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N TP HC K HAI_NM BA 1. Phn tch cc thnh phn ha hc c bn ca nguyn liu thy sn?

Ti sao ni nguyn liu thy sn ng vai tr quan trng trong thc phm ca con ngi? Cc thnh phn ha hc c bn ca nguyn liu thy sn

Protein: - Protein ca c l ngun giu cc aa cha lu hunh (methionine,cysteine) v lysine hn so vi ng cc => protein c c gi tr dinh dng cao hn cc loi ng cc khc. Cu trc hnh thi ca protein ca c d b bin i do mi trng vt l thay i. - C th chia protein ca m c c ra thnh 3 nhm: Protein cu trc Protein cht c Protein m lin kt

Lipid - Da vo hm lng bo, c c phn loi C gy (<1% cht bo) C bo va (<10% cht bo) C bo (>10% cht bo) - Cht bo ca cc loi c bo thng tp trung m bng, m lin kt. i vi c gy hm lng cht bo trong c d tr gan.

- Lipid trong cc loi c xng c chia lm 2 nhm chnh : Phospholipid v triglycerid. - im khc nhau ch yu gia cht bo trong c v ng vt c v l c bao gm cc acid bo cha bo ha cao ( 14-22 ng t C, 4-6 ni i) Glucid - Chim khong 0.5-3% ch yu di dng glucose v glycogen Enzyme - C hai nhm chnh l Enzyme thy phn Enzyme oxi ha kh Vitamin v cht khong - C l ngun cung cp chnh vitamin nhm B. vitamin A v D c nhiu trong cc loi c bo.
-

Cht khong ca c phn b ch yu trong m xng, t bit trong xng sng. Canxi va Phospho l 2 nguyn t chim nhiu nht trong xng c. Tht c l ngun giu st, ng, lu hunh v iot.

2. Hy phn tch nhng bin i ca c sau khi cht? T vic phn tch nhng bin i ny hy xut bin php nhm hn ch s h hng ca c. Nguyn liu thy sn sau khi cht c chia lm 4 giai on: - Giai on trc t cng

- Giai on t cng - Giai on mm ha - Giai on n thi 2.1. Giai on trc t cng - Thy sn mi cht cn rt ti , mang hng, c tht thy sn n hi tt, c mi nh rong bin, v tanh rt nh ca kim loi. Giai on ny ko di t 2-8 gi ty vo nhit , phng php x l thy sn, kch c v iu kin vt l ca thy sn. - Gim mi v c trng, pH tht thy sn tr nn trung tnh nhng khng c mi l, ton b c th nguyn liu thy sn trng thi ny ko di t 1-24 gi ty thuc vo ging, loi, nhit , kch c v iu kin vt l ca thy sn. - Cc qu trnh sy ra trong giai on ny: Qu trnh glycolysis

Qu trnh phn gii ATP v creatinphotphate

Giai on mm ha: - Ch yu l qu trnh t phn gii, qu trnh ny ph thuc vo loi c, pH, nhit ,. - Sau thi gian t cng, tht c bt u mm li do nhng enzyme phn gii c trong bp c ca bn thn nguyn liu phn gii m lin kt, bin i protein t dng phc tp thnh n gin.

Giai on lm gim rn chc c tht ca nguyn liu, song song l qu trnh phn ly actinomysin thnh actin v myosin lm tng nhng trung tm ho nc trong bp c nn tht c mm dn v cu trc c tr nn lng lo to iu kin cho vi sinh vt xm nhp v pht trin.

Giai on n thi : giai on ny ch yu l qu trnh phn gii do tc ng ca vi sinh vt.

- Sau qu trnh ny nguyn liu chuyn mu nu bm, xanh lc hay mm nt, phn ng kim mnh, bc mi hi thi c trng ca nguyn liu n hng. Nguyn liu thy sn giai on ny khng cn s dng c na. 3. Nguyn nhn c bn gy h hng cho nguyn liu thy sn l g? Phn tch s bin i ca c sau khi cht do hot ng ca enzyme v vi sinh vt. Cc du hiu h hng ca c?

