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Bi ging c son bi B mn Khoan Khai thc Du kh Khoa K thut a cht v Du kh i hc Bch Khoa TP. HCM Tel: (08) 8647256 ext. 5767 GEOPET
NI DUNG
1. Dung dch khoan 2. Thy lc khoan 3. Xi mng 4. Cc phng php trm xi mng
GEOPET
GEOPET
Ni dung
1. nh ngha 2. Chc nng 3. Cc phng php ra l khoan 4. Dung dch st 5. Cc thng s c bn ca dung dch khoan 6. Phn loi dung dch khoan 7. Lm sch dung dch khoan
GEOPET
NH NGHA
nh ngha
Dung dch khoan l bt k dung dch no c tun hon hoc bm t b mt vo cn khoan, i qua chong khoan v quay li b mt bng khong khng vnh xuyn trong cng tc khoan.
Dung dch khoan c th l cht lng hoc kh Dung dch khoan l khng kh Dung dch khoan dng bt Dung dch khoan l nc Dung dch khoan gc du Dung dch khoan gc polyme tng hp (olefin v este)
GEOPET Dung dch khoan v xi mng 1. Dung dch khoan 5
GEOPET
CHC NNG C BN
1. Ra l khoan, nng mn khoan ln khi ging 2. Gi mn khoan l lng khi ngng tun hon 3. Lm mt, bi trn b khoan c 4. Gi n nh thnh l khoan 5. Truyn thng tin a cht ln b mt
GEOPET
Ngoi ra, dung dch khoan cn h tr m bo tnh chnh xc cho cng tc nh gi va, kim sot s n mn thit b, h tr qui trnh trm ximng v hon thin ging
GEOPET
Gi mn khoan l lng khi ngng tun hon Lm mt, bi trn b khoan c Gi n nh thnh l khoan
GEOPET
CC YU T KHC
Dung dch khoan cn phi c la chn v thit k c tnh cht l ha phc v cc chc nng nu trn. Ngoi ra, cn ch n:
nh hng n mi trng ca dung dch khoan Gi thnh ca dung dch khoan Kh nng vn chuyn nh hng ca dung dch khoan n giai on khai thc
GEOPET
10
GEOPET
11
Cn khoan
1 1
ng lng ly mu mn khoan
Ra thun
1
Ra nghch
2
Ra cc b
3
ng dung dch vo
Dung dch khoan v xi mng
ng dung dch ra
Mn khoan vo ng lng
12
GEOPET
DUNG DCH ST
Dung dch
- L mt h ng th gm 2 hay nhiu thnh phn vt cht. - Vt cht b phn chia thnh nhng phn t ring bit c gi l cht ha tan. Cht cha cc phn t b phn chia gi l mi trng ha tan. - H ng th c gi l dung dch khi ng knh ca ht ha tan nh hn 10-6 mm.
GEOPET
13
DUNG DCH ST
H phn tn
- L h bao gm 2 hay nhiu pha (tng) m mt trong nhng pha b phn chia thnh nhng phn t rt nh (cht phn tn) trong nhng pha khc (mi trng phn tn). - H c gi l h phn tn khi ng knh ca cht phn tn ln hn 10-6 mm.
GEOPET
14
DUNG DCH ST
st tng chn
GEOPET
15
DUNG DCH ST
Khi trn st vo nc ta c h phn tn bao gm: Pha phn tn l st Mi trng phn tn l nc St trong t nhin khng ng nht, do khng th to h phn tn ng nht ca st trong nc. Dung dch st l tn gi do thi quen.
GEOPET Dung dch khoan v xi mng 1. Dung dch khoan 16
GEOPET
18
GEOPET
19
Khi tng
Mt dung dch khoan vo thnh h Vn tc c hc gim
GEOPET
20
n v g/cm3 1,0 0,8 4,3 2,5 2,2 lb/gal 8,33 6,66 35,8 20,8 18,3 lb/ft3 62,4 50 268 156 137 lb/bbl 350 280 1500 874 770
21
Pd ECD = + 0.052 D
Trong : ECD: equivalent circulating density, ppg : Pd: D: khi lng ring ca dung dch, ppg tn tht p sut do ma st trong vnh xuyn, psi su tnh ton, ft
Dung dch khoan v xi mng 1. Dung dch khoan 22
GEOPET
NHT
nht: mt c tnh ca lu cht, th hin kh nng chng li s dch chuyn tng i gia cc phn t ca lu cht. Phn loi theo c tnh nht, cht lng gm: Cht lng Newton: trong dung dch khng cha cc phn t ln hn kch thc phn t, v d: nc, dung dch mui, du, glycerine, nht l h s gc ca ng c tnh n nh. Cht lng phi Newton: trong dung dch cha ng k cc phn t kch thc ln hn phn t.
