Mc lc

Mc lc............................................................................................................... i
Danh mc cc hnh v...................................................................................... iv
Danh mc mt s thut ng thng dng....................................................... vi
Li ni u ...................................................................................................... vii
1. Gii thiu....................................................................................................... 1
2. Vn tay trong sinh trc hc ........................................................................... 4
2.1. V tr ca nhn dng vn tay trong sinh trc hc ................................................................ 4
2.2. Uniqe l mt thuc tnh ca vn tay..................................................................................... 5
2.3. Hnh thc th hin v cc c t ca vn tay....................................................................... 5
2.4. Kh khn gp phi khi nhn dng vn tay .......................................................................... 7

3. i cng v nh s v x l nh trong Matlab ........................................... 8

3.1. i cng v nh s .............................................................................................................. 8
3.1.1. Biu din nh s............................................................................................................................8
3.1.2. C s v mu ................................................................................................................................9
3.1.3. Chuyn i mu..........................................................................................................................12

3.2. X l nh s trong Matlab.................................................................................................. 13

3.2.1. Histogram ...................................................................................................................................13
3.2.2. Phn ngng cc b ....................................................................................................................14
3.2.3. Bin i Fourier-2D ri rc .........................................................................................................15
3.2.4. Lc nh Sobel .............................................................................................................................16
3.2.5. Pht hin bin bng ton t gradient ............................................................................................18
3.2.6. Loang rng v thu nh i tng.................................................................................................20

4. S khi thit k h thng nhn dng vn tay ......................................... 22

4.1. Cc nguyn l nhn dng vn tay ...................................................................................... 22
4.2. H thng nhn dng vn tay............................................................................................... 23
4.3. Xy dng h thng nhn dng vn tay bng nh s .......................................................... 24

5. Tp mu nh vn tay ................................................................................... 26
6. Trch chn minutiae cho i snh vn tay .................................................. 28
6.1. Chun ha nh u vo ...................................................................................................... 29
6.1.1. Chun ha kch thc nh ...........................................................................................................29
6.1.2. Cn bng cng sng ca nh.................................................................................................29

6.2. Tng cng nh cht lng nh......................................................................................... 30

6.2.1. Tng cng nh bng cn bng histogram ...................................................................................30
6.2.2. Tng cng nh bng bin i Fourier-2D...................................................................................31

6.3. c lng orientation image v khoanh vng nh vn tay............................................... 32

6.3.1. c lng orientation image .......................................................................................................32
6.3.2. Khoanh vng nh vn tay ............................................................................................................34

6.4. Trch chn minutiae ........................................................................................................... 35

6.4.1. Nh phn ha v lm mnh ng vn .........................................................................................36
6.4.2. Pht hin minutiae.......................................................................................................................37
6.4.3. c lng khong cch ng vn..............................................................................................39

6.4. Hiu chnh ng vn v lc minutiae sai ......................................................................... 39

6.4.1. Hiu chnh ng vn v lc minutiae sai cp mt.......................................................................39
6.4.2. Lc minutiae sai cp hai v to m t minutiae ............................................................................41

7. Phn loi kiu vn tay ................................................................................. 43

7.1. Trch chn c tnh............................................................................................................. 44
7.2. To vec-t c tnh ............................................................................................................. 45
7.3. Khu phn loi kiu vn tay............................................................................................... 46

8. i chiu vn tay nh danh mu.......................................................... 48

8.1. Khp mu hai mu vn tay ................................................................................................ 49
8.2. i snh vn tay.................................................................................................................. 50

9. Tng kt v hng pht trin ...................................................................... 52

9.1. Kt qu ca n ............................................................................................................... 52
9.2. Nhng kin thc bn thn thu c .................................................................................. 53
9.3. Nhng hn ch ca n ................................................................................................... 53
9.4. Hng pht trin ................................................................................................................ 53

Ti liu tham kho .......................................................................................... 55

ii

Ph lc ............................................................................................................ 56
Danh sch cc script file khc trong n ............................................................................... 56
Cc bc chy phn mm m phng ........................................................................................ 57

iii

Danh mc cc hnh v
Hnh-1. Mt s tn hiu sinh trc hc c bn ..................................................... 4
Hnh-2. ng gp ca cc ngnh trong sinh trc hc.......................................... 4
Hnh-3. Vn tay th hin cp very-fine ....................................................... 5
Hnh-4. Vn tay th hin trong cp global ..................................................... 6
Hnh-5. Hai dng minutiae quan trng................................................................ 7
Hnh-6. Biu din nh s .................................................................................... 8
Hnh-7. Cm nhn ca cc t bo nhy sng trong vng mc mt ...................... 9
Hnh-8. T hp mu. ........................................................................................ 10
Hnh-9. H ta mu ..................................................................................... 11
Hnh-10. Phn tch lc xm ....................................................................... 14
Hnh-11. Gi tr ngng ti u. ........................................................................ 15
Hnh-12. Cc bc thc hin lc nh trong min tn s ................................... 16
Hnh-13. Cc bc lc nh bng ton t khng gian ........................................ 17
Hnh-14. Biu din mask.................................................................................. 18
Hnh-15. Loang rng i tng ........................................................................ 20
Hnh-16. Thu nh i tng ............................................................................. 21
Hnh-17. To m vn tay .................................................................................. 22
Hnh-18. S khi h thng nhn dng vn tay ............................................. 24
Hnh-19. Cc loi vn tay................................................................................. 26
Hnh-20. Thut ton trch chn minutiae .......................................................... 28
Hnh-21. Tng cng nh................................................................................. 30
Hnh-22. c lng orientation image ............................................................. 33
Hnh-23. Khoanh vng nh vn tay .................................................................. 35
Hnh-24. Thng s ca hai dng minutiae quan trng....................................... 36
Hnh-25. Nh phn ha v lm mnh ng vn .............................................. 36
Hnh-26. Pht hin minutiae ............................................................................. 38
iv

Hnh-27. S minutiae pht hin c ............................................................... 40

Hnh-28. Lc cc minutiae ............................................................................... 40
Hnh-29. Cc minutiae c trch chn cui to m .................................... 41
Hnh-30. Nm kiu vn tay trong thc t.......................................................... 43
Hnh-31. S khi m t thut ton phn loi vn tay ................................... 44
Hnh-32. Phng php ch s Poincar............................................................. 44
Hnh-33. Ly c tnh cho phn loi................................................................. 46
Hnh-34. Kt qu cy quyt nh ca bi ton phn loi kiu vn..................... 46
Hnh-35. ng cong sai s hc v kim tra.................................................... 47
Hnh-36. i chiu vn tay da trn c s minutiae ......................................... 48
Hnh-37. Khp mu tng i tng.................................................................. 49
Hnh-38. Thc hin matching........................................................................... 50
Hnh-39. Kt qu nhn dng............................................................................. 51
Hnh-40. Ca s giao din. ............................................................................... 57
Hnh-41. M mt file nh................................................................................. 57
Hnh-42. Cn bng lc xm....................................................................... 58
Hnh-43. Bin i Fourier ri rc v cn bng cng sng. ......................... 58
Hnh-44. Nh phn ha nh............................................................................... 59
Hnh-45. Trng nh hng. .......................................................................... 59
Hnh-46. Segmentation..................................................................................... 60
Hnh-47. Pht hin core.................................................................................... 60
Hnh-47. Lm mnh ng vn........................................................................ 61
Hnh-48. Lc minutiae. .................................................................................... 61
Hnh-49. Hin th minutiae............................................................................... 62
Hnh-50. i snh vn tay................................................................................ 62

Danh mc mt s thut ng thng dng

trong nhn dng vn tay
Ridge: ng vn tay trn ngn tay ngi.
Vallay: ng rnh xen k hai ng vn tay.
Singular: im k d ca vn tay trn ngn tay ngi, mang c im
phn loi.
Core: im tm ca vn tay, l mt trong nhng im singular.
Minutia: im c trng ca vn tay trn ngn tay con ngi.
Termination: im kt thc ca ng vn, mt loi minutia quan trng.
Bifurcation: im tr ba ca ng vn, l mt loi minutia quan trong.
Sweat pores: Vng xuyn xp lin tip to thnh ng vn (thng quan
st c khi nh vn tay phn gii cao: > 1000dpi).
Orientation Image: Hnh nh th hin cc nh hng cc b ca cc
ng vn tay, bao gm nhiu phn t qij [0, p ] ti cc im [i,j].
Direction Image: Tng t nh Orientation Image nhng qij [0, 2p ] .
Segmentation: Phn nh gia vng nh th hin ng vn v vng nh
nn.
Varance field: Mt cc th hin vng nh th hin ng vn cn th.
Crossing number: Mt phng php dng pht hin minutiae.
Poincar: Mt phng php dng pht hin core theo trng vec-t
v ng bao.
Ridge map: nh en trng ch th hin cc ng vn mu trng nhng
khng nht thit cc ng vn c rng ng u.
Thinned ridge map: nh en trng th hin cc ng vn mu trng
nhng nht thit cc ng vn c rng ng u 1pixel

vi

Li ni u
Hin nay, vic thu thp, x l thng tin qua nh nhn bit i tng ang
c quan tm v ng dng rng ri. Vi phng php nay, chng ta c th thu
nhn c nhiu thng tin t i tng m li khng cn tc ng nhiu n i
tng nghin cu.
Mt trong nhng nhm ng dng hay gp trong x l thng tin bng hnh
nh l xc minh hoc nh danh mu. Nhn dng vn tay l mt bi ton c th
m cn phi gii quyt mt trong hai vn nu trn: xc minh vn tay
(fingerprint verification) hoc nh danh vn tay (fingerprint identification). Qua
tm hiu thc t em chn ti: Thit k h thng nhn dng vn tay t nh
s. ti ny c ni dung bao trm ln c cc h thng c kiu nhn nhn
dng verification (cn m PIN cng vi nh vn tay).
Do ti c tnh cht mi, trong qu trnh lm n em gp rt nhiu kh
khn. c s gip , ch bo tn tnh ca TSKH. TRN HOI LINH em
dn dn tip cn c ti lnh vc ny v bc u t c mt s cc kt
qu (phn loi c hn 90% cc kiu vn tay v nh danh c vn tay).
Sau thi gian 15 tun khn trng thc hin n tt nghip, ti c
hon thnh ng k hoch. Em mong nhng thiu st ca em trong n s
nhn c nhng kin ng gp qu bu ca cc thy, c cng cc bn sinh
vin.
Em xin chn thnh cm n TSKH.TRN HOI LINH. Thy tn tnh ch
bo em rt nhiu. Cc thy c gio trng i Hc Bch Khoa, b mn K thut
o v Tin hc cng nghip cho em nhng kin thc, kinh nghim, cng
nhng bi hc gip trng thnh hn trong qu trnh hc tp trng.
Xin cm n bn b, ngi thn, gia nh ng vin, gip v l ch da
vng chc cho em trong qu trnh hc tp, lm n.
vii