4. Ti sao phng php bo qun nguyn liu thy sn nhit thp c p dng ph bin. Tc dng ca nhit thp v cc phng php bo qun nguyn liu thy sn nhit thp? Phn tch cc yu t nh hng n thi hn bo qun nguyn liu thy sn. bo qun nguyn liu thy sn nhit thp c p dng ph bin v - Gim tc ca qu trnh trao i cht v lm cho c t hot ng hn. - Qu trnh trao i cht xy ra mc thp s lm gim mc nhim bn nc do amoniac, nitrit v kh cacbonic l nhng cht c i vi c. - Tc trao i cht thp cng lm c gim kh nng ly xy t nc.

- C th tng mt ca c trong cc thng cha. - Kim hm c cc hot ng ca cc enzyme v vi sinh vt Cc phng php bo qun nguyn liu thy sn nhit thp: - Lm lnh o mi trng lm lnh c th th rn, lng hoc kh. Nhng nc , hoc nc c b sung thm mui l mi trng lm lnh l tng nht o ha cht kt hp vi nhit lnh. - Lnh ng o o o Lnh ng chm Lnh ng nhanh Lnh ng cc nhanh

Cc yu t nh hng n thi hn bo qun nguyn liu thy sn - Ty thuc vo loi c, loi c, thnh phn ha hc trong c. - Mi trng c sng, vng kh hu. - Nhit d bo qun - Cht lng ban u ca sn phm. 5. Phn tch bin i ca nguyn liu thy sn trong qu trnh lnh ng? Nguyn nhn, nh hng v bin php hn ch? Cc bin i ca nguyn liu thy sn trong qu trnh lnh ng

Bin i vi sinh vt - Khi h xung nhit ng bng, vi sinh vt hot ng chm li


-

-100C vi trng khng pht trin nhng nm men nm mc cha b c ch

- -15oC s ngn chn c c vi trng v nm mc v khong nhit ny m thy sn trn di 10% - khong nhit -1 5oC gn nh a s nc t do trong t bo thy sn kt tinh thnh . Nu lnh ng chm, cc tinh th nc to, sc lm v t bo vi trng v tiu dit vi trng mnh nht giai on ny. Bin i ha hc a. Bin i cht m: - khong nhit -1 - -5oC Protein b bin tnh, c bit Miozin b kt ta. thi gian lnh ng cng chm th Protein cng bin tnh. - Di -20oC Protein hu nh khng bin tnh b. Bin i cht bo - C bo d b oxh cht bo, d b ha chua do thy phn c. Bin i glucid
-

Khi lnh ng chm, glycogen phn gii ra nhiu acid lactic hn trng hp lnh ng nhanh.
d.

Bin i sc t : t b mt trong giai on lnh ng nhng da s b mt

e.

Bin i cht khong: Nhit khng nh hng n cht khong nhng do s bin i c cu sn phm khi lm lnh gkhin hao ht mt lng ln khong ha tan trong dch t bo chy ra khi r ng

Bin i l hc a. Tng th tch :Nc trong thy sn ng bng lm tng th tch ln 10% b. Thay i mu sc: - Mu sc sm li - Tinh th bng nh th thy sn c mu lt hm thy sn ng chm c tinh th bng to.
c.

Gim trng lng: sn phm ng lnh b gim trng lng do bc hi nc hoc do thit hi l hc trong qu trnh lm lnh ng. - nn thit hi l hc: do xo ng trong khi lnh ng khin nhiu mnh nh b v vn, thy sn b bm cht vo mm cp ng hoc ai chuyn, lm trc mt phn trng lng khi tch khi mm.cch gii quyt : xt nc di y tch. - gim trng lng do bc hi ty thuc vo : my ng, thi gian lnh ng, loi sn phm, c sn phm, tc khng kh, iu kin vn hnh my.

6. S kt tinh ca nc trong qu trnh lnh ng? nh hng ca s kt tinh ca nc n khi lng v cht lng sn phm thy sn ng lnh? Khi h nhit di 0oC, cc dng nc trong thy sn ng bng dn ty mc lin kt ca chng trong t bo.

Trc tin im qu lnh lm xut hin mm tinh th gian bo m khng xut hin trong t bo v nng cht tan trong nc t do gian bo rt thp so vi trong t bo. Khi n im ng bng, a phn nc t do gian bo kt tinh v lm tng nng cht tan ln, lm cho nc trong t bo ra ngoi gian bo qua mng bn thm ca t bo. Nu tc h nhit chm th c s dng tinh, cc tinh th hin din ngy cng ln thm. Nu tc h nhit nhanh tinh th to thnh c trong t bo v gian bo th tinh th s u v nhuyn khp. Khi nc t do ng bng ht th ti nc lin kt ng bng, bt u t nc c lin kt yu dn ti nc lin kt mnh. 7. Phng php lm ng bng mi trng khng kh lnh, bng t ng tip xc, bng kh ha lng?