GEOPET
23
NHT
Cht lng phi Newton bao gm:
Cht lng Bingham: c trng bng ng sut trt ti hn (yieldpoint) - ng sut ti thiu cht lng bt u xut hin bin dng. Khi ng sut vt qu ng sut trt ti hn, cht lng tun theo m hnh Newton. V d: dung dch st c hm lng ht rn cao. Cht lng theo m hnh hm m: quan h gia ng sut trt v tc trt tun theo quy lut hm m.
Dung dch khoan, ty theo hm lng ht rn, th hin c tnh trung gian gia cht lng do Bingham v cht lng theo m hnh hm m.
GEOPET
24
NHT
Cc m hnh cht lng
gd t ln am i ngh oB
m hm hnh g tn l
Ch
ng sut trt
g t ln h
on ewt N
nht Tc trt
GEOPET
25
NHT
nht thc: l t s gia ng sut trt v tc trt.
= &
Trong cn khoan: tit din nh, tc dung dch cao: nht thp t hao tn cng sut bm Trong khong khng vnh xuyn: tit din ln, tc dung dch thp: nht cao kh nng nng mn khoan cao
GEOPET
26
O NHT
o nht bng nht k Marsh
nht theo nht k Marsh l ch s chy long ca dung dch biu th bng thi gian (o bng giy) chy ht 946 cm3 dung dch qua phu c dung tch 1500 cm3 v ng knh trong l phu l 4,75 mm.
Nht k Marsh
GEOPET Dung dch khoan v xi mng 1. Dung dch khoan
Mt ct nht k Marsh
27
O NHT
o nht bng nht k rto
Nht k Fann
GEOPET Dung dch khoan v xi mng 1. Dung dch khoan 28
ng sut trt ti hn (yield-point), lb/100ft2 y (lb/100 sqft) = 300 - p nht biu kin (apparent viscosity) ca nht k Fann.
Dung dch khoan v xi mng 1. Dung dch khoan 29
a (cp) = 0,5.600
GEOPET
Nu ng sut trt tnh qu ln: Ngn cn qu trnh tch mn khoan v kh ra khi dung dch Cn tng p sut ti tun hon dung dch sau khi thay chong Khi nng cn khoan, d xy ra hin tng st p ct dung dch ti chong, c th gy hin tng xm nhp nu ct p chnh lch ln Tng t, khi h cn khoan, c th gy v va v tht thot dung dch.
GEOPET
30
THI NC API
L lng nc tnh bng cm3 thot ra t dung dch khoan khi thm lc qua thit b (giy) lc c ng knh 75 mm sau khong thi gian 30 pht v di p sut 100 psi. Gi tr thi nc ca dung dch khoan bnh thng khong 10-25 cm3/30ph. Thc t gim thi gian th nghim, i khi ngi ta nhn i th tch thm lc o sau 7,5 pht c thi nc API.
GEOPET
31
THI NC API
Dung dch khoan c thi nc ln
Trng n v sp l thnh ging Mt nc ra Tng dy lp v bn nn d kt b khoan c Tng tc c hc khoan do nhanh chng cn bng p sut gi ht mn khoan y ging.
GEOPET
32
THI NC API
Cu to thit b o thi nc
GEOPET
33
DY V SET (k)
L b dy lp v st bm trn thnh ging (hay trn thit b lc) khi nc t dung dch khoan thm vo t thnh h. Tr s k cng nh tc l lp v st cng mng v cht st, cng c tc dng ngn cn s lu thng ca cht lu gia va vi ging v ngc li, nh vy thnh ging cng n nh hn. iu kin khoan bnh thng k = 1 - 2 mm.
GEOPET
34
HM LNG HT RN
nh ngha: Hm lng ht rn v cc phn t cha tan (quy c gi l hm lng ct) l th tch cn thu c khi dung dch pha long bng nc l theo t l 9:1 trng thi yn tnh sau 1 pht, tnh bng % theo th tch dung dch. Dung dch c hm lng ct ln th mc lm mn dng c khoan v cc chi tit ca my bm ln; d gy kt dng c khoan do hnh thnh v st dy. Gi tr hm lng ct ca dung dch st bnh thng nh hn 4% l t yu cu. Hm lng ct xc nh bng bnh lng.
