Cng ngh sau thu hoch

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Cng nh Thi Lan, Malaysia, IndonesiaVit Nam c coi l mt trong nhng thin ng ca tri cy. Ngi ta c th tm thy y nhng loi tri cy thuc hng dn gi nh cc, i, s ri m cht bn x n nhng loi tri cy thuc hng qu tc nh Su Ring, Mng Ct m tnh cng ng. V chnh ngun tri cy phong ph ny gip cho i sng ca nng dn Vit Nam khng ngng c nng cao trong nhiu nm qua v ng gp mt phn khng nh vo tng thu nhp quc dn (GDP) ca c nc. Song, so vi cc nc trong khu vc c cng mt loi kh hu cn nhit i, tri cy Vit Nam vn cha thc s ph bin trn th trng quc t nh tri cy Trung Quc, Thi Lan hay Malaysia v v th thu nhp t tri cy cng cha thc s tng xng vi tim nng m chng ta hin c. V sao tri cy Vit Nam cha lm c iu ny? Mt trong nhng l do c cp n nhiu nht l do s tn tht do thi gian vn chuyn di. S tn tht ny gy ra bi nhiu nguyn nhn, trong s sn sinh mnh Ethylene khi tri cy chn l mt nguyn nhn rt quan trng ng vai tr ln n cht lng cng nh thi gian bo qun tri cy. Vy Ethylene c vai tr nh th no i vi qu trnh chn ca tri cy v chng ta nn c nhng phng php g tc ng ngc tr li i vi cht ny bo qun tri cy mt cch tt hn?

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I- T VN tng thi gian bo qun rau qu l mt vn c t ra hin nay. C rt nhiu nhn t tc ng, lm nh hng n thi gian bo qun. Mt trong nhng nhn t tc ng ny chnh l vic sn sinh kh ethylene trong qu trnh chn. Do vy, trong k thut bo qun, cn phi kim sot nng kh ny t c hiu qu bo qun. II-TNG QUAN V ETHYLENE Vai tr: Ethylene c xem l hoocmon thc vt thc y qu trnh chn qu.i vi cc loi qu h hp t bin , trong qu trnh chn c giai on h hp mnh nht. Thng thng vi gi trc khi xy ra h hp t bin hm lng ethylene ni sinh tng, kch thch hot ng ca cc enzym y nhanh qu trnh chn ca rau qu. Di tc ng ca ethylene, mng t bo ca qu c nhng bin i c bn: tnh thm ca mng tng ln ng k do ethylene c i lc cao i vi lipit, mt thnh phn ch yu cu to nn mng t bo. iu dn n gii phng cc enzym vn tch ri vi c cht do mng ngn cch. Cc enzym ny c iu kin tip xc vi c cht v gy ra cc phn ng c lin quan n cc qu trnh sinh l, sinh ho ca qu thc y qu trnh chn ca qu. Qu trnh sinh tng hp ethylene: Theo Yang v cng s, qu trnh sinh tng hp ethylene bao gm nhng giai on chnh sau: Xut pht ban u t axt amin methionine (MET) v sn phm quan trng nht ca chu trnh ny l to ra ethylene, qu trnh ny i qua hai sn phm trung gian chnh l S-adenosyl methionine (SAM) v 1- aminocyclopropane 1-2http://www.ebook.edu.vn

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cacboxylic axit (ACC). T methionine (MET) chuyn ho thnh S-adenosyl methionine (SAM) nh tc dng xc tc ca enzym SAM-synthetase. T SAM chuyn ha theo 2 con ng khc nhau: mt phn t hp li axit amin MET tip tc qu trnh sinh tng hp trong c th sinh vt; mt phn chuyn ha thnh 1-aminocyclopropane 1-cacboxylic axit (ACC) nh tc dng xc tc ca enzym ACC-synthetase.