Xin cm n Cng ty TNHH Tin hc v in t Thng Long cng ch V

QUANG THNH to iu kin gip , cho em nhiu li khuyn b ch
trong qu trnh thc tp tt nghip v lm n.
H Ni, ngy 20 thng 5 nm 2007
Sinh vin thc hin

Ng Hng Vit

viii

1. GII THIU

1. Gii thiu
Nhn dng vn tay l mt b phn ca nhn dng sinh hc. Khoa hc nhn dng
vn tay cng hnh thnh t kh lu. Nhng ti thi gian gn y, cng vi s
ra i ca my tnh n mi t c nhiu kt qu quan trng v tr thnh mt
trong nhng phng php sinh trc c tin cy nht.
nh vn tay dng nhn dng thng b nh hng nhiu bi iu kin thu
thp s liu (hnh nh vn tay khng trn vn, b xoay gc, mo hay c nhiu
nhiu) nn vic so snh trc tip hai mu vn tay s rt phc tp v kh khn.
Do vn tay cn lc nhiu, sau to m t mt s cc c tnh ca n (c th
phn bit vi vn tay khc) nhm mc ch gii quyt vn x l, lu tr vn tay
vi s lng ln m vn m bo chnh xc.
Cc k thut thc nhn dng vn tay cng c kh nhiu. Tu trung, qu trnh
ny tri qua ba cng on chnh: thu nhn vn tay (i); trch chn c tnh vn
tay (ii); i snh vn tay (iii) [1]. Bi v ngay trong tng cng on ny li c
nhiu bin php khc nhau, ty vo ng cnh v vng ng dng cc khu ny s
thc hin theo cch c th.
Cng ngh nhn dng vn tay ngy nay t ti chnh xc rt cao. Tuy
vy, cc h thng nhn dng AFIS (Automated Fingerprint Identification
Systems) vn cn nhiu mt hn ch. Chng hn nh IAFIS ca FBI c c s d
liu ln ti hng trm triu vn tay, thi gian tm kim tnh bng pht cho mt
mu, tin cy cao nhng l mt h thng s gm nhiu my tnh x l
song song v gii hn trong gim nh hnh s. Trong ng dng dn s, cc h
thng nhn dng thng c gii hn mt mc t phc tp hn: s mu
khng ln (khong vi nghn), cu trc h thng kiu ni tip, nh u vo
khng c qu nhiu nhiu (nhm gim bt gnh nng x l tnh ton), c vy
mi gii quyt c vn chi ph ng thi vn m bo tin cy.
n ny s thc hin nhn dng vn tay bng nh s theo hng c th
trin khai trong dn s. Chnh v vy phng php nhn dng l da trn c s
pht hin v s dng cc im nt c trng (gi l minutiae) [2]. y l
1

1. GII THIU
phng php th hai trong ba phng php nhn dng c p dng nhiu hin
nay [1], ch. 4. H thng AFIS ni chung cng s dng phng php ny [11].
Phng php th nht, s dng c trng tng quan ca hai mu vn
tay. Xp chng trc tip hai mu ny v da vo tng quan gia cc
pixel tnh ton s khc nhau gia hai mu. Phng php ny khng
thch hp vi n v i hi khi lng tnh ton ln m cht lng nh
phi m tt.
Phng php th ba, s dng cc c trng v ng vn. ng vn ca
cc mu c trch ra khi nh ban u ri so snh gia chng. Phng
php ny khng thch hp vi n v n ch thch hp vi cc mu c
cht lng xu (chng hn nh vn tay ti phm li hin trng sau v
n).
n s s dng b mu chun cc vn tay c chun b trc. l
cc nh s vn tay ly trong FVC200 (mt b d liu chun quc t xy dng
bi phng th nghim h thng sinh trc, i hc Bologna).
Trong tm ca n tp trung vo hai phn:
To vec-t c tnh cho mc ch phn loi kiu vn tay v cho i snh
vn tay (feature extraction).
S dng cc im minutea trch chn bc trc i snh nhn
dng vn tay (minutiae matching).
n trnh by theo cu trc:
Chng 1: Gii thiu chung.
Chng 2: Vn tay trong sinh trc hc. cp mt s b phn ca sinh
trc hc (trong c nhn dng vn tay) v nhng tnh cht g quyt nh
vn tay c ng dng nhiu nht trong sinh trc hc.
Chng 3: i cng v nh v x l nh trong Matlab, trnh by khi
qut v nh s v mt s thut ton x l nh trong Matlab s dng trong
n.

1. GII THIU
Chng 4: S khi thit k h thng. cp mt s m hnh h thng
nhn dng vn tay v xy dng s khi h thng nhn dng vn tay
bng nh s.
Chng 5: B d liu nh s dng trong n. y l b d liu nh vn
tay trch ra t FVC2000 (c s d liu nh vn tay chun, hin nay c
nhiu nh khoa hc chn nghin cu v kim nghim kt qu).
Chng 6: Trch chn c tnh vn tay v i snh vn tay. y mt
trong nhng cng on quan trng nht ca n. Giai on ny p dng
cc thut ton x l nh to m vn tay.
Chng 7: i snh vn tay. Mu vn tay c to m t minutiae
cng on trc c i snh trong cng on ny.
Chng 8: Phn loi kiu vn tay. Trnh by v vn to vec-t c tnh
cho khu phn loi kiu vn tay v thc hin phn loi kiu vn tay.
Chng 9: Tng kt v hng pht trin. Trnh by nhng kt qu ca
n, nhng kin thc bn thn thu c, cc hn ch v hng pht trin
ti.
Ti liu tham kho. Lit k mt s ti liu dng tham kho chnh trong
n.
Ph lc. Bao gm danh sch cc script file ca phn mm m phng v
cc bc thc hin chy phn mm m phng nhn dng vn tay.

2. VN TAY TRONG SINH TRC HC

2. Vn tay trong sinh trc hc

Trong phn ny s trnh by nhng tip cn khi u, nh: v tr ca nhn dng
vn tay trong sinh trc hc; nhng tnh cht ca vn tay tr thnh i tng
c bn ca sinh trc hc; hnh thc th hin v c t ca mt mu vn tay v
nhng kh khn gp phi khi nhn dng vn tay.

a)

b)

c)

Hnh-1. Mt s tn hiu sinh trc hc c bn: a) ging ni; b) ng t; c) ch k.

2.1. V tr ca nhn dng vn tay trong sinh trc hc

Da vo tiu chun physiological sinh trc hc c: dng vn tay, mt, ng t,
ging ni Cn da vo tiu chun behavioral sinh trc hc c: nhn dng ch
vit, ch k Di y l biu tng quan ng dng sinh trc (s liu thng
k ca International Biometric Group, 2002).

Hnh-2. ng gp ca cc ngnh trong sinh trc hc.

(vn tay ng v tr hng u trong cc ng dng nhn dng)

2. VN TAY TRONG SINH TRC HC

2.2. Uniqe l mt thuc tnh ca vn tay
Cho ti nay, vn cha c bng chng xc thc 100% vn tay trn cc ngn tay
tuyt i mang tnh c nhn v khng h lp li. Cu tr li chnh xc ch c
c khi em so snh tng mu vn tay ca mi u ngn ngi vi hn su t
ngi cn li. Tuy nhin khi khng xt ti phn nh l y c th rt ra mt s
tnh cht c bn ca vn tay n tr thnh ph bin trong ng dng nhn dng
v nh danh con ngi [2, 11]:
Tnh ph thng, mi ngi u c.
Tnh c nhn v khng lp li. Xc sut trng khp vi ngi khc gn
bng khng.
Tnh bt bin. Hnh dng tng th ca vn tay trn cc ngn tay ca con
ngi khng thay i theo thi gian. Ngay c trng hp b chn thong
nh, du vn tay vn c kh nng khi phc li.
2.3. Hnh thc th hin v cc c t ca vn tay
Nhm mc ch m t ngi ta nh ngha mt s hnh thc th hin vn tay.
Mi mt trng hp th hin th s c hnh thc trch chn c t vn tay tng
ng. V vy, cn c vo nh vn tay u vo chng ta c th la chn c c
tnh cn trch chn v d kin phng n nhn dng.

Hnh-3. Vn tay th hin cp very-fine: cc sweat pores c khoanh trn,

im vn ch ba (bifurcation) v vn ct (termination) nh du hnh trn.

2. VN TAY TRONG SINH TRC HC

Hnh thc th hin vn tay c chia thnh ba cp : global (th hin tng
th vn tay), local (th hin vn tay bi mt s nt c trng khi ng vn lm
mnh n mt pixel), very-fine (th hin bi cc vng xuyn to hnh nn ng
vn - sweat pores) [1], tr. 28-31, 83-85.
i vi cp very-fine th i hi cc phng tin x l tn km cng nh
cc yu cu c bit khc m kh c th ng dng trong dn s. Chng hn
trch c cc pores, nh cn c phn gii ti thiu 1000dpi. Sau y s tm
hiu su hn cc c trng vn tay hai cp u.

a)

b)

d)

c)

e)

Hnh-4. Vn tay th hin trong cp global: a) arch; b) whorl; c) tented arch; d) left loop;
e) right loop; hnh vung nh du im loop, hnh tam gic nh du im delta.

cp global, c trng vn tay lin quan nhiu n s to hnh ca

ng vn v cc im k d (singular), chng bao gm: loop (ng vn to
vng xoy h), delta (ng vn to hnh tam gic). im k d c vai tr quan
trng trong vic thc hin phn loi vn tay v t chc, xy dng c s d liu.