GEOPET
35
HM LNG HT RN
B dng c o hm lng ct
Bnh ra Phu
Hp nha
GEOPET Dung dch khoan v xi mng 1. Dung dch khoan 36
N NH
L i lng c trng cho kh nng gi dung dch trng thi keo. C th hiu n nh l hiu s t trng ca hai phn dung dch di v trn trong cng mt cc, sau khi chng yn tnh mt ngy m. Gi tr n nh cng nh th chng t dung dch c gi vng trng thi keo (dung dch n nh). Dung dch st bnh thng: St nng: C 0,02 (g/cm3) C 0,06 (g/cm3)
Dung dch st n nh c kh nng gi trng thi l lng nhng ht mn khoan v nhng ht cht lm nng. Dung dch km n nh d dn n s c kt dng c khoan.
GEOPET
37
LNG NGY M
c trng cho mc bo ton ti trng ng u ca dung dch khoan. lng ngy m: lng nc tch ra trn b mt ca dung dch khi gi yn 100 cm3 dung dch sau 24 gi. lng ngy m ln chng t dung dch st khng n nh, mc phn tn ca st thp v st khng th lm nc ra trong nhng iu kin khoan phc tp.
GEOPET
38
pH
i lng biu th nng ion hiro [H+] trong dung dch (n v l mol/l) v c tnh bng biu thc pH = - log[H+]. Thang o pH t 0 - 14. Dung dch c pH nh hn 7 l dung dch axt, bng 7 l trung tnh v ln hn 7 c tnh kim. Dung dch st thng c pH = 8,5 - 9,5; dung dch vi: 11 - 12. pH c o bng giy qu hoc my o pH.
GEOPET
39
NH HNG CA NHIM BN
nh hng ca s nhim bn i vi tnh cht dung dch
GEOPET
40
GEOPET
41
GEOPET
DUNG DCH GC NC
Nc k thut
Hn hp nc l ha tan vi cc loi st trong ct a tng khoan qua Dng khoan trong t bn vng, thnh ging n nh, t xy ra cc hin tng phc tp nh sp l, trng n, mt nc. u im nht v t trng thp, t tiu tn cng sut my bm, tc khoan cao. Ph bin, gi thnh thp. Nhc im Khng th khoan trong cc thnh h phc tp, D b kt b khoan c khi ngng tun hon dung dch.
GEOPET Dung dch khoan v xi mng 1. Dung dch khoan 43
DUNG DCH GC NC
Dung dch st
Pha phn tn l cc ht st (st mnmrilnit) v mi trng phn tn l nc. Gia thnh tng i thp li p ng tng i tt cc iu kin khoan nn c s dng rng ri trong thc t. Nhc im: gy nhim bn tng cha, lm gim ng k thm t nhin ca va.
Nhm bo v thm t nhin ca tng cha, cn s dng dung dch khoan vi cc c tnh hn ch nhim bn tng cha.
GEOPET Dung dch khoan v xi mng 1. Dung dch khoan 44
DUNG DCH GC NC
Dung dch hon thin ging
Thng dng khoan vo tng sn phm, Phi m bo trnh hin tng bt kn tng cha, Thnh phn ca dung dch hon thin ging khoan rt a dng ty thuc vo tnh cht tng cha v gi thnh iu ch. Dung dch khoan gc nc bin thng c s dng do nhiu tnh cht ca n tng thch vi cc c tnh ca tng cha.
GEOPET
45
DUNG DCH GC NC
Mt s loi dung dch khoan gc nc c bit chng st trng n:
Dung dch b sung Ca2+ Dung dch b sung lignosulphat Dung dch gc nc bin H dung dch KCl-polymer Dung dch polyol Dung dch hn hp hydroxit kim loi (MMH) Dung dch silicate
GEOPET
46
DUNG DCH GC DU
Thng c dng khoan vo tng cha hoc l dung dch hon thin ging.
