Professional Documents
Culture Documents
1. Cu to nguyn t: Quan h s p, s n, s e
Th tch v Bn knh nguyn t tnh ra
Mng tinh th (s nguyn t v cnh trong n v c s)
Ht nhn v phng x (hng s phng x, nin i vt c)
2. Cu to phn t: Khong cch ca cc nguyn t trong ng phn hnh hc
Momen lng cc
3. ng hc: Cn bng ha hc
Tc phn ng
4. Nhit ha hc: Nhit phn ng
Chiu din bin ca phn ng
5. Dung dch in li: Nng dung dch
pH ca dung dch
6. in ha hc: Pin
in phn
7. Lp cng thc phn t v xc nh nguyn t
8. Xc nh thnh phn % ca hn hp
XUT
1. Ti 25
0
C, phn ng:
CH
3
COOH + C
2
H
5
OH
CH
3
COOC
2
H
5
+ H
2
O c hng s cn bng K = 4
Ban u ngi ta trn 1,0 mol C
2
H
5
OH vi 0,6 mol CH
3
COOH. Tnh s mol este thu
c khi phn ng t ti trng thi cn bng.
CH
3
COOH + C
2
H
5
OH
CH
3
COOC
2
H
5
+ H
2
O
Phn ng x x
[ ] 1 x 0,6 x x x
K =
[ ][ ]
[ ][ ]
3 2 5 2
2 5 3
CH COOC H H O
C H OH CH COOH
2
x
(1 x)(0, 6 x)
= 4
3x
2
6,4x + 2,4 = 0 x
1
= 0,4855 v x
2
= 1,64 > 1
Vy, s mol este thu c khi phn ng t ti trng thi cn bng = 0,4855
1. Ti 400
0
C, P = 10atm phn ng N
2
(k) + 3H
2
(k)
2NH
3
(k) c Kp = 1,64 10
4
.
Tm % th tch NH
3
trng thi cn bng, gi thit lc u N
2
(k) v H
2
(k) c t l s
mol theo ng h s ca phng trnh.
N
2
(k) + 3H
2
(k)
2NH
3
(k)
Theo PTHH:
2 2
2 2
N N
H H
P n
1
P n 3
= = Theo gt: P
3
NH
+ P
2
N
+ P
2
H
= 10
P
3
NH
+ 4P
2
N
= 10
DB
V Ta c: Kp =
3
2 2
2
NH
3
N H
(P )
(P )(P )
=
2
NH
3
3
N N
2 2
(P )
(P )(3P )
= 1,64 10
4
3
2
NH
2
N
P
(P )
= 6,6510
2
.
Gii pt cho: 6,65 10
2
(P
2
N
)
2
+ 4P
2
N
10 = 0 P
2
N
= 2,404 v P
2
N
= 62,55 < 0
Vy, P
2
N
= 2,404 P
3
NH
= 10 4P
2
N
= 0,384 atm chim 3,84%
2. Hn hp 3 kim loi Fe, Al, Cu nng 17,4 gam. Nu ho tan hn hp bng axit H
2
SO
4
long d
th thot ra 8,96 dm
3
H
2
( kc). Cn nu ho tan hn hp bng axit H
2
SO
4
c nng, d th
thot ra 12,32 dm
3
SO
2
( ktc). Tnh khi lng mi kim loi ban u.
Cu khng tan trong H
2
SO
4
long .
Fe + H
2
SO
4
FeSO
4
+ H
2
2Al + 3H
2
SO
4
Al
2
(SO
4
)
3
+ 3H
2
H
2
SO
4
c nng ho tan c 3 kim loi :
2Fe + 6H
2
SO
4
Fe
2
(SO
4
)
3
+ 3SO
2
+ 6H
2
O
2Al + 6H
2
SO
4
Al
2
(SO
4
)
3
+ 3SO
2
+ 6H
2
O
Cu + 2H
2
SO
4
CuSO
4
+ SO
2
+ 2H
2
O
S mol H
2
= 0,4 ; s mol SO
2
= 0,55
H 3 phng trnh : 56x + 27y + 64z = 17,4
x + 1,5y = 0,4
1,5x + 1,5y + z = 0,55
Gii h phng trnh cho : x = 0,1 ; y = 0,2 ; z = 0,1
Lng Fe bng 5,6gam ; Al = 5,4gam ; Cu = 6,4gam
2. Hn hp 3 kim loi Al, Fe, Cu. Ho tan a gam hn hp bng axit sunfuric c nng
va th thot ra 15,68 dm
3
SO
2
(kc) v nhn c dung dch X. Chia i X, 1 na
em c cn nhn c 45,1 gam mui khan, cn 1 na thm NaOH d ri lc kt ta
nung trong khng kh n lng khng i cn nng 12 gam. Tm a v khi lng
mi kim loi.
