b gio dc v o to

ti liu ti liu ti liu ti liu

bi dng gio vin
i mi ppdh v ktg
Mn Ha hc






h ni thng 10 nm 2009



1
PHONG PHP GII MT S BAI TP HA HC
C NI DUNG |NH LNG
1. Phng php p dng s bo ton khi lng, s mol nguyn t
C s
Trong cc qu trnh ho hc th :
Tng khi lng ca cc cht trc phn ng lun bng tng khi lng
ca cc cht sau phn ng :
(trc phn ng) (sau phn ng)
m m =


Tng s mol nguyn t ca nguyn t A trc phn ng lun bng tng
s mol nguyn t ca nguyn t A sau phn ng.
=
A(trc phn ng) A(sau phn ng)
n n
Cch p dng
Khi gii bi tp trc nghim ta nn lp s tm tt cc phn ng, ri p
dng nhng s bo ton trn tm ra cc i lng khc nh : s mol, khi
lng cc cht trong s phn ng th bi ton s c gii nhanh hn.

Bi tp minh ha
Bi 1. Ngi ta cho t t lung kh CO i qua mt ng s ng 5,44 g hn hp A
gm FeO, Fe
3
O
4
, Fe
2
O
3
, CuO nung nng, kt thc phn ng thu c hn
hp cht rn B v hn hp kh C. Sc hn hp kh C vo dung dch nc vi
trong d thy c 9 g kt ta v kh D bay ra. Khi lng cht rn B thu c
l
A. 3g B. 4g C. 5g D. 3,4g
Li gii
S phn ng:
FeO
CO +

Fe
2
O
3

o
t
A + CO
2

Fe
3
O
4

CuO
CO
2
+ Ca(OH)
2
CaCO
3
+ H
2
O
0,09
9
0, 09(mol)
100
=
Theo nh lut BTKL th
2
CO A B CO
m m m m + = +
0,09.28 + 5,44 = m
B
+ 0,09.44 m = 4g


2
Bi 2. Nung nng m g hn hp X gm ACO
3
v BCO
3
thu c m g hn hp rn
Y v 4,48 lt kh CO
2
. Nung nng Y n khi lng khng i thu thm
c kh CO
2
v hn hp rn Z. Cho ton b kh CO
2
thu c khi nung Y
qua dung dch NaOH d, sau cho dung dch BaCl
2
d vo dung dch trn
th thu c 19,7 g kt ta. Mt khc cho CO d qua hn hp Z nung nng
thu c 18,4 g hn hp Q v 4,48 lt kh CO
2
(ktc)

. m c gi tr l
A. 34,8 g B. 25,7g C. 44,1g D. 19,8g
Li gii
S phn ng nhit phn :

3
3
ACO
BCO
Y + CO
2
(1)
Y
0
t
Z + CO
2
(2)

2
BaCl NaOH 2
2 3 3
CO CO BaCO
19, 7
0,1 0,1(mol)
197

=

2
CO Z Q CO + + (3)
Bn cht ca s (3) l :
CO + O
(trong Z)
CO
2

m
(trong Z)
=
4, 48
0, 2(mol)
22, 4
=


Z Q O
m m m 18, 4 0, 2.16 21, 6(gam) = + = + =

2
Y Z CO
m m m 21, 6 0,1.44 26(gam) = + = + =

2
X Y CO
m m m 26 0, 2.44 34, 8(gam) = + = + =
Bi 3. Ho tan hon ton hn hp gm 0,2 mol FeO, 0,3 mol Fe
2
O
3
,

0,4 mol

Fe
3
O
4
vo dung dch HNO
3
2M va , thu c dung dch mui v 5,6 lt
kh hn hp kh NO v N
2
O
4
(ktc) c t khi so vi H
2
l 33,6. Th tch
dung dch HNO
3
tham gia phn ng l
A. 3,6 lt B. 2,4 lt C. 3,2 lt D. 4,8 lt
Li gii
S phn ng :
(FeO; Fe
2
O
3
; Fe
3
O
4
) + HNO
3
Fe(NO
3
)
3
+ (NO ; N
2
O
4
) + H
2
O
t
2 4
NO N O
n x(mol) ; n y(mol) = =


3
5, 6
x+y = 0,25
x 0,1mol 22, 4
Ta c h
30x 92y y 0,15mol
33, 6
2(x y)

=


+ =

=
+

p dng s bo ton nguyn t Fe tnh s mol Fe(NO
3
)
3
:
3 3 2 3 3 4
3 3 2 3 3 4
Fe(Fe(NO ) Fe(FeO, Fe O , Fe O )
Fe(NO ) FeO Fe O Fe O
n n
n n 2n 3n 0, 2 2.0, 3 3.0, 4 2mol
=
= + + = + + =

p dng s bo ton nguyn t N :
3 3 3 2 4 3
N(HNO ) N(Fe(NO ) NO N O ) HNO
n n n 3.2 0,1 2.0,15 6, 4mol
+ +
= = + + =
Vy
3
HNO
6, 4
V 3, 2lt
2
= =
Bi 4. Ha tan hon ton hn hp gm 0,12 mol FeS
2
v a mol Cu
2
S vo dung
dch HNO
3
(va ), thu c dung dch X (ch cha 2 mui sunfat) v mt
kh duy nht l NO. Gi tr ca a l
A. 0,12 mol B. 0,04 mol C. 0,075 mol D. 0,06 mol
Li gii
S phn ng :

2
2
FeS
Cu S
+ HNO
3

2 4 3
4
Fe (SO )
CuSO
+ NO + H
2
O
p dng nh lut bo ton nguyn t Fe, Cu, S
FeS
2
Fe
2
(SO
4
)
3

0,12 0,06
Cu
2
S CuSO
4

a 2a
2 2 2 4 3 4
S(FeS ) S(Cu S) S(Fe (SO ) ) S(CuSO )
n n n n + = +
2 2 2 4 3 4
FeS Cu S Fe (SO ) CuSO
2n n 3n n + = +
2.0,12 + a = 3.0,06 + 2a a = 0,06 mol
Bi 5. Kh hon ton m g hn hp CuO, Fe
3
O
4
bng kh CO nhit cao, thu
c hn hp kim loi v kh CO
2
. Sc kh CO
2
vo dung dch Ca(OH)
2
thu
c 20 g kt ta v dung dch A, lc b kt ta, cho Ba(OH)
2
d vo dung
dch A thu c 89,1 g kt ta na. Nu dng H
2
kh hon ton m g hn
hp trn th cn bao nhiu lt kh H
2
(ktc) ?
A. 16,46 lt B. 19,72 lt C. 17,92 lt D. 16,45 lt
Li gii
S phn ng :


4

3 4
CuO
Fe O
+ CO
o
t

Cu
Fe
+ CO
2
(1)
Cho CO
2
vo dung dch Ca(OH)
2
th
2
2
3
Ca(OH)
2
Ba(OH)
3 2 3 3
20
CaCO 0, 2(mol)
100
CO (2)
Ca(HCO ) CaCO BaCO
x x
=

100x 197x 89,1 x 0, 3(mol) + = =
p dng s bo ton nguyn t C

2 3 3
2 3 3
C(CO) C(CO ) C(CaCO ) C(BaCO )
CO CaCO BaCO
n n n n
n n n (0, 2 0, 3) 0, 3 0, 8(mol)
= = +
= + = + + =

Bn cht cc phn ng xy ra trong (1) l :
CO + O
(oxit)
CO
2

0,8 0,8 0,8
Nu dng H
2
kh m g hn hp CuO, Fe
3
O
4
th bn cht cc phn ng l
H
2
+ O
(oxit)
H
2
O
Tng s mol nguyn t oxi trong hai qu trnh ny bng nhau nn

2 2
H O H (ktc)
n n 0, 8(mol) V 0, 8.22, 4 17, 92 (lit) = = = =

Bi tp vn dng Bi tp vn dng Bi tp vn dng Bi tp vn dng
Bi 1. tc dng ht 5,44 g hn hp CuO, FeO, Fe
2
O
3
v Fe
3
O
4
cn dng va
90ml dung dch HCl 1M. Mt khc, nu kh hon ton 5,44 g hn hp
trn bng kh CO nhit cao th khi lng st thu c l
A. 3,20g B. 4,72 g C. 2,11 g D. 3,08 g
Bi 2. Cho hn hp gm : FeO (0,01 mol), Fe
2
O
3
(0,02 mol), Fe
3
O
4
(0,03 mol) tan
va ht trong dung dch HNO
3
thu c dung dch cha mt mui v 0,448
lt kh N
2
O
4
(ktc). Khi lng mui v s mol HNO
3
tham gia phn ng l
A. 32,8 g ; 0,4 mol B. 33,88 g ; 0,46 mol
C. 33,88 g ; 0,06 mol D. 33,28 g ; 0,46 mol
Bi 3. Cho 1,1 g hn hp Fe, Al phn ng vi dung dch HCl thu c dung
dch X, cht rn Y v kh Z, ho tan ht Y cn s mol H
2
SO
4
(long)
bng 2 ln s mol HCl trn, thu c dung dch T v kh Z. Tng th
tch kh Z (ktc) sinh ra trong c hai phn ng trn l 0,896 lt. Tng khi
lng mui sinh ra trong hai trng hp trn l


5
A. 2,92 g B. 2,67 g C. 3,36 g D. 1,06 g
Bi 4. Ho tan hon ton 3,72g hn hp 2 kim loi A, B trong dung dch HCl d
thy to ra 1,344 lt kh H
2
(ktc). C cn dung dch sau phn ng thu c
mui khan c khi lng l
A. 7,12g B. 7,98g C. 3,42g D. 6,12g
Bi 5. Cho hn hp A gm 0,1 mol Cu, 0,2 mol Ag phn ng ht vi V lt dung
dch HNO
3
1M thu c dung dch X v hn hp Y gm 2 kh NO, NO
2

(
2
NO NO
n n 0,1 mol = = ). V c gi tr l
A. 1 lt B. 0,6 lt C. 1,5 lt D. 2 lt
Bi 6. t chy m g hp cht A (C
n
H
n1
ONa) vi mt lng va l 6,272 lt O
2

(ktc) thu c 2,12 g Na
2
CO
3
v hn hp X cha CO
2
, H
2
O. Nu cho hn
hp X qua bnh ng H
2
SO
4
c th khi lng bnh tng 1,8 g. Vy m c
gi tr l
A. 6,46 B. 4,64 C. 4,46 D. 6,44
Bi 7. Thu phn hon ton 1 este n chc A cn va 100ml NaOH 1M thu
c ancol etylic v mui ca axit hu c B. Phn hu hon ton B thu c
5,6 lt kh CO
2
(ktc), 4,5 g H
2
O v m g Na
2
CO
3
. Cng thc cu to ca A l
A. C
2
H
5
COOC
2
H
5
B. CH
3
COOC
3
H
7