GEOPET
47
DUNG DCH GC DU
u im Kim sot d dng cc c tnh ca dung dch khi khng c s xut hin ca nc hoc du th. Khng nhy vi cc cht gy nhim bn thng thng ca dung dch gc nc (NaCl, CaSO4, ximng, st). Cc c tnh thm lc tnh tt nhit v p sut cao, v st mng. T trng ca dung dch nh (gn bng 1). Gim ma st b khoan c ln thnh ging, loi tr dnh b khoan c do chnh p. Tng tui tho cc chong khoan dng chp xoay. T l mu cao, t gy nhim bn thnh h.
GEOPET
48
DUNG DCH GC DU
Nhc im Nhy vi nc. D lng ng cc cht lm nng. Thao tc d bn ngi v d chy. Lm hng cao su khng chuyn dng vi hydrocacbua. Kh pht hin s hin din ca du v kh trong mn khoan. Mt s phng php o trong khi khoan v o a vt l ging khoan khng th p dng c. Gi thnh cao.
GEOPET
49
GEOPET
50
GEOPET
51
u im
Bn vng i vi cc tc dng ph hy ca mui, thch anh, anhydrit thi nc nh (B < 5 cm3/30ph) C th t ti trng ln (n 2) Bn vng nhit cao (> 100oC).
GEOPET Dung dch khoan v xi mng 1. Dung dch khoan 52
GEOPET
53
GEOPET
54
2 phng php tch kh khi dung dch: 1. 2. Phng php c hc Phng php ha l
GEOPET
55
Sn rung
My tch bn
GEOPET
56
2. THY LC KHOAN
GEOPET
57
GEOPET
2. Thy lc khoan
58
MT S NH NGHA
Apparent viscosity: nht biu kin
Pseudoplastic: dung dch c nht biu kin gim khi vn tc trt tng. Dilitant: dung dch c nht biu kin tng khi vn tc trc tng.
Yield point: ng sut trt ti hn Plastic viscosity: nht do Gel strength: bn gel
GEOPET
2. Thy lc khoan
59
= p& + y
y - ng sut trt gii hn, lbf/100ft2 p - nht ca cht lng, cp - ng sut trt, = - dvr/dr tc trt, s-1.
+ y
= p& y
GEOPET Dung dch khoan v xi mng 2. Thy lc khoan 60
ng ng:
Vnh xuyn:
NRe =
Dng s Reynolds ti hn c trng cho dng chy chuyn tip t ch chy tng sang ch chy ri: NReC < 2000: ch chy tng 2000 NReC 4000: ch dng chy chuyn tip NReC > 4000: ch chy ri.
GEOPET
2. Thy lc khoan
61
dPf dL
pv
1500d
2
y
225d
Ch chy ri:
dPf f v 2 = dL 25,8d
1 = 4 log( N Re f
f ) 0,395
GEOPET
2. Thy lc khoan
63
M HNH HM M
Phng trnh: Trong :
K - ch s st (consistency index), lbf/100ft2; n - ch s c trng cho ng x c hc ca dng chy, khng th nguyn, n = 0 1, nu n = 1: cht lng Newton.
GEOPET
2. Thy lc khoan
64
M HNH HM M
Cc thng s n v K c tnh theo cc s liu thc nghim:
n = 3,32 log
600 300
K=
vi: 300, 600 - s o trn nht k Fann tng ng vi tc quay 300 v 600 vng/pht. Trong m hnh ny cn tnh s Reynolds ti hn trc khi xc nh tn tht p sut do ma st. Vn tc trung bnh: tnh theo m hnh Bingham S Reynolds ti hn NReC: xc nh bng th hoc bng
M HNH HM M
S Reynolds ng ng:
NRe 89100v ( 2n) = K 0,0416d 1 3+ n
n
Vnh xuyn:
NRe 109000 v ( 2n) = K 0,0208(d d ) 2 1 1 2+ n
n
GEOPET
2. Thy lc khoan
66
M HNH HM M
Tn tht p sut do ma st
ng ng: Ch chy tng:
1 3+ n dPf Kv n = dL 144000dn+1 0,0416
dPf f v 2 = dL 25,8d
n
Ch chy ri:
vi f l h s ma st c tra bng thi f(n, NRe) hoc tnh theo cng thc sau:
1 4 = 0 , 75 f n
n ( 1 ) 0 , 395 log N Re f 2 n 1, 2
GEOPET
2. Thy lc khoan
67
M HNH HM M
Vnh xuyn: Ch chy tng:
dPf Kv n = dL 144000(d 2 d1) 1+n 1 2+ n 0,0208
n
Ch chy ri:
GEOPET
2. Thy lc khoan
68
TI U HA THY LC KHOAN
Cng sut thy lc ca dung dch khoan c cung cp bi bm. Trong qu trnh tun hon, cng sut ny tiu tn qua: 1. Ma st trong chui cn khoan v vnh xuyn: l loi cng sut tiu tn v ch i vi qu trnh khoan. 2. Ma st ti vi phun thy lc ca chong: ng gp vo qu trnh lm sch chong khoan. Ti u ha thy lc khoan bao gm: Ti thiu cng sut thy lc loi 1. Ti a cng sut thy lc loi 2.
