Noi Dung

TRNG I HC S PHM K THUT TP.
HCM
KHOA IN - IN T
B MN IN T VIN THNG

N TT NGHIP
ti:
H THNG THNG TIN DI NG
TH H TH 4
THEO CNG NGH LTE
V LTE PHT TRIN

GVHD: T.S L QUANG TUN
SVTH: PHAN THI HNG
MSSV: 06117023

PHN A: GII THIU

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LI CM N

u tin, ngi thc hin ti xin gi li cm n
chn thnh n tt c cc thy c trong b mn
in t-Vin thng cng nh cc thy c trong khoa
in-in t lun nhit tnh hng dn, truyn t
kin thc trong sut thi gian hc tp ti trng, l nn tng
gip ngi thc hin c th thc hin ti tt nghip ny.

Ngi thc hin ti xin gi li cm n su sc n
Thy L Quang Tun, ngi ht lng hng dn,
ch bo trong sut thi gian lm n, gip ngi thc hin
c nhng hng i ng n c th hon thnh ti.

Xin gi li cm n c bit n nhng ngi bn lun
ht lng gip ngi thc hin trong thi gian qua.

Mt ln na xin chn thnh cm n!

Ngi thc hin ti
Phan Thi Hng

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QUYT NH GIAO TI
H v tn sinh vin:
Phan Thi Hng MSSV: 06117023
Ngnh: Cng ngh in t - Vin thng
Tn ti: H THNG THNG TIN DI NG TH H TH 4 THEO
CNG NGH 4G LTE V LTE PHT TRIN
1) C s ban u:
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2) Ni dung cc phn thuyt minh v tnh ton:
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3) Cc bn v:
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4) Gio vin hng dn: TS. L Quang Tun
5) Ngy giao nhim v:
6) Ngy hon thnh nhim v:

B GIO DC V O TO
TRNG I HC S PHM
K THUTTP. H CH MINH
CNG HA X HI CH NGHA
VIT NAM
c lp T do Hnh phc
Gio vin hng dn

T.S L Quang Tun
Ngy .. thng .. nm 2011

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NHN XT CA GIO VIN HNG DN
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Gio vin hng dn

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NHN XT CA GIO VIN PHN BIN
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Gio vin phn bin 2

Gio vin phn bin 1

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LI NI U

Tip theo mng thng tin di ng (TTD) th h th 3(3G), Lin minh Vin thng
quc t (ITU) ang hng ti mt chun cho mng di ng t bo mi th h th 4
(4G). 4G c nhng tnh nng vt tri nh: cho php thoi da trn nn IP, truyn
s liu v a phng tin vi tc cao hn rt nhiu so vi cc mng di ng hin
nay. Theo tnh ton, tc truyn d liu c th ln n 100 Mb/s, thm ch ln n
1 Gb/s trong cc iu kin tnh.
Nhu cu ca khch hng lun tc ng ln n s ra i, tn ti v pht trin ca
mt cng ngh mi. C th ni, hin nay c hai yu t t nhu cu ca ngi dng
tc ng n s pht trin ca cng ngh 4G. Th nht, l s gia tng v nhu cu
ca cc ng dng ca mng khng dy v nhu cu bng thng cao khi truy nhp
internet. Th hai, ngi dng lun mun cng ngh khng dy mi ra i vn s
cung cp cc dch v v tin ch theo cch tng t nh mng hu tuyn, mng
khng dy hin c m h ang dng vi nhng thi quen ca h. V hin nhin,
nhu cu v cht lng dch v cung cp c tt hn, tc cao hn, tc truy
nhp Web, ti xung cc ti nguyn mng nhanh hnl ch hng ti ca cng
ngh di ng 4G.
Vit Nam, hin nay 3G ang pht trin rm r v tin ln 4G khng cn xa
na. Theo tin t Tp on Bu chnh vin thng Vit Nam (VNPT), n v ny va
hon thnh vic lp t trm BTS s dng cho dch v v tuyn bng rng cng
ngh LTE, cng ngh tin 4G u tin ti Vit Nam v ng Nam .
ha nhp vi xu th chung, ngi thc hin chn ti H thng thng tin
di ng th h th 4 theo cng ngh LTE v LTE pht trin c c hi nghin
cu, tm hiu k hn v cng ngh mi ny.