Khi qu cn xanh, con ng hnh thnh tr li MET xy ra mnh v s hnh thnh ACC l yu hn. Qu trnh ny s din ra ngc li khi qu chn dn. T ACC chuyn ho thnh ethylene (C2H4) nh tc dng xc tc ca enzym ACCoxydase. III- CC PHNG PHP C CH ETHYLENE 1-c ch ethylene ni sinh 1.1. S dng Aminoethoxyvinyglycin (AVG) v Axit Aminooxyacetic (AOA) : Theo quan im ca Lurssen v cng s, trong qu trnh sinh tng hp ethylene t axt amin methyonin (MET), hot tnh ca hai enzym ACC- synthetase v ACC-oxydase ng vai tr quan trng trong qu trnh iu ho sn sinh ethylene. Cht khng ethylene, AVG v AOA l cc hp cht c tc dng c ch hot ng ca enzym ACC- synthetase, l enzym gi vai tr quan trng trong vic xc
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tc qu trnh hnh thnh ethylene. Nn qu trnh chuyn ho SAM thnh ACC thp (cht tin ethylene). Chnh v vy, hm lng ethylene to thnh thp. Do lm tr hon qu trnh chn ca qu, duy tr c hng thm ca qu trong qu trnh bo qun. ng dng Retain - AVG c s dng ph bin hin nay i vi cc loi hoa qu trc v sau thu hoch. N c ng dng bo qun cc loi qu to, l, o. i vi qu l, x l nng 720 mg/l l cho cht lng qu tt nht v mu sc, kch thc, cng ng u. i vi qu o, Retain - AVG lm gim cng v hm lng axit nhng lm tng hm lng cht kh ho tan ca qu. Ngoi ra, n cn lm tr hon qu trnh sn sinh ethylene v cng h hp ca qu o. 1.2. Gim nng oxy Bo qun trong mi trng iu chnh thnh phn kh: Controlled Atmosphere (CA) v Modified Atmosphere (MA) Ta bit kh CO2 v O2 c tc dng trc tip ln qu trnh sinh l, sinh ha ca rau qu, mt khc thnh phn ca kh quyn bnh thng cha 21% O2, 0,03% CO2 v 78% N2, v vy khi bo qun nhit bnh thng vi hm lng O2 v CO2 nh trn th cng h hp hiu kh rt cao, thc y qu trnh chuyn ha ACC thnh ethylene, dn n rau qu nhanh chn. Do vic bo qun rau qu ti trong mi trng c nng O2 thp hn 21% v tng hm lng CO2 th cng h hp gim, dn n vic c ch qu trnh sinh tng hp ethylene. Gip ko di thi gian bo qun rau qu.
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1.2.1 Phng php bo qun trong mi trng khng kh c kim sot (CA): Mi trng khng kh c kim sot l mi trng c thnh phn kh O2 v CO2 c iu chnh khc vi mi trng khng kh bnh thng. to ra mi trng CA th cn c mt phng lnh kn kh vi thit b theo di nng kh O2 v CO2 gi thnh phn kh theo yu cu, b sung kh N2 vo phng, dng khng kh rt bt kh O2. Nng CO2 c iu chnh bng cch b sung CO2, thm nc kh. u im: Nhn chung, phng php bo qun trong mi trng c kim sot thnh phn kh quyn (CA) cho hiu qu tt, c ch tt qu trnh sinh tng hp ethylene nn thi hn bo qun di. Trong thi giang bo qun, cht lng rau qu hu nh khng i. Nhc im: Nhc im ln nht ca phng php ny l phc tp, chi ph xy dng cng nh vn hnh kho bo qun ln. Tnh n nh ca h thng khng cao, ph thuc nhiu vo loi rau qu. 1.2.2 Phng php bo qun trong mi trng kh quyn iu chnh (MA): Bo qun rau qu trong mi trng kh quyn iu chnh thch hp i vi khi lng sn phm nh. Trong phng php ny rau qu c ng trong nhng loi mng mng (plastic flims). Trong cc ti kn, kh quyn ca ti thay i, gim lng O2, tng lng CO2 do h hp ca qu bn trong. Do c th c ch cng h hp, dn n vic kim hm qu trnh sinh tng hp ethylene ca rau qu.
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u im: Phng php ny n gin, chi ph thp, thch hp vi khi lng sn phm nh nn c th ng dng trong vn chuyn, tn tr cng nh bn l. Nhc im: Bn cnh nhng u im ni trn, phng php ny cng c mt s nhc im nh: loi mng s dng ty thuc vo loi rau qu, nh vy phi nghin cu c tnh ca tng loi rau qu. 1.3 Bo qun nhit thp: Nhit thp c tc dng c ch cng cc qu trnh sinh l, sinh ha xy ra trong rau qu v nhit thp cc enzym xc tc b c ch hot ng. Do , bo qun rau qu nhit thp c kh nng c ch hot ng cc enzym xc tc qu trnh sinh tng hp ethylene c bit l enzym ACC-oxydase. V vy hn ch s hnh thnh ethylene, gip ko di thi gian bo qun rau qu. ng thi trong qu trnh thu hoch, vn chuyn v bo qun rau qu cng phi ch trnh gy ra nhng tn thng c hc cho rau qu. Nhng tn thng s lm tng cng h hp v qu trnh sn sinh ethylene trong rau qu. 1.4.Cc ion kim loi nng : Cc ion kim loi nng nh bc (Ag), coban (Co) c th c ch qu trnh chuyn triptophan thnh ACC (cht tin thn ca ethylene), do ethylene khng c hnh thnh. Chnh v vy, chng ta c th ko di thi gian bo qun. Ngoi tc dng k trn, ion kim loi cn c bit nh mt cht c ch ethylene tim tng, v n gy tr ngi i vi cc v tr lin kt ca ethylene, c ch s trao i ethylene, hnh thnh mt phc diethylene.
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2-Dng ha cht hp th 2.1.S dng 1-methylcyclopropene (1-MCP) Phng trnh phn ng

