PAB1033: PAB1033: RESERVOIR ROCK & FLUID PROPERTIES

CHAPTER 7 RESERVOIR FLUIDS PHASE BEHAVIOUR (PURE SUBSTANCE)

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Lesson Learning Outcome

At the end of the session, students should be able to:
1) 2)

Explain the behaviour of pure hydrocarbon under varying pressure and temperature. temperature. Define the terms used in phase diagrams.

Phase Behaviour
Reservoir hydrocarbons exist as vapour, liquid or solid phases A phase is defined as a part of a system which is physically distinct from other parts by definite boundaries A reservoir oil (liquid phase) may change form into gas (vapour phase) during depletion The evolved gas initially remains dispersed in the oil phase until more and more gas is evolved. When this happens, large clusters will form and be mobile. Either mobile or not, both this condition is considered as a two-phase fluid.
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Phase Behaviour.cont.
The subject of phase behaviour however behaviour, however, focuses only on the state of equilibrium, where no changes will occur with time if the system is left at the prevailing constant pressure and temperature A system reaches equilibrium when it attains it minimum energy level Fluids at equilibrium are also referred to as q saturated fluids The state of a phase is fully defined when its composition, temperature and pressure are specified
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The Phase Diagram

It is beneficial to study the behaviour of a pure hydrocarbon under varying pressure and t h d b d i d temperature t to gain an insight into the behaviour of more complex hydrocarbon system Phase diagram are useful ways of presenting the behaviour of systems They are generally plots of pressure versus temperature and show the phases that exist under these varying conditions Phase behaviour is a key aspect in understanding nature and behaviour of fluids both in the reservoir and also during the production and transport process.
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Pressure - temperature diagram for single component system

Pressure - temperature diagram for single component system

Vapour pressure line Divides the regions where the substance is a liquid from regions where it is a gas

Conditions on the line indicate where both liquid and gas coexist.

Pressure - temperature diagram for single component system

Critical Point

The limit of the vapour p pressure line Defines the: Critical temperature, Tc Critical pressure, Pc of the pure substance For pure component, the limiting state for liquid and gas to coexist.
General definition: The point at which all intensive properties of the gas and liquid are equal
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Pressure - temperature diagram for single component system

Melting Point Line

Represents th pressure R t the and temperature at which solid exists from the area where liquid exists. Of relevance to wax and hydrates

Pressure - temperature diagram for single component system

Triple Point

Represents the pressure and temperature at which solid, liquid and vapour co-exist under equilibrium conditions. Not common for Petroleum e g ee s to et o eu engineers deal with solid state. More recently an issue in the context of wax, ashphaltenes and hydrates.
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Pressure - temperature diagram for single component system

Sublimation -Pressure Line

Represents the pressure and temperature at which solid exists from the area where vapour exists.

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Pressure - temperature diagrams

Consider behaviour of a PVT (pressure, volume, temperature ) cell charged with a pure substance and the volume varied by frictionless piston.
P1 Single phase liquid at P1

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Pressure - temperature diagrams

Single phase liquid at P1 Significant pressure reduction Small liquid volume change P1 P2 Bubble point pressure P2 Small gas bubble in equilibrium with liquid

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Pressure - temperature diagrams

Single phase liquid at P1 Bubble point pressure P2 Further volume expansion More gas p g phase. Liquid volume decreases Pressure remains constant

P1

P2

P3

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Pressure - temperature diagrams

Single phase liquid at P1 Bubble point pressure P2 Further volume expansion Dew point pressure P4 Small liquid drop in equilibrium with gas Pressure remains constant

P1

P2

P3

P4

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Pressure - temperature diagrams

Single phase liquid at P1 Bubble point Dew point pressure P2 pressure P4 Pressure reduces P1 P2 P3 P4 P5 Further gas expansion

Further l F th volume expansion

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Pressure - temperature diagram

P1

P2 P4

P3 P5

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Phase Behavior-Oils

Single phase oil at above saturation pressure Pb-first gas bubble come out from solution. More gas below bubble point pressure. pressure

13,000 15,000 13 000 15000 11,000 11 2,000 3,000 4,000 5,000 6,000 7,000 9,000 2 3 4 5 6 7 9

Pressure volume diagram

For a single component system
ALL LIQUID

Liquid state-rapid change of pressure with small volume change

FIRST GAS BUBBLE

Pressure remains constant while both gas and liquid are present
LAST DROP LIQUID

Dew point Gas

ALL GAS

Bubble point

VOLUME

Singlephase

Firstbubble

Pressure=2700psig

2600psig<pressure<2700psig

Gasbubble Gascap

Pressure=2600psig

Pressure=2500psig
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Behavior across the vapour pressure line

From A to B via VP line At A liquid phase P1

Between A&B on VP line gas & liquid phases

P3

P5 At B gas phase
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Behavior around the critical point

At A liquid phase

At E compressed liquid phase From E to F from liquid to gas with no phase boundary

At G gas phase

At B gas phase
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Beyond critical point

At 3 liquid phase ? Dense phase fluid

From 3 to 4 a change from liquid properties to gas properties with no distinct phase change

At 4 gas phase
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Pressure - temperature diagram for ethane

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PressurePressure- Volume Diagram for a Pure System

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T1

1
T2

Critical Point

T3 Pressure

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Vapour Liquid q Two Phase Region

Volume
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Three Dimensional Phase Diagram for a Pure Component

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