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Ni dung ca n ny gm c 3 phn:
Phn A: Gii thiu
Phn B: Ni dung
Chng 1: Tng quan cc h thng thng tin di ng
Chng 2: H thng 4G LTE
Chng 3: Tng quan mng di ng 4G LTE Advance
Chng 4: M phng
Phn C: Ph lc v ti liu tham kho
Trong qu trnh thc hin ti, do kh nng cn hn ch ca ngi thc hin m
ti cn c nhiu thiu st, rt mong s ng gp kin ca thy c v bn b.

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MC LC
Phn A: Gii thiu
Li cm n ............................................................................................................... i
Quyt nh giao ti .............................................................................................. ii
Nhn xt ca gio vin hng dn ..........................................................................iii
Nhn xt ca gio vin phn bin ........................................................................... iv
Li ni u ............................................................................................................. iv
Mc lc ................................................................................................................ ivii
Lit k bng ............................................................................................................. x
Lit k hnh ............................................................................................................ xi

Phn B: Ni dung

CHNG 1: TNG QUAN CC H THNG THNG TIN DI NG ............... 1
1.1 Lch s pht trin ca cc h thng thng tin di ng ........................................ 1
1.1.1 Th h 1G (First Generation).................................................................... 1
1.1.2 Th h 2G (Second Generation) ............................................................... 1
1.1.3 Th h 3G (Third Generation) .................................................................. 2
1.2 Cng ngh 4G ........................................................................................................ 4
CHNG 2: H THNG 4G LTE ..................................................................... 13
2.1 Tng quan ............................................................................................................ 13
2.1.1 Gii thiu v cng ngh LTE ................................................................. 13
2.1.2 So snh cng ngh LTE vi cng ngh Wimax v nhng trin vng cho
cng ngh LTE ............................................................................................... 14
2.1.2.1 So snh cng ngh LTE vi cng ngh Wimax ................................ 14
2.1.2.2 Nhng trin vng cho cng ngh LTE ............................................. 18
2.1.3 Mc tiu thit k LTE ............................................................................ 20
2.1.3.1 Tim nng cng ngh ....................................................................... 21
2.1.3.2 Hiu sut h thng ........................................................................... 22
2.1.3.3 Cc vn lin quan n vic trin khai .......................................... 24
2.1.3.4 Kin trc v s dch chuyn (migration) .......................................... 28
2.1.3.5 Qun l ti nguyn v tuyn ............................................................. 28
2.1.3.6 phc tp ..................................................................................... 29
2.1.3.7 Nhng vn chung ........................................................................ 29
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2.1.4 Cc thng s lp vt l ca LTE ............................................................ 29
2.1.5 Dch v ca LTE .................................................................................... 30
2.1.6 Tnh hnh trin khai mng LTE ti Vit Nam: VNPT lin doanh trin khai
mng LTE (4G) .............................................................................................. 33
2.2 Cu trc mng ..................................................................................................... 35
2.2.1 Mng li ................................................................................................. 38
2.2.2 Mng truy cp ........................................................................................ 41
2.2.3 ng giao tip gia mng li vi mng truy cp v tuyn .................... 42
2.2.4 ng giao tip vi c s d liu ngi dng ........................................ 44
2.2.5 Cu trc chuyn vng Roaming ............................................................. 44
2.2.6 Kt ni vi cc mng khc ..................................................................... 45
2.3 Kin trc giao thc .............................................................................................. 46
2.3.1 Mt phng ngi dng ........................................................................... 46
2.3.2 Mt phng iu khin ............................................................................. 47
2.4 Cc knh s dng trong E-UTRAN ................................................................... 50
2.4.1 Knh vt l : cc knh vt l s dng cho d liu ngi dng bao gm : 50
2.4.2 Knh logic : c nh ngha bi thng tin n mang bao gm: ............... 50
2.4.3 Knh vn chuyn: bao gm cc knh sau ............................................... 51
2.5 Truyn d liu hng xung .............................................................................. 51
2.5.1 Nguyn tc c bn ca OFDM ............................................................... 51
2.5.2 Gii iu ch OFDM .............................................................................. 55
2.5.3 Thc hin OFDM s dng x l IFFT/FFT ............................................ 56
2.5.4 Chn cyclic prefix .................................................................................. 58
2.5.5 M hnh min thi gian ca truyn OFDM ............................................. 60
2.5.6 S c lng knh v nhng symbol tham chiu. .................................. 61
2.5.7 Tnh a dng tn s vi OFDM: iu quan trng ca m knh ............... 62
2.5.8 La chn nhng thng s c bn ca OFDM ......................................... 64
2.5.8.1 Khong cch sng mang con OFDM ................................................ 64
2.5.8.2 S sng mang con ............................................................................ 65
2.5.8.3 Chiu di cyclic prefix ..................................................................... 66
2.5.9 S bin i cng sut truyn tc thi ..................................................... 67
2.5.10 OFDM nh l k hoch a truy nhp v ghp knh .............................. 67
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2.5.11 Truyn broadcast/multicast a cell v OFDM ....................................... 69
2.6 Truyn d liu hng ln ................................................................................... 71
2.7 MIMO .................................................................................................................. 73
2.7.1 C bn v MIMO LTE ........................................................................... 73
2.7.2 SU-MIMO (Single user MIMO) ............................................................. 74
2.7.3 MU-MIMO ............................................................................................ 74
2.7.4 Ghp knh khng gian............................................................................ 76
2.8 MIMO-OFDM ..................................................................................................... 77
CHNG 3 TNG QUAN MNG DI NG 4G LTE ADVANCE ................... 82
3.1 Tng quan ............................................................................................................ 82
3.2 Nhng cng ngh thnh phn xut cho LTE-Advance................................ 83
3.2.1 Truyn dn bng rng hn v chia s ph tn ......................................... 83
3.2.2 Gii php a anten .................................................................................. 84
3.2.3 Truyn dn a im phi hp ................................................................. 84
3.2.4 Cc b lp v cc b chuyn tip ............................................................ 85
3.2.5 MCMC CDMA ...................................................................................... 86
3.2.5.1 H thng Multicarrier CDMA .......................................................... 86
3.2.5.2 H thng Multicode CDMA ............................................................. 90
3.2.5.3 H thng MCMC CDMA ................................................................. 94
CHNG 4: M PHNG .................................................................................... 98
4.1 Giao din chnh chng trnh ............................................................................. 98
4.2. H thng thu pht SC-FDMA ......................................................................... 100
4.3 M phng h thng SCFDMA 10 user trong cc trng hp: c nh, di
chuyn chm (i b), di chuyn nhanh (i xe)108
4.4 So snh h thng SC-FDMA v MCMC-CDMA ........................................... 108

