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Tnh hnh nghin cu nc gii kht ln men.

Nc gii kht l mt loi ung ng vai tr rt quan trng i vi i sng ca con ngi, ngoi vic cung cp cho con ngi mt lng nc ng k tham gia vo qu trnh trao i cht ca t bo, n cn b sung cho c th mt lng ln cc cht dinh dng. Cc loi mui khong ... b p cho nhng hao ht v nng lng v dinh dng b tiu hao trong cc hot ng sng ca con ngi. TM HIU V NC GII KHT LN MEN. Nc gii kht ln l sn phm nh tc nhn vi sinh vt nm men v vi khun lactic t mi trng ln men l nc qu t nhin. Trong qu trnh ln men ny, ngoi qu trnh ln ru cn qu trnh ln men axit hu c (m ch yu l chuyn t cc axit hu c thnh axit lactic ). Nh mi trng dinh dng phong ph nn sn phm hnh thnh ngoi Etanol, cn c axit hu c, Glyxerin, cc cht gy hng lm cho nc gii kht c hng v c bit m cc sn phm nc gii kht bnh thng khng c. Cc loi ru mnh Ru c rt nhiu loi mi v, tnh cht khc nhau. Tuy nhin tt c cc th ru u c mt thnh phn chung, l cn (alcohol). Theo cng ngh sn xut, ru c phn loi nh sau: - Ru ln men thun ty : Ru c ln men t cc nguyn liu c cha ng v tinh bt v u c nng thp. VD : Ru vang, ru to cider, sak, cm ru, - Ru ct : cng dng nhng nguyn liu cha ng v tinh bt, nhng sau khi ln men em ct li. Ru ct l th ru nng nh : Brandy, Whisky, Rhum, v Vodkau thuc loi ny. - Ru pha ch : Cn gi l Ru ti ch l th ru ln men hoc ru ct c pha thm ng, hng liu, dc liu.m thnh.Trong nhm ny c cc th ru b, ru sm, Liqueur, cocktail.. NHNG DNG SN PHM CHNH TRN TH GII HIN NAY I. DNG RU MNH CHNG CT 1.BRANDY Ch chung cc loi ru mnh chng ct t ru Vang (Nho) hay t tri cy ln men. Thng th Brandy phi qua hai ln chng ct t t l cn 70 80 phn trm ri mi cho ru du bt trong cc thng g si nh qu trnh oxy ha, sau pha thm nc ct t c cn khong 40%. Cng c khi Brandy c pha thm caramen (ng ngo) c mu p. Brandy c hai dng chnh l Cognac v Armagnac. Cognac : c sn xut qun Charente, tnh Bordeaux ( c chng ct 2 ln bng ni), Cognac c chng ct t nho, cht lng ca n khng ch ph thuc vo tin trnh chng ct m cn l s tng hp ca th nhng, kh hu v cc iu kin khc cho ra tri nho. Nho sau khi hi, p lp ly nc ct len men

