NSM

Simulation and Optimization of Metal Forming Processes

New Applications and Challenges 19. Umformtechnisches Kolloquium Hannover: 27/28 Februar 2008 Manas Shirgaokar, Graduate Research Associate (shirgaokar.1@osu.edu) Ajay Yadav, Graduate Research Associate (yadav.1@osu.edu) Dr. Taylan Altan, Professor & Director (altan.1@osu.edu) Engineering Research Center for Net Shape Manufacturing, ERC/NSM The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio http://www.ercnsm.org
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Precision Forging Group

Outline
Need for Process Simulation in Metal Forming. Requirements for Process Simulation.
Material Properties. Interface Friction Conditions.

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Selected Process Modeling Case Studies.

Precision Cold, Warm and Hot Forging. Stamping.

Summary and Concluding Remarks.

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Precision Forging Group

Improvement of Profitability

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Steps to increase profitability in global competition:

Increase material utilization (reduction of scrap, flash, etc.). Reduce defects and scrap rate. Increase die service life. Increase utilization rate of forming equipment. Process optimization by use of computer aided engineering (CAE) tools. Increase automation and decrease labor content. Efficient information management. Training of personnel/access to advanced technology.
Precision Forging Group 3

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Process Simulation using CAE

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Main Goal: Reduce part development time and cost, and increase quality and productivity. Specific Goals:
Optimization of blank-holder force and blank geometry in stamping. Optimization of hydroforming. internal pressure vs. axial feed in tube

Preform and die design optimization for improved material yield in hot forging. Die material selection and process design for improved die life in warm and hot forging. Prediction of internal defects and part quality in cold forging.
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Process Modeling Requirements ERC NSM -Material PropertiesForging: Cylinder Compression Test Barreling occurs at the center plane of the specimen due to the friction at the die-specimen interface. Upset load versus stroke and shape of the billet at the end of forming are used in FE simulation-based inverse analysis technique to estimate the flow stress that compensates for friction.
CL CL

5.8mm. 5.8 mm.

Maximum radius Maximum radius 4.65mm. 4.65 mm.

(Cho et al, 2003)

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Process Modeling Requirements ERC NSM -Material PropertiesStamping and Sheet Hydroforming : Viscous Pressure Bulge (VPB) Test Material properties obtained from tensile test are not adequate for process simulation.
Stress conditions in stamping/ sheet hydroforming are often biaxial compared to uniaxial in the tensile test, and The maximum effective strain achievable in the tensile test is relatively small because of local necking.
Fc td hd t0 dc Fc Rd

Rc

(Gutscher et al, 2004)

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Process Modeling Requirements ERC NSM -Material PropertiesSurface Properties: Indentation Test The indentation (micro-hardness) test is used to estimate local flow stress of the material near the surface. The load versus stroke is measured continuously and used as an input to an FE simulation-based inverse analysis technique to estimate the flowP-h curve comparison stress.
Loading
60000 50000 Punch force(N) Experiment FEM Simulation A 40000 30000 20000 10000 0

Ball indenter

Workpiece

Indentation depth, h
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0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1.2

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Penetration depth(mm) (Cho

et al, 2004)

Process Modeling Requirements ERC -Interface Friction Conditions in Forging- NSM

Forging: Ring Compression Test (RCT) and Double Cup Extrusion Test (DCET) The DCET is used to evaluate lubricants in processes that involve high contact pressures and surface expansion. Lubricants are evaluated and ranked on the basis of the cup height ratio. The RCT is mainly used to test lubricants in cold heading and warm/hot forging due to its simplicity. Lubricants are evaluated and ranked on the basis of the change in ring inner diameter for different height reductions. The friction factor in both cases is estimated using calibration curves developed through FE analysis.
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Process Modeling Requirements ERC -Interface Friction Conditions in Forging- NSM

Upper Pu Upper Punch

Billet

H1

H2
Lower Lower Punch

a) Double Cup Extrusion Test.

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b) Ring Compression Test.