GEOPET
2. Thy lc khoan
69
TI U HA THY LC KHOAN
Cng sut thy lc trong chui cn khoan v vi phun
GEOPET
2. Thy lc khoan
70
TI U HA THY LC KHOAN
nh hng ca cng sut thy lc ti chong i vi tc khoan
GEOPET
2. Thy lc khoan
71
Q 2
Cng thc ny ng cho c cht lng Newton v phi Newton v b qua ; Cd - h s gim p (thng ly 0,95) (ppg); q (gal/ph), AT (in2) Cng sut thy lc HHP:
Pb .Q HHP = 1714
Lc va p ca vi phun (jet impact force) ti chong:
Fi = 0,01823C d Q Pb
FI (lbf); Pb (psi), Cd = 0,95; (ppg)
GEOPET Dung dch khoan v xi mng 2. Thy lc khoan 73
Pp tng cc tn tht p sut trong ng ng Pa tng cc tn tht p sut trong vnh xuyn Pb tng tn tht p sut qua chong khoan Cng sut ca my bm (PHP):
Q PHP = PT 1714
GEOPET
2. Thy lc khoan
74
ng mm cao p
ng knh trong, in Chiu di, ft
u xoay thy lc
ng knh trong, in Chiu di, ft
Cn ch o
ng knh trong, in
Chiu di, ft
Chiu di, ft
Ps, psi
1 2 3 4
3 3 4 5
40 40 45 45
2 2 3 3
45 55 55 55
2 2 2 3
4 5 5 6
2 3 3 4
Trong :
GEOPET
2. Thy lc khoan
75
d12 vp v = K + 2 d 2 d12
vp - vn tc nng (h) cn, ft/ph; K - l hng s (0,45).
GEOPET
2. Thy lc khoan
76
GEOPET
2. Thy lc khoan
77
H S VN CHUYN MN KHOAN
Vsl Phng trnh: Ft = 1 va
H s dng th mn khoan s c vn chuyn ln b mt vi mt hiu sut no . H s m th s xy ra hin tng tch tu mn khoan y v trong khong khng vnh xuyn.
GEOPET
2. Thy lc khoan
78
2 2 Fp = 2 L s (2d1 dr )Ev 4
trong : Ls - chiu di hnh trnh ca pittng, in; dl - ng knh bc lt (liner), in; dr - ng knh cn bm, in; Ev - hiu sut th tch. Ba xylanh:
GEOPET
2 Fp = 3 L sEv d1 4
2. Thy lc khoan 79
GEOPET
2. Thy lc khoan
80
Pp= Pd + Pb Pd = CQm
vi: m - s m ca lu lng dng chy (thng ly 1,75); C - hng s c trng cho cc tnh cht ca dung dch khoan v dng hnh hc ca qu o ging khoan.
Lc va p ca vi phun:
Pd =
2 Pp m+ 2
GEOPET
2. Thy lc khoan
81
iu kin cc i
Pd =
1 Pp m+1
GEOPET
2. Thy lc khoan
82
3. XI MNG
GEOPET
83
NI DUNG
S lc lch s trm xi mng ging du Phn loi Sn xut xi mng Va xi mng Tnh cht ca a xi mng
GEOPET
3. Xi mng
84
GEOPET
85
GEOPET
3. Xi mng
86
GEOPET
3. Xi mng
87
NH NGHA
nh ngha: xi mng l mt loi vt liu dng bt, c thnh phn khong vt nht nh, khi hp nc to thnh khi nho, c th ng cng trong mi trng nc hoc khng kh.
V xi mng c kh nng kt dnh khi hp nc nn thuc nhm cht kt dnh thy lc. Cc cht kt dnh thy lc khc v d: thch cao, vi.