Phng php lm ng bng mi trng khng kh lnh Ngi ta dng ng lnh h nhit khng kh xung -23 - -40oC ri dng my qut thi hi lnh vo mt ng hm vi tc 2 -15m/s. C trn dy chuyn hay trn xe ri c a vo ng hm.

Phng php lm ng bng t ng tip xc


o

Sn phm c kp gia 2 tm kim loi( hay bn phng ) c ng ng dn tc nhn lnh bn trong. Nh vy vic lm lnh xy ra trc tip xuyn qua lp lim loi nn thi gian lm lnh ng ngn (2 10h) . nhit lnh ng n -400C.

Phng php lm ng bng kh ha lng


o

C c chuyn ln bng chuyn v kh Nit lng c phun trc tip vo c. Kh Nit lng bc hi pht sinh nhit thp -1960C lm lnh ng sn phm trong 5 -10 pht.

8. Nhng bin i ca sn phm thy sn trong qu trnh bo qun ng lnh? Nguyn nhn, nh hng v bin php hn ch? a. S bin i protein - Protein bin i trong sut qu trnh lnh ng v bo qun lnh. Tc phn hy ph thuc rt ln vo nhit . - Nhit di -200C mi m bo lng protein hu nh nguyn vn. b. Bin i cht bo - M c giu acid bo cha bo ha, v vy c th b oxy ha nhanh chng to mi i kht trong sut thi gian bo qun. C th ngn chn s oxy ha cht bo ca c bng cch m bng hoc bao gi trong bao b plastic c ht chn khng. - Qu trnh oxi ha cht bo xy ra nhanh chng nu nhit tng cao, do bo qun nhit cng thp cng trnh c h hng. c. S bin i mu sc - Bin i mu sc khng c ngha lm v mt cht lng sn phm thy sn nhng v mt cm quan li biu th cho s xung cp cht lng sn phm

- Bo qun nhit thp gip lm chm li s bin i protein, cht bo v mu sc. d. S bin i hm lng m - Khi c mt nc nhiu trong qu trnh bo qun lnh, b mt c tr nn kh, m c v xp. Nu tin trnh ny ko di, phn nc nm su bn trong c cng b thm ra n khi c x ra, nguyn liu s rt nh. - nh hng ca s mt nc nghim trng c th nhn thy c khi trn b mt ca c b sm li, trng thi ny gi l chy lnh. Hin tng ny ch thy sau mt thi gian di bo qun trong kho lnh. - Nguyn nhn gy nn hin tng chy lnh Nhit sn phm khng u theo b dy sn phm Chnh lch gia nhit ca kho v nhit sn phm Chnh lch gia nhit ca thit b lm lnh v nhit sn phm 9. Mc ch, ngha v phng php m bng cho sn phm ng lnh? * Mc ch - o mt lp nc mng b mt ngoi ca thy sn lnh ng bng cch phun sng hoc nhng vo nc to lp nc mng trn b mt sn phm lnh ng. * ngha - Gim c tc oxy ha sn phm. - Lm p b mt sn phm

- Chng s thng hoa ca nc - Tr lnh * Cc phng php m bng - M bng bng cch nhng vo thng nc - M bng bng cch phun sng 10. Bn cht ca qu trnh tan gi sn phm ng lnh? Cc phng php tan gi? Bin i ca sn phm trong qu trnh tan gi? * Bn cht ca qu trnh tan gi Tan gi l qu trnh phc hi trng thi thc phm nh trc khi lnh ng. Trong qu trnh tan gi xy ra cc hin tng nng chy nc v cu trc t bo sn phm ht nc vo *Cc phng php lm tan gi Chia lm 2 nhm chnh: - Tan gi nhm 1: nhm c nhit dn truyn vo sn phm t b mt nh tan gi trong khng kh yn tnh, trong nc, hi nc bo ha - Tan gi nhm 2: nhm c nhit ta u khi sn phm nh: nhit in trng, microwave v nhit in tr * Cc phng php tan gi ph bin - Tan gi trong khng kh yn tnh -Tan gi bng qut gi