CH2 H2C H3C C CH CH2

Khi 1-MCP c phun vo kho bo qun, n s hp th kh ethylene, c ch s hot ng ca ni i kh ethylene. R l hp cht trng hp theo nguyn tc thng k (c s kt hp ngu nhin gia cc phn t vi nhau). Bng cch ny, 1-MCP c th tr hon qu trnh chn, ko di thi gian bo qun ca rau qu. u im D p dng i vi nhng qu thuc loi climacteric Khng gy c i vi sn phm, tc dng c nng thp. Nhc im To ra nhng ri lon sinh l: Qu chn, mu khng t nhin: i vi chui, trc khi t h hp cc i, s dng 1-MCP s lm tr hon thay i ca qu trnh chn. Tuy nhin, loi qu ny s b ri lon sinh l, tri chn khng u (not properly degree). c ch s to mi. Phn ng khc nhau i vi cc loi qu cha t chn k thut: trn chui c nhng tri chn khng u, khi s dng 1-MCP, sn
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phm c tri chn, tri sng. Hay trong cng mt tri chui, phn ng ny cng xy ra tng t lm cho qu chn khng u. Kh kim sot v cht lng, 1-MCP c th gy ra nhng ri lon sinh l, tuy nhin vic ny ph thuc vo tng loi rau qu. Chi ph u t cao: khi s dng 1-MCP cn c h thng phng hoc bung xng khi chuyn dng kim sot c nng ha cht, cng nh cht lng ca rau qu. To ra nhng tn thng trong qu trnh bo qun: i vi cam s c nhng tn thng lnh bn ngoi sn phm, cn i vi da s gy ra hin tng ha nu bn trong. ng dng Bo qun c chua C chua c x l vi 1-MCP km hm s mm ha v s pht trin ca sc t trn tri c chua hn cc loi khc. C chua khng c x l vi 1MCP s t ti chn sau 5-7 ngy bo qun nhit 20oC trong khi c chua c x l vi 1-MCP (1ppm, 24h) qu trnh ny c th ko di t 13-15 ngy cng nhit . Nh vy, vic x l vi 1-MCP c th ko di gp i thi gian bo qun. Bo qun b 1-MCP c tc dng tr hon qu trnh mm ha v s mt mu xanh ca b. Cng nh c chua, khi vic x l b vi 1-MCP (400ppm, 12h) th thi gian bo qun t khi thu hoch ti khi b t chn ph hp gp 2 ln so vi b khng c x l.