Mt s loi xi mng c bit: xi mng aluminat, xi mng pouzzolan, xi mng x l cao, xi mng mui silic, xi mng chu nhit, xi mng chu n mn, xi mng ng cng siu nhanh, v.v
GEOPET
3. Xi mng
88
THNH PHN HO HC
Vin du kh Hoa K API da vo tnh cht v c im k thut phn lm 8 loi A, B, C, D, E, F, G v H. 1. Thnh phn ha hc
Tricalcium Aluminate (C3A - 3CaO.Al2O3): quyt nh thi gian ng cng, pht trin bn ca xi mng. Tricalcium silicate (C3S - 3CaO.SiO2): thnh phn chnh trong xi mng Portland. Dicalcium Silicate (C2S - 2CaO.Si2O2): to bn cui cng ca xi mng. Tetracalcium Aluminoferrite (C4AF - 4CaO.Al2O3.Fe2O3): quyt nh bn ca xi mng.
GEOPET
3. Xi mng
89
THNH PHN HO HC
Thnh phn xi mng (%) Loi xi mng A B C D&E G&H C 3S 53 47 58 26 50 C 2S 24 32 12 54 30 C3 A 8 5 8 2 5 C4AF 8 12 8 12 12 mn (cm2/g) 1500 - 1900 1500 - 1900 2000 - 2800 1200 - 2800 1400 - 1700
Ngoi ra cn c nhng thnh phn khc: thch cao, kali sulfate, magi, vi Nhng nguyn liu ny khng nh hng n qu trnh xi mng ng cng nhng tc ng n qu trnh thu ho ca xi mng, thay i t trng va v tnh khng cc ho cht c hi.
GEOPET
3. Xi mng
90
THNH PHN HO HC
Khi cn nhng tnh cht c bit th c th thc hin theo nhng cch sau:
Tnh cht Pht trin bn nhanh Chm ng Nhit thy ha thp Tnh khng sunfat
Cch thc hin Tng hm lng C3S, nghin mn hn Khng ch C3S, C3A, nghin th hn Gii hn C3S, C3A Gii hn C2S
GEOPET
3. Xi mng
91
GEOPET
3. Xi mng
92
iu kin s dng 0 - 6000 ft: loi thng, ging khng i hi tiu chun c bit 0 - 6000 ft: i hi xi mng c bn t trung bnh n cao i vi sulfate 0 - 6000 ft: bn chu nn ban u cao, bn vi sulfate t km, trung bnh n cao 6000 -12000 ft: nhit v p sut tng i cao, bn vi sulfate t trung bnh n cao 6000 - 14000 ft: ging c nhit v p sut cao, bn vi sulfate t trung bnh n cao 10000 - 16000 ft: ging c nhit v p sut cao, bn vi sulfate t trung bnh n cao 0 - 8000 ft: xi mng c bn, c th s dng vi cc cht ph gia ng nhanh hoc ng chm trm trong cc ging c chiu su v nhit khc nhau, c bn vi sulfate t trung bnh n cao 0 - 8000 ft: xi mng c bn, c th c s dng trong cng iu kin nh loi G, ch c bn trung bnh vi sulfate
Dung dch khoan v xi mng 3. Xi mng 93
SN XUT XI MNG
Clinke l thnh phn ch yu to thnh xi mng. Clinke c sn xut bng cch nung nng hn hp th vi, st trong mi trng c xy ti nhit 1400 1450oC. Do bc hi khng u, hn hp b vn thnh cc rn chc, kch thc 10 30 mm. Sn phm ny c lm lnh nhanh gi li tnh cht phn ng ca cc khong vt thnh phn. Clinke sau khi nghin nh, b sung thm thch cao (CaSO42H2O) iu chnh thi gian ngng kt (hn 5% s lm nt xi mng) v cc khong vt khc nh x kim loi, ct thch anh, khu to iu chnh tnh cht s thnh xi mng.
GEOPET
3. Xi mng
94
SN XUT XI MNG
Qu trnh sn xut xi mng: vi, san h, v s, alumina, silica, xit st, c nghin thnh bt mn v pha trn ln nhau to thnh nguyn liu th. Thnh phn nguyn liu pha trn trc khi vo l ty thuc yu cu ca clinke to thnh. Hn hp nguyn liu th c a vo l nung to thnh clinke. Clinke c lm lnh nhanh, b sung thm thch cao (3-5%), sau c nghin vn. Sn phm nghin vn chnh l xi mng.