C. C
3
H
7
COOC
2
H
5
D. C
3
H
7
COOCH
3
Bi 8. Cho 13,8g hn hp gm ancol etylic v glixerol tc dng va vi Na thu
c 4,48 lt H
2
(ktc) v dung dch mui. C cn dung dch mui, khi
lng cht rn thu c l
A. 22,6 g B. 22,4 g C. 34,2 g D. 25,0 g
Bi 9.un 13,8 g hn hp 3 ancol no, n chc vi H
2
SO
4
c 140
0
C thu c
11,1g hn hp cc ete c s mol bng nhau. Tnh s mol mi ete.
A. 0,025 mol B. 0,1 mol
C. 0,15 mol D. 0,2 mol
Bi 10. t chy hon ton mt cht hu c A cha 1 nguyn t oxi thu c hn
hp sn phm B. Cho B i qua dung dch Ca(OH)
2
d thy c 15 g kt ta v
khi lng dung dch gim 4,8 g. CTPT ca A l
A : CH
4
O B : C
2
H
6
O
C : C
3
H
8
O D : C
4
H
10
O
2. Phng php tng gim khi lng
C s
Khi mt nguyn t hay nhm nguyn t X trong cht tham gia phn ng
(gi l cht u) c thay th bng mt nguyn t hay nhm nguyn t Y


6
to ra cht mi (cht cui), th s chnh lch khi lng gia cht u v cht
cui chnh bng hiu khi lng ca hai nhm nguyn t X v Y (|XY|).
Th d : CaCO
3
CaSO
4

Ta thy th s chnh lch khi lng gia hai mui CaCO
3
v CaSO
4
:
M (40 96) (40 60) 36g / mol = + + = ng bng s chnh lch khi
lng ca hai anion
2
3
CO (60g)

v
2
4
SO

(96
g): M 96 60 36g / mol = = .
Cch p dng
Khi mt cht thay anion c bng anion mi sinh ra cht mi th s chnh
lch khi lng gia cht c v cht mi chnh l s chnh lch khi lng
ca anion c v anion mi.
Khi mt cht thay cation c bng cation mi sinh ra cht mi th s chnh
lch khi lng gia cht c v cht mi chnh l s chnh lch khi lng
ca cation c v cation mi.

Bi tp minh ho
Bi 1. Cho 41,2 g hn hp X gm Na
2
CO
3
, K
2
CO
3
v mui cacbonat ca kim loi
ho tr 2 tc dng vi dung dch H
2
SO
4
d. Kt thc phn ng thu c hn
hp Y gm ba mui sunfat v 8,96 lt kh CO
2
(ktc). Khi lng ca Y l
A. 58,6 g B. 55,6 g C. 45,0 g D. 48,5 g
Li gii
S phn ng :

2 3
2 3
3
Na CO
K CO
MCO
+ H
2
SO
4

2 4
2 4
4
Na SO
K SO
MSO
+ H
2
O + CO
2
1 mol X chuyn thnh 1 mol Y th tng khi lng l
M 96 60 36(g / mol) = =
Theo nh lut bo ton nguyn t C :
2
2
3
CO
CO
n n 0, 4(mol)

= = khi
lng Y ln hn khi lng ca X l 0,4.36 = 14,4 (g)
Vy m
Y
= 41,2 + 14,4 =55,6 (g)
Bi 2. Cho 84,6 g hn hp A gm BaCl
2
v CaCl
2
vo 1 lt hn hp Na
2
CO
3

0,3M v (NH
4
)
2
CO
3
0,8 M. Sau khi cc phn ng kt thc ta thu c
79,1 g kt ta A v dung dch B. Phn trm khi lng BaCl
2
v CaCl
2
trong A ln lt l
A. 70,15% ; 29,25% B. 60,25% ; 39,75%
C. 73,75%; 26,25% D. 75,50% ; 24,50%
Li gii


7
t
2 2
BaCl CaCl
n x(mol); n y(mol) = =
2
2
BaCl
CaCl
+
2 3
4 2 3
Na CO
(NH ) CO

3
3
BaCO
CaCO
+
4
NaCl
NH Cl

C 2 mol Cl

mt i (71 g) c 1 mol mui

2
3
CO

thm vo (60 g)
chnh lch (gim) khi lng ca 1 mol mui l M = 71 60 =11(g)
gim khi lng mui : m = 84,6 79,1 = 5,5 (g)
Vy s mol mui clorua bng s mol mui cacbonat phn ng
= =
5, 5
0, 5 (mol)
11

M s mol CO
3
2
(theo gi thit) = 0,3 + 0,8 = 1,1 (mol) > 0,5 mol (phn
ng). Vy mui cacbonat phn ng d.
x + y = 0,5 (1)
208x + 111y = 84,6 (2)

x 0, 3mol
y 0, 2mol
=

= =

= =

2
2
BaCl
CaCl
0, 3.208
%m .100% 73, 75%
84.6
%m 100 73, 75 26, 25%

Bi 3. Hn hp A gm 10 g MgCO
3
, CaCO
3
v BaCO
3
c ho tan bng HCl d
thu c dung dch B v kh C. C cn dung dch B c 14,4 g mui khan.
Sc kh C vo dung dch c cha 0,3 mol Ca(OH)
2
thu c s g kt ta l
A. 10g B. 20g C. 30g D. 40g
Li gii
CO
3
2
+ 2H
+
CO
2
+ H
2
O
p dng phng php tng gim khi lng khi chuyn
2
3
CO

thnh Cl

ta
tnh c s mol A =

= = =
2
2
3
CO
CO
14, 4 10
n n 0, 4 (mol)
11

CO
2
+ Ca(OH)
2
CaCO
3
+ H
2
O
0,4 0,3 0,3
CO
2
+ H
2
O + CaCO
3
Ca(HCO
3
)
2

0,1 0,1

3
CaCO
m 0, 2.100 20 g = =
Bi 4. Nhng mt thanh kim loi A (ho tr II) vo dung dch CuSO
4
. Sau phn ng
khi lng thanh kim loi A gim 0,12g. Mt khc cng thanh kim loi A
c nhng vo dung dch AgNO
3
d th kt thc phn ng khi lng thanh
tng 0,26g. Bit s mol A tham gia hai phn ng bng nhau. Kim loi A l
A. Zn B. Mg C. Cd D. Fe


8
Li gii
Phng trnh phn ng :
A + Cu
2+
d A
2+
+ Cu
a a
A + 2Ag
+
d A
2+
+ 2Ag
a 2a
Khi lng thanh kim loi tng = m
A
m
Cu
= 0,12g
a.M
A
64a = 0,12 M
A
.a = 64a + 0,12 (1)
Mt khc khi lng thanh kim loi gim = m
Ag
+ m
A
= 0,26 g
2a.108 M
A
.a = 0,26 M
A
.a = 2a.108 0,26 (2)
x = 2,5.10
3
mol M
A
=
3
3
64.2, 5.10 0,12
112(g / mol)
2, 5.10

+
=
Cht X l Cd.
Bi 5. C 2 dung dch FeCl
2
v CuSO
4
c cng nng mol.
Nhng thanh kim loi vo M (nhm IIA) vo V lt dung dch FeCl
2
, kt
thc phn ng khi lng thanh kim loi tng 16g.
Nhng cng thanh kim loi y vo V lt dung dch CuSO
4
kt thc phn
ng khi lng thanh kim tng 20g. Gi thit cc phn ng xy ra hon ton
v kim loi thot ra bm ht vo M. Kim loi M l
A. Zn B. Mg C. Cd D. Fe
Li gii
Cc phng trnh phn ng xy ra :
M + Fe
2+
M
2+
+ Fe
x x x
M + Cu
2+
M
2+

+ Cu
x x x
Theo gi thit cc phn ng u xy ra hon ton nn cc ion
2 2
Fe v Cu
+ +

phn ng ht
2 2
Fe Cu
n n x(mol)
+ +
= =
Khi lng thanh kim loi tng (1) l : m = m
Fe
m
M
= 16g
56x M
M
.x = 16 M.x = 56x 16
Khi lng thanh kim loi tng (2) l : m = m
Cu
m
M
= 20 g
64x M.x = 20 M.x = 64x 20
M = 24. Vy kim loi M l Mg.
Bi tp vn dng
Bi 1. Cho 20 g hn hp X gm hai axit cacboxylic no, n chc tc dng va
vi dung dch Na
2
CO
3
thu c V lt kh CO
2
(ktc) v dung dch mui. C
cn dung dch thu c 28,8 g mui. Gi tr ca V l


9
A. 3,36 lt B. 4,48 lt C. 2,24 lt D. 6,72 lt
Bi 2. Cho 5,5 g hn hp 2 ancol n chc l ng ng k tip nhau tc dng va
vi Na kim loi to ra 8,8 g cht rn v V lt kh H
2
(ktc). Cng thc ca
2 ancol l
A. CH
3
OH v C
2
H
5
OH. B. C
2
H
5
OH v C
3
H
7
OH.
C. C
3
H
7
OH v C
4
H
9
OH. D. C
2
H
3
OH v C
3
H
5
OH.
Bi 3. Thy phn 0,01mol este ca 1 ancol a chc vi 1 axit n chc tiu tn
ht 1,2g NaOH. Mt khc khi thy phn 4,36g este th tiu tn ht 2,4g
NaOH v thu c 4,92g mui. Cng thc ca este l
A. (CH
3
COO)
3
C
3
H
5
B. (C
2
H
3
COO)
3
C
3
H
5

C. C
3
H
5
(COOCH
3
)
3
D. C
3
H
5
(COOC
2
H
3
)
3

Bi 4. Thc hin phn ng este ho gia axit axetic (d) v hn hp gm 7,52 g 3
ancol k tip nhau trong cng mt dy ng ng. Sau phn ng thu c
15,92 g 3 este. Gi s hiu sut phn ng l 100%. CTPT ca ba ancol l
A.
3 2 5 3 5
CH OH; C H OH; C H OH B.
2 5 3 5 4 7
C H OH; C H OH; C H OH
C.
3 5 4 7 5 9
C H OH; C H OH; C H OH D.
3 7 4 9 5 11
C H OH; C H OH; C H OH
Bi 5. Ha tan hon ton 20,85 g hn hp X gm NaCl v NaI vo nc c
dung dch A. Sc kh Cl
2
d vo dung dch A. Kt thc th nghim, c cn
dung dch thu c 11,7 g mui khan. Khi lng NaCl c trong X l
A. 5,85 g B. 7,55 g C. 2,95 g D. 5,10 g
Bi 6. Cho kh CO qua ng s cha 15,2g hn hp cht rn CuO v FeO nung
nng. Sau mt thi gian thu c hn hp kh B v 13,6g cht rn C. Cho
hn hp kh B hp th hon ton vo dung dch Ca(OH)
2
d thy c kt ta.
Lc ly kt ta v sy kh ri cn th khi lng kt ta thu c l
A. 12g B. 11g C. 10g D. 9 g
Bi 7. Nhng thanh kim loi M (ha tr II) vo dung dch CuSO
4
, sau mt thi
gian ly thanh kim loi ra thy khi lng gim 0,1%. Mt khc cng nhng
thanh kim loi trn vo dung dch AgNO
3
. Sau mt thi gian thy khi
lng tng 7,55%. Bit s mol CuSO
4
v AgNO
3
tham gia phn ng hai
trng hp nh nhau. Kim loi M l
A. Zn B. Mg C. Ni D. Ca
Bi 8. Ha tan 3,23 g hn hp mui CuCl
2
v Cu(NO
3
)
2
vo nc thu c dung
dch X. Nhng thanh Mg vo dung dch X cho n khi mt mu xanh ca
dung dch, ly thanh Mg ra cn li, thy tng thm 0,8 g. C cn dung dch
sau phn ng thu c m g mui khan. Gi tr m l
A. 3,08 B. 4,03 C. 2,48 D. 2,84
Bi 9. Cho 16,2 g hn hp este ca ancol metylic v hai axit cacboxlic no, n
chc tc dng va vi dung dch NaOH 1M thu c dung dch A. C