ri mi a vo ni ct. Ru mi ct khng c mu, cha khong 70% cn v cn mi v tri cy, thm ch c mi ng (ca ni ct). Ru c vo thng g si s dn i thnh mu h phch v c hng v nho du dng. Bc tip theo l pha ch cc loi Cognac sao cho ru c v ngon nht trc khi v chai, dn nhn. Armagnac : c lm vng Gascony, pha nam Bordeaux, v chng cng c trong thng g si a phng, sau pha trn cho cc cht trong ru quyn vo nhau ri vo chai nhng mi nng hn (do kh hu, t, thng ,) VD : Ru Chabot. Ngoi ra cn c Fruit Brandy ( c nguyn liu t nc tri cy) : l loi ru c chng ct t s ln men ca mt loi tri cy v tn ru thng c t theo tn tri cy VD : Apple Brandy Cc nhn hiu ni ting ca dng ru Brandy : Hennessy, Remy Martin, Martel, Otard, Courvoisier, Camus, Hines,.. 2.WHISKY Thc ung c cn cao, chng ct t ng cc, c ngun gc t cc dng tu s Ireland, sn xut phc v cho cc bui l v bn ra ngoi, sau c truyn b sang Scotch v mt s nc khc. Whisky l sn phm chng ct t nhng ht la i mch, la mch en bp v cc loi ng cc c ht nh khc. Trc nm 1820, tt c cc loi whisky u c lm ra t mch nha ca la i mch (nn cn c tn l Whisky i mch). Vic chng ct loi whisky t la i mch pha trn vi bp xut hin vo nm 1830, sau khi bng sng ch c cung cp. T ngi ta mi pht hin ra rng Whisky pha trn c mi m du hn. Nhng whisky tuyt i khng s dng nguyn liu khoai ty, tri cy hay bt c loi thc phm no khc, ngoi nhng th k trn ( c 4 nh sn xut trn th gii ni ting nht hin nay) A. SCOTCH WHISKY: Malt whisky : i t ht la mch c s ch thnh ht mch nha. Blend whisky :c pha t nhiu loi ng cc ( a dng sn phm) Nhng sn phm trn ch yu c chng ct bng ni 2 ln. B. CANADIAN WHISKY: Thi gian t nht l 3 nm v c chng ct bng ct vi cc thnh phn chnh : rye, barley, wheat, corn. C. AMERICAN WHISKY : Sn phm cng kh a dng trong s phi hp cc nguyn liu chnh t ng cc vi nhng nng khc nhau v c bit chng ct bng ct. VD :American Bourbon whisky vi 51% corn + 49% ng cc khc Rye whisky vi 51% rye + 49% ng cc khc. Ru Whisky lm cho c th gii ung, sang trng, thanh cao, thm ngon vi gam mu xn xao . l nhn xt ca my nh vn Chu Au. D. IRISH WHISKY: Thi gian t nht 5 nm , v cng t nhng nguyn liu ch yu t ng cc v la mch nhng c bit l khng c mi khi, chng ct 3 ln bng ni. 3.RHUM

Rhum c mt lch s rt rc r, bt ngun t Chu , theo chn con ngi trong cuc hnh trnh v Phng Ty. Cy ma c Columbus mang n Chu M, Cuba, v Rhum xut hin u tin ti vng ny. Rhum ngy nay hin din nhng ni c trng ma, nh vy ru c chng ct t nc ct ma hay sn phm ca cy ma (xir ma, mt ma). N c chng ct n khong di 95 cn v thng c ng chai thp hn nhiu. Rhum cn gi li phn ln mi v t nhin ca sn phm gc (ma). C 3 loi chnh : o Rhum trng, nh mi, chng ct bng ct o Rhum vng, mi trung bnh, chng ct bng ni, tring thng g si hn 1 nm o Rhum nu, m mi, chng ct bng ni. o Rhum ch yu dng pha ch Cocktail nhng cng c th ung sc hay pha vi nc ct tri cy. 4.VODKA Vodka l loi mnh khng mu lm t bt c cht liu no. La mi chng ct Vodka t n 95 cn, sau gim dn cn 40 50 . Vodka khng nht thit phi qua khu , nhng cn x l nhm loi b hng v v mu sc tr thnh trong sut, khng mi( ch yu s dng than hot tnh kh cht c). y l loi ru d bay hi c th pha ch vi nhiu loi tri cy v cc hn hp ung khc. C hai loi Vodka: o Clear Vodka : sn xut theo kiu thng thng khng mu o Flavour Vodka Lemon vodka, orange vodka) : s dng hng v, nguyn liu lm thm ru vodka. 5.GIN Gin ni ting l c sn xut H Lan, c gio s ch to ra 1 loi thuc cha bnh thn tn GENEVER lm t tri Jupiper berry, sau c ph bin v c ngi Ang le gi l ru Gin Gin c chng ct t cc loi ht (bp, la mch, la m, la mch en) trn vi hng liu tho mc nh hnh nhn, qu, ht cca, gng, v chanh, cam, V mt k thut ,Gin c th c coi l cc loi ru mi nu c cho thm ng. Cn trong ru Gin thng l 34 47%. II. DNG RU LN MEN THUN TY: VANG Ru vang c xut hin cch y t rt lu khong 3000 nm trc cng nguyn. Khi x hi ngy cng pht trin th nhu cu v ru vang ngy cng c tng cao. Trn th gii hin nay c hng trm loi ru vang khc nhau, cng nghip ch bin ru vang cng pht trin mnh. Nhng nm gn y khi nn cng nghip pht trin mnh th ngnh vi sinh ng dng tr thnh cng ngh kh vng mnh, t c nhng thnh tu ng k nht l trong lnh vc cng ngh thc phm. l nhng quy trnh sn xut thc phm ln men truyn thng vi nhng dy chuyn thit b hin i ca cng ngh sn xut ru vang, ru sm banh, cn thc phm, cc loi ru cao cp nh uyski, votka, sake Bn cnh ru vang nho l mt loi ru c nng cn thp, c nhiu ngi a thch v c sn xut t cng ngh vi sinh. c bit l ru vang nho c xem l thc ung t nhin c li cho sc khe.