-Tan gi trong nc +Tan gi di dng nc chy +Tan gi bng cch ngm vo trong nc nng +Tan gi lin tc trong thit b tun hon nc - Tan gi bng hi kh bo ha - Tan gi trong chn khng - Phng php dng in + Lm m bng in mi + Lm m bng in tr + Lm m bng sng viba 4.7.3. Cc bin i ca sn phm tan gi so vi trc khi ng lnh. a. Bin i vt l - S cng do mt nc - n hi gim - T l nc t do tng, nc lin kt gim - Khi lng gim - Mi v c trng gim do hao ht cht tan b. Hao ht cht dinh dng trong qu trnh tan gi Do mng t bo b tn thng v r dch ra ngoi nn khi tan gi cht lng gim

c. S pht trin ca vi sinh vt sau khi tan gi * Ngun gc: - S lng vi sinh vt cn sng st + S ch ( ra, chn, ph gia) + V sinh trong qu trnh sn xut - Loi vi sinh vt + Loi v s lng vi sinh vt ban u + Vi sinh vt chu ng tt s pht trin Cc yu t nh hng n s pht trin ca vi sinh vt - Nhit bo qun - Tc cp ng - Thi gian bo qun - Loi thc phm - S ti nhim - S nh git 11. Nguyn l ch bin nc mm? Hy phn tch cc yu t nh hng n qu trnh ch bin nc mm v bin php nng cao cht lng ca nc mm. Nguyn l C 3 phng php ch bin chp c truyn

* Phng php nh khuy: - Cho mui nhiu ln. - Cho nc l - nh khuy lin tc * Phng php gi nn: - Cho mui mt ln hoc nhiu ln - Khng cho nc l - Gi nn v khng nh khuy * Phng php hn hp: - Kt hp gia 2 phng php gi nn v nh khuy. - Lc u thc hin phng php gi nn. - Sau thc hin phng php nh khuy Phng php ch bin nc mm bng ha hc *Nguyn l S dng ha cht (HCl, H2SO4, Na2CO3, NaOH) thy phn protein tht c thnh cc acid amin. Phng php ch bin nc mm bng vi sinh vt *Nguyn l Dng h enzym protease trong nm mc Aspergilus oryzea thy phn

- protein tht c thnh cc acid amin iu kin nhit v mi trng thch hp. yu t nh hng n qu trnh ch bin nc mm Nhit PH Lng mui Din tch tip xc Bn thn nguyn liu bin php nng cao cht lng ca nc mm 1. To iu kin ti u (5 yu t) 2. S dng enzym t cc ngun t nhin: - ng vt: trong ni tng ca gia sc c hin din nhiu enzym thy phn protease nh: pepsin, tripsin, cathepsin. - Thc vt: c mt vi loi thc vt cng c enzym protease nh trong u c enzym papain, khm c enzym bromelin

13. Quy trnh cng ngh sn xut surimi. Theo anh (ch) cng on no trong dy chuyn sn xut surimi nh hng nhiu nht n cht lng ca surimi. Gii thch ti sao?

Nguyn liu nc => tr ng

=> x l

=> nghin p =>

=> ra

=>

lc

=>

kh =>

phi trn ph gia

p nh hnh vo khun => cp ng

* Chu trnh ra ca c vi nc l giai on quan trng ca tin trnh sn xut Surimi. Ra nhm loi b: - S ha tan ca m protein cht c vo trong nc m nhng cht ngn cn qu trnh hnh thnh gel. - Enzym (protease) - Cht mi, mu - Lipid - Cht mang oxy trong hng cu gy nn s oxy ha cht bo lm bin i tnh cht ca protein. - Kh tanh - Ra s lm cho nng actin v myosin tng, gip gel hnh thnh tt 14. Mc ch, yu cu ca cng on bi kh trong qu trnh sn xut hp thy sn? Cc phng php bi kh v phm vi p dng ca chng? Mc ch ca bi kh: - Ngn chn s gia tng p sut trong sut qu trnh tit trng nhit cao - Gim s oxih sn phm thc phm bn trong hp v gim hin tng n mn hp - Hn ch s pht trin ca vi sinh vt hiu kh. - To chn khng cho hp thnh phm.