10
cn dung dch A thu c 17,8 g hn hp hai mui khan, th tch dung dch
NaOH 1 M dng l
A. 0,2 lt B. 0,3 lt C. 0,4 lt D. 0,5 lt
Bi 10. un nng 3,188 g este ca glixerol vi ba axit cacboxylic no, n chc
mch h X, Y, Z (X, Y l ng phn ca nhau v k tip vi Z) vi dung
dch NaOH d, phn ng kt thc thu c 3,468 g hn hp mui. Cng
thc phn t ca cc axit l
A. C
2
H
4
O
2
v C
3
H
6
O
2
B. C
3
H
6
O
2
v C
4
H
8
O
2

C. C
4
H
8
O
2
v C
5
H
10
O
2
D. C
3
H
4
O
2
v C
4
H
8
O
2



11


























12
Phng php s dng quy tc thng bng in tch, thng bng
s mol electron
C s C s C s C s
Trong phn ng oxi ha kh th tng s mol e m cc cht kh cho i bng
tng s mol e m cc cht oxi ho thu vo :
=
e cho e nhn
n n
Nu bi ton c nhiu cht oxi ho v nhiu cht kh tham gia trong s
phn ng, hoc qu trnh phn ng phi i qua nhiu giai on th p dng
phng php ny gii s rt nhanh v kt qu thu c chnh xc.
Cc bc p dng quy tc thng bng s mol electron nh sau :
Phi xc nh c t cc cht ban u tham gia phn ng n cc cht
sn phm c bao nhiu cht cho electron v s mol tng cht, c bao nhiu
cht nhn electron v s mol tng cht (c th phi t n s).
Vit cc qu trnh cho electron tnh tng s mol e m cc cht kh cho
i (
e cho
n

).
Vit cc qu trnh nhn electron tnh tng s mol e m cc oxi ho nhn
vo (
e nhn
n ).
p dng nh lut bo ton electron :
=
e cho e nhn
n n
i vi nhng h trung ho in
Nu trong h tn ti ng thi cc ht mang in th ta lun c tng s mol
in tch dng

n
t(+)
bng tng s mol in tch m

n
t()
:

n
t(+)
=

n
t()

Vi n
t
= s mol ion s n v in tch ca ion .
Bi tp minh ho
Bi 1. Ho tan ht 7,5 g hn hp Al v Mg trong HNO
3
long thu c dung dch
A gm 2 mui v 3,36 lt ( ktc) hn hp 2 kh NO v N
2
O, khi lng ca
hn hp kh l 5,2 g. Khi lng ca Al, Mg trong hn hp ln lt l
A. 3,5g v 4,0g. B. 2,1g v 5,4g.
C. 2,7g v 4,8g. D. 4g v 3,5g.
Li gii
t = =
2
NO N O
n a (mol) ; n b (mol)

3, 36
a b 0,15 a 0,1mol
22, 4
b 0, 2mol
30a 44b 5, 2

+ = = =


=

+ =

13
S phn ng :

Al
Mg
+ HNO
3

3 3
3 2
Al(NO )
Mg(NO )
+
2
NO
N O
+ H
2
O
Cc cht cho electron : Al : x (mol) ; Mg : y (mol)
Al
0
Al
3+
+ 3e
x 3x = +
e cho
n 3x 2y (mol)
Mg
0
Mg
2+
+ 2e
y 2y
Cht nhn electron l HNO
3
c hai qu trnh nhn e :
N
+5
+ 3e N
+2
(NO)
0,3 0,1 0,1
e nhn
n 0, 7 (mol) =

N
+5
+ 4e N
+
(N
2
O)
0,4 0,1 0,05
p dng quy tc thng bng s mol electron ta c : 3x + 2y = 0,7 (1)
Phng trnh khi lng : 27x + 24y = 7,5 (2)
Gii h (1, 2)
Al
Mg
m 2, 7g
x 0,1(mol)
m 4, 8g
y 0, 2(mol)
= =

=
=



Bi 2. Ha tan hon ton hn hp gm 0,06 mol FeS
2
v x mol Cu
2
S vo axit
HNO
3
(va ) thu c dung dch A (ch cha hai mui sunfat) v kh duy
nht NO. Gi tr ca x l
A. 0,04 B. 0,06 C. 0,12 D. 0,03
Li gii
3 2
2 4
2 2
2 4
FeS Fe 2SO
0, 06 0, 06 0,12
Cu S 2Cu SO
a 2a a
+
+
+
+

Theo quy tc thng bng in tch

n
t(+)
=

n
t()

3.0, 06 2.2a 2.0,12 2.a a 0, 03(mol) + = + =
Bi 3. m g Fe ngoi khng kh mt thi gian nn b g (gi s g st ch ton l
oxit st) cn nng 10 g. Lng g st trn lm mt mu hon ton 200 ml
dung dch KMnO
4
0,5M trong dung dch H
2
SO
4
d. m c gi tr l
A. 17,2g B. 9,8g C. 9,0g D. 15,0g
Li gii
S phn ng :


14
2 a 4 2 4 2 4 3 4 2
Fe + O FeO KMnO H SO Fe (SO ) MnSO H O + + + +
Cht cho electron : Fe :
m
(mol)
56

Fe Fe
3+
+ 3e

m
56
3
m
56
=
e cho
m
n 3.
56

Cht nhn electron O :
10 m
16

(mol) v KMnO
4
: 0,1 (mol)
O + 2e O
2


10 m
16

2
10 m
16

Mn
+7
+ 5e Mn
+2


0,1 0,5
e nhn
10 m
n 2. 0, 5
16

= +

p dng quy tc thng bng s mol electron :
10 m m
2. 0, 5 3. m 9, 8 (g)
16 56

+ = =
Bi 4. Cho lung kh H
2
i qua ng s ng m g oxit Fe
2
O
3
nhit cao mt
thi gian, ngi ta thu c 6,72 g hn hp A gm 4 cht rn khc nhau.
em ho tan hon ton hn hp ny vo dung dch HNO
3
d thy to
thnh 0,448 lt kh B ktc (duy nht) c t khi so vi hiro l 15 th m
c gi tr l
A. 7,5 g B. 7,2 g C. 8,0 g D. 8,4 g
Li gii
S :

2 3 2 2
Fe O H H O A + +
3
HNO +
Fe(NO
3
)
3
+ NO + H
2
O
Xt c qu trnh th : Fe
+3
Fe
+3

hnh nh khng c s cho v nhn e.
Cht cho electron : H
2

m 6, 72
(mol)
16

( do
2 (oxit ) 2
H O H O + )
m 6, 72 m 6, 72
16 16


H
2
2H
+
+ 2e

m 6, 72
16

2
m 6, 72
16

=
e cho
n
Cht nhn electron : HNO
3
, kh B l NO.


15
N
+5
+ 3e N
+2
(NO )
0,06 0,02 0,02 =
e nhn
n 0, 06

= =
m 6, 72
0, 06 m 7, 2 g
8

Bi 5. Trn 60g bt Fe vi 30g bt lu hunh ri un nng (trong iu kin khng
c khng kh) thu c cht rn X. Ho tan X bng dung dch axit H
2
SO
4

long, d c dung dch B v kh C. t chy C cn V lt O
2
(ktc). Cc
phn ng xy ra hon ton th V c gi tr l
A. 39,2 lt B. 32,928 lt C. 32,29 lt D. 38,292 lt
Li gii
S :




o
2 4 2
H SO + O t 2 2
4
2 2
H H O Fe Fe
FeSO +
S FeS H S SO

Xt c qu trnh phn ng th Fe v S cho electron, cn O
2
nhn electron.
Cht cho electron : Fe :
60
(mol)
56
; S :
30
(mol)
32

Fe Fe
2+
+ 2e

60
56
2
60
56

S S
+4
(SO
2
) + 4e

30
32
4
30
32

Cht nhn electron : gi s mol O
2
l x mol.
O
2
+ 4e 2O
2

x 4x
p dng quy tc thng bng s mol electron : 4 .
32
30
2 .
56
60
4 + = x
Gii ra x =
330
224
mol
2
O
330
V 22,4 33
224
= = (lt)
Bi 6: t chy hon ton 7,2 gam kim loi M (c ho tr hai khng i trong hp
cht) trong hn hp kh Cl
2
v O
2
. Sau phn ng thu c 23,0 gam cht rn v th
tch hn hp kh phn ng l 5,6 lt ( dktc). Xc nh Kim loi M

Li gii
Khi lng hn hp kh = 23 7,2 = 15,8 (g) M= 15,8 : 0,25 = 63,2


16
2
2
Cl 71 31,2

63,2

O 32 7,8
=
=
t l s mol
2
2
Cl 31, 2 4 0, 2
O 7, 8 1 0, 05
= = =
M M
+n
+ ne Cl
2
+ 2e 2Cl