Ru vang l mt loi thc ung c hng v c trng, cn nh. Ru vang thng c ln men t nc p v v qu nho, cn ru vang trng c ln men ch t nc nho. Nc p t cc hoa qu khc c th c ln men to thnh ru, nhng thng khi nhc n t "ru vang" ( ngn ng tng ng) cho mc ch thng mi ch c s dng cho ru ln men t nho. Ru vang c ln men khng qua chng ct. Nng ru dao ng t 10 15 0. Mi ngy ung u n mt vi ly ru vang s c tc dng tt cho sc khe nht l tim mch, huyt p v gim m mu Truyn thuyt ru vang Mt ng vua x Ba T qun chm nho trong mt vi snh, trn np c ch c dc.Mt b v k ca vua, v b rung b , quyt nh t st , b tm thy vi snh ,lm tng l c dc v ly nc nho ra ung.Vy l ru vang ra i t . S pht trin ca ru vang Khong 2000 nm trc Cng Nguyn ru vang c Ai Cp Sau ngi Ai Cp dy cho ngi Hy Lp cch trng nho v lm ru.Ri ngi Hy Lp li truyn ngh cho ngi La M n th k th 6 trc cng nguyn ,cy nho xut hin vng a Trung Hi thuc Php by gi. V chnh nhng ngi Php tm ra vic nui ru vang trong thng g. Lm din tch trng nho tng ln rt nhanh. Phn loi ru vang Phn loi theo ngt Phn loi theo qu trnh ln men Phn loi theo lng CO2 Phn loi theo mu Phn loi theo ni sn xut

Phn loi theo ngt Ru vang kh (dry wine) Ru vang bn ngt (semi-dry wine) Ru vang ngt (sweet wine) Phn loi theo qu trnh ln men - Ru vang t nhin (Natural wine) - Ru vang cao (Fortified wine) Phn loi theo lng CO2 Ru vang khng c gas (table wine). Ru vang c gas (sparkling wine): 2 loi

- Ru vang c gas t nhin (do ln men to ra): Champagne. - Ru vang c gas nhn to: Carbonated wine Phn loi theo mu Ru vang trng (White wine): Chablis, Chardonnay, Pinot Blanc, Rhine wine, Riesling. Ru vang hng (Rose wine): Rose, Vonorosso. Ru vang (Red wine): Barbera, Cabernet Sauvignon, Claret, Carnelian, Gamay, George. Phn loi theo ni sn xut Phn loi theo quc gia: Ru vang Php Ru vang c Ru vang Ty Ban Nha . . . .

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