2Fe + 6H
2
SO
4
Fe
2
(SO
4
)
3
+ 3SO
2
+ 6H
2
O
2Al + 6H
2
SO
4
Al
2
(SO
4
)
3
+ 3SO
2
+ 6H
2
O
Cu + 2H
2
SO
4
CuSO
4
+ SO
2
+ 2H
2
O
Lng 3 mui sunfat = 45,1 x 2 = 90,2 gam v s mol SO
2
= 0,7mol
Fe
2
(SO
4
)
3
+ 6NaOH 2Fe(OH)
3
+ 3Na
2
SO
4
Al
2
(SO
4
)
3
+ 6NaOH 2Al(OH)
3
+ 3Na
2
SO
4
CuSO
4
+ 2NaOH Cu(OH)
2
+ Na
2
SO
4
Al(OH)
3
+ NaOH NaAlO
2
+ 2H
2
O
Kt ta lc c ch cn Fe(OH)
3
v Cu(OH)
2
2Fe(OH)
3
Fe
2
O
3
+ 3H
2
O
Cu(OH)
2
CuO + H
2
O
12 x 2 = 24gam l tng lng 2 oxit Fe
2
O
3
+CuO
H 3 phng trnh : 1,5x + 1,5y + z = 0,7
200x + 171y + 160z = 90,2
80x + 80z = 24
Gii h cho x = 0,2 ; y = 0,2 ; z = 0,1
Suy ra lng Fe = 11,2gam ; Al = 5,4gam ; Cu = 6,4gam
CT
DB
(cn cc bi 40, 64, 79, 94 Sch bi dng ha hc THCS )
2. Hn hp gm FeCl
3
, MgCl
2
, CuCl
2
ha tan trong nc c dung dch X.
Cho X tc dng vi Na
2
S d tch ra mt lng kt ta m
1
. Nu cho mt lng d H
2
S tc
dng vi X tch ra mt lng kt ta m
2
. Thc nghim cho bit m
1
= 2,51m
2
.
Nu gi nguyn lng cc cht MgCl
2
, CuCl
2
trong X v thay FeCl
3
bng FeCl
2
cng
lng ri ha tan trong nc th c dung dch Y.
Cho Y tc dng vi Na
2
S d tch ra mt lng kt ta m
3
. Nu cho mt lng d H
2
S tc
dng vi Y tch ra mt lng kt ta m
4
. Thc nghim cho bit m
3
= 3,36m
4
.
Xc nh % khi lng mi mui trong hn hp ban u.
MgCl
2
+ Na
2
S + 2H
2
O Mg(OH)
2
+ H
2
S + 2NaCl
2FeCl
3
+ 3Na
2
S 2FeS + S + 6NaCl
CuCl
2
+ Na
2
S CuS + 2NaCl
MgCl
2
+ H
2
S khng phn ng
2FeCl
3
+ H
2
S 2FeCl
2
+ S + 2HCl
CuCl
2
+ H
2
S CuS + 2HCl
t s mol cc mui ln lt l x, y, z. Ta c:
y
58x 88y 32 96z
2
16y 96z
+ + +
+
= 2,51 58x + 63,84y = 144,96z (1)
S mol FeCl
2
=
162, 5y
127
= 1,28y
FeCl
2
+ Na
2
S FeS + 2NaCl
FeCl
2
+ H
2
S khng phn ng
58x 88 1, 28y 96z
96z
+ +
= 3,36 58x + 112,64y = 226,56z (2)
Gii (1) v (2) cho 48,8y = 81,6z
Coi z = 18,8 th y = 48,8 v x = 32,15
%MgCl
2
=
95 32,15
100%
95 32,15 162, 5 81, 6 135 48,8
+ +
= 13,3%
Tnh tng t c: %CuCl
2
= 28,76% v %FeCl
3
= 57,95%
2. Mt hn hp bt kim loi c kh nng gm Mg, Al, Sn. Ha tan ht 0,75 gam hn hp
bng dung dch HCl d thy thot ra 784 ml H
2
(o ktc). Nu t chy hon ton 0,75
gam hn hp trong oxi d th thu c 1,31 gam oxit. Xc nh % khi lng mi kim loi
trong hn hp.