O
2
+ 4e 2O
2

x nx 0,2 0,4 0,05 0,2
Theo quy tc thng bng s mol e:
nx = 0,4 + 0,2 = 0,6 M =
7, 2
n
0, 6
= 12n vi n = 2 th M = 24 l Mg
Bi tp vn dng
Bi 1. Dung dch X c cha 5 ion : Cu
2+
, Ba
2+
, Ca
2+
v 0,1mol Cl

v 0,2mol
3
NO

. Thm dn V lt dung dch K

2
CO
3
1M vo dung dch X n khi c
kt ta cc i. V c gi tr l
A. 150ml B. 300ml C. 200ml D. 250ml
Bi 2. Cho 0,04 mol Fe; 0,02 mol Al tc dng vi 100 ml dung dch X cha
AgNO
3
v Cu(NO
3
)
2
thu c dung dch Y v 5,84 g cht rn D gm 3 kim
loi. Cho D tc dng vi dung dch HCl d c 0,448 lt hiro (ktc). Nng
mol cc mui AgNO
3
v Cu(NO
3
)
2
trong X ln lt l
A. 0,4M; 0,2M B. 0,2M; 0,4M C. 0,4M; 0,6M D. 0,2M; 0,3M
Bi 3. Ho tan m g hn hp A gm Fe v kim loi R (c ho tr khng i) trong
dung dch HCl d th thu c 1,008 lt kh (ktc) v dung dch cha 4,575g
mui khan. Cng lng hn hp trn ha tan trong dung dch cha hn hp
HNO
3
c v H
2
SO
4
nhit thch hp th thu c 0,063 mol kh NO
2
v
0,021 mol kh SO
2
. Kim loi R l
A. Mg B. Al C. Ca D. Zn
Bi 4. 10,08 g bt st trong khng kh sau mt thi gian thu c hn hp A
c khi lng m g gm Fe, FeO, Fe
3
O
4
, Fe
2
O
3
. Cho A tc dng hon ton
vi dung dch HNO
3
thy gii phng ra 2,24 lt kh NO duy nht ( iu
kin tiu chun). Khi lng m ca hn hp A l
A. 11 g B. 12g C. 13g D. 14g
Bi 5. Nung nng 5,6 g bt st trong bnh ng O
2
thu c 7,36 g hn hp X
gm Fe, Fe
2
O
3
v Fe
3
O
4
. Cho X tan hon ton trong dung dch HNO
3
thu
c V lt (ktc) hn hp kh Y gm NO v N
2
O
4
, t khi hi ca Y so vi
H
2
l 25,33. V c gi tr l
A. 22,4 lt B. 0,672 lt C. 0,372 lt D. 1,12 lt
Bi 6. Hn hp X gm FeS
2
v MS c s mol nh nhau (M l kim loi ha tr II).
Cho 6,51g X tc dng hon ton vi lng d dung dch HNO
3
un nng,


17
thu c dung dch Y (ch cha mui sunfat) v 13,216 lt (ktc) hn hp
kh Z gm NO v NO
2
c khi lng 26,34g. Kim loi M l
A. Mg B. Zn C. Mn D. Cu
Bi 7. Cho m g hn hp ba kim loi Al, Fe, Cu tan hon ton trong dung dch
HNO
3
thu c V lt hn hp kh D (ktc) gm NO
2
(gi thit tn ti NO
2

ktc) v NO (khng sinh mui NH
4
NO
3
). T khi hi ca D so vi hiro
bng 18,2. Tng s g mui khan to thnh theo m v V l
A. m +
V
22, 4
B. m
V
22, 4
C. 2m +
V
22, 4
D. m +
V
7, 75

4. Phng php ng cho trong bi ton trn ln hai dung dch
hoc hn hp hai kh
C s
p dng nh lut bo ton khi lng trong qu trnh trn ln cc dung
dch ca cng mt cht tan, ta lun c :
Khi lng dung dch thu c bng tng khi lng ca cc dung dch
thnh phn.
Khi lng cht tan thu c cng bng tng khi lng cht tan c trong
tng dung dch thnh phn .
Phm vi p dng
Pha long hay c cn dung dch
Pha trn cc dung dch ca cng mt cht, cng loi nng
Pha trn cc kh
Khi trn ln 2 dung dch c nng khc nhau hay cho thm cht tan
nguyn cht vo dung dch cha cht tan , hoc qu trnh c cn dung
dch. tnh c nng dung dch trng thi cui ta c th gii bng
phng php bo ton khi lng, tuy nhin ta nn dng phng php ng
cho th gii bi ton s nhanh hn.
Sau y gii thiu mt s s hay c s dng :
Nu trn dung dch 1 c khi lng l m
1
(g) v nng C
1
% vi dung dch
2 c khi lng m
2
(g) v nng C
2
% (gi s C
1
< C
2
) thu c dung dch
mi c nng C% (vi C
1
< C < C
2
) ta s dng s :




Ch :
Ta coi H
2
O c C% = 0.
Ta coi cht tan nguyn cht c C = 100%.

m (g)......... C C C
m C C
C
m C C
m (g)......... C C C
1 1 2
1 2
2 1
2 2 1


18
Nu trn dung dch 1 c th tch V
1
(lt) v nng C
M(1)
vi dung dch 2
c th tch V
2
(lt) v nng C
M(2)
(gi s C
M(1)
< C
M(2)
) ta thu c dung
dch mi c nng C
M
(vi C
M(1)
< C < C
M(2)
) ta s dng s sau :




Nu trn mt th tch V
1
(lt) kh A c phn t khi M
A
vi mt th tch kh
B c phn t khi M
B
(gi s M
A
< M
B
) ta thu c hn hp kh c phn t
khi trung bnh l M (vi M
A
< M< M
B
) ta s dng s sau :






Bi ton minh ho
Bi 1. Cn cho s g H
2
O vo 100 g dung dch H
2
SO
4
90% c dung dch
H
2
SO
4
50% l
A. 90 g B. 80 g C. 60 g D. 70 g
Li gii

= =
m 40
m 80(gam)
100 50



Bi 2. Lm bay hi 500 ml dung dch cht A 20% (D = 1,2 g/ml) ch cn 300 g
dung dch. Nng % ca dung dch ny l
A. 30% B. 40% C. 50% D. 60%
Li gii
m
dd
= 500.1,2 = 600 (g)
y l bi ton c cn nn s :



600 x
x 40%
300 x 20
= =

m 0 40

50

100 90 50


dung dch A : 600 20 - x

x

H
2
O: 300 x - 20

M( ) M( ) M
M( ) M
M
M M( )
M( ) M M( )
V (lit)...... C C C
C C
V
C
V C C
V (lit)...... C C C
1 1 2
2
1
2 1
2 2 1
A B
B
A
B A
V (lit)...... M M M
n V M M
M
n V M M
V (lit)...... M M M

= =

1
1 1
2 2
2


19
Bi 3. Trn V
1
ml dung dch NaOH (d = 1,26 g/ml) vi V
2
ml dung dch NaOH
(d = 1,06 g/ml) thu c 1lt dung dch NaOH (d = 1,16 g/ml). Gi tr V
1
, V
2

ln lt l
A. V
1
= V
2
= 500 B. V
1
= 400, V
2
= 600
C. V
1
= 600, V
2
= 400 D. V
1
= 700, V
2
= 300
Li gii


= = =
1
1 2
2
V 0,1
V V 500ml
V 0,1


Bi 4. Mt hn hp 104 lt (ktc) gm H
2
v CO c t khi hi i vi metan bng
1,5 th
2
H
V v V
CO
trong hn hp l
A. 16 lt v 88 lt. B. 88 lt v 16 lt.
C. 14 lt v 90 lt. D. 10 lt v 94 lt.
Li gii



1
2
V 2
V 11
=
=

1
2
V 16lt
V 88lt


Bi 5. Cho 6,12g Mg tc dng vi dung dch HNO
3
thu c dung dch X ch c
mt mui v hn hp kh Y gm NO v N
2
O c t khi hi i vi hiro
bng 16,75. Th tch NO v N
2
O ( ktc) thu c ln lt l
A. 2,24 lt v 6,72 lt. B. 2,016 lt v 0,672 lt.
C. 0,672 lt v 2,016 lt. D. 1,972 lt v 0,448 lt.
Li gii
Qu trnh cho electron : Mg Mg
2+
+ 2e
0,225 0,51
Qu trnh nhn electron : N
+5
+ 3e N
+2
(NO)
3x x
N
+5
+ 4e N
+
(N
2
O)
8y 2y y
= =
2
N O
NO
V
1 x
V 3 y


V
1
H
2
2 4

24

V
2
CO 28 22


V
1
NO 30 10,5

33,5

V
2
N
2
O 44 3,5

V
1
1,26 0,1

1,16

V
2
1,06 0,1


20
3x 8y 0, 51 x 0, 09
3x y 0 y 0, 03
+ = =

= =


Bi tp vn dng
Bi 1. Trn hai th tch metan vi mt th tch hirocacbon X thu c hn hp
kh (ktc) c t khi so vi H
2
bng 15. Cng thc phn t ca X l
A. C
2
H
6
B. C
3
H
8
C. C
4
H
10
D. C
5
H
12

Bi 2. Cho hn hp X gm 2 este c CTPT l C
4
H
8
O
2
v C
3
H
6
O
2
tc dng vi
NaOH d thu c 6,14g hn hp 2 mui v 3,68g ancol B duy nht c t
khi so vi oxi l 1,4375. S g ca C
4
H
8
O
2
v C
3
H
6
O
2
trong A ln lt l
A. 3,6g v 2,74g. B. 3,74g v 2,6g.
C. 6,24g v 3,7g. D. 4,4g v 2,22g.
Bi 3. T 1 tn qung hematit (A) iu ch c 400kg st. T 1 tn qung
manhetit (B) iu ch c 500kg st. c 1 tn qung hn hp m t 1
tn qung hn hp ny iu ch c 460kg st th phi trn 2 qung A. B
vi t l v khi lng l
A. 2 : 3 B. 3 : 5 C. 3 : 4 D. 1 : 3
Bi 4. Mt hn hp kh X gm SO
2
v O
2
c t khi so vi metan bng 3. Thm V
lt O
2
vo 20 lt hn hp X thu c hn hp Y c t khi so vi metan bng
2,5. Gi tr ca V l
A. 20 B. 30 C. 5 D. 10
Bi 5. S ml H
2
O cn thm vo 1 lt dung dch HCl 2M thu c dung dch
mi c nng 0,8M l
A. 1,5 lt B. 2 lt C. 2,5 lt D. 3 lt
Bi 6. Trn 1 lt dung dch KCl C
1
M (dung dch A) vi 2 lt dung dch KCl C
2
M
(dung dch B) c 3 lt dung dch KCl (dung dch C). Cho dung dch C tc
dng va vi dung dch AgNO
3
thu c 86,1 g kt ta. Nu C
1
= 4C
2
th
C
1
c gi tr l
A. 1 M B. 1,2 M C. 1,4 M D.1,5 M
Bi 7. T khi hi ca hn hp kh C
3
H
8
v C
4
H
10
i vi hiro l 25,5. Thnh
phn % th tch ca hn hp l
A. 50% ; 50%. B. 25% ; 75%.
C. 45% ; 55%. D. 20% ; 80%.
5. Phng php dng phng trnh ion rt gn
C s
Bn cht ca cc phn ng trao i xy ra trong dung dch cht in li l
phn ng ca cc ion vi nhau to ra cht kt ta, bay hi hay cht in
li yu,...