Phn C: Ph lc v ti liu tham kho

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LIT K BNG

Bng 1.1 So snh thng s c dim ca cc h thng .................................. 11
Bng 2.1 Tin trnh pht trin cc chun ca 3GPP ....................................... 16
Bng 2.2 LTE v WIMAX ............................................................................ 17
Bng 2.3 Cc yu cu v hiu sut ph v lu lng ngi dng .................. 23
Bng 2.4 Yu cu v thi gian gin on, LTE-GSM v LTE-WCDMA ...... 25
Bng 2.5 Cc thng s lp vt l ca LTE ..................................................... 29
Bng 2.6 Tc nh ca LTE theo lp ........................................................ 30
Bng 2.7 So snh cc dch v ca 3G so vi 4G LTE .................................... 31

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LIT K HNH

Hnh 1.1 : Tc bit v s pht trin di ng n IMT-Advance .................... 7
Hnh 1.2 : Qu trnh pht trin cc cng ngh thng tin di ng 4G ................ 8
Hnh 2.1 L trnh pht trin ca LTE v cc cng ngh khc ........................ 15
Hnh 2.2 Mc tiu thit k LTE ..................................................................... 20
Hnh 2.3 Phn b ph bng tn li ti 2 Ghz ca nguyn bn IMT-2000 ....... 26
Hnh 2.4 Mt v d v cch thc LTE thm nhp tng bc vo phn b ph
ca mt h thng GSM c trin khai .................................................... 27
Hnh 2.5 B thu pht sng ............................................................................. 37
Hnh 2.6 H thng mng li .......................................................................... 37
Hnh 2.7 S chuyn i trong cu trc mng t UTRAN sang E-UTRAN .... 36
Hnh 2.8 Cu trc EPS .................................................................................. 37
Hnh 2.9 Cc thnh phn trong mng EPS .................................................... 37
Hnh 2.10 Phn chia chc nng gia E-UTRAN v EPC ............................... 39
Hnh 2.11 Cu trc chuyn vng truy cp vi P-GW trong mng nh ........... 44
Hnh 2.12 Kin trc lin mng vi 3G UMTS ............................................... 45
Hnh 2.13 Ngn xp giao thc mt phng ngi dng ca E-UTRAN........... 46
Hnh 2.14 Ngn xp giao thc mt phng iu khin ca E-UTRAN ............ 47
Hnh 2.15 Kin trc giao thc ....................................................................... 48
Hnh 2.16: Khong cch sng mang con OFDM ........................................... 52
Hnh 2.17: iu ch OFDM .......................................................................... 53
Hnh 2.18: Li thi gian tn s OFDM ....................................................... 54
Hnh 2.19: Nguyn tc c bn ca gii iu ch OFDM ................................ 55
Hnh 2.20: iu ch OFDM bng x l IFFT ................................................ 57
Hnh 2.21: Gii iu ch OFDM bng x l FFT .......................................... 58
Hnh 2.22: S phn tn thi gian v thi gian nhn c tn hiu tng ng . 58
Hnh 2.23: Chn cyclic prefix ....................................................................... 59
Hnh 2.24: M hnh min tn s ca truyn nhn OFDM .............................. 60
Hnh 2.25: S cn bng mt nhnh ti u thu OFDM .................................. 61
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Hnh 2.26: Li thi gian tn s vi nhng symbol tham chiu bit trc .... 62