Mg + 2HCl MgCl
2
+ H
2
2Al + 6HCl 2AlCl
3
+ 3H
2
Sn + 2HCl SnCl
2
+ H
2
2Mg + O
2
0
t
2MgO
4Al + 3O
2
0
t
2Al
2
O
3
Sn + 2O
2
0
t
SnO
2
S mol H
2
= 0,035
H pt: 24x + 27y + 119z = 0,75 (x, y, z l s mol tng kim loi)
x +
3
2
y + z = 0,035
40x + 102
y
2
+ 183z = 1,31
Gii h pt cho: x = 0,02 ; y = 0,01 ; z = 0
Vy, hn hp khng c Sn v % Mg =
0, 02 24
100%
0, 75
= 8,88 g/cm
3
6. St dng (Fe
= 2,85
c) Khong cch ngn nht gia 2 nguyn t l on AE:
AE =
AC a 3
2 2
= =
2,85 3
2
= 2,468
d) Khi lng ring: + 1 mol Fe = 56 gam
+ Th tch ca 1 t bo c s = a
3
cha 2 nguyn t Fe
+ 1 mol Fe c N
A
= 6,02 10
23
nguyn t
Khi lng ring d =
m
V
= 2
23 8 3
56
6, 02 10 (2,85 10 )
= 7,95 g/cm
3
7. Cho rng ht nhn nguyn t v chnh nguyn t H c dng hnh cu. Ht nhn nguyn t
hiro c bn knh gn ng bng 10
15
m, bn knh nguyn t hiro bng 0,53 10
10
m.
Hy xc nh khi lng ring ca ht nhn v nguyn t hiro.
(cho khi lng proton = khi lng ntron 1,672 10
27
kg
khi lng electron = 9,109 10
31
kg)
Khi lng ht nhn nguyn t hiro chnh l khi lng ca proton = 1,672 10
27
kg
+ Th tch ht nhn nguyn t hiro bng
V =
3
4 4
r
3 3
= 3,14 (10
15
)
3
= 4,19 10
45
(m
3
)
Khi lng ring ca ht nhn nguyn t hiro bng:
D =
27
45
1,672 10
4,19 10
= 3,99 10
8
(tn/m
3
)
+ Th tch gn ng ca nguyn t hiro l:
10 3
4 3,14 (0, 53 10 )
3
= 0,63 10
30
(m
3
)
+ Khi lng ca nguyn t hiro (tnh c khi lng ca electron) = 1,673 10
27
kg
Khi lng ring ca nguyn t hiro bng
27
30
1,673 10
0, 63 10
= 2,66 10
3
(kg/m
3
) = 2,66 10
3
(g/cm
3
)
7. Tnh bn knh nguyn t gn ng ca Ca 20
0
C, bit ti nhit khi lng ring ca Ca
bng 1,55 g/cm
3
. Gi thit trong tinh th cc nguyn t Ca c hnh cu, c c kht l 74%.
Cho nguyn t khi ca Ca = 40,08
Th tch ca 1 mol Ca =
40, 08
1, 55
= 25,858 cm
3
, mt mol Ca cha N
A
= 6,02 10
23
nguyn t Ca
Theo c kht, th tch ca 1 nguyn t Fe =
23
25,858 0, 74
6, 02 10
= 3,18 10
23
cm
3
T V =
3
4
r
3
CT
Bn knh nguyn t Ca = r =
3
3V
4
=
23
3
3 3,18 10
4 3,14
= 1,965 10
8
cm
7. Tnh bn knh nguyn t gn ng ca Fe 20
0
C, bit ti nhit khi lng ring ca Fe bng
7,87 g/cm
3
. Gi thit trong tinh th cc nguyn t Fe c hnh cu, c c kht l 68%.