21
Cch p dng
Khi cho dung dch hn hp (X) phn ng vi dung dch hn hp (Y) thay v
vic vit nhiu phng trnh phn ng gia cc phn t ta vit cc phng
trnh dng ion rt gn. Sau y l mt s s minh ha :
Cho s :
2 4
3
HCl
H SO
HNO

+
2
NaOH
Ba(OH)

hn hp 6 mui + H
2
O
Bn cht l : H
+
(axit)
+ OH

(baz)
H
2
O v
2 2
4 4
Ba SO BaSO
+
+
Khi mi trng trung tnh th :
H (axit)
n
+
=
OH ( )
n

baz

Cho s

2 3
4 2 3
2 3
Na CO
(NH ) CO
K CO
+

2
2
BaCl
CaCl

Bn cht l :
+
+

2 2
3 3
2 2
3 3
Ca CO CaCO
Ba CO BaCO

Cho s :
Fe
Mg
Zn

+
2 4
HCl
H SO (l)

Hn hp mui + H
2

Bn cht l
Fe
Mg
Al

+ H
+
Hn hp mui + H
2

Bi tp minh ha
Bi 1. Cho dung dch X cha ng thi 2 axit H
2
SO
4
1M v HCl 2M vo 200ml
dung dch Y cha NaOH 1,5 M v KOH 1M. Khi mi trng dung dch
trung tnh th th tch dung dch X cn l
A. 120 ml B. 125 ml C. 200 ml D. 150 ml
Li gii
Bn cht cc phn ng trn l
2
H OH H O
+
+
+

= + =
= + =

H
OH
n V.(2.1 2) 4V(mol)
n 0, 2.(1, 5 1) 0, 5 (mol)

Khi mi trng trung tnh : 4V = 0,5 V= 125 ml
Bi 2. Cho 100ml dung dch A cha ng thi 2 axit HCl 1M v HNO
3
2M vo
200ml dung dch B cha NaOH 0,8 M v KOH x M thu c dung dch C.


22
Bit rng trung ho 100ml dung dch C cn 60ml dung dch HCl 1M. x c
gi tr l
A. 1,2M B. 2,2M C. 3,3M D. 2,5M
Li gii
C 3 axit phn ng vi 2 baz. Bn cht cc phn ng l
2
H OH H O
+
+
+

= + + =
= +

H
OH
60.500
n 0,1(1 2) .1 0, 6(mol)
100.1000
n 0, 2(0,8 x)(mol)

Mi trng trung tnh: 0,6 = 0,2(0,8+x) x = 2,2M.
Bi 3. Trn 100ml dung dch X gm KHCO
3
1M v K
2
CO
3
1M vi 100ml dung
dch Y gm NaHCO
3
1M v Na
2
CO
3
1M thu c dung dch Z. Nh t t
100ml dung dch T gm H
2
SO
4
2M v HCl 1M vo dung dch Z thu c V
lt CO
2
(ktc). Gi tr ca V l
A. 2,24 lt B. 8,96 lt C. 6,72 lt D. 4,48 lt
Li gii
Bn cht ca cc phn ng gia cc cht trong T v Z l :
2
3 3
3 2 2
CO 2H HCO
HCO H H O CO
+
+
+
+ +

Khi cho dung dch X vo Y thu c dung dch Z c

3
HCO 0,2 (mol) v
2
3
CO 0,2 (mol).
+
= + =
2 4
HCl H SO
H (ddT)
n n 2n 0, 5(mol)
Nh t t dung dch T vo dung dch Z, phn ng xy ra theo th t :
+
+
2
3 3
CO H HCO
0, 2 0, 2 0, 2

Tng s mol

= + =

3
HCO
n 0, 2 0, 2 0, 4(mol)
+
= = < =
3
H (cnli) HCO
n 0, 5 0, 2 0, 3(mol) n 0, 4(mol)
3
H (d) HCO
n 0, 5 0, 2 0, 3 n 0, 2 0, 2 0, 4(mol)
+
= = < = + =
3 2 2
HCO H CO H O
0, 3 0, 3 0, 3
+
+ +

Bi 4. Tnh th tch dung dch cha HCl 0,5M v H
2
SO
4
0,75M cn thit ho
tan hon ton 23,2g Fe
3
O
4
.


23
A. 200 ml B. 300 ml C. 350 ml D. 400 ml
Li gii
Bn cht phn ng gia hai axit v Fe
3
O
4
l :
Fe
3
O
4
+ 8H
+
Fe
2+
+ 2Fe
3+
+ 4H
2
O.
0,1 0,8
Gi th tch dung dch l V : 0,5V + 2V.0,75 = 0,8 V = 400 ml
Bi 5. Cho 2 kim loi Fe, Mg tc dng vi 200ml dung dch A gm HCl 0,1M,
H
2
SO
4
0,2M thu c dung dch B v kh C. Cho t t dung dch D gm
NaOH 0,3M, KOH 0,1M vo B tc dng va vi cc cht trong B th
th tch dung dch D cn dng l
A. 0,15 lt. B. 0,25 lt. C. 0,35 lt. D. 0,45 lt.
Li gii
+
+ +
+
+ + +
2
2
2 2
2
2
Fe Fe Fe(OH)
H H H OH H O
Mg Mg Mg(OH)

Quy tc thng bng in tch :

+ ( )
n trong B =
+
H
n trong A =

OH
n trong D.
Dung dch trung tnh khi :
+
= + = + =

H OH
n n 0, 2(0,1 0, 2.2) V(0, 3 0,1) V 0, 25(lt)
Bi tp vn dng
Bi 1. tc dng va vi 0,96g hiroxit ca 2 kim loi kim hai chu k lin
tip trong bng tun hon, phi dng 20ml dung dch HCl 0,4M v H
2
SO
4

0,3M. Cc kim loi kim l
A. Na, K B. Li, Na C. K, Rb D. Na, Rb
Bi 2. Ha tan hn hp hai kim loi Ba v Na (dng ht rt nh) vo nc thu
c dung dch A v 672 ml kh (ktc). Nh t t dung dch FeCl
3
vo dung dch
A cho n d, lc kt ta, ra sch, sy kh v nung n khi lng khng i thu
c m g cht rn. Gi tr m l
A. 3,2 g B. 6,4 g C. 1,6 g D. 4,8 g
Bi 3. Cho 4,64g hn hp A gm FeO, Fe
2
O
3
, Fe
3
O
4
(
2 3
FeO Fe O
n : n 1: 1 = ) ho
tan hon ton trong V lt dung dch H
2
SO
4
0,2M v HCl 0,6M. V c gi tr
l
A. 1,60 lt B. 1,22 lt C. 1,90 lt D. 1,56 lt
Bi 4. Hn hp cht rn X gm Fe, Fe
2
O
3
, Fe
3
O
4
v FeO (c s mol bng nhau l
0,1 mol). Ha tan ht X vo dung dch Y gm HCl v H
2
SO
4
long (d), thu
c dung dch Z v 1,12 lt kh H
2
(ktc). Nh t t dung dch Cu(NO
3
)
2



24
0,5M vo dung dch Z cho ti khi ngng kh NO thot ra th dng li. Th
tch dung dch Cu(NO
3
)
2
dng l
A. 158,3 ml. B. 140,0 ml. C. 100,0 ml D. 160,5 ml.
Bi 5. Cho 12,15 g bt Al vo 100 ml dung dch hn hp NaNO
3
1,5M v NaOH
3M, khuy u cho n khi ngng kh thot ra th dng li. Th tch kh
thot ra ktc l
A. 5,04 lt B. 7,56 lt C. 6,72 lt D. 4,48 lt
Bi 6. Cho 6,4 g Cu tc dng vi 60 ml dung dch hn hp gm HNO
3
2M v
H
2
SO
4
1M, thu c V lt kh NO duy nht (ktc), phn ng xy ra hon
ton. Gi tr ca V l
A. 0,672 B. 0,896 C. 1,344 D. 2,24
Bi 7. Dung dch A th tch 200ml cha ng thi hai mui MgCl
2
0,4M v
Cu(NO
3
)
2
0,2M. Dung dch B cha ng thi KOH 0,16M v Ba(OH)
2

0,02M. Th tch dung dch B cn lm kt ta ht hai ion Mg
2+
, Cu
2+
l
A. 1 lt B. 1,2 lt C. 1,5 lt D. 1,7 lt
Bi 8. Cho 3,75g hn hp A gm Mg v Al vo 250 ml dung dch X cha axit HCl
1M v H
2
SO
4
0,5M, c dung dch B v 3,92 lt H
2
(ktc). Thnh phn %
khi lng Mg, Al trong A l
A. 65% ; 35%. B. 64% ; 36%.
B. 55% ; 45%. D. 50% ; 50%.
Bi 9. Cho hn hp A gm Mg v Al vo 500 ml dung dch X cha axit HCl 1M
v H
2
SO
4
0,5M, c dung dch B v 3,92 lt H
2
(ktc). Th tch dung dch
C gm NaOH 0,2M v Ba(OH)
2
0,1M cn phn ng ht vi cc cht
trong B l
A. 0,125 lt B. 1,112 lt C. 1,875 lt D. 1,235 lt
Bi 10. Cho m g hn hp Mg, Al vo 250 ml dung dch X cha hn hp axit
HCl 1 M v axit H
2
SO
4
0,5 M, thu c 5,32 lt H
2
( ktc) v dung dch Y
(coi th tch dung dch khng i). Dung dch Y c pH l
A. 7 B. 1 C. 2 D. 6
6 66 6. Phng php gii cc bi ton cc i . Phng php gii cc bi ton cc i . Phng php gii cc bi ton cc i . Phng php gii cc bi ton cc i - -- - cc tiu cc tiu cc tiu cc tiu
Cch tm khong gii hn ca mui : Hn hp kim loi (A, B) tc dng vi hn
hp axit (HNO
3
v

H
2
SO
4
) to ra hn hp mui sunfat v mui nitrat.
+) Do 1 mol
2
4
SO

(nng 96 gam) tng ng vi 2 mol
3
NO

(nng 124
gam). Vi cng mt hn hp kim loi nu to mui nitrat th khi lng s
nng hn mui sunfat. Khi lng mui cc i khi hn hp ch to ra mui
nitrat v cc tiu khi hn hp ch to mui sunfat. Vy khi lng thc t l

2- -
4 3
thc t
mui SO mui NO
m m m < <


25
+) Do 1 mol ion kim loi A
+
(nng M
A
g) tng ng vi 1 mol B
+
(nng M
B
).
Nu M
A
< M
B
th mui ca A nh hn mui ca B (cng gc axit). Khi
lng mui cc i khi hn hp ch to ra mui B v cc tiu khi hn hp
ch to mui A. Vy khi lng thc t l

mui A thc t mui B
m m m < <
Bi tp minh ha Bi tp minh ha Bi tp minh ha Bi tp minh ha
Bi 1. Ha tan 1,02 gam Al
2
O
3
vo 300 ml dung dch H
2
SO
4
0,2M ta thu c
dung dch A. Rt tip vo A 200ml dung dch NaOH th thu c mt kt
ta, em nung n khi lng khng i th c 0,51 gam cht rn. Coi th
tch dung dch thay i khng ng k. Nng mol ca dung dch NaOH
ban u l
A. 0,55M ; 0,65M B. 0,65M ; 0,75M
C. 0,45M ; 0,7M D. 0,85M ; 1,5M
Li gii