Cc phng php bi kh - phng php nhit - C th thc hin bng cch n gin nht cc c s sn xut trang b th s. - Cho hiu qu bi kh tt hn i vi sn phm ng nht. - Phng php phun hi: - Ch nn p dng cho hp thc phm lng, nu dng cho thc phm c s lm xu hnh thc pha trn ca n. - Qu trnh ny c thc hin trong phng bi kh. - Phng php ht chn khng: - L phng php ph bin to chn khng cho hp, n gin v d thc hin. -p dng c cho c bao b st ty v thy tinh. - c thc hin trong phng ht chn khng. 15. Nguyn liu sn xut bt c chn nui v cc phng php bo qun? Quy trnh cng ngh sn xut bt c? Nguyn liu --> x l --> nu chn --> ly tm --> b ly tm --> lm ti --> sy (phi kh) --> nghin, sng --> bao gi. --> dch ly tm --> dng trc tip cho chn nui. Nguyn liu: thng l ph phm trong qu trnh ch bin nguyn liu thy sn nh xng, u hoc c vn, c c gi tr kinh t thp.

Khng bo qun bng hn hp mui qu 15%, v khi ch bin phi tin hnh nh mui lu khin nguyn liu b mt nhiu protein, vitamin... lm gim cht lng bt c. Phng php bo qun lnh Dng nc hay kho lnh bo qun nguyn liu. Nhit lnh s nh hng ti cu trc enzyme ca vi sinh vt, lm gim qu trnh phn gii v phn hy ca nguyn liu. Khng bo qun bng hn hp mui qu 15%, v khi ch bin phi tin hnh nh mui lu khin nguyn liu b mt nhiu protein, vitamin... lm gim cht lng bt c. Bo qun bng mui n Dng mui n c th chng c thi ra. Hm lng mui n cng cao th thi gian bo qun cng di, nhng nu hm lng mui qu cao s lm cho bt c b nhim mn v d b ht m tr li.

16. Quy trnh sn xut vitamin A t du c.

17. c im, dng tn ti, cu to, tnh cht c bn ca agar, ng dng ca agar? Qui trnh sn xut Agar t rong cu ch vng?

c im chung v dng tn ti ca agar Agar c c tnh c bn nht l c th to ra trng thi ng t nhin rt bn vng t mt nng thp => n tr thnh mt nhn t khng th thiu c trong ngnh ch bin thc phm. Trn th trng agar c 3 mc tinh khit cp vi sinh, cp phn ng ng v cp thc phm. Nguyn liu cho ch bin agar l cc loi thuc chi Gracilaria v chi Gelidium. Thnh phn cu to ca agar bao gm cc phn t D galactose, 3-6 anhydro -L galactose hoc 6-sunphat -L galactose. Cc monoza gn vi nhau bng lin kt 1,3 v 1,4 glucoside. Tnh cht c bn ca agar Agar l cht kt tinh khng nh hnh, khng mu, ht nc trng n khng tan trong nc lnh v nc nng, khi lm ngui th ng li to th gel khi c tnh n hi. th gel ng agar c th chu lc (sc ng)

Agar b thy phn ct mch khi tip xc mt trong cc iu kin sau y: H+ , OHPolysaccharide Olygosaccharide

(Monosaccharide)

Cn lu khi cho rong tip xc vi acid hay kim, nhit cao trong qu

trnh gia cng k thut S cng ph ca mt s cht ln phn t agar c xp theo th t mc gim dn: Phn chua > HNO3> H2SO4> oxalic>HCl> Kim - Agar khi ha tan vo dung dch c nht cao, c tnh keo. - Agar b kt ta bi Acol, Acetone, ru amylic. ng dng ca agar trong cng nghip thc phm - Agar dng vi mc ch keo ha, to nh, n nh nh tng,.. - Agar c tiu ha trong c th ngi khng hon ton, lng calori cung cp c th rt nh v vy agar c dng ch bin cc mn n king. - Agar dng sn xut ko, mt. Dng lm n nh socola, ngn nga mt nc ca bnh ko. - Trong sn xut xc xch dng agar gim cht bo, gim cholesterol v m bo cho ng kt ca xc xch. - Agar cn c dng lm ng sng, thch gii kht.

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