Cho nguyn t khi ca 55,85 = 40
Th tch ca 1 mol Fe =
55,85
7,87
= 7,097 cm
3
. mt mol Fe cha N
A
= 6,02 10
23
nguyn t Fe
Theo c kht, th tch ca 1 nguyn t Fe =
23
7, 097 0, 68
6, 02 10
= 0,8 10
23
cm
3
T V =
3
4
r
3
Bn knh nguyn t Fe = r =
3
3V
4
=
23
3
3 0,8 10
4 3,14
= 1,24 10
8
cm
8. Bit rng mono clobenzen c momen lng cc
1
= 1,53 D.
a) Hy tnh momen lng cc
o
;
m
;
p
ca ortho, meta, para diclobenzen.
b) o momen lng cc ca mt trong ba ng phn c = 1,53 D. Hi l dng no ca
diclobenzen?
clo c m in ln,
1
hng t nhn ra ngoi
ortho meta para
= 3 =
= 0
Cng vect s dng h thc lng trong tam gic a
2
= b
2
+ c
2
2bc cos
A
Dn xut ortho:
o
=
2 2 0
1 1
2 2 cos60 + =
1
3
Dn xut meta:
m
=
2 2 0
1 1
2 2 cos120 + =
1
Dn xut para:
p
=
1
1
= 0
b) Theo u bi =1,53D =
1
l dn xut meta -diclobenzen
8. Clobenzen c momen lng cc
1
= 1,53 D (
1
hng t nhn ra ngoi); anilin c momen lng
cc
2
= 1,60D (
2
hng t ngoi vo nhn benzen). Hy tnh ca ortho cloanilin; meta
cloanilin v para cloanilin.
clo c m in ln,
1
hng t nhn ra ngoi nhm NH
2
c cp e t do lin hp vi h e
ca vng benzen hai momen lng cc cng chiu
DB
ortho meta para
Cng vect s dng h thc lng trong tam gic a
2
= b
2
+ c
2
2bc cos
A
Dn xut ortho:
2
O
=
2
1
+
2
2
2
1
2
cos 60
0
=
2
1
+
2
2
1
2
= 2,45
o
= 2, 45 = 1,65D
Dn xut meta:
2
m
=
2
1
+
2
2
2
1
2
cos 120
0
=
2
1
+
2
2
+
1
2
= 7,35
m
= 7, 35 = 2,71D
Dn xut para:
2
p
=
1
+
2
= 1,60 + 1,53 = 3,13D
9. Tnh pH ca dung dch benzoatnatri C
6
H
5
COONa nng 2,0 10
5
M. Bit hng s axit
ca axit benzoic bng 6,29 10
5
.
C
6
H
5
COONa Na
+
+ C
6
H
5
COO
C
6
H
5
COO
+ H
+
C
6
H
5
COOH Ka
1
H
2
O
H
+
+ OH
Kw
T hp 2 phng trnh cho:
C
6
H
5
COO
+ H
2
O
C
6
H
5
COOH + OH
Ktp
Ktp =
w
a
K
K
=
14
5
10
6, 29 10
= 1,59 10
10
Do nng u ca C
6
H
5
COO
+ H
2
O
C
6
H
5
COOH + OH
Ktp (1)
2,0 10
5
[OH
]
H
2
O
H
+
+ OH
Kw (2)
Theo nh lut bo ton in tch: [OH
] = [C
6
H
5
COOH] + [H
+
]
hay [C
6
H
5
COOH] = [OH
] [H
+
] = [OH
]
14
10
OH
(
thay vo biu thc hng s cn bng ca (1):
K =
[ ]
6 5
6 5
C H COOH OH
C H COO
(
(
=
14
6 5
10
OH OH
OH
C H COO
| |
| ( (
| (
\
(
= 1,59 10
10
2
14
5
OH 10
2 10 OH
(
(
= 1,59 10
10
[OH
]
2
+ 1,59 10
10
[OH
] 13,18 10
15
= 0
CT
DB
[OH
] = 1,148 10
7
pOH = lg(1,148 10
7
) = 6,94 pH = 7,06
9. 20
0
C ha tan vo dung dch NaOH nng 0,016 g/lt mt lng iot phn ng
sau xy ra hon ton: 2NaOH + I
2
NaI + NaIO + H
2
O
Tnh pH ca dung dch thu c. Bit hng s axit ca HIO = 2,0 10
11
Nng u ca OH
=
0, 016
40
= 4,0 10
4
mol/lt
Phn ng 2OH
+ I
2
I
+ IO