2 3 2 4
Al O H SO
n 0, 01mol ; n 0, 06mol = =

2 3 2 4 2 4 3 2
Al O 3H SO Al (SO ) 3H O + +
Dung dch A
2 4(d)
2 4 3
H SO 0, 06 0, 03 0, 03mol
Al (SO ) : 0, 01mol
= =

2
H OH H O
0, 06 0, 06
+
+

TH1 : NaOH ch kt ta mt phn Al
3+
.
3
3 2 3
NaOH M(NaOH)
Al 3OH Al(OH) Al O
0, 01 0, 01 0, 005
0, 09
n 0, 06 0, 03 0, 09(mol) C 0, 45M
0, 2
+
+

= + = = =

TH2 : NaOH ch kt ta ht Al
3+
v ho tan mt phn kt ta ny

o
3
3
3 4
t
3 2 3 2
Al 3OH Al(OH)
0, 02 0, 06 0, 02
Al(OH) OH [Al(OH) ]
0,01 0,01
2Al(OH) Al O H O
0, 51
0, 01 0, 005
102
+

+
+
+
=



26

NaOH M
0,14
n 0,14 mol C 0, 7M
0, 2
= = =
Bi 2: Cho 200ml dung dch AlCl
3
tc dng vi 400 ml dung dch NaOH 2M ta
thu c mt kt ta em nung nng n khi lng khng i th thu c
5,1gam cht rn.
a) Nng mol ca dung dch AlCl
3
l
A. 0,155M B. 1,125M C. 0,175M D. 1,185M
b) Lc tch kt ta thu c dung dch nc lc. Cho dung dch nc lc tc
dng vi dung dch HCl 1M. Th tch dung dch HCl kt ta thu c ln
nht l
A. 62,5 ml B. 25,5 ml C. 35,0 ml D. 45,0 ml
Li gii

NaOH
n 0, 4.2 0, 8mol = =
o
t 3
3 2 3
Al 3OH Al(OH) Al O
0,1 0, 3 0,1 0, 05
+
+

a) TH
1
: Al
3+
cha b kt ta ht
3 M
Al
0,1
n 0,1mol C 0, 5
0, 2
+
= = =
TH
2
: Al
3+
b kt ta ht, OH
-
d

3
3
3 4
Al 3OH Al(OH)
a 3a a
Al(OH) OH [Al(OH) ]
a 0,1 a 0,1
+

+
+



3 M
Al
0, 225
OH 4a 0,1 0, 8 a 0, 225mol n C 1,125M
0, 2
+

= = = = = =

b) Dung dch nc lc
4
Na[Al(OH) ]
n 0,125mol =

4 3 2
Na[Al(OH) ] HCl Al(OH) NaCl H O
0,125 0,125 0,125
+ + +


M(HCl)
0,125
C 0, 062lit 62, 5ml
2
= = =
Bi 3. Chia 3,64 gam hn hp (A) gm 3 kim loi Fe, Al, Mg ( dng bt mn)
thnh hai phn bng nhau. Ho tan ht phn th nht trong dung dch HCl
va thu c 1,568 lt H
2
v dung dch (A). Cho phn th hai vo dung
dch NaOH 0,5 M (ly d), thu c dung dch (B) v cht rn C. Cho C


27
phn ng vi dung dch HNO
3
un nng thu c 2,016 l kh NO
2
ktc
(khng c mui amoni) v dung dch (D).
a) Khi lng Al trong hn hp A l
A. 1,08g B. 1,28g C. 0,28g D. 1,18g
b) Khi lng mui nitrat to thnh trong dung dch (D) l
A. 6,68g B. 5,68g C. 4,28g D. 3,18g
c) Th tch dung dch NaOH 0,5 M cn phi cho vo dung dch A kt ta
thu c l cc i v cc tiu ln lt l
A. 200ml v 300ml B. 280 ml v 320 ml
C. 320 ml v 280 ml D. 250 ml v 350 ml
Li gii
Gi
Al Fe Mg
n xmol ; n y mol ; n z mol = = = trong 1/2 hn hp A
Ta c 27x + 56y + 24z = 1,82 (I)
S phn ng vi HCl :
2
3
2
2
Fe Fe
Al H Al H
Mg Mg
+
+ +
+
+ +
3x + 2y + 2z = 0,14 (II)
Phn 2 tc dng vi dung dch NaOH
2 4 2
3
Al NaOH 3H O Na[Al(OH) ] H
2
+ + +
S phn ng ca C vi HNO
3
:
Fe
Mg
+ HNO
3

3
2
Fe
Mg
+
+
+ NO
2
+ H
2
O
3y + 2z = 0,09 (III)
Gii h (I), (II), (III) ta c x = 0,02 mol ; y = 0,01 mol ; z =0,03 mol
a.
Al
Fe
Mg
m 0, 02.2.27 1, 08gam
m 0, 02.56 1,12gam
m 1, 44gam

= =

= =

b. m
mui
= m
Fe, Mg
+
3
NO
m

= 0,01.56+0,03.24 + (0,01.3+0,03.2)62 = 6,68 gam
c. Dung dch A gm
3
2
2
Al : 0, 02mol
Fe :0, 01mol
Mg :0, 03mol
+
+
+

28
kt ta thu c cc i khi ton b ba kim loi b kt ta va ht :
3
3
2
2
2
2
Al 3OH Al(OH)
0, 02 0, 06
Fe 2OH Fe(OH)
0, 01 0, 02
Mg 2OH Mg(OH)
0, 03 0, 06
+
+
+
+
+
+

NaOH
OH
0,14
n 0, 06 0, 06 0, 02 0,14mol V 0, 28lit 280ml
0, 5

= + + = = = =

Kt ta cc tiu khi Al(OH)

3
b tan ht :
3 4
Al(OH) NaOH Na[Al(OH) ]
0, 02 0, 02
+

NaOH
OH
0,16
n 0,14 0, 02 0,16mol V 0, 32lit 320ml
0, 5

= + = = = =

Bi 4. Ho tan hon ton 11,9 g hn hp 2 kim loi Al v Zn vo dung dch HNO
3

2M (va ) thu c dung dch A v 3,64 lt hn hp 2 cht kh N
2
O v NO
( ktc) c khi lng 5,75 gam.
a) Thnh phn phn trm ca Al v Zn c trong hn hp l
A. 30,00% ; 70,00% B. 43,38% ; 54,62%
C. 35,00% ; 65,00% D. 54,62% ; 43,38%
b) Th tch NH
3
(ktc) cho vo dung dch A kt ta ln nht, nh nht l
A. 17,92 lt v 26,88 lt B. 15,52 lt v 25,68 lt
C. 13,96 lt v 27,24 lt D. 12,52 lt v 15,68 lt
Li gii
Gi
2
N O NO
n x mol ; n y mol = = . Ta c
x y 0,1625 x 0, 0625mol
44a 30b 5, 75 y 0,1mol
+ = =

+ = =


t
Al Zn
n a mol ; n bmol 27a 65b 11, 9 (I) = = + =
Al
Zn
+ HNO
3

3 3
3 2
Al(NO )
Zn(NO )
+
2
N O
NO
+ H
2
O
Dng phng php bo ton electron ta c :
Cc qu trnh cho e :


29
3
2
Al Al 3e
a 3a
Zn Zn 2e
b 2b
+
+
+
+

echo
n 3x 2y = +

Cc qu trnh nhn e :
5
2
5 2
N 4e N N O
0, 5 0,125 0, 0625
N 3e N NO
0, 3 0,1 0,1
+ +
+ +
+
+
enhn
n 0, 8 =

Ta c : 3x + 2y = 0,8 (II)
Gii h (I), (II) thu c :
a)
Al
Zn
m 0, 2.27 5, 4g %Al 43, 38% x 0, 2mol
y 0,1mol m 6, 5g %Zn 54, 62%
= = = =


= = =


b) Dung dch A gm
3
2
Al :0, 2mol
Zn :0,1mol
+
+

Cc phn ng
Kt ta thu c cc i khi
3 2
Al , Zn
+ +
b kt ta va ht :
3
3 2 3 4
2
3 2 2 4
Al 3NH 3H O Al(OH) 3NH
0, 2 0, 6
Zn 2NH 2H O Zn(OH) 2NH
0,1 0, 2
+ +
+ +
+ + +
+ + +

3
NH
V 0, 8.22, 4 17, 92lit = =
Kt ta thu c cc tiu khi Zn(OH)
2
b ho tan ht
2 3 3 4 2
Zn(OH) 4NH [Zn(NH ) ](OH) +
3
NH
V 1, 2.22, 4 26, 88lit = =
Bi tp vn dng
Bi 1. Ho tan hon ton 0,81 g Al vo dung dch NaOH va thu c dung
dch mui A v kh H
2
. Th tch dung dch HCl 0,1 M kt ta thu c
cc i v cc tiu ln lt l
A. 0,3 lt v 1,5 lt B. 0,3 lt v 1,2 lt
C. 0,5 lt v 1,5 lt D. 0,2 lt v 1,6 lt
Bi 2. Cho 100 ml dung dch A gm MgCl
2
0,3M; AlCl
3
0,5M; HCl 0,50M. Thm
t t V lt dung dch X gm NaOH 0,2M v Ba(OH)
2
0,1M vo dung dch A