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. Hnh: Qu b sau 6 ngy 200C. 2.2. S dng KMNO4 Qu trnh oxy ho ethylen bng KMnO4 xy ra theo hai bc: ban u, kh ethylen s b oxy ho thnh acetaldehyt, sau qu trnh oxy ho li tip tc xy ra to thnh axit acetic, axit acetic c th b oxy ho tip cho sn phm cui cng l CO2 v H2O. 3CH2CH2 + 2KMnO4 + H2O 3CH3CHO + 2KMnO4 + H2O 3CH3COOH + 8KMnO4 2MnO2 + 3CH3CHO + 2KOH (1)

2MnO2 + 3CH3COOH + 2KOH (2) 8MnO2 + 6CO2 + 8KOH + 2H2O (3)

T (1), (2), (3) ta c phng trnh tng nh sau: 3CH2CH2 + 12KMnO4 12MnO2 + 6CO2 + 12KOH
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u im D s dng (ngm, bi, phun, bao gi). Gi thnh thp Nhc im Tng hm lng CO2, c kh nng chuyn thnh h hp k kh. C kh nng gy c ng dng Cng ngh bo qun khoai ty C khoai ty c nhng vo dung dch nc ozn (O3) nng 140ppm trong thi gian 5 pht ri a bo qun trong kho lnh nhit t 00C n 20C, m khng kh t 90 n 95%, ri u ln trn ng khoai ty cc ti vi tha c cha bt kh ethylen (KMnO4-CaSiO3), mi ti 3g, t l 0,1%. Sau 3 thng bo qun t l c b h hng l 3%, t l gim khi lng 4% v Brix tng t 0,75% n 3,45%. Cng ngh bo qun hng Cng ngh ny c p dng bo qun cho hai loi hng dm v hng ngm. Cc bc tin hnh bo qun nh sau: thu hoch hng xong, la chn qu, tin hnh ty ra, a hng nhng vo cht bo qun, sau hong kh v ng ti

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(khi ng ti phi s dng cht hp th Ethylen- R3), cui cng em xp ln gin bo qun. bo qun hng c tt, trong qu trnh bo qun cn ch nguyn liu bo qun phi ti tt, khng su bnh, qu t gi khi thu hi (v qu mu xanh chuyn sang xanh vng). S dng cht hp th R3 v cht chng nm Bendo ng liu lng (2,5 gam R3/kg qu, 1,5 gam Bendo/lt nc). Ngoi ra, phi lun gi cho kho bo qun sch s, mi trng thong mt, tit trng. 3- Loi b hoc c lp ngun sn sinh ethylene Nh ta bit trong qu trnh chn, kh ethylenee c sinh ra v chnh kh ny li tc ng ngc tr li, kch thch qu chn nhanh hn.iu ny gy nh hng nghim trng i vi vic bo qun rau qu nhy cm vi ngun ethylene ngoi sinh. Chnh v vy chng ta cn phi c nhng bin php loi b hoc c lp ngun ethylene ngoi sinh ny. Chn nguyn liu ng u, ti Rau, qu cn ti, ton vn, khng b try xc, c hnh dng bnh thng, c mu sc t nhin, gin chc, cm nng tay Rau qu khng b ho a, gip nt, hoc dnh cc cht l. Khng c mi v l Rau qu phi c chn ng u vi nhau: iu ny rt quan trng v nu chn ca cc qu khc nhau, trong qu trnh bo qun, mt s qu chn trc s va sn sinh ra ngun ethylene kch thch bn thn n, va sn sinh ra ngun ngoi sinh kch thch nhng tri bn cnh. Hu qu ca vic ny l lm gim kh nng bo qun rau qu.