2. VN TAY TRONG SINH TRC HC

mc cc b, cc c trng ca vn tay c gi l minutiae. Ngi ta
thng k c ti 150 c trng loi ny. Hai c trng c bn v ni tri hn
c l ride temination v ridge bifurcation (cng c gi tt l minutiae)

a)

b)

Hnh-5. Hai dng minutiae quan trng: a) ridge termination; b) ridge bifurcation.

2.4. Kh khn gp phi khi nhn dng vn tay

Do iu kin thu nhn nh quyt nh nhiu n cht lng nh thu thp nn
nhiu khi cc chi tit trn mu vn tay khng th hin r rng. C th lit k mt
s trng hp di y:
Dry finger (vn tay thu nhn trong iu kin kh): nh thu nhn s c
nhiu ch ng vn b m i, ng vn b ln vi nn nh. Lc n ca
tay nh hoc mc in khng (vi vn tay ln trn giy) l cc nguyn
nhn chnh lm gim cht lng nh thu thp.
Wet finger (vn tay thu nhn trong iu kin t): nh thu nhn s c
nhiu ch ng vn b dnh lin. Lc n ca ngn tay qu ln hoc mc
in qu nhiu (vi vn tay ln trn giy) l cc nguyn nhn chnh to
nhiu trong trng hp ny.
Vn tay thu nhn trong iu kin b bin dng: nh thu nhn c c th
th hin r nt nhng cc ng vn li b bp mo khng cn ging vi
mu thc. Lc n, ko v x dch tay l cc nguyn nhn chnh.
Vn tay thu thp khng y : nh thu thp c ch c mt phn vn
tay trn ngn tay. Nguyn nhn chnh l do ngn tay t khng ng v tr
chun thu thp.
Tuy vy trong thc t cng c nhiu mu vn tay thu thp trong iu kin tt
nn c cht lng cao
7

3. I CNG V NH V X L NH

3. i cng v nh s v x l nh trong Matlab

n ny khng xy dng b thu thp mu vn tay m s dng b mu chun
quc t FVC2000 do phng th nghim h thng sinh trc, i hc Bologna to
ra. Trong c s d liu y, cc mu c lu d di dng nh s. Bi vy, qu
trnh x l tnh ton thc hin n phi lm vic chnh vi dng s liu .
Cho nn, trong phn ny s trnh by tm tt v nh s v mt s thut ton x
l nh s trong Matlab.
3.1. i cng v nh s
nh c th biu din di dng tn hiu tng t hoc s. Trong phn s tp
trung vo biu din nh s, c s v mu v vic chuyn i mu.
3.1.1. Biu din nh s

nh xm cng nh cc nh s khc l tp hp cc phn t nh hay cn gi l

cc pixel, [i, j ] . nh c biu din nh mt ma-trn hai chiu c W H , hai
thng s ny cho bit thng tin v rng v chiu cao nh. Gi tr ca mi
phn t ca ma-trn I [i, j ] biu din cho mc xm hay cng nh ti v tr
ca phn t .

f(1,1) f(1,2) L f(1,N)

f(2,1) f(2,2) L f(2,N)

f=

M
M
M

f(M,1) f(M,2) L f(M,N)

a)

b)

Hnh-6. Biu din nh s: a) h trc ta trong Image Processing Toolbox;

b) ma-trn biu din nh s

3. I CNG V NH V X L NH
Ty theo yu cu lu tr, cc pixel s c m ha bng 8-bit, 16-bit,
tng ng vi nh xm 256, 65536 mc.
Vi nh en trng, cc pixel ny c lu tr bng 1-bit. Cng nh I ch
c th l mt trong hai gi tr, I [i, j ] [0,1] . ng vi gi tr 0 l cc im en,
cn vi gi tr 1 l im trng.
Vi nh mu, cch biu din cng tng t nh vi nh xm, ch khc l cc
gi tr ti mi phn t ca ma-trn biu din ba mu ring bit gm: (Red-R),
lc (Green-G) v lam (Blue-B). biu din cho ba mu ring r cn 24-bit, 24bit ny c chia thnh ba khong 8-bit. Mi khong ny biu din cho cng
sng ca mt trong cc mu chnh.
3.1.2. C s v mu

nh sng mu l t hp cc nh sng n sc. Mt ngi c th cm nhn c

mt s mu nht nh nhng li c th phn bit c rt nhiu mu (trong vng
quang nhn thy, c di bc sng 400nm 750nm ). Cm nhn mu ca con
ngi ph thuc vo ba thuc tnh B, H, S.
B (brightness): chi,
H (hue): sc lng,
S (saturation): bo ha.

Hnh-7. Cm nhn ca cc t bo nhy sng trong vng mc mt vi cc mu nh sng ph

thuc vo chiu di bc sng nh sng.

3. I CNG V NH V X L NH
Trong vng mc mt ngi c cc t bo cm th hnh nn nhy vi nh
sng. C khong 6 7 triu t bo loi ny trong mt, chng chia lm ba nhm
nhy vi ba mu nh sng khc nhau: 65% t bo nhy vi nh sng (red),
32% t bo nhy vi nh sng xanh lc (green) v 2% cn li nhy vi nh sng
xanh l (blue).
T hp B, H, S i vi tng nh sng mu trong ba mu ny gip mt con
ngi c th phn bit c hng ngn mu. R, G, B cn c gi l cc mu c
s.
Phn b ph nng lng ca mt ngun sng mu c bc sng l k hiu l
C (l ) v vic t hp mu theo ba mu c s (c cc ng cong cm nhn S1 ,
S 2 , S3 ) m t bng s khi sau:

Hnh-8. T hp mu.

p ng ph a i ( C ) s c tnh nh sau trong di bc sng

ai ( C ) =

lmax

Si (l )c(l )d l , i = 1,3 .

lmin

Vi phn phi xc xut ca ba mu pk ( x ) , k = 1,3 nn c:

x max

pk ( x)dx = 1 .

x min

10

3. I CNG V NH V X L NH
Gi s ba mu c bn c t hp theo t l b k ( l ) , i = 1,3 . to ra mt mu
c phn b ph nng lng C ( l ) s bng

b
k =1

(l ) pk ( x) .

Thay gi tr vo phng trnh v p ng ph:

l max

l max

3
3
3

a i (c ) = Si (l ) b k ( x ) pk ( x ) dx = b k ( x) Si (l ) pk ( x )dx = b k ( x )ai ,k
k =1
k =1
k =1

l min
l min

trong : a i, k =

l max

Si (l ) pk ( x )dx .

l min

Nh vy c th t hp mu theo php cng mu vi a i l h s t hp theo cng

thc tng qut sau:
X = a 1 R + a 2G + a 3 B

T chc quc t v chn ha mu CIE a ra mt s khng gian mu nh:

RGB, CMY, CMYK, HIS, Trong m hnh RGB c vai tr quan trng.

red
Px = green
blue

a)

b)
Hnh-9. H ta mu: a) m hnh mu RGB;
b) biu din im nh trong h ta mu RGB.

11

3. I CNG V NH V X L NH
3.1.3. Chuyn i mu

H ta mu do CIE quy nh nh mt h quy chiu v trn thc t khng

th biu din ht cc mu. Ty thuc vo cc ng dng khc nhau ngi ta a
ra thm mt s h ta khc nh NTSC, CMY, YIQ... ph hp vi yu cu
hin th mu sc. Vic chuyn i gia cc khng gian biu din mu thc hin
theo nguyn tc sau:
Px = A Px* ,

trong :
Px : khng gian biu din mu ban u,
Px* : khng gian biu din mu mi,
A : ma-trn php bin i.

nh dng trong n ny l nh xm. Mc xm l kt qu ca s m ha

tng ng mt cng sng ca im nh vi mt tr s. Gi tr ca n ph
thuc vo mc lng t ha nh, nh cc nh dng lm c s d liu ly
8-bit m ha nh (ng vi 256 mc xm, trong mc xm 0 l mu en,
mc xm 255 l mu trng).
Khi chuyn i t nh mu RGB sang nh xm c th dng cng thc sau:
grayscale = a1 R + a 2G + a3 B ,

cc h s ai ln lt nh di y [6].
a1 = 0, 2989; a 2 = 0,5870; a 3 = 0,1140

12

3. I CNG V NH V X L NH
3.2. X l nh s trong Matlab
ng v mt x l tn hiu ni chung v x l nh ni ring, Matlab l cng c
rt mnh. Hu ht cc thut ton v nh v x l nh u c th hin trong
cc hm ca Matlab nh cc hm c, ghi nh, chuyn i gia cc h mu ca
nh, cc thut ton pht hin bin, tch i tng, khp mu, cc php bin i
nh nh xoay nh, chun kch thc, tnh tin,... Cc th vin ngy cng c
m rng, cc hm ng dng c th c lp bi ngi s dng. ng dng phn
mm Matlab trong x l nh s c c nhiu tin ch v tr gip.
Cu lnh Matlab c gn vi cc thut ng m t k thut, cu lnh ngn
gn v c th tra cu nhanh trong chc nng Help.
Trong Matlab c nhiu Toolbox h tr cc ng dng chuyn su. Vi bi
ton nhn dng hnh nh, cc Toolbox thng c s dng gm:
Image Processing Toolbox
Image Acqusition Toolbox
Wavelet Toolbox
Signal Processing
Statistics Toolbox
Neural Network Toobox
Cc thut ton x l trong n u c vit bng ngn ng lp trnh phn
mm Matlab. Cc chng trnh c s dng mt mt s th vin ca Matlab (ch
yu trong Image Processing Toolbox, Statistics Toolbox). Sau y l mt s
cng c x l v thut ton x l nh chnh c ng dng trong n.
3.2.1. Histogram

Histogram (lc xm) th hin tn sut xut hin mi mc xm trong nh.

Lc xm biu din trong h ta Oxy: trc honh biu din N mc xm
(ty theo s bit m ha pixel), trc tung biu din s im nh mt mc xm
tng ng.

13

3. I CNG V NH V X L NH
Lc xm cung cp thng tin v phn b mc xm ca nh. N cho php
phn tch trong khong no phn b phn ln mc xm ca nh. Nu nh
sng th lc xm lch v pha bn tri, nu nh ti th lc xm lch v
bn phi so vi im quy chiu (gia mc xm N).

a)

b)

c)

d)

Hnh-10. Phn tch lc xm: a) nh sng v b) lc xm ca (a) lch phi;

c) nh ti v d) lc xm ca (c) lch tri.