30
thu c kt ta Y. lng kt ta Y ln nht ri nh nht th V ln lt
nhn cc gi tr l
A. 1,75 lt v2,24 lt B. 0,65 lt v 0,775 lt
C. 0,75 lt v 0,25 lt D. 1,50 lt v 1,75 lt
Bi 3. Ho tan hon ton m g Zn vo lng va 300ml HCl 1M thu c dung
dch A v kh H
2
. Th tch dung dch NaOH 0,01 M vo dung dch A thu
c 7,425 g kt ta cc i ri cc tiu ln lt l
A. 150 ml v 200 ml B. 250 ml v 500 ml
C. 150 ml v 750 ml D. 250 ml v 750 ml
Bi 4. Nu ho tan hon ton 28,1g hn hp MgCO
3
v BaCO
3
c thnh phn thay
i trong cha a% MgCO
3
bng dung dch HCl v cho tt c kh thot ra
hp th ht vo dung dch cha 0,2 mol Ca(OH)
2
th thu c kt ta D.
lng kt ta D nhiu nht v t nht th a c gi tr ln lt l
A. 29,89% v 100,00% B. 30,00% v 100,00%
C. 29,89% v 60,00% D. 39,89% v 79,89%
Bi 5. Ho tan 15,3 g BaO vo nc c dung dch A. Cho 12,3 gam hn hp
CaCO
3
v MgCO
3
(c thnh phn thay i) ho tan ht vo dung dch HCl
d th thu c kh B. Nu cho kh B hp th ht vo dung dch A th sau
phn ng khi lng kt ta to thnh trong khong
A.
3
BaCO
10, 638(g) m 15,169(g) < <
B.
3
BaCO
12, 680(g) m 15, 690(g) < <
C.
3
BaCO
10, 000(g) m 15, 000(g) < <
D.
3
BaCO
15, 638(g) m 25,169(g) < <
Bi 6. Thm t t dung dch cha HCl 1M vo dung dch c cha 3,82 gam hn
hp mui Na
2
CO
3
v K
2
CO
3
(
2 3 2 3
Na CO K CO
n : n 1: 2) = thu c dung dch
X v kh Y. th tch kh Y thu c c gi tr cc tiu, cc i th th tch
dung dch HCl 1M ln lt l
A. 30 ml ; 40 ml B. 40 ml ; 70 ml
C. 30 ml ; 60 ml D. 40 ml ; 60 ml
Bi 7. Ho tan 1,29 gam Zn, Cu (c =
Zn Cu
n : n 1: 1) vo dung dch cha HNO
3

v H
2
SO
4
(c, nng) thu c hn hp kh gm NO
2
v kh SO
2
. Nu t l
kh NO
2
v kh SO
2
thay i th khi lng mui khan thu c trong khong
A.
mui
3, 20(gam) m 3, 70(gam) < <
B. < <
mui
3, 21(gam) m 3, 77(gam)
C.
mui
4, 20(gam) m 6, 70(gam) < <
D.
mui
3, 00(gam) m 4, 50(gam) < <


31
Bi 8. Ho tan 0,89 gam Zn, Mg vo dung dch cha HCl v H
2
SO
4
thu c
0,448 lt kh H
2
(ktc). Nu thay i t l s mol hai axit th khi lng mui
khan thu c trong khong
A. < <
mui
2, 31(g) m 2, 81(g)
B. < <
mui
3, 21(gam) m 3, 77(gam)
C.
mui
2, 20(gam) m 3, 70(gam) < <
D.
mui
3, 21(gam) m 3, 59(gam) < <
Bi 9. Cho 18,2 gam hn hp X gm hai kim loi Al v Cu vo 100 ml dung dch
B cha H
2
SO
4
12M v HNO
3
2M un nng, thu c dung dch Y v 8,96
lt hn hp kh (ktc) T gm NO v SO
2
. T khi ca T so vi H
2
l 23,5.
Thay i t l s mol ca hai axit th khi lng mui khan thu c nm
trong khong
A.
mui
23,1(g) m 28,1(g) < <
B.
mui
32,1(gam) m 37, 7(gam) < <
C.
mui
37, 4(gam) m 43(gam) < <
D.
mui
30,1(gam) m 35, 9(gam) < <
7. Phng php s dng cc tr s trung bnh
C s
Nu c mt hn hp nhiu cht cng tc dng vi mt cht khc (m cc
phng trnh phn ng cng loi, cng hiu sut, sn phm phn ng tng
t nhau) ta c th thay hn hp ny bng mt cht tng ng.
Gi s c hn hp gm cc cht A, B, C,... (cha C, H, O), c th thay bng
cht tng ng
x y z
C H O : M vi:
Khi lng phn t trung bnh M:
hh A A B B K K
hh A B K
m n .M n .M ... n .M
M
n n n ...n
+ + +
= =
+ +

( n
A
, n
B
, n
K
: c th l s mol, th tch hay % s mol,...)
Lun lun c:
A K
M M M < <
S nguyn t cacbon trung bnh x :
1 A 2 B K K
A B K
x .n x .n ... x .n
x
n n ... n
+ + +
=
+ + +
(Vi x
1
< x < x
K
)
(x
1
, x
2
, x
3
,.. l s nguyn t C ca A, B, C,...)
S nguyn t hiro trung bnh y :


32
1 A 2 B K K
A B K
y .n y .n ... y .n
y
n n ... n
+ + +
=
+ + +
(Vi y
1
< y < y
K
)
(y
1
, y
2
, y
3
,.. l s nguyn t H ca A, B, C,...)
Cc gi tr trung bnh khc nh s nguyn t oxi trung bnh, phn t khi
ca gc hirocacbon trung bnh, s nhm chc trung bnh,... cch thit lp
tng t.
Phm vi p dng
Dng gii nhanh cc loi bi hu c, v c nh: bi tp xc nh cng
thc phn t ca cht ho hc, tnh th tch, tnh s mol hay tnh % s mol,
% th tch vi cc cht kh,...
Bi tp minh ha
Bi 1. t chy mt hn hp X gm 2 hirocacbon A, B k tip nhau trong dy
ng ng thu c 96,8g CO
2
v 57,6g H
2
O. Cng thc phn t ca A, B
v thnh phn % mi cht trong hn hp X l

4 2 6
A. CH , C H
2 6 3 8
B. C H , C H

3 8 4 10
C. C H , C H
2 4 3 6
D. C H , C H
Li gii
2 2
CO H O
96, 8 57, 6
n 2, 2 (mol) ; n 3, 2 (mol)
44 18
= = = =
2 2
CO H O
n n A, B thuc dy ng ng ankan. <
Gi n l s nguyn t C trung bnh ca hn hp ( n n m 4 ), khi
thay A, B bng 1 cht duy nht
n 2n 2
C H
+
c s mol = (a+b) mol.
2 2 2
n 2n 2
3n 1
C H O nCO (n 1)H O (1)
2
2, 2 3,2
+
+
+ + +

n n 1
n 2, 2. Vy : n 1 n 2, 2 m 2
2, 2 3, 2
+
= = = = =
Vy : hai hirocacbon l C
2
H
6
v C
3
H
8

Theo quy tc ng cho:
2 3 - 2,2

2,2

3 2,2 - 2

2 6
3 8
C H 0, 8
C H 0, 2
= 80% v 20%

Bi 2. t chy ht 0,5mol hn hp X gm 2 hirocacbon mch h A, B thuc
cng dy ng ng (phn t khi hn km nhau 28vC) cn 40,32 lt O
2

to ra 26,88 lt CO
2
. Tm cng thc phn t ca A, B.
Li gii


33
2 2
O p CO
40, 32 26, 88
n 1, 8 (mol) ; n 1, 2 (mol)
22.4 22, 4
= = = =
2 2 2 2
2
2 2 2
O(O p) O(CO ) O(H O) O(H O)
O(H O)
H O O(H O) CO
Theo s bo ton nguyn t O:
n n n n 2.1, 8 2.1, 2
n 1, 2(mol)
Ta c: n n 1, 2(mol) n A, B thuc anken
= + =
=
= = =

Gi n l s nguyn t C trung bnh ca hn hp ( n n m ), khi
thay A, B bng 1 cht duy nht
n 2n
C H c:
2 2 2
n 2n
2 4 4 8
3n
C H O nCO nH O
2
0,5 1,2
1, 2
n 2, 4 n n m 4 n 2 A: C H ; m 4 B: C H
0, 5
+ +
= = = =

Bi 3. Hn hp kh A ( ktc) gm 2 anken. t chy 7 th tch A cn 31 th
tch kh O
2
( cng iu kin nhit v p sut). Trong A, anken cha
nhiu C hn, chim khong 4050% th tch hn hp. Cng thc phn t
ca 2 anken l
A. C
2
H
4
; C
3
H
6
B. C
2
H
4
; C
4
H
8
C. C
2
H
4
; C
5
H
10
D. C
3
H
6
; C
4
H
8

Li gii
Gi n l s nguyn t C trung bnh ca hn hp (2 n 4) < CTPTTB ca
A l
n 2n
C H .
o
2
t
2 2 2
n 2n
A O
3n
C H O nCO nH O
2
7V 31V
+ +

t s
3n
.V
1V
2
:
7V 31V
=
1 3n
7 2.31
=
2.31
n 2, 95
21
= =
1 anken c s nguyn t C l 2 l C
2
H
4
olefin cn li c s nguyn
t C l 3 hoc 4
Gi x l %V ca C
n
H
2n
; (1x) l %V ca C
2
H
4
(phn trm th tch chnh
l % v s mol trong cng iu kin).
Theo s bo ton nguyn t C :


34
4 8
0, 95
n mx 2(1-x) 2,95 x(m-2) 2 2,95 x (1)
m 2
M 0,4< x 0,5 Thay vo (1) 3, 9 m 4, 375 m 4 C H
= + = + = =

< < < =

Bi 4. Mt hn hp X gm 2 hirocacbon A, B thuc cng 1 dy ng ng u l
kh ktc, cn 20,16 lt O
2
t chy ht X v phn ng to 7,2g H
2
O. Khi
cho lng hn hp X trn tc dng vi dung dch
3 3
AgNO / NH d thu c
62,7g kt ta. CTCT ca A, B l
A. C
2
H
2
; C
3
H
4
B. C
2
H
2
; C
4
H
6
C. C
3
H
4
; C
4
H
6
D. C
2
H
2
; C
5
H
8

Li gii
2 2
O H O
20,16 7, 2
n 0, 9 (mol) ; n 0, 4 (mol)
22, 4 18
= = = =
p dng s bo ton nguyn t O :
2 2 2
O(O ) O(CO ) O(H O)
n n n = +

2
O(CO )
n 1, 8 0, 4 1, 4 (mol) = =

2
CO
n 0, 7mol =
2 2
CO H O
n n ankin >
Gi
n 2n 2
m 2m 2
A: C H : a(mol)
B : C H : b(mol)

CTTB :
n 2n 2
C H (a b) mol

+
n 2n 2 2 2 2
3n 1
C H O nCO (n 1)H O
2
0,7 0,4

+ +

Ta c:
2
CO
n
0, 7
n 2, 33
(a b) 0, 3
= = =
+
( 2 n n m 4 < < )

2 2
n 2 A: C H HC CH =
3 4 3
3 2
4 6
3 3
m 3 B : C H CH C CH
CH CH C CH
m 4 B : C H
CH C C CH
=

Xt
2 2 3 4
C H v C H :
a b 0, 3mol + =

2a 3b
n 2, 33 2a 3b 0, 7
a b
+
= = + =
+

gii h
2a 3b 0, 7 a 0, 2
a b 0, 3 b 0,1
+ = =

+ = =


Phn ng vi
3 3
AgNO NH


35

3 2 2 3
CH CH 2[Ag(NH ) ]OH AgC CAg 2H O 4NH + + +
0,2 0,2
3 3 2 3 2 3
CH C CH [Ag(NH ) ]OH CH C CAg H O 2NH + + +
0,1 0,1
m 0, 2.240 0,1.147 62, 7g m (gt) = + = =
Cch lm tng t vi hai trng hp cn li, kt qu thu c la khng
ph hp.
Vy A l
2 2 3 4
C H v Bl C H .
Bi 5. Tch nc hon ton 10,6 g hn hp hai ancol thu c hn hp A gm 2
olefin l ng ng k tip nhau. Cho hn hp A ( ktc) qua bnh ng
dung dch brom d, ngi ta thy khi lng ca bnh tng thm 7g. Cng
thc phn t ca 2 olefin l
A. C
2
H
4
v C
3
H
6
B. C
3
H
6
v C
4
H
8