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Phn loi tri sng ring, tri chn ring: iu ny c ngha rt ln i vi vic ngn nga ngun ethylene ngoi sinh. Cn kim tra nh k , thng xuyn loi b tri chn, tri h hng trong kho bo qun. ng thi kt hp s dng bao b ph hp, lm thng gi kho hn ch s sinh nhit. iu chnh nhit Nhit l thnh phn rt quan trng i vi qu trnh h hp. Nhit v cng h hp c mi quan h cht ch vi nhau thng qua nh lut Q10. C ngha l trong mt gii hn nhit xc nh, nu tng nhit ln 100C th cng h hp s tng ln 2-3 ln. Trong kho bo qun, nu nhit tng ln t ngt, cng h hp s tng ln, iu ny ng ngha vi vic sn sinh hm lng kh ethylene cao kch thch rau qu chn nhanh. ng thi cn gy ra mt s tn tht khc nh: hao tn cht kh, mt ncDo vic kim tra thng xuyn thng s nhit l rt cn thit. Kim tra m : m kho bo qun thp, to iu kin cho cc phn ng sinh ha din ra mnh m, ng thi n l iu kin thun li cho qu trnh chn. Nhng nu m qu cao s thun li cho s ny mm ca cc loi rau c, qu Kim sot nng kh trong kho bo qun: mc d c nhng bin php c ch qu trnh h hp din ra, tuy nhin ta khng th t c kt qu tuyt i, do vn c s thay i thnh phn kh trong qu trnh bo qun. V vy vic kim tra nh k hm lng kh CO2 v O2 l cn thit

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Thng gi kho bo qun: thng gi l rt cn thit loi b c mt s cht kh Tuy nhin, i vi tri cy, thng gi mc va phi hn ch mt nc. IV. KT LUN Vi nhng phng php c ch s hot ng ca kh ethylene k trn c th gip gim phn no nhng hao tn kinh t trong qu trnh bo qun do rau qu b h hng, gip rau qu c c cht lng gn nh khng i sau mt thi gian di bo qun khi kt hp vi nhng phng php bo qun ph hp. Tuy nhin mi phng php c nhng u nhc im ring ca chng. Chnh v vy, hiu qu p dng ca tng phng php cn ph thuc rt nhiu vo cc yu t sau: Ph thuc vo tng loi nguyn liu: mi loi nguyn liu rau qu u c mc nhy cm vi ha cht, cng nh vi nhit , m , v thch hp vi tng loi bao b khc nhau. Do , c th phng php ny rt hiu qu cho loi tri ny, nhng li gy h hng hoc km hiu qu nhng loi tri cy khc. iu kin bo qun: mt s loi nguyn liu ph hp vi mi trng cng nh trang thit b ph hp mi cho hiu qu bo qun cao. Cho nn, vn t ra l phi cn c nhng iu kin ph hp. C s vt cht l rt quan trng. Mt phn xng, hay nh kho, nu mun p dng cc bin php bo qun mang li hiu qu th i hi phi c s u t v my mc, trang thit b. C s vng mnh v trang thit b kt hp vi cc phng php bo qun, s mang li hiu qu rt ln. Thi gian bo qun: ty thuc vo yu cu bo qun ngn ngy hay di ngy m chng ta p dng nhng iu kin k thut cng nh cch x l khc nhau. iu ny nhm mc dch tit kim chi ph bo qun, thi gian, cng sc v li nhun cho nh cung cp.
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H thng qun l cht lng: mt phng php k thut, cng vi s u t trang thit b d tt n u, nu khng c s gim st cht ch ca i ng cn b k thut cng s khng mang li hiu qu. Hiu qu kinh t: bo qun nh th no t hiu qu kinh t l iu rt quan trng. Do cn c s so snh, tnh ton hiu qu ca tng phng php nhm mang li hiu qu kinh t cao nht m vn gi c cht lng ca sn phm. Kh nng gy c cho sn phm, con ngi v mi trng: y l vn v cung bc xc hin nay. Hu ht tng li nhun, cc c s cha c s quan tm ng mc v nng , d lng, mc c hi ca nhng loi ha cht cm s dng. V vy, cn phi quan tm n sc khe ca con ngi, la chn cc phng thc bo qun hp l, khng c tnh cht gy nguy hi.

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