinh v kh trng B phn/phng ...............

Trch nhim lm v sinh/kh trng:......................................................... Thit b/B mt Tn sut? Hng ngy Hng tun Phng php Th cng My (c p lc) Trch nhim kim sot:............................ Sch? (kim tra bng mt) C Khng Ghi ch
Thc hin lm v sinh/kh trng: Ngy, Ch k:..................................................
Thc hin kim sot: Ngy, Ch k: ..........................................
Mu bo co kim sot v sinh
V sch s bn ngoi c th gy nhm ln, to cm gic an ton gi to. Thit b, b mt ch bin nhn b ngoi c v sch vn c th l ni c tr ca vi khun c kh nng nh hng n tnh an ton v n nh ca thc phm, v vy nn thm tra mc v sinh bng cc phn tch vi sinh cc mu ly t thit b v mi trng. Vic kim sot ny mt thi gian v tin bc, song vic ny rt c ch khi cn thm tra. Qua mt thi gian lp li vic ly mu v phn tch c th nh gi chnh xc mc sch ca b mt v sinh, gip nh my nh gi c chng trnh lm v sinh, kh trng v tin hnh thay i nu thy cn thit.
141
TI LIU THAM KHO

1. Nguyn Trng Cn & Minh Phng. Cng ngh ch bin thc phm thy sn, Tp 1 - Nguyn liu ch bin thy sn. NXB Nng nghip, 1990. 2. UNIDO - Chng trnh o to cho ph n trong lnh vc ch bin thc phm min Trung - Ti liu hng dn ging vin, Nng, 2003. 3. Trn c Ba, Nguyn Vn Ti. Cng ngh lnh thy sn. NXB HQG TPHCM, 2004. 4. Lng Hu ng. Mt s sn phm ch bin t c v hi sn khc. NXB Nng nghip, 1981. 5. Huss, H.H. C ti, cht lng v bin i cht lng. Bn dch t Fao Fisheries Technical Paper 348, 1995. 6. Huss, H.H. m bo cht lng sn phm thy sn. Bn dch t Fao Fisheries Technical Paper 334, 1993. 7. Hunh Nguyn Duy Bo, Hunh L Tm; Else Marie Andersen. Hng dn X l v bo qun tm s nguyn liu. NXB Nng Nghip, 2002. 8. Hunh Nguyn Duy Bo, Hunh L Tm; Else Marie Andersen. Hng dn X l v bo qun nhuyn th chn u nguyn liu. NXB Nng Nghip, 2002. 9. D n SEAQIP. Nhp mn HACCP cho cc nh ch bin thy sn. NXB Nng nghip, 1999. 10. J. Graham, W. A. Johnston and F. J. Nicholson. Ice in fisheries. Nc trong ngnh thy sn. Bn dch t FAO Fisheries Technical Paper. No. 331, Rome, FAO. 1992. 11. D n SEAQIP. Phn tch mi nguy v im kim sot ti hn. NXB Nng nghip, 2001. 12. D n SEAQIP. Hng dn kim sot mi nguy trong ch bin. NXB Nng nghip, 2001. 13. Hip hi ch bin & xut khu thy sn Vit Nam. Hng dn v sinh trong cng nghip ch bin thy sn. NXB Nng nghip, 2001. 14. ng Vn Hp, Vn Ninh, Nguyn Thun Anh. Qun l cht lng thy sn. NXB Nng nghip, 2006.

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1 TRNG TRUNG CP NGH CNG NGHIP TU THY HU ------------ oOo -------------

Bin son: ThS L Thanh Long i hc Nng lm Hu

2 MC LC Chng I MT S KHI NIM V KIN THC C BN 4

ThS L Thanh Long i hc Nng Lm Hu

3 Chng 4 AN TON THC PHM V HACCP 98

ThS L Thanh Long i hc Nng Lm Hu

MT S KHI NIM V KIN THC C BN

ThS L Thanh Long i hc Nng Lm Hu

ThS L Thanh Long i hc Nng Lm Hu

ThS L Thanh Long i hc Nng Lm Hu

ThS L Thanh Long i hc Nng Lm Hu

ThS L Thanh Long i hc Nng Lm Hu

Dch nht trng c Phng Gic mc c ng t m c ang bin mu Dch nht m c Hi c

ng t xm xt Hi vng Dch nht c nh sa

C mu sng nh mu Chc v n hi B mt nhn

Hi mm (mm xu), km n hi, b mt m c Hi dnh

Dnh hon ton vo tht Rong bin

Mang, da, khoang bng

Khng c mi rong bin hoc bt k mi kh chu no

Hoc trng thi ti t hn.

Hnh 1: Bin i cm quan b mt thn c theo thi gian gian bo qun

ThS L Thanh Long i hc Nng Lm Hu

ThS L Thanh Long i hc Nng Lm Hu

Bng 3: Cc ch tiu cm qun cht lng tm s nguyn liu

ThS L Thanh Long i hc Nng Lm Hu

21 Bng 4: Sai li cht lng thng thng ca nguyn liu tm s

ThS L Thanh Long i hc Nng Lm Hu

ThS L Thanh Long i hc Nng Lm Hu

ThS L Thanh Long i hc Nng Lm Hu

24 Bng 5: Ch tiu cm quan nh gi cht lng mc ng nguyn liu

Loi C (Khng chp nhn cho xut khu)

- Thong mi thm t nhin, khng c mi l

- Khng c mi thm t nhin, hoc c mi l

ThS L Thanh Long i hc Nng Lm Hu

Bng 6: Ch tiu cm quan nh gi cht lng mc nang nguyn liu

Loi C (Khng chp nhn cho xut khu)

Trng thi ca tht -

- Thong mi thm t nhin, khng c mi l

ThS L Thanh Long i hc Nng Lm Hu

Mc cht lng Loi B (Khng chp nhn cho xut khu)

ThS L Thanh Long i hc Nng Lm Hu

ThS L Thanh Long i hc Nng Lm Hu

28 Bng 8: Bin i cht lng cm quan mc ng

ThS L Thanh Long i hc Nng Lm Hu

Hnh 3: Phng php p trc tip

Hnh 4: Phng php p gin tip

ThS L Thanh Long i hc Nng Lm Hu

Hnh 5: Hnh dng kch thc tinh th khi lm ng

M bng kiu phun

M bng kiu nhng

Hnh 6: Cc kiu m bng

ThS L Thanh Long i hc Nng Lm Hu

ThS L Thanh Long i hc Nng Lm Hu

K THUT S CH, BO QUN V VN CHUYN NGUYN LIU THY SN

Cn thn nh nhng - Sch - Lnh - Nhanh

ThS L Thanh Long i hc Nng Lm Hu

Hnh 7: La tm ti m nui ngay sau khi thu hoch

ThS L Thanh Long i hc Nng Lm Hu

ThS L Thanh Long i hc Nng Lm Hu

ThS L Thanh Long i hc Nng Lm Hu

X mu trong nc bin ha y n c ngt X mu trong nc bin Ct bng v moi rut

ThS L Thanh Long i hc Nng Lm Hu

Hnh 13: Bo qun trc tip mc tuc

Hnh 14: Bo qun gin tip mc nang