3.2.2. Phn ngng cc b

Phn ngng vi mc ch lm tng tng phn cc i tng cn quan tm

ng thi loi bt nhiu. Nu phn ngng ton b nh nhiu khi t ra khng
hiu qu, nht l khi cng sng ca nh khng ng u. Phn ngng cc
b cng ging nh phn ngng nhng ch khc im: ngng c chn
thch nghi vi tng vng cc b ca nh. iu ny rt c ngha trong khu nh
phn ha nh vn tay. Vng cc b thng dng c th l cc block dng hnh
vung hay hnh ch nht.

14

3. I CNG V NH V X L NH
nh xm khi phn ngng th kt qu phn ngng i i vi nh phn ha
nh. Mt im bt k (x, y) thuc nh f khi c f ( x, y ) T th c gi l object
point (im trn nn), trng hp cn li gi l background point (im nn).
i tng u tin trch chn t phn ngng khng quan trng l
bachground point hay object point. y ch l cc tn gi quy c v chng c
th chuyn i d dng cho nhau nh bin i m bn.

Hnh-11. Gi tr ngng ti u.

Kt qu phn ngng c nh g ( x, y ) th n c nh ngha lin h

1 : f ( x, y ) T
g ( x, y ) =
0 : f ( x , y ) < T

3.2.3. Bin i Fourier-2D ri rc

Bin i Fourier ri rc trong x l nh s nhm mc ch lc ly cc thnh

phn tn hiu nh c tn s tri. Vi nh vn tay vng nh co cc ng vn
ng vai tr lm tn hiu c tn s tri.
C f ( x, y ) , vi x = 0, M - 1 v y = 0, N - 1 l mt nh s c M N . Bin i
Fourier ri rc ca f l F (u , v) .

M -1 N -1

F (u, v) = f ( x, y )e - j 2p ( ux / M + vy / N ) , u = 0, M - 1 , v = 0, N - 1 .
x =0 y =0

15

3. I CNG V NH V X L NH
Bin i ngc Fourier ri rc nh ngha bi cng thc:
M -1 N -1

f ( x, y ) = F (u , v)e -

j 2p ( ux / M + vy / N )

, x = 0, M - 1 , y = 0, N - 1 .

u =0 v =0

Bin i Fourier ri rc ca nh f cn c vit di dng:

F (u, v) = F (u, v ) e - jf ( u ,v ) ,

trong f ( u, v ) l gc pha, F (u, v ) l ph Fourier.

Cc bc thc hin lc nh trong min tn s bng bin i Fourier ri rc
c th m t bi s di y.

Hnh-12. Cc bc thc hin lc nh trong min tn s.

3.2.4. Lc nh Sobel

Lc Sobel l mt trng hp ca lc s tuyn tnh. Ngha l b lc dng mt

convolution-mask (ca s dng nhn chp, gi tt mask), ri ly tng c trng
s cc im ln cn vi im chnh gia trong mask . Di chuyn mask trn
ton b min tn hiu nh, mi bc mt pixel, cui cng thu nh kt qu.
16

3. I CNG V NH V X L NH
Tng qut, lc tuyn tnh ca nh s f c M N vi convolution-mask c c
m n nh bi nh sau

g ( x, y ) =

w ( s , t ) f ( x + s, y + t ) ,

s =- a t =- b

trong : a = ( m - 1) / 2 , b = ( n - 1) / 2 v x = 0, M - 1 , y = 0, N - 1 .

Hnh-13. Cc bc lc nh bng ton t khng gian.

17

3. I CNG V NH V X L NH
p ng lc s ti tng im (x,y) l R, i vi lc Sobel s l
9

Rx = wxi zi = ( z7 + 2 z8 + z9 ) - ( z1 + 2 z3 + z4 ) ,
i =1
9

Ry = wyi zi = ( z3 + 2 z6 + z9 ) - ( z1 + 2 z 4 + z7 ) ,
i =1

trong zi l mc xm ca nh.

a)

b)

Hnh-14. Biu din mask: a) cc h s ca mask c 3 3 ;

b) cc h s ca cp mask dng cho lc Sobel

3.2.5. Pht hin bin bng ton t gradient

S dng ton t gradient trong min 2D l mt trong cc phng php dng

pht hin bin. Ton t nh ngha nh l mt vec-t hai thnh phn
Gx f x
f = =

G y f y

Ton t xc nh m-un v gc ca gradient ln lt nh sau

1/ 2

f = mag ( f ) = Gx2 + G y2

2
2
= ( f / x ) + ( f / y )

1/ 2

a ( x, y ) = arctg ( Gx G y ) .

18

3. I CNG V NH V X L NH
Thng thng thnh phn m-un ch cn tnh xp x l t yu cu
chnh xc ca bi ton t ra. Hai cng thc gn ng hay s dng l tng cc
bnh phng f Gx2 + G y2 v tng cc gi tr tuyt i f Gx + G y .

19

3. I CNG V NH V X L NH
3.2.6. Loang rng v thu nh i tng

Loang rng (dilation) v thu nh (erosion) i tng l hai ton t c ca nhm

thut ton x l morphology. C hai ton t ny ch p dng cho cc nh nh
phn v m t ton hc ca morphology l cc php ton tp hp [3]. n s
vn dng nhiu hai thut ton trong cng on: khoanh vng nh, lm mnh
bin, v hiu chnh ng vn.

a)

c)

b)

d)

Hnh-15. Loang rng i tng. a) nh ban u vi i tng hnh ch nht;

b) strel c ba pixel xp thnh dng on thng, cho 450 so vi phng ngang;
c) strel di chuyn khp nh v cc im b tc ng; d) nh kt qu.

Phn t c bn thc hin loang rng hay thu hp gi l structuring

element (vit tt l strel). Cn c vo nh gc cng vi ln v hnh dng ca
20

3. I CNG V NH V X L NH
strel, i tng b ct bt hoc thm vo tng im nh (ph hp vi khun
hnh ca strel)
Trng hp c bit, p dng ton t thu hp lin tip s ln th c qu
trnh lm mnh i tng ti mt pixel.

a)

c)

b)

d)

Hnh-16. Thu nh i tng. a) nh ban u vi i tng hnh ch nht;

b) strel c ba pixel xp thnh dng on thng vung gc vi phng ngang;
c) strel di chuyn khp nh v cc im bi tc ng; d) nh kt qu.

21

4. THIT K S KHI H THNG

4. S khi thit k h thng nhn dng vn tay

Trong phn nay s gii thiu mt s phng php nhn dng vn tay. Tip theo
l cc hnh h thng nhn dng a nng. mi phn, s la chn ra phng n
thc hin trong n. y l hai tin xy dng nn s h thng nhn dng
vn tay cho n ny.
4.1. Cc nguyn l nhn dng vn tay
Cc nguyn l nhn dng vn tay th lin quan cht ch n cch thc tm ra s
tng ng gia nh vn tay u vo vi mt template trong c s d liu vn
tay. Di y l ba phng php chnh ln lt da trn cc c s l i snh
minutiae, correlation v ridge feature [1], ch. 4.
Minutiae-base matching,
Correlation-base matching,
Ridge feature-base matching.

a)

b)

Hnh-17. To m vn tay: a) nh ban u; b) trch chn minutiae quan trng

(cc minutie c nh du O)

22

4. THIT K S KHI H THNG

Phng php u tin ph bin hn c v c ng dng rt rng ri. Hai
vn tay s c so snh bng cc im minutiae trch ra t cc vn tay . Giai
on th nht ny cn goi l to m [11], cc minutiae to thnh tp hp im
c trng v c lu tr trong tng mng 2D. Giai on th hai s tm v tr
khp ph hp gia template v input-image sao cho s cc minutiae tao thanh
cp tng ng l ln nht.
Cn hai nguyn l cn li khng ph hp vi n. Correlation-based thc
hin bng cch xp chng hai mu vn tay ln nhau tm ra tng quan gia
chng, phng php ny gp hn ch khi qu trnh thu nhn nh vn tay gp
phi cc bin dng mo. Cn ridge feature-base l mt phng php cao cp,
i hi cc bc x l phc tp v thng dng cho ng dng nhn dng vi
cc vn tay c cht lng rt xu (chng hn nh vn tay latent).
n ny la chn phng n u tin v l mt phng php c bn,
ph hp vi iu kin hin ti cho php v cng ha hn cho kt qu kh quan.
4.2. H thng nhn dng vn tay
Nhn dng vn tay l mt b phn ca sinh trc hc. V th phn loi h thng
nhn dng sinh trc hc cng bao hm cho h thng nhn dng vn tay ni
ring. C hai hnh thc phn loi h thng nhn dng vn tay: da trn kin trc
ca h thng v cch x l d liu trong h thng [1], tr. 237-240.
a) Phn loi h thng theo kin trc:
H thng c kin trc song song
H thng c kin trc ni tip
H thng c kin trc th bc
b) Phn loi h thng theo cc x l d liu:
H thng c khu hp nht sau trch chn c tnh
H thng c khu hp nht sau i snh
H thng c khu hp nht sau tng hp kt qu
Vi khun kh n, s chn h thng cu trc ni tip lm nn tng.
23

4. THIT K S KHI H THNG

4.3. Xy dng h thng nhn dng vn tay bng nh s
Trn c s cc phn tch nu, sau y l xut v s khi h thng nhn
dng vn tay bng nh s. H thng ny c kh nng phn loi vn tay, to c s
d liu v nhn dng vn tay.
Kiu nhn dng l identification, ngha l mt mu cn nhn dng (input)
s nhn kt qu bng cch i snh vi N mu khc trong c s d liu
(template).
Kiu ch hot ng ca h thng hng n l online. Ngha l h
thng c th hot ng lin tc, c kh nng ghp vi khu thu thp s
liu s cc phng php thu nhn nh live-scan (bng my scan,
sensor,) v quan trng hn c th va thu thp s liu va c th nhn
dng.
Kin trc h thng thit k theo hng x l d liu ni tip, gm tm
khu chnh trnh by trong Hnh-18.

Hnh-18. S khi h thng nhn dng vn tay.

Tm khu ny c c chc nng hot ng nh sau:

1) Khu s 1: thc hin thu nhn nh.