Hnh 2.27: Truyn n sng mang bng rng v OFDM qua knh la chn tn
s .................................................................................................................. 63
Hnh 2.28: M knh kt hp vi xen tn s trong truyn OFDM ................... 64
Hnh 2.29: Ph ca tn hiu OFDM 5MHz v ph WCDMA ........................ 66
Hnh 2.30: K hoch a truy nhp/a ghp knh ngi dng......................... 67
Hnh 2.31: Phn chia ghp knh ngi dng ................................................. 68
Hnh 2.32: K hoch truyn Broadcast .......................................................... 69
Hnh 2.33: Truyn Broadcast v Unicast ....................................................... 70
Hnh 2.34: S tng ng gia truyn ng thi v truyn a tuyn ........... 71
Hnh 2.35 S khi DFT-s-OFDM ............................................................ 72
Hnh 2.36 M hnh SU-MIMO v MU-MIMO .............................................. 74
Hnh 2.37 Hnh minh ha MU-MIMO v SU-MIMO .................................... 75
Hnh 2.38 Cc ch chnh trong MIMO ................................................... 75
Hnh 2.39 Ghp knh khng gian .................................................................. 76
Hnh 2.40 B thu pht MIMO-OFDM ........................................................... 77
Hnh 3.1 Vi du v khi kt tp sng mang ..................................................... 84
Hnh 3.2 Truyn dn a im phi hp ......................................................... 85
Hnh 3.4 S to tn hiu MC-CDMA cho mt ngi dng ............................ 87
Hnh 3.5: Nguyn tc to tn hiu MC-CDMA .............................................. 88
Hnh 3.7: S khi b pht Multi-code CDMA kiu truyn song song ....... 90
Hnh 3.8: S khi b thu Multi-code CDMA kiu truyn song song ......... 91
Hnh 3.9: M hnh b pht v b thu h thng Multi-code CDMA kiu ........ 92
Hnh 3.10: M hnh Multi-code CDMA tng qut ......................................... 93

Hnh 3.11: S to tn hiu ri rc PMC-MC-CDMA ..................................... 95
Hnh 3.12: S rt gn cho s to tn hiu ri rc PMC-MC-CDMA ......... 95
Hnh 3.13: S to tn hiu ri rc MMC-MC-CDMA .................................... 96