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Process Modeling Requirements ERC -Interface Friction Conditions in Stamping- NSM

Stamping: Deep Drawing Test This test emulates the interface condition that exists in production, both in the flange and in the punch. Circular cups are drawn from a blank of fixed draw ratio but with different blank holder force until they fracture. The largest blank holder force that can be used to draw the cup without failure indicates the performance of the lubricant. The higher is the blank holder force, the better is the performance of the lubricant in the test. Also, a large punch force indicates bad performance of the lubricant.
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Process Modeling Requirements ERC -Interface Friction Conditions in Stamping- NSM

Stamping: Deep Drawing Test Experimental evaluation of lubricant performance.

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(Kim et al, 2006)

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Process Modeling Applications -Incremental FormingOrbital Forming of Wheel Bearing Assembly:

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Determine the influence of various process parameters such as axial feed, tool axis angle, etc., on the residual stress in the bearing inner race of the assembly, deformed geometry of the spindle, and the axial load that the assembly can withstand.
Tool Inner race

Spindle

Initial stage

Final stage

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(Cho et al, 2004)

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Process Modeling Applications -Microforming of Medical DevicesMicroforming of a Surgical Blade:

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Using FEA with die stress analysis, the flash thickness was reduced such that grinding of flash was replaced by electro-chemical machining (ECM). The designed tool geometry was successfully used in production to coin this part.

Initial blank Formed part (Blank thickness = 0.1 mm; Final blade thickness = 0.01 mm)
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(Palaniswamy et al, 2002)

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-Material Yield Improvement in Hot Forging- NSM

Hot Forging of Suspension Components: A study was conducted for a tier one aluminum forging supplier to optimize the preform and die (blocker and finisher) designs, forging temperatures as well as flash dimensions .

Process Modeling Applications

ERC

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-Material Yield Improvement in Hot Forging- NSM

Material yield was increased by 15% through preform optimization, with an additional 3-4 % improvement through blocker die design.

Process Modeling Applications

ERC

Original Finisher Forging

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Final Forging with Reduced Flash

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Process Modeling Applications -Improvement of Die Life in ForgingDie Wear Study (Forging Industry Association):

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Main Goal: Prediction and improvement of die life in warm and hot forging processes through combination of FEA and shop-floor trials under production conditions. Specific Goals:
Identification of interface conditions at start-up and steady-state. Selection and comparison of die materials through FEA. Design of shrink-fitted dies with ceramic and carbide inserts accounting for thermal expansion during preheating and forging. Preform and die design for reduction of die-workpiece contact time and relative sliding.
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Process Modeling Applications -Improvement of Die Life in ForgingForging Process Simulation Production Cycle-time Data: with
1000
TDC Forging BDC Dwell Tmax 900

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TDC Cooling

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Die chill time i.e. the time spent by the billet on the bottom die until contact with the top die. Deformation or forging time i.e. the time from start of deformation until bottom dead center (BDC). Dwell time i.e. the time until part removal/ejection. Cooling time i.e. the lubrication spray time and the dwell time until the next billet is placed on the die.

Die Temperature (F)

800 700 600 500

Tmin 400 Die chill

Start-up
0.2 t1 0.4 t2

300
To, tb 0

1268 1068

Time

0.6

0.8

tc te1

tf 1.

Temperature (F)

868 668 468 268 68 0 50 100 150

Steady-state
Time (sec)
200 250 300 350

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Process Modeling Applications -Improvement of Die Life in Forging-

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Scrap rates were reduced by 50% in a hot forging process through improved preform design and die material selection developed by FEA of the forging process (Impact Forge, USA). Effect of die material properties on thermal fatigue performance was investigated in order to screen alternative die materials. Loss of compressive stress in a shrink-fit die was determined through simulation of die heating and multiple-cycle forging (American Axle, USA). The application of matrix-high speed steels is being explored through production trials (Hirschvogel, USA).
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Process Modeling Applications -Blank Design in StampingDetermination of Slot Location and Shape:

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FEA using PAMSTAMP-2000 was used to determine the optimal slot shape and location in the initial blank for a sample part (automatic transmission component). This helped to eliminate an expensive post-stamping laser cutting operation.