24

4. THIT K S KHI H THNG

2) Khu s 2: thc hin trch chn c tnh vn tay phn loi. c tnh
trch chn l gc nh hng, orientation.
3) Khu s 3: thc hin to vec-t c tnh phn loi.
4) Khu s 4: thc hin phn loi vn tay lm nm nhm.
5) Khu s 5: lm c s d liu, lu tr cc template-image.
6) Khu s 6: thc hin trch chn minutiae. c tnh trch chn l miutiae.
7) Khu s 7: thc hin i snh input-image vi template-image.
8) Khu s 8: thc hin a ra kt qu nhn dng.

25

5. TP MU NH VN TAY

5. Tp mu nh vn tay
Vn tay c th lu tr theo hai cch: trn giy (giy thng, giy nh...) hoc
file nh. i vi cch th nht vn cn c ng dng trong gim nh, nh
danh hnh s (cc bng chng v du tay ti phm cn c th hin bng nh in
trn giy). Cch th hai c ng dng ph bin trong nhn dng ni chung v
ngy cng chim c nhiu u th (c th lu tr, tm kim thun tin). n
ny tp trung n hnh thc lu tr nh theo file.

a)

b)

c)

Hnh-19. Cc loi vn tay: a) vn tay latent; b) vn tay ln mc;

c) vn tay trong Db2b-FVC2000.

C nhiu nh dng nh vn tay khc nhau, ph bin hn c l: jpeg, bmp, tif,

gif, png,... Cc thng s nh bao gm: rng ca nh, phn gii, s bit dnh
cho mt pixel, chnh xc hnh hc, mo,... Khi thit k h thng nhn dng
vn tay, cc thng s nh thng thng c quy chun theo gii gi tr no
sao cho ph hp vi h thng. H thng nhn dng vn tay bng nh s, nh s
l i lng u vo nn hai thng quan tm hn c: kch thc v phn gii.
Nh trnh by trn, n ny s dng d liu nh FVC2000 to c s
d liu h thng nhn dng v kim tra kt qu nhn dng. Cc mu vn tay lu
theo file nh, c phn m rng .tif, kch thc ca nh 364 256 pixel. Mi mu
vn tay gm by nh khc nhau v c lu tn theo quy c xx_y. Trong xx
l ch s v th t ca b mu (cn gi l ch bn) trong tp d liu nh, y l th
26

5. TP MU NH VN TAY
t ca nh trong mt b mu. B mu s c chia lm hai: mt phn dng
thc hin trch chn v to m cho vn tay thng qua cc thut ton x l nh
(mc ch cui l to ra cc template xy dng c s d liu); phn cn li dng
kim tra, nh gi thut ton x l.

27

6. TRCH CHN MINUTIAE

6. Trch chn minutiae cho i snh vn tay

n ny c thit k bng cch chia nh cc cng on chnh trn thnh cc
m-un nh hn. Hng chung l chn cc phng php m c th tn dng
c cc m-un chng trnh cng on ny v p dng c cho cng on
khc. Nhng cc phng php la chn phi t yu cu cho bi ton nhn dng
cui cng. V vy, to tnh m cho h thng v tit kim thi gian thit k.

Hnh-20. Thut ton trch chn minutiae.

Vi s ny thy rng, trch chn minutiae thc hin qua tm khu.

Khi tin x l nh thc hin chun ha kch thc nh.
Khi tng cng cht lng nh thc hin lm ni r ng vn.
Khi orientation image thc hin c lng trng nh hng.
Khi segmentation (khoanh vng nh vn tay) thc hin tch vng nh
cn quan tm nhiu trong x l trch chn c tnh.
Khi to ridge map (nh nh phn vi ng vn c gi tr logic 1).
Khi lm mnh ng vn. ng vn lm mnh ti rng ng
nht mt pixel t ridge map.
Khi hiu chnh ng vn v lc minutiae sai cp mt. ng vn s
c lm trn, minutiae sai kiu lake (dng hnh xuyn nh), dng
im, ch ngn, on vn ngn s loi b.
Lc minutiae sai cp hai v to m vn tay bng minutiae.
Kt thc khu ny cc template s c to ra.
28

6. TRCH CHN MINUTIAE

6.1. Chun ha nh u vo
Chun ha nh u vo l bc cn thit trc khi vo bc tin x l nh. Do
nh dng cho trch trn c tnh c th khng ph hp v kch thc cng nh
phn b mc xm. Trong n, giai on ny gm: chun ha kch thc nh
v ng u ha cng sng gia cc nh u vo khc nhau.
6.1.1. Chun ha kch thc nh

nh chun u vo c kch thc 364 256 pixel. Cc thut ton x l nh vn

tay v sau thng p dng cho tng tng block vung trn nh (thng s dng
cc block vung cnh 16 pixel, 32 pixel,). Nn kch thc nh chun ha hp
l hn l 352 256 pixel. thc hin iu ny s ct i vng d liu nh kch
thc 12 256 pixel. Phn ny cng khng nh hng qu nhiu ti kt qu nhn
dng cui cng v i vi b d liu chn, cc vng nh gn khung thng
ng vai tr lm background.
Hm thc hin chun ha kch thc nh u vo l norsizfv.
gns = norsizfv(g, bs),
trong :
g

: nh s u vo c kch thc cn c chun ha,

bs

: kch thc ca block m nh u ra s c lm trn theo,

gns : nh u ra c kch thc chun ha.

6.1.2. Cn bng cng sng ca nh

Do iu kin thu thp nh khc nhau vi mi ln ly mu vn tay; do k thut

thu nhn nh (s dng sensor, scanner,) khc nhau nn sng nh vn tay
khng gn nht. V vy cn lm ng u cng sng ca cc nh vn tay
trong b d liu. Phng php thc hin: dng mt nh mu c cng sng
ng u, ri chun ha sng ca cc nh khc theo nh ny bng bnh
phng cc tiu. Trong n s dng nh c cng kch thc cng snh
cc im nh I [i, j ] = 128 (l mc xm trung trung bnh trong 255 mc).
29

6. TRCH CHN MINUTIAE

Hm thc hin cn bng cng sng ca nh l briequfv.
gbb = briequfv(g,ref),
trong :
g

: nh s u vo cn c chun ha cng sng,

ref : nh s lm mu
gbb : nh u ra c cng sng gn vi nh mu.

6.2. Tng cng nh cht lng nh

Thu nhn nh khng phi lc no cng cho nhng nh vi cht lng tt. Tng
cng nh s gip ci thin cht lng nh trc khi thc hin cc thut ton x
l nh tip theo nhm gia tng hiu qu x l. Hai thut ton s dng tng
cng nh cht lng nh y l: histogram equalization (cn bng lc
xm) v bin i Fourier ri rc [1], tr. 104-113.

a)

b)

c)

Hnh-21. Tng cng nh: a) nh ban u; b) nh sau cn bng histogram;

c) nh sau bin i Fourier ri rc.

6.2.1. Tng cng nh bng cn bng histogram

Histogram ca nh xm l mt biu th hin quan h gia cng nh v

s pixel c cng cng cng nh . Cn bng histogram s lm ng u
cng sng trong bn thn nh .
30

6. TRCH CHN MINUTIAE

Hm thc hin tng cng nh bng cn bng lc xm l hisequfv.
ghe = hisequfv(g),
trong :
g

: nh s u vo,

ghe

: nh u ra c tng cng bng cn bng lc xm.

6.2.2. Tng cng nh bng bin i Fourier-2D

S dng lc Gabor v bin i Fourier l hai nn tng chnh thc hin tng
cng nh trong x l nh vn tay. nh sau khi c tng cng cht lng
bng histogram equalization, thc hin bc k tip l tng cng nh bng
thut ton bin i Fourier [1, 8, 9, 10].
So vi cc phng php trn c s lc Gabor, n li th hn ch khng
yu cu vic tnh ton chnh xc nh hng cc b ca ng vn v tn s vn
tay phc v cho mc ch cui cng on to ridge-map.
Cng thc tnh ton cho thut ton tng cng nh bng bin i Fourier ri
rc c dng nh sau:
I enh = F -1{F (I [ x, y ]) F (I [ x, y ]) }

trong :
k
F ( I [ x,y ])

: h s m ca ph Fourier,
: ph Fourier.

n thc hin tng cng cht lng nh bng bin i Fourier ri rc cho
tng block c kch thc 32 32 pixel. Theo cch ny, cc thnh phn nh c tn
s tri s c gi li, l cc vng nh th hin lm ng vn. nh sau bin
i Fourier ri rc c cc ng vn ni hn, s phn tch gia cc ng
vn cng th hin r rng hn. ng thi cc vng nh nhiu s loi bt i.
31

6. TRCH CHN MINUTIAE

S m ca ph Fourier, k ng vai tr lm h s iu chnh. Trong [1],
khuyn ngh t k = 0,6 khi tnh ton vi kch thc block nh trn. Tuy nhin,
trong qu trnh thc hin, t k = 0, 35 th cho kt qu tt hn so vi vic chn
gi tr khc. V ph Fourier ng vai tr lm hm lc, do : k cng nh hm lc
tin ti 1 (nh gc v nh sau khi tng cng khng khc nhau nhiu); vi k ln,
cc on vn cc b c th b bin dng khng cn kh nng x l cho cng
on tip na.
Hm thc hin tng cng nh bng bin i Fourier ri rc l fouenhfv.
gfe = fouenhfv(g,k),
trong :
g

: nh s u vo,

: h s,

gfe : nh u ra c tng cng bng bin i Fourier.

6.3. c lng orientation image v khoanh vng nh vn tay

Trong phn ny s trnh by cc c lng nh hng vn tay cc b. y l
cn thit chn c cc thng s thch hp lc nh v sau (lc nhiu,
khoanh vng nh...). V orientation image (trng nh hng) mang tnh m t
gc nh hng ng vn, nn kt qu ny cn c p dng phn loi kiu
vn tay (quyt nh bi s to hnh ca cc ng vn).
6.3.1. c lng orientation image

Trng nh hng th hin bn cht t nhin ca ng vn v cc rnh ng

vn. Trng nh hng cung cp nhiu thng tin quan trong cho cc bc x l
tip theo. Phn ny s trnh by v c lng orientation image D, phn t nh
hng q ij (tng ng vi n l gc nh hng qij v m-un nh hng). C s
phn bit khc nhau gia cc thut ng m t phn t nh hng orientation
(c qij [ 0, p ] ), direction (c qij [ 0, 2p ] ) khi tnh ton trng nh hng [1].