C. C
4
H
8
v C
5
H
10
D. C
5
H
10
v C
6
H
12

Li gii
t cng thc chung ca hai ancol no n chc, mch h l ng ng k
tip l
n 2n 1
C H OH
+
.
n 2n 1
C H OH
+

2 4
o
H SO
170 C

n 2n
C H
2
Br +

2
n 2n
C H Br
Khi chuyn :
n 2n 1
C H OH
+

n 2n
C H . Th M 18 =
hh
3, 6
m 10, 6 7 3, 6 (g) n 0, 2 (mol)
18
= = = =

7
M 35
0, 2
= = M
1
< 35 < M
2
; m M
1
, M
2
l ng ng k tip.
M
1
= 28 C
2
H
4

M
2
= 42 C
3
H
6

Bi tp vn dng
Bi 1. A, B l 2 ancol no, n chc k tip nhau trong dy ng ng. Cho 3,9g
hn hp tc dng ht vi Na thu c 1,12 lt H
2
(ktc). Cng thc phn t
ca 2 ancol l
A. CH
3
OH, C
2
H
5
OH B. C
2
H
5
OH, C
3
H
7
OH
C. C
3
H
7
OH, C
4
H
9
OH D. C
4
H
9
OH, C
5
H
11
OH
Bi 2. t chy hon ton 0,03 mol hn hp X gm 1 axit cacboxylic n chc A
v 1 ancol no B, u mch h vi O
2
th thu c 1,12 lt kh CO
2
(ktc) v
1,08 g H
2
O. Bit A, B hn km nhau 1 nguyn t cacbon trong phn t.
Cng thc cu to ca A, B ln lt l
A. C
2
H
5
COOH , C
3
H
5
(OH)
3
B. HCOOH , C
2
H
5
OH
C. C
2
H
5
COOH , C
3
H
7
OH D. C
2
H
3
COOH , C
3
H
6
(OH)
3



36
Bi 3. Hn hp 3 ancol n chc A, B, C c tng s mol l 0,08 v khi lng l
3,387. xc nh CTPT ca A, B, C, bit rng B v C c cng s nguyn t
cacbon v khng phn ng vi AgNO
3
/ NH
3
, s mol A bng
3
5
tng s mol
ca B v C. Cng thc cu to ca A, B, C ln lt l
A.
3 3 5 3 7
CH OH ; C H OH; C H OH B.
2 5 3 5 3 7
C H OH ; C H OH; C H OH
C.
2 5 4 9 4 9
C H OH ; C H OH; C H OH D.
3 4 9 4 9
CH OH ; C H OH; C H OH
Bi 4. t chy hon ton a g hn hp 2 ancol no, n chc mch h lin tip
trong dy ng ng thu c 3,584 lt CO
2
ktc v 3,96g H
2
O. CTPT ca
cc ancol l
A. CH
3
OH; C
2
H
5
OH B. C
2
H
5
OH; C
3
H
7
OH
C. C
3
H
7
OH; C
4
H
9
OH D. C
4
H
9
OH; C
5
H
11
OH
Bi 5. t chy hon ton 0,56 lt hn hp X gm hai hirocacbon c cng s
nguyn t cacbon, thu c
2
H O
m 1,9125 gam = ,
2
CO
m 4, 4gam = . Trong
X khng c cht no cha qu 1 lin kt pi. Cng thc ca hai hirocacbon
l
A. C
2
H
4
; C
2
H
6
B. C
3
H
6
; C
3
H
8
C. C
4
H
8
; C
4
H
10
D. C
5
H
10
; C
5
H
12

Bi 6. t chy hon ton 0,672 lt hn hp A gm hai kh hirocacbon (ktc) c
cng s nguyn t cacbon, thu c 2,64g CO
2
v 1,26 g H
2
O. Mt khc khi
cho A qua dung dch [Ag(NH
3
)
2
]OH ng trong ng nghim thy c kt ta
bm vo ng nghim. Cng thc phn t cc cht trong A l
A. C
2
H
2
; C
2
H
4
B. C
2
H
2
; C
2
H
6
C. C
3
H
4
; C
3
H
8
D. C
2
H
2
; C
3
H
4

Bi 7. Mt hn hp hi ca 3 ancol n chc A, B, C v 13,44 g kh O
2
c cha
trong mt bnh kn dung tch 16 lt p sut 0,92 atm, 109,2
o
C. t chy
hon ton hn hp, sn phm thu c
2 2
H O CO
m 3, 78g ; m 6,16g = = . Bit
rng B v C c cng s nguyn t cacbon v u khng phn ng vi dung
dch AgNO
3
/ NH
3
, s mol A bng
3
5
tng s mol ca B v C. Cng thc cu
to ca A, B, C ln lt l
A.
3 3 5 3 7
CH OH; C H OH ; C H OH B.
3 2 5 3 7
CH OH; C H OH ; C H OH
C.
2 5 3 5 3 7
C H OH; C H OH ; C H OH D.
3 3 5 4 9
CH OH; C H OH ; C H OH
Bi 8. t chy hon ton 0,896 lt hn hp kh X (ktc) gm hai hirocacbon A,
B thu c 1,12 lt kh CO
2
(ktc) v 1,26 g H
2
O. Cng thc phn t ca A,
B l
A. C
2
H
2
; C
2
H
4
B. CH
4
; C
2
H
4
C. CH
4
; C
2
H
6
D. CH
4
; C
2
H
2



37
Bi 9. t chy hon ton 3,24g hn hp X gm hai cht hu c A, B trong A
hn B mt nguyn t cacbon (M
A
<M
B
), thu c H
2
O v 9,24g CO
2
. Bit t
khi hi ca X so vi H
2
l 13,5. Cng thc ca A v B ln lt l
A. C
2
H
4
O ; C
3
H
6
O B. CH
2
O ; C
2
H
2

C. CH
4
O ; C
2
H
6
O D. C
2
H
4
O ; C
3
H
8
O
Bi 10. t chy hon ton 2,6 g hn hp cht A gm mui natri ca 2 axit
cacboxylic no n chc k tip nhau trong dy ng ng thu c 1,59 g
Na
2
CO
3
v hn hp kh B (CO
2
, H
2
O). Cng thc phn t ca 2 mui trong
hn hp A v khi lng hn hp B ln lt l
A. CH
3
COONa ; C
2
H
5
COONa ; 3,40g.
B. C
2
H
5
COONa ; C
3
H
7
COONa ; 3,41g.
C. CH
3
COONa ; C
2
H
5
COONa ; 4,31g.
D. C
4
H
9
COONa ; C
3
H
7
COONa ; 3,40g.
Bi 11. Chia 15,6 g hn hp gm ancol etylic v mt ng ng thnh hai phn
bng nhau. Phn I tc dng ht vi Na thu c 2,24 lt H
2
(ktc). Phn II
un nng vi 30 g axit axetic (xc tc H
2
SO
4
). Bit hiu sut cc phn ng
este ha u bng 80%. Tng khi lng este thu c l
A. 16,20 g B. 12,96 g C. 19,26 g D. 12,60 g
8. Mt s phng php khc khi gii bi tp ho hc
1. Phng php suy lun tng ng
V d: Cho m gam hn hp Fe v 3 oxit FeO, Fe
2
O
3
, Fe
3
O
4
tc dng vi kh H
2

thu c 11,2 gam kim loi Fe v 1,8 gam H
2
O. Nu cho hn hp trn tc dng
vi HNO
3
th thu c bao nhiu lt kh NO
2
(ktc)
Gii:
Phng trnh phn ng:
FeO + H
2
Fe + H
2
O
Fe
3
O
4
+ 4H
2
3Fe + 4 H
2
O
Fe
2
O
3
+ 3H
2
2Fe + 3 H
2
O
Fe + 6HNO
3
Fe(NO
3
)
3
+ 3NO
2
+3H
2
O
FeO + 4HNO
3
Fe(NO
3
)
3
+ NO
2
+ 2H
2
O
Fe
3
O
4
+10 HNO
3
3Fe(NO
3
)
3
+ NO
2
+ 5H
2
O
Fe
2
O
3
+ 6 HNO
3
2 Fe(NO
3
)
3
+ 3H
2
O
S phn ng
Fe + H
2
O
+
2
H

3 2
4 3
O Fe
O Fe
FeO
3
HNO +
NO
2



38
(11,2 gam) (1,8 gam)
Th t li vn theo cch nh sau:
Cho 11,2 gam Fe tc dng vi 1,8 gam H
2
O thu c hn hp gm Fe v cc
oxit ca n. Cho hn hp ny tc dng vi HNO
3
th thu c bao nhiu lt NO
2

iu kin tiu chun.
Fe
+ ) gam 8 , 1 ( O H
2

3 2
4 3
O Fe
O Fe
FeO
3
HNO +
NO
2

(11,2 gam)
* p dng phng php bo ton e
Cht kh Cht oxi ho
Fe Fe
3+
+ 3e
0,2 0,6

H
2
O + 2e H
2
+ O
2-

0,1 0,2
NO
3

+ e + 4H
+
NO
2
+ 2H
2
O
a a
ta c: 0,6 = 0,2 + a a = 0,4 mol
2
NO
V = 8,96 lt
2. Phng php t n s ph
V d: Cho 18,5 gam hn hp Z gm Fe, Fe
3
O
4

tc dng vi 200 ml dung dch
HNO
3
long un nng v khuy u. Sau khi phn ng xy ra hon ton thu
c 2,24 lt kh NO duy nht (ktc), dung dch Z
1
v cn li 1,46 gam kim
loi.
1. Vit cc phng trnh ha hc cho cc phn ng xy ra.
2. Tnh nng mol/l ca dung dch HNO
3
.
Gii:
t cng thc chung ca Fe (tham gia phn ng) v Fe
3
O
4
trong hn hp l Fe
x
O
y
,
s mol l a, ta c: 56ax + 16ay = 18,5-1,46 = 17,04 (1)
N
+5
+ 3e N
+2
(trong NO)
0,3 0,1
FexOy xFe
+2
+ yO
-2

+ (2x -2y)e
a (2x -2y)a
2ax 2ay = 0,3 (2)
Gii h hai phng trnh (1), (2): ax = 0,27; ay = 0,12
nFe =
2 3
) ( NO Fe
n = ax nn
3
HNO
n 0, 27 2 0,1 0,64(mol) = + =
M C
HNO
2 , 3
2 , 0
64 , 0
3
= =