GEOPET
3. Xi mng
95
SN XUT XI MNG
Lc sn xut xi mng
vi Vt liu khc
Xi mng
Clinke
GEOPET Dung dch khoan v xi mng 3. Xi mng 96
VA XI MNG
Yu cu chung Trn v bm d dng, c tnh lu bin ti u thay th dung dch khoan, Bo m tnh cht ng nht trong sut qu trnh bm y, Bo m c kn khi ng cng, khng cho kh r ri vo khong khng vnh xuyn, To lin kt tt gia ng chng v thnh h, Pht trin bn nhanh khi bm trm xong v bn ca xi mng n nh trong thi gian di.
Dung dch khoan v xi mng 3. Xi mng 97
GEOPET
VA XI MNG
Cc tnh cht ca va xi mng v iu kin s dng
Lng nc trn (gal/bao) 5,2 5,2 6,3 4,3 4,3 4,3 5,0 4,3 T trng va (lbm/gal) 15,6 15,6 14,8 16,4 16,4 16,2 15,8 16,4 su (ft) 0 - 6000 0 - 6000 0 - 6000 6000 - 12000 6000 -14000 10000 - 16000 0 - 8000 0 - 8000 Nhit tnh (0F) 80 - 170 80 - 170 80 - 170 170 - 260 170 - 290 230 - 230 80 - 200 80 - 200
Loi A (Portland) B (Portland) C (ng nhanh) D (Chm ng) E (Chm ng) F (Chm ng) G (C bn) H (C bn)
GEOPET
3. Xi mng
98
VA XI MNG
Tnh cht ca va xi mng
Ty s nc/xi mng
Lng nc ti thiu trn vi xi mng nguyn cht cho st ca va nh hn 30 Bc. T s nc/xi mng ti a l lng nc thm vo m vn gi trng thi l lng cho n khi qu trnh bm trm xi mng hon tt. Tnh cht ca xi mng nguyn cht Loi A B C D G H
GEOPET
Nc trn (%) 46 46 56 38 48 38
99
3. Xi mng
VA XI MNG
Ty trng Theo tiu chun API, ty trng va xi mng b gii hn bi t s nc/xi mng. Ty trng thp thng c s dng trnh hin tng ph v va i vi thnh h yu. Ty trng cao c s dng khi thnh h c p sut cao vi lng nc ti thiu cho php (17.5 - 18 lb/gal). Phu thuc vo mn ca xi mng s dng, vi mn trung bnh thi din tch b mt ca xi mng loi A va C thay i t 150 - 220 m2/kg.
GEOPET
3. Xi mng
100
VA XI MNG
Chng mt dung dch Thnh h c tnh thm cao d xy ra hin tng mt nc, do lm gim ty s nc/xi mng. Khi o nu p sut bm ln hn p sut v va i vi nhng thnh h yu thi rt d xy ra hin tng mt tun hon. Mt nc mang mt phn vt liu xi mng vo trong tng sn phm, lm gim thm lc ca tng sn phm. Lng nc mt khng iu khin c trong va xi mng nguyn cht khong 800 - 1000 ml/30 pht di p sut 1000 psi. Gi tr ti u l 100 - 200 ml/30 pht di p sut 1000 psi. Cht phu gia c dng chu yu hin nay chng mt dung dch l polime hu c tng hp lng va dn sut cellulose.
GEOPET Dung dch khoan v xi mng 3. Xi mng 101
VA XI MNG
Tnh lu bin
Kha nng va xi mng i vo cc khe nt, t gy phu thuc ln vo st ca n. S thnh cng ca qu trnh bm trm xi mng phu thuc nhiu vo vic o v tnh ton cc thng s lu bin ca va xi mng ti u tc bm y v p sut trong iu kin thit b v ging khoan hin c m vn khng lm thay i tnh cht ca va xi mng theo thit k. c o bng nht k tiu chun FANN 35 hoc FANN 50 trong phng th nghim. Vic s dng cc cht phu gia cng lm thay i nht ca va, v du lignosulfonate lm gim nht, cn cellulose lm tng nht ca va.