32

6. TRCH CHN MINUTIAE

Nguyn l thc hin tnh nh hng: chia nh thnh cc khi w w , sau
kho st ln lt nh hng cc b ca ng vn trong tng khi .
Orientation image s c c lng bng phng php Gradient [3, 4]

a)

b)

Hnh-22. c lng orientation image: a) nh vn tay ban u;

b) orientation image tng ng

Cc cng thc tnh ton:

i+

Gn (i, j ) =

w
2

j+

w
2

2 g (u, v )g (u, v ) ,

u =i -

Gd (i, j ) =

i+

w
w
v= j 2
2

w
2

w
2

(g (u, v ) - g (u, v )) ,

u =i -

q ( i, j ) =

j+

w
w
v= j 2
2

2
x

2
y

G ( i, j )
1
arctg n
.
G ( i, j )
2
d

y: g x (i, j ) , g y (i, j ) l cc gradient ti (i, j ) theo cc trc x, y v tnh bng

ton t Sobel [5, 6].

33

6. TRCH CHN MINUTIAE

Hm thc hin c lng trng nh hng l oriimafv.
[iD, iC, DF] = oriimafv(g,bs),
trong :
g

: nh s u vo,

bs

: kch thc block vung c lng nh hng,

iD

: ma-trn lu nh hng ca mi block,

iC

: ma-trn lu level-certenty ca mi block,

DF

: ma-trn lu nh hng v ta tm ca mi block.

6.3.2. Khoanh vng nh vn tay

Khoanh vng nh vn tay nhm mc ch phn chia cc vng khc nhau trn
nh vn tay. y, chng ta quan tm n foreground/background (nh nn v
nh trn nn) cng vi bin nh vn tay. Trong nhn dng vn tay, vng nh
mang thng tin hu ch gii hn bi vng c cc ng vn (ng vai tr lm
foreground). Vng nh cn li thng l cc nhiu to ra trong qu trnh thu
nhn, sao chp, lu tr nh (ng vai tr lm background) cn c tch ra
khi foreground. Khoanh vng nh vn tay nm trong nhm thut ton
segmentation. Tng qut, n da vo hai tnh cht ca nh s lin quan n
cng sng thc hin, l: s khng lin tc v s tng t nhau [3].
nh vn tay trong n s khoanh vng ly vng hu ch da vo c hai tnh
cht k trn. Tiu ch nh gi l certainty level (mt gi tr th hin s bin
thin ca cng sng theo cc ng vn). Theo cch ny vng nh ng vai
tr background v foreground c phn tch nh mt ngng t trc [2].
Cng thc tnh certainty level cho tng block kch thc w w , trng tm
tng ng ca block c ta [i, j ] nh sau:

C (i, j ) =

1 Gn (i, j ) + Gd (i, j )
w w
Gs (i, j )
2

34

6. TRCH CHN MINUTIAE

Mt ngng Tc c t ra v block nh ngha lm
background nu C (i, j ) < Tc ,
foreground nu C (i, j ) Tc .
Phng php ny c li th k tha c cc kt qu tnh ton trong phn
c lng orientation image.

a)

b)

c)

Hnh-23. Khoanh vng nh vn tay: a) nh ban u; b) variance field;

c) nh khoanh vng ng vn.

Hm thc hin khoanh vng nh c cc ng vn tay l segimafv.

area = segimafv(iC,k),
trong :
iC

: ma-trn lu gi tr level-certenty cc b,

bs

: kch thc block,

area : vng nh vn tay c khoanh.

6.4. Trch chn minutiae

Giai on ny bao gm: nh phn ha nh bng thut ton local threshold vi
nh c tng cng kt hp vi kt qu khoanh vng nh vn tay phn

35

6. TRCH CHN MINUTIAE

trn; sau vi nh c cc ng vn c lm mnh n rng mt pixel
th thc hin tm minutiae bng thut ton crossing number [1], ch. 4.

a)

b)

Hnh-24. Thng s ca hai dng minutiae quan trng: a) bifurcation; b) termination.

6.4.1. Nh phn ha v lm mnh ng vn

Sau tng cng nh bng bin i Fourier ri rc, ng vn ty ni r hn

so vi nh ban u. y l lc s dng thut ton local threshold chuyn i
nh xm tng cng cht lng thnh nh en trng.

a)

b)

Hnh-25. Nh phn ha v lm mnh ng vn: a) ridge-map; b) thinned ridge-map.

Kch thc ca s 32 32 pixel trong bin i Fourier ri rc th kch thc

block cho phn ngng cc b c th l: 32 32 , 32 16 , 16 16 , 16 8 pixel Th
nghim vi block 16 16 pixel th cho kt qu tt hn (cc ng vn tch bit r
36

6. TRCH CHN MINUTIAE

rng hn). nh ny tip tc c lm mnh bng thut ton morphology cho nh
en trng sau cng vi ng vn th hin bng ng mu trng (gi tr logic
1) c rng ng nht mt pixel.
Hm thc hin nh phn ha nh vn tay l locthrfv.
glt = locthrfv(g,bs,adj),
trong :
g

: nh u vo,

bs

: kch thc block,

adj

: h s hiu chnh,

glt

: nh u ra c nh phn ha.

6.4.2. Pht hin minutiae

Vn tay sau khi lm mnh c th bt u tm cc minutiae. Thut ton dng

pht hin minutiae s dng trong n l crossing number. N dng mt ca
s kch thc 3 3 pixel, ly tt c cc im nh trong ca s, sau kho st gi
tr logic ca cc im nh xung quanh im nh [i, j ] chnh gia ca s .
Ty vo kt qu tnh ton ca biu thc crossing number th kt lun rng: im

[i, j ] ang xt l mt im phn nhnh, im ct hay ang nm trn mt ng

vn.
Cng thc tnh nh sau:

cn( p) =

1 8
val ( pi mod 8 )- val ( p i-1 )
2 i =1

nh s dng pht hin cc minutiae phi l nh nh phn, do val ( p ) {0, 1} .

Cc bin p1 , p2 , ..., p7 th t to thnh cc im ln cn im gia ca s ang
kho st xt theo mt chiu thun hoc ngc kim ng h.

37

6. TRCH CHN MINUTIAE

Khi nh ngha im [i, j ] ang xt l:
trn ng vn nu cp(n) = 2,
termination minutiae nu cn(p) = 1,
bifurcation minutiae nu cn(p) = 3.
Thut ton tm kim v gi tr crossing number c vai tr quan trng. Khng
nhng c dng trong vic pht hin minutiae m n cn gip loi b cc
minutiae sai (c cho l nhiu).

a) cn(p) = 2

b) cn(p) = 2

a) cp(n) = 3

d) cn(p) = 1

Hnh-26. Pht hin minutiae: a), b) pixel trn ng vn; c) bifurcation minutiae;
d) termination minutiae.

Hm thc hin pht hin minutiae l finminfv.

[ter, bif] = finminfv(g),
trong :
g

: nh u vo c rng ng vn mt pixel,

ter

: ma-trn lu ta ca termination minutia,

bif

: ma-trn lu ta ca bifurcation minutia.

38

6. TRCH CHN MINUTIAE

6.4.3. c lng khong cch ng vn

Vn tay trn ngn tay khng ging nhau gia mi ngi. Ngay c trng hp
mt ngi, cc ng vn cng th hin s khc bit trn tng ngn tay. Do
vy, c lng khong cc ng vn c hiu l di tr trung bnh khong
cch gia hai ng vn song song v gn nhau. y l mt thng tin lm tin
cho cng on lc minutiae v sau.
nh nh phn c cc ng vn c lm mnh n 1 pixel to ra t khu
lm mnh c, t ra rt thun tin vi phng php scan trong vic c lng
khong cch ng vn. Theo cch ny, s qut mt s dng v mt s ct trn
nh (thinned ridgemap), lu li v tr im trn ng vn, sau tnh gi tr
trung bnh khong cch im l c kt qu cn tm.
Hm thc hin pht hin c lng rng ng vn l mearidfv.
rd = mearidfv(g),
trong :
g

: nh u vo c rng ng vn mt pixel,

rd

: rng trung bnh ca ng vn.

6.4. Hiu chnh ng vn v lc minutiae sai

Trong phn ny s trnh bay v vn vn loi b cc minutiae sai. Nhng
nhiu ny ch yu c tao ra t qu trnh lm mnh ng vn, v cng c
nhng nhiu t khu thu nhn nh
Cc cng vic thc hin: lm trn ng vn, ni cc ng vn b t
trong ngng gii hn, tch cc ng vn b dnh, cui cng l to m vn
tay t minutiae.
6.4.1. Hiu chnh ng vn v lc minutiae sai cp mt

Giai on ny thc hin hiu chnh cc vn tay v cc tn hiu cho l nhiu

(on vn ngn, ch nhnh ct, vng xuyn nh) s c loi i. Nh vy s

39

6. TRCH CHN MINUTIAE

lm tng tnh xc thc ca cc minutiae trch chn c so vi nh vn tay
gc ban u.

a)

c)

Hnh-27. S minutiae pht hin c: a) ngay sau lm mnh vn; b) sau lc minutiae.
(vng nh nh du vung v trn th hin in hnh mt s minutiae sai c loi b)

Khi thc hin hai nhim v ny, thng tin cn cn bit trc l khong cc
trung bnh gia cc ng vn rd. N c c lng t bc scan nh vn
tay lm mnh trnh by trn. Sau , vic lc minutiae s cn c theo rd cng
thm cc im nt tm thy bng thut ton crossing number.

a)

b)

Hnh-28. Lc cc minutiae. a) minutiae sai; b) cc minutiae sai b loi b

40

6. TRCH CHN MINUTIAE

Hm thc hin pht hin thut ton hiu chnh ng vn tay v lc minutiae
cp mt l smoridfv.
[gs, ster, sbif] = smoridfv (g),
trong :
g

: nh u vo c rng ng vn mt pixel,

gs

: nh u ra c lm trn ng vn,

ster : ma-trn lu ta ca termination minutia,

sbif : ma-trn lu ta ca bifurcation minutia.