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(Palaniswamy et al, 2002)

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Process Modeling Applications -Blank-holder Force ControlProgramming a Multipoint Cushion System:

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As part of a USCAR project, an optimization technique was developed coupled with FE codes to estimate the blank holder force that is variable in space and constant in stroke. The developed software was used to predict the blank holder force required to form a full size automotive panel (Lift-gate inner) from three different materials (aluminum alloy A6111-T4, t=1.0 mm, BH210, t=0.8 mm and DP500 t=0.8 mm).

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(Palaniswamy et al, 2002)

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Process Modeling Applications -Blank-holder Force Control-

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ERC

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Process Modeling Applications -Progressive Die Design-

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A process sequence was designed for the part shown. The existing design was improved through FE simulation to reduce the potential for failure in the formed part (excessive thinning and wrinkling).

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Process Modeling Applications -Warm Forming of Lightweight Alloys-

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Warm sheet forming of magnesium and aluminum alloys A study was conducted, in co-operation with AidaAmerica, to investigate deep drawing of a magnesium alloy, an aluminum alloy and austenitic stainless steel at elevated temperature. The sheet was heated in the tooling and then formed at different speeds using a servo motor driven press that allows infinite degrees of freedom to control the ram motion and speed. Maximum draw ratio of 3.0 can be obtained at 300 C with maximum ram velocities of 2 mm/sec and 5 mm/sec for AZ31B and AL5754-O sheet material, respectively.
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Process Modeling Applications

-Warm Forming of Lightweight Alloys-

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Magnesium : AZ31B
250 C 275 C 300 C
250 C

Aluminum: 5754-O
275 C 300 C

250

50

forming velocity [mm/s]

forming velocity [mm/s]

2.4 2.5 2.6 2.7 2.8 2.9 3 3.1 3.2

200 1 50 1 00 50 0

40 30

20 1 0 0 2.4 2.5 2.6 2.7 2.8 2.9 3 3.1 3.2

Lim iting Draw Ratio (LDR)

Lim iting Draw Ratio (LDR)

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Summary

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Process modeling through FE simulation is an essential tool in modern metal forming to reduce the development cost and time. Continuous development of FE software for metal forming has increased its scope to cover a large range of metal forming processes including warm sheet forming and metal cutting. In this paper an overview is given on the application of FE simulation for industrially relevant practical problems.
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References

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H.Cho, G.Ngaile, T.Altan, 2003, Simultaneous determination of flow stress and interface friction by finite element based inverse analysis technique, Annals of CIRP, Vol 52, pp 221-224. G. Gutscher, H.C. Wu, G.Ngaile, T.Altan, 2004, Determination of flow stress for sheet metal forming using the viscous pressure bulge (VPB) test, Journal of Materials Processing Technology Vol. 146, pp 1-7. H. Cho, N.Kim, T.Altan, 2004, Finite element based inverse analysis for determination of flow stress for determination of flow stress data and friction,ERC report no: F/ERC/NSM-04-R-20, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio. H. Kim, J. Sung, R. Sivakumar, T. Altan, 2006, Evaluation of stamping lubricants using deep drawing test, accepted for publication in the International Journal for Machine Tools and Manufacture. H.Cho, G. Ngaile, T. Altan, 2004, 3D finite element analysis of orbital forming and inverse analysis for determination of flow stress of the workpiece, Materials Processing and Design: Modeling, Simulation and Application, NUMIFORM 2004, pp 1502 1507. H.Palaniswamy, G.Ngaile, T.Altan, 2002, Coining of surgical slit knife, ERC Report no: S/ERC/NSM 02-16, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio. Precision Forging Group

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References

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H.Palaniswamy, N.Jain, T.Altan, 2002, Design of optimal slot shape and blank shape using finite element analysis, ERC/NSM Report no. ERC/NSM 02 102, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio. H. Palaniswamy, M. Braedel, A. Thandapani, T. Altan, 2006, Optimal programming of multipoint cushion systems in sheet metal forming, Annals of CIRP, Vol 55/1, pp 249-254. S. Kaya, G. Spampinato, T. Altan, 2007, An Experimental Study on Non-Isothermal Deep Drawing Process Using Aluminum and Magnesium Alloys, (in review , Journal of Manufacturing Science and Engineering).

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