GEOPET Dung dch khoan v xi mng 3. Xi mng 102
VA XI MNG
Thi gian ng qunh
L thi gian tnh t thi im bt u bm va iu kin nhit va p sut ban u n khi va t n st (khong 100 Bc) khng cn bm c na. thay i thi gian ng qunh c th thm vo cht phu gia nhanh ng hay chm ng ty theo iu kin c th. Va trc khi bm u phi c th nghim iu kin tng t iu kin ging khoan. Thi gian ng qunh ca va c thit k ln hn thi gian cn thit bm trm hay thi gian hon tt cng vic.
GEOPET
3. Xi mng
103
xi mng ng cng trong ging chu tc ng bi lc nn ngang do p sut thnh h gy ra va ng sut ko do trng lng ca ct ng chng.
GEOPET
3. Xi mng
104
GEOPET
3. Xi mng
105
GEOPET
3. Xi mng
106
GEOPET
3. Xi mng
107
CC QU TRNH N MN XI MNG
Di tc dng ca mi trng xm thc lng ln xi mng, cc qu trnh n mn c bn bao gm 3 dng: - Dng 1: cc qu trnh ho tan xi mng m trc ht l Ca(OH)2 do C3S thy ho to ra tan vo nc thm qua xi mng, - Dng 2: cc phn ng trao i gia cc thnh phn ca mi trng v xi mng to ra cc sn phm tan trong nc, hoc l cc sn phm ti xp khng c tnh kt dnh, - Dng 3: cc qu trnh to tch t mui trong cc l hng, vt nt v trong cc mao qun. Trong nhng iu kin nht nh chng trng n th tch gy ra ng sut ph hu xi mng.
GEOPET
3. Xi mng
108
GEOPET
109
NI DUNG
1. Cc phng php trm xi mng 2. Trm xi mng ng chng ng knh ln 3. Trm xi mng ng chng ng knh nh 4. Bm p v t cu xi mng
GEOPET
110
Trm xi mng ct ng chng nhm cc mc ch sau: Gia c thnh ging khoan; Lin kt ct ng chng vi thnh ging khoan, chu mt phn ti trng v m bo chc chn v mt c hc cho ct ng chng; Lm kn khong khng vnh xuyn, bo v ct ng chng khi r st, h hi do cc lu cht c trong cc tng t khoan qua;
Dung dch khoan v xi mng 4. Cc phng php trm xi mng 111
GEOPET
GEOPET
112
GEOPET
113
- ng chng dn hng; - ng chng b mt; - ng chng trung gian; - ng chng khai thc.
Trm xi mng ln hai (th cp), bao gm:
- Bm p xi mng; - t cu xi mng.
GEOPET
114
GEOPET
115
CC CP NG CHNG
GEOPET
116
CHUI NG CHNG
Production Casing
Intermediate Casing
Intermediate Casing
Surface Casing
GEOPET
Conductor
117
Cn khoan
TRM BNG CN
GEOPET
119
GEOPET
120
GEOPET
121
u ni phn tng
GEOPET
122
GEOPET
123
BM P XI MNG - BRADENHEAD
Phng php ny c p dng khi bm p p sut thp
GEOPET
124
BM P XI MNG - PACKER
Phng php ny cho php bm p xi mng chnh xc hn v p sut bm p cao hn.
GEOPET
125
GEOPET
126
T CU XI MNG PP CN BNG
GEOPET
127
T CU XI MNG PP RT XI MNG
Thit b rt xi mng c iu khin bng in t b mt. Phng php c chnh xc cao v xi mng khng b nhim bn. Phng php khng thch hp vi ging su. Th tch xi mng mi ln rt hn ch.
GEOPET
128
CC TRANG THIT B
Cc trang thit b u trm xi mng Nt trm trn Nt trm di Gi trm xi mng Lng nh tm Vng ni lng nh tm Chi no Chn ng chng ni Vng dng
GEOPET
129
U TRM XI MNG
GEOPET
130
NT TRM XI MNG
a)
b)
Nt trm xi mng
a) bnh thng b) chng xoay
GEOPET Dung dch khoan v xi mng 4. Cc phng php trm xi mng 131
GI TRM XI MNG
GEOPET
132
LNG NH TM
GEOPET
133
VNG NI LNG NH TM
GEOPET
134
CHI NO
Chi no quay
GEOPET Dung dch khoan v xi mng 4. Cc phng php trm xi mng 135
CHN NG CHNG
GEOPET
136
VNG DNG
GEOPET
137
KT THC