6.4.2. Lc minutiae sai cp hai v to m t minutiae

Khi cc ng vn lm trn, cc im minutiae c tm kim mt ln na

v s lng cc im sai cng c gim ng k. Tuy nhin cn hai li m
qu trnh trn cha khc phc c l ni cc ng vn b t (khong cc
gia hai u mt < rd) v ct on vn ni hai ng vn dng cu ch H
(khong cch cu < rd).
Gii php thc khc phc l so snh khong cch nh gia hai im nt v
gc nh hng ca chng theo ngng ( Dd , Dq ) loi b. Trong n chn
Dq [ - p 6, p 6] (khong gc rng hn hoc hp hn t ra t c hiu qu trong

khi thc hin n), cn Dd = rd .

Hnh-29. Cc minutiae c trch chn cui to m.

41

6. TRCH CHN MINUTIAE

Hm thc hin sai cp hai v to m t minutiae l extminfv
[eter, ebif] = extminfv (g),
trong :
g

: nh ng vn mt pixel lm trn.

eter : ma-trn lu ta ca termination minutiae,

ebif : ma-trn lu ta ca bifurcation minutiae.
Cc minutiae trch chn cui cng ny s c lu tr thnh file to template
cho c s d liu. Thng tin lu tr l ta , nh hng minutiae. Qu trnh
to m t minutiae hon tt khu trch chn c tnh nh danh.

42

7. PHN LOI VN TAY

7. Phn loi kiu vn tay

H thng nhn dng identification, c s d liu c th ln n hng triu ch
bn nn qu trnh i chiu 1:N d nhin tn rt nhiu thi gian [1], tr.173. Phn
loi vn tay nhm mc ch t chc cc template theo tng category (nhm
phn loi) tit kim thi gian nhn dng (cho mt input-image khi h thng
hot ng).

a)

b)

d)

c)

e)

Hnh-30. Nm kiu vn tay trong thc t: a) arch ; b) whorl ; c) tented arch;

d) left loop ; e) right loop.

Mc d n gii hn trong s lng mu t thc hin x l d liu v

th nghim. Nhng h thng nhn dng vn tay trong n ny c thit k
theo kiu identification (c kh nng i chiu 1:N). Tun th kiu nhn dng
ca h thng v hng thit k m t ra ban u th phn loi vn tay l khu
khng th b qua. Gii php phn loi vn tay y s dng cy quyt nh
(treefit), nh vy s k tha c nhiu kt qu ca phn trch chn c tnh vn
tay cho i chiu trn.
43

7. PHN LOI VN TAY

Qu trnh phn loi vn tay c thc hin qua ba khu chnh
1) trch chn c tnh nh hng cc b,
2) to vec-t c tnh,
3) b phn loi.
Cc vn tay c phn loi vo nm category: A, L, R, T, W, tng ng vi
arch, left loop, right loop, tented arch v whorl [1], ch.5.

Hnh-31. S khi m t thut ton phn loi vn tay.

7.1. Trch chn c tnh

Phn loi vn tay th ph thuc nhiu vo cc im k d (singular point), bao
gm im delta v im core. Khi c orientation image cc im k d c th
xc nh thun li bng phng php Poincar. c tnh cn trnh chn l gc
nh hng cc b qi , j [1, 3, 8].

a)

b)

Hnh-32. Phng php ch s Poincar: a) trong min lin tc; b) trong nh s.

44

7. PHN LOI VN TAY

Ch s Poincar ca trng nh hng ti im nh [i, j ] theo mt ng
bao kn tnh nh sau:
Poincar ( i, j ) =

d d ( k ) ,

D ( k ) = p + d d ( k ) ,

p - d d ( k ) ,

1
2p

D ( k ),
k =0

p
,
2
p
dd ( k ) ,
2
p
dd ( k ) - ,
2
dd ( k ) <

dd ( k ) = DF Li ( ( k + 1) mod L ) , L j ( ( k + 1) mod L ) - DF ( Li ( k ) , L j ( k ) ) .

Trong L l mt ng bao kn ly im [i, j ] , Li v L j to h trc ta

hng hng v hng ct ti im ang xt. Ch s Poincar bng 0,5 nu im
l core, bng -0,5 nu im l delta. n thc hin thut ton pht hin
core vi ng bao L c chiu di 16 pixel v bao quanh im [i, j ] .
7.2. To vec-t c tnh
Sau khi pht hin c im core, vec-t c tnh c to ra bng cc khoanh
vng ly 1111 nh hng cc b m im ny lm trng tm. Mt ma-trn c
11 11 khng thch hp lm vec-t u vo cho khu phn loi nn n c iu

chnh li kch thc thnh vec-t 121 thnh phn. Mi thnh phn ny l gc
nh hng nh hng cc b ca block c ta [i, j ] .
V f = (q1 , q 2 , ..., q k , ..., q121 ) ,

q k [0, p ] , k = 1,121 .

c cc thnh phn thuc on [ 0,1] .

Vec-t chun ha ca V f l V
f

= 1 V = q1 , q 2 , ..., q k , ..., q121 .

V
f
f
p p
p
p
p

45

7. PHN LOI VN TAY

Di hnh nh m t qu trnh to vec-t c tnh

q1,1 K q1,11

V = M
O
M
q

11,1 L q11,11

a)

b)

Hnh-33. Ly c tnh cho phn loi: a) vng to vec-t c tnh;

b) vec-t c tnh tng ng.

7.3. Khu phn loi kiu vn tay

Gii php thc hin khu phn loi vn tay dng cy quyt nh (treefit), y l
mt gii php tt cho bi ton phn loi kiu vn tay (th hin kt qu nhn
dng).

Hnh-34. Kt qu cy quyt nh ca bi ton phn loi kiu vn.

46

7. PHN LOI VN TAY

Do s nt trong cy quyt nh khng bit trc. Cy quyt nh cng cn
xc nh cu trc ti u. Tiu ch nh gi dng cp sai s hc v sai s kim
tra (l cc hm ca s nt) tm ra s nt u cui m c sai s kim tra b
nht. Cu trc cy nh gi l tt nu n tht n gin (c t nhnh nht), nhng
vn phi m bo chnh xc.
Trong khu phn loi ny, b mu s dng trch ra t 175 nh v tin hnh
xy dng cy ti u thng qua thut ton cross-validation. Theo cch ny, s
dng 90% mu ngu nhin xy dng cy v dng 10% s mu cn li
kim tra sai s. Sai s cho qu trnh xy dng cy c gi l resubstitution.
Hnh-35 th hin ng cong sai s kt qu ca bi ton phn loi vn tay.
Cu trc ti u ca cy gm su nt.
Sai s hc l 1,14%. Sai s kim tra l 9,14%.

Hnh-35. ng cong sai s hc v kim tra.

47

8. I CHIU VN TAY

8. i chiu vn tay nh danh mu

Cng ging nh phn loi vn tay, c rt nhiu cc thc hin i chiu vn
tay. Tuy nhin c th chia lm nhm phng php [1], tr. 131-168.
Correlation-based
Minutiae-based
Ridge feature-based
V ngay t ban u la chn phng php nhn dng vn tay trn c s l
minutiae. Nn khu thc hin i chiu vn tay s da vo cc im nt c
trng nay. Vic i chiu da trn hai b s liu: I ca input-image v T ca
template-image.

T = T m1 , m2 ,..., m p ,
I = I m1, m2 ,..., mq ,

mi = { xi , yi , q i } ,

i = 1, p .

mj = xj , yj , q j , j = 1, q .

Hnh-36 di y th hin s i snh hai mu vn tay trn c s cc

minutiae c trch chn bc trn. Hai minutiae mi mu c ni vi
nhau bng ng lin nt th th hin s trng khp vi nhau.

Hnh-36. i chiu vn tay da trn c s minutiae.

Sau y s trnh by thut ton i snh vn tay, bao gm c hai cng on:
khp mu (alignment) v i snh (matching) [3], ch. 6.
48

8. I CHIU VN TAY
8.1. Khp mu hai mu vn tay
Khp mu vn tay c hiu l t mt mu vn tay cn i snh vi mu m
n cn s i snh mt v tr sao cho c s ph hp gia chng theo mt
ngng. V vy cc ton t dng khp mu gm c: ma-trn quay, tnh
tin
Thut ton alignment bao gm cc bc
1) chn ly mt cp minutiae ca input v template,
2) xoay cc i tng ca template theo cc i tng ca input,
3) tnh mc ph hp S p ca hai mu input v template cho n khi t
mt ngng t trc Tr .
Cc i tng ca template v input y chnh l cc on vn tay m c im
minutiae trch chn, di ca cc on vn ny c ly bng khong cch
trung bnh gia cc ng vn rd tnh t im minutiae lm mc. Tr ly gi tr
bng 0,8 [3], tr. 117.

RT = 0
0

0
1
0

Dx

Dy
1

Hnh-37. Khp mu tng i tng: a) ton t ma-trn tnh tin;

b) quay v tnh tin i tng

Cn S p tnh theo cng thc:

rd

S p = d i Di
i =0

rd

d
i =0

2
i

Di2

Cui cng s tm c im minutiae tham chiu ITref ( x, y ,q ) cho bc tip

theo l matching.
49

8. I CHIU VN TAY
8.2. i snh vn tay
Khi khp c hai mu vn tay, vic tip theo l lm ph hp gia T v I.
u tin s thc hin quay ton b cc minutiae ca template theo im tham
chiu chn c bc khp mu. Ton t quay RA nh ngha nh sau:
cosq
RA = sin q
0

sin q
-cosq
0

0
0
1

Tip theo, s m cc cp minutiae tha mn sai lch v v tr v gc trong gii

hn e . nh gi mc ging nhau s dng thang im S f = N c q , vi N c l
s cp im minutiae tha mn ln cn e ; q l tng s minutiae ca input

a)

b)

Hnh-38. Thc hin matching: a) khp cc minutiae; b) ngng ln cn tnh im (score).

Hm thc hin pht hin i snh vn tay l matimafv.

score = matimafv(f,g, e ),
trong :
f

: mu input-image,

: mu template-image,

: gi tr ln cn,

score : im kt qu ca i snh hai mu.