+ H
2
O
4,0 10
4
2,0 10
4
IO
+ H
2
O
HIO + OH
[ ] 2,0 10
4
x x x [HIO] = [OH
]
HIO
H
+
+ IO
Ka = 2,0 10
11
Ta c: Ka =
[ ]
IO H
HIO
+
( (
= 2,0 10
11
IO H
OH
+
( (
(
= 2,0 10
11
4
(2, 0 10 OH ) H
OH
+
( (
(
=
14
4
14
10
(2, 0 10 ) H
H
10
H
+
+
+
(
(
(
= 2,0 10
11
2,0 10
14
[H
+
]
2
1,0 10
14
[H
+
] 2,0 10
25
= 0 [H
+
] = 6,53 10
11
pH = lg[H
+
] = lg(6,53 10
11
) = 10,185
10. Hn hp A gm 3 este n chc, mch thng, to thnh t cng mt ru B vi 3 axit
hu c, trong c hai axit no l ng ng k tip nhau v mt axit khng no cha mt
lin kt i. X phng ho hon ton 14,7 gam A bng dung dch NaOH, thu c hn
hp mui v p gam ru B. Cho p gam ru B vo bnh ng natri d, sau phn ng
c 2,24 lt kh thot ra v khi lng bnh ng natri tng 6,2 gam. Mt khc t chy
hon ton 14,7 gam A, thu c 13,44 lt CO
2
v 9,9 gam H
2
O. Xc nh cng thc cu
to ca tng este trong A. (Cc th tch kh o iu kin tiu chun).
Xc nh ru B: v este n chc nn ru B n chc
R OH + Na R ONa +
1
2
H
2
0,2 0,1 mol
tng KL = KL (R O) = 6,2 g
KL mol (R O) =
6, 2
0, 2
= 31 R + 16 = 31 R = 15 l CH
3
Ru B: CH
3
OH
Cng thc ca 2 este no l: C
n
H
2n 1 +
COOCH
3
s mol = x
Cng thc ca este cha no l C
m
H
2m1
COOCH
3
s mol = y
C
n
H
2n 1 +
COOCH
3
+
3n 4
2
+
O
2
( n + 2) CO
2
+ ( n + 2) H
2
O
x ( n + 2) x ( n + 2) x
CT
C
m
H
2m1
COOCH
3
+
3m 3
2
+
O
2
(m + 2) CO
2
+ (m + 1) H
2
O
y (m + 2) y (m + 1) y
ta c h pt: x + y = 0,2 (1)
( n + 2) x + (m + 2) y = 0,6 (2)
( n + 2) x + (m + 1) y = 0,55 (3)
Gii h pt cho x = 0,15 ; y = 0,05 v 3n + m = 4
Do n 0 v m 2 nn 2 m 3 bi ton c 2 nghim m = 2 v m = 3
Vi m = 2 n =
2
3
ng vi nghim HCOOCH
3
; CH
3
COOCH
3
v CH
2
=CH-COOCH
3
Vi m = 3 n =
1
3
ng vi nghim HCOOCH
3
; CH
3
COOCH
3
v C
3
H
5
-COOCH
3
10. Nitrosyl clorua l mt cht rt c, khi un nng s phn hu thnh nit monoxit v clo.
a) Hy vit phng trnh cho phn ng ny
b) Tnh Kp ca phn ng 298K(theo atm v theo Pa). Cho:
Nitrosyl clorua Nit monoxit Cl
2
Ho
298
(kJ/mol) 51,71 90,25 ?
S
0
298
(J/K.mol)
264 211 223
c) Tnh gn ng Kp ca phn ng 475K
a) 2NOCl
2NO + Cl
2
.
b) Hng s cn bng nhit ng lc hc c tnh theo phng trnh G = RTlnK
Trong G = H T. S
H = [(2 90,25. 10
3
) + 0 (2 51,71. 10
3
) = 77080 J/mol
S = [(2 211) + 233 (2 264) = 117 J/mol
G = 77080 298 117 = 42214 J/mol
v ln K =
42214
8, 314 298
= 17 Kp = 3,98. 10
8
atm v Kp = 4,04. 10
3
Pa
c) Tnh gn ng:
ln
2
1
( )
( )
Kp T
Kp T
=
1 2
1 1 H
R T T
| |
|
\
lnKp(475K) =
77080 1 1
8, 314 298 475
| |
|
\
+ lnKp(298)
ln Kp (475) = 5,545 Kp = 4,32. 10
3
atm hay Kp = 437Pa
CT