50

8. I CHIU VN TAY
Th nghim vi hai nh u ca mi b mu (xx_1.tif v xx_2.tif) vi tt c
cc mu cn li ca b d liu (gm 125 nh nh s xx_3.tif n xx_7. tif, tng
cng c 6250 php th nghim) nu ly kt qu so snh c score cao nht th
chnh xc t 100%. Tuy nhin b s liu ny cn c kh nng m rng thm
nn hnh thc th hin kt qu minh bch hn l mt di kt qu chnh xc t
cao n thp. Vic hin th 1, 2, 5 hay nhiu kt qu u c th thc hin khng
kh khn. Trong n th hin ra bn kt qu st vi nh u vo nht.
V d: Hnh-39 cho thy khi nhn dng nh 7_2 (ca ngi 7, mu s 2) th
c bn mu gn nht u ca ngi 7, trong mu 5 ging 100%.
7_5.tif

7_6.tif

score 100

score 86, 67

7_7.tif

7_3.tif

score 71,11

score 71,11
a)

7_2.tif

b)

Hnh-39. Kt qu nhn dng: b) vn tay u vo; a) cc vn tay c nhn dng theo (b).

Cc chng trnh chy trong Matlab phin bn 7.0; cu hnh phn cng: CPU
Pentium IV 1,8Ghz, RAM 512MB, FSB 333Mhz.
Thi gian to c s d liu: cho tt c u vo gm 175 nh cn thi gian
khong 10 pht. Nn thi gian trung bnh to mt template khong 3,4 giy.
Thi gian thc hin i snh: th nghim vi 6250 ln i snh ( 25 2 mu
kim tra vi 25 5 mu cn li) th mt khong 2,5 gi. Nn thi gian trung bnh
mt ln thc hin i snh khong 1,4 giy.
51

9.TNG KT V HNG PHT TRIN

9. Tng kt v hng pht trin

Nhn dng vn tay l mt trong nhng lnh vc nghin cu chuyn su. Cc
ti liu, thut ton, m-un chng trnh rt hn ch v bn quyn tc gi. Kt
thc n, xy dng c phn mm m phng cc bc thc hin nhn
dng trong h thng nhn dng vn tay. Cc m-un chng trnh cn thit cng
c hon thnh.
Sau y l phn tng kt chi tit v hng pht trin m rng ca n.
9.1. Kt qu ca n
thc hin nhn dng c nh s vn tay u vo vi chnh xc
cao. Nu ch ly mt gi tr c im nh gi cao nht trong cc kt qu
so snh th nhn dng dc 100%. Tuy nhin con s ny cn b gii hn
bi s lng mu kho st cn t.
H thng xy dng theo nh kiu d kin ban u, l nhn dng
identification (1:N), chnh v vy kt qu nhn dng th hin minh bch
bng mt di gi tr sp xp theo tiu ch: ging vi mu u vo nhiu
cho ti t
Thc hin phn loi kiu vn tay c chnh xc kh cao, t 90,86%.
iu ny khng nh s kh thi m rng c s d liu nh. Phn loi kiu
vn tay tt ng ngha vi vic hn ch tm kim so snh vn tay mt
nhm template (thay v ton b) m vn m bo chnh xc.
Chng trnh x l thut ton trong n thit k theo m-un v c th
tn dng cho cc khu khc cng h thng.
H thng thit k c tnh m. C kh nng thay th cc m-un thc hin
thut ton. C s d liu nh c th b sung thm d dng.
Nhng kt qu trn cho thy h thng nhn dng trong n c th trin khai
vo thc t.

52

9.TNG KT V HNG PHT TRIN

9.2. Nhng kin thc bn thn thu c

nm c i cng v x l nh, bit c cc thut ton c bn ca

x l nh.

Bit cch phn tch v trch chn cc c tnh ca i tng thng cc

thut ton v x l nh.
Cc chng trnh thc hin cc thut ton x l hu ht do bn thn vit
trong Matlab, cc th vin chun v cc script file h tr ngi s dng
ch mang ngha tham kho.
9.3. Nhng hn ch ca n
V b mu: cc nh dng lm c s d liu cn t, c trch ra t Db-2a
v Db-2b ca FVC2000. Cc nh trong mu ny c cht lng tng i
tt, cc mu cht lng xu vn cn l kh khn vi n ny.
Cc thut ton x l: vi hn ch v kin thc, ti liu cng nh hn ch
v thi gian v phng tin x l nn cn c cc thut ton (c tc gi
nghin cu lu nm trong lnh vc ny nh gi tt, ng thi cng kh
khn trong trin khai) cha c p dng trong n. Nh trong khu
tng cng nh v to ridge-map thut ton bin i Fourier t ra km
hiu qu vi cc nh vn tay b t gy lin tc. Qu trnh post-processing
dng li vic loi b c mt s dng minutiae sai thng c nhng
khng c tt c.
9.4. Hng pht trin
Tip cn vi thut ton x nh bng cng c lc Gabor nhm gii quyt
vn x l cc nh vn tay b t gy lin tc. Tuy nhin i vi iu ny
s phi gii quyt kh khn v vic c lng chnh xc tn s vn tay v
nh hng cc b vn tay.
Gim thi gian x l xung thp hn na bng cch ti u mt s chng
trnh thc hin thut ton x l nh.

53

9.TNG KT V HNG PHT TRIN

Tip cn vi thut ton nhn dng ng vn phn loi chnh xc hn
cc dng vn tay.
Cc chng trnh c thit k theo m-un, tnh m ca h thng l
xuyn sut do khng gp kh khn nhiu trong vic m rng c s d
liu. iu ny cng c ngha l b s liu hc c th tng thm d dng,
gp phn ci thin chnh xc nhn dng. V c vic thay th nng cp
cc m-un chng trnh cng s khng gp nhiu kh khn.
ng gi thnh sn phm hon thin.

54

PH LC

Ti liu tham kho

[1]

Maltoni D., Maio D., Jain A. K., Prabhakar S., Handbook of Fingerprint
Recognition, Springer, 2003.

[2]

Hoover J. E., The Science of Fingerprints Classification and Uses, United

States Department of Justice, 2006.

[3]

Hong L., Automatic Personal Identification using Fingerprints, Michigan

State Univesity, 1998.

[4]

Ratha N. K., Chen S., Jain A. K., Adaptiveow orientation based feature
extraction in Fingerprint Recognition, Michigan State Univesity, 1995.

[5]

Gonzalez R C., Woods R. E., Digital Image Processing, 2nd Edition,

Prentice Hall 2002.

[6]

Gonzalez R C., Woods R. E., Eddins S. L., Digital Image Processing

using MATLAB, Prentice Hall 2004.

[7]

Neto H. V., Borges L. D.,Fingerprint Classification with Neural

Networks.

[8]

Park H. C., Park H., Fingerprint Classification using Fast Fourier

Transform

and

Nonlinear

Discriminant

Analysis,

University

of

Minnesota.
[9]

Chickkerur S., Wu C., Govindaraju V., Cartwright A. N., Fingerprint

Image Enhancement Using STFT Analysis. University at Buffalo.

[10] Chickkerur S., Wu C., Govindaraju V., A systemmatic approach for

feature extraction fingerprint images, University at Buffalo.
[11] Komarinski P., Automated Fingerprint Identification Systems (AFIS),
Elsevier, 2005.
[12] Trn Hoi Linh. Bi ging Mng n-ron nhn to v ng dng trong x
l tn hiu.
[13] Wuzhili, Fingerprint Recognition, Hong Kong Baptist University, 2002.

55

PH LC

Ph lc
Danh sch cc script file khc trong n

STT

Tn hm

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22

angbiffv
angterfv
arecarfv
briequfv
cronumfv
delboufv
delshofv
fincorfv
finshofv
inpcatfv
inpimafv
leasqufv
loaimafv
mearidfv
norsizfv
plominfv
rotallfv
rotridfv
genvecfv
sortttfv
thirid1fv
thirid2fv

Chc nng
Tnh gc nh hng ca bifurcation minutiae
Tnh gc nh hng ca termination minutiae
Khoanh vng tnh ch s Poincar
Cn bng cng sng
Tnh crosssing number
Xa nhiu ngoi ng bao tao ra bi segmentation
Xa cc on vn ngn
Tm im core
Tm on vn ngn
Ly catogory
Ly input
c lng bnh phng cc tiu
Load nh vo x l
c lng khong cch trung bnh ca cc ng vn
Hiu chnh kch thc nh
Hin th cc minutiae
Xoay tt cc i tng tm cp minutiae
Xoay cc i tng khp mu
To vector d liu phn loi
Sp xp kt qu
Lm mnh ng vn cp mt
Lm mnh ng vn cp hai

56

PH LC
Cc bc chy phn mm m phng
Bc 1: Chuyn th mc hin hnh ti th mc Finger. S dng lnh:
>> myGuifv
c ca s giao din trong Hnh-40

Hnh-40. Ca s giao din.

Bc 2: Click vo nt Open, chon mt file nh vn tay bt u trch chn c

tnh.

Hnh-41. M mt file nh.

57

PH LC
Bc 3: Click vo nt HE Enhancement thc hin tng cng nh bng cn
bng lc xm.

Hnh-42. Cn bng lc xm.

Bc 4: Click vo nt FB Enhancement thc hin tng cng nh bng bin

i Fourier ri rc v cn bng cng sng ca nh.

Hnh-43. Bin i Fourier ri rc v cn bng cng sng.

58

PH LC
Bc 5: Click vo nt Binarization thc hin phn ngng cc b-nh phn
ha nh.

Hnh-44. Nh phn ha nh.

Bc 6: Click vo nt Orientation Image c lng trng nh hng.

Hnh-45. Trng nh hng.

59

PH LC
Bc 7: Click vo nt Segmentation khoanh ly vng nh vn tay.

Hnh-46. Segmentation.

Bc 8: Click vo nt Detection Core tm im core.

Hnh-47. Pht hin core.

60

PH LC
Bc 9: Click vo nt Thinning lm mnh ng vn.

Hnh-47. Lm mnh ng vn.

Bc 10: Click vo nt Post-processing lc cc minutiae.

Hnh-48. Lc minutiae.

61

PH LC
Bc 11: Click vo nt Display Minutiae hin th cc minutiae s to m.

Hnh-49. Hin th minutiae.

Bc 12: Click vo nt Matching i snh vn tay.

Hnh-50. i snh vn tay.

62