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NI DUNG

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CHNG 1: TNG QUAN CC H THNG
THNG TIN DI NG
1.1 Lch s pht trin ca cc h thng thng tin di ng
1.1.1 Th h 1G (First Generation)
y l h thng thng tin di ng tng t s dng phng thc a truy nhp phn
chia theo tn s FDMA v iu ch tn s FM vi cc c im:
- Phng thc truy nhp: FDMA.
- Dch v n thun l thoi.
- Cht lng thp.
- Bo mt km.
Mt s h thng in hnh:
- NMT (Nordic Mobile Telephone): s dng bng tn 450Mhz trin khai ti cc nc
Bc u vo nm 1981.
- TACS (Total Access Communication System): trin khai Anh vo nm 1985.
- AMPS (Advance Mobile Phone System): trin khai ti Bc M vo nm 1978 ti
bng tn 800Mhz.
1.1.2 Th h 2G (Second Generation)
H thng mng 2G c c trng bi cng ngh chuyn mch k thut s (digital
circuit-switched). K thut ny chim u th hn 1G vi cc c im sau:
- Dung lng tng.
- Cht lng thoi tt hn.
- H tr cc dch v s liu (data).
- Phng thc truy nhp : TDMA, CDMA bng hp.
Mt s h thng in hnh:
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- GSM (Global System for Mobile Phone) s dng phng thc truy cp TDMA
c trin khai ti chu u.
- D-AMPS (IS-136-Digital Advance Mobile Phone System) s dng phng thc
truy cp TDMA c trin khai ti M.
- IS-95 (CDMA One) s dng phng thc truy cp CDMA c trin khai ti M
v Hn Quc.
- PDC (Personal Digital Cellular) s dng phng thc truy cp TDMA c trin
khai ti Nht Bn.
1.1.3 Th h 3G (Third Generation)
y l th h th ba ca chun cng ngh in thoi di ng, cho php truyn c d
liu thoi v ngoi thoi (ti d liu, gi email, tin nhn nhanh, hnh nh). 3G
cung cp c hai h thng l chuyn mch gi v chuyn mch knh. H thng 3G
yu cu mt mng truy cp radio hon ton khc so vi h thng 2G hin nay. im
mnh ca cng ngh ny so vi 2G l cho php truyn, nhn cc d liu, m thanh,
hnh nh cht lng cao cho c thu bao c nh v thu bao ang di chuyn cc
tc khc nhau.
Mng 3G c trng bi tc d liu cao, capacity ca h thng ln, tng hiu qu
s dng ph tn v nhiu ci tin khc. C mt lot cc chun cng ngh di ng
3G, tt c u da trn CDMA, bao gm: UMTS (dng c FDD ln TDD),
CDMA2000 v TD-SCDMA:
- UMTS (i khi cn c gi l 3GSM) s dng k thut a truy cp WCDMA.
UMTS c chun ho bi 3GPP. UMTS l cng ngh 3G c la chn bi hu
ht cc nh cung cp dch v GSM/GPRS i ln 3G. Tc d liu ti a l
1920Kbps (gn 2Mbps). Nhng trong thc t tc ny ch tm 384Kbps thi.
ci tin tc d liu ca3G, hai k thut HSDPA v HSUPA c ngh. Khi
c 2 k thut ny c trin khai, ngi ta gi chung l HSPA. HSPA thng c
bit n nh l cng ngh 3,5G.
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- HSDPA: Tng tc downlink (ng xung, t NodeB v ngi dng di ng).
Tc ti a l thuyt l 14,4Mbps, nhng trong thc t n ch t tm 1,8Mbps
(hoc tt lm l 3,6Mbps). Theo mt bo co caGSA thng 7 nm 2008, 207 mng
HSDPA v ang bt u trin khai, trong 207 thng mi ho 89 nc
trn th gii.
- HSUPA: tng tc uplink (ng ln) v ci tin QoS. K thut ny cho php
ngi dng upload thng tin vi tc ln n 5,8Mbps (l thuyt). Cng trong
cng bo co trn ca GSA, 51 nh cung cp dch v thng tin di ng trin khai
mng HSUPA 35 nc v 17 nh cung cp mng ln k hoch trin khai mng
HSUPA.
- CDMA2000: bao gm CDMA2000 1xRTT (Radio Transmission Technology),
CDMA2000 (Evolution -Data Optimized) v CDMA2000 EV-DV(Evolution -Data
and Voice). CDMA2000 c chun ho bi 3GPP2. CDMA2000 l cng ngh 3G
c la chn bi cc nh cung cp mng CdmaOne.
- CDMA2000 1xRTT: chnh thc c cng nhn nh l mt cng ngh 3G, tuy
nhin nhiu ngi xem n nh l mt cng ngh 2,75G ng hn l 3G. Tc ca
1xRTT c th t n 307Kbps, song hu ht cc mng trin khai ch gii hn
tc peak 144Kbps.
- CDMA2000 EV-DO: s dng mt knh d liu 1,25MHz chuyn bit v c th
cho tc d liu n 2,4Mbps cho ng xung v 153Kbps cho ng ln.
1xEV-DO Rev A h tr truyn thng gi IP, tng tc ng xung n 3,1Mbps
v c bit c th y tc ng ln n 1,2Mbps. Bn cnh , 1xEV-DO Rev
B cho php nh cung cp mng gp n 15 knh 1,25MHz li truyn d liu vi
tc 73,5Mbps.
- CDMA2000 EV-DV: tch hp thoi v d liu trn cng mt knh 1,25MHz.
CDMA2000 EV-DV cung cp tc peak n 4,8Mbps cho ng xung v n
307Kbps cho ng ln. Tuy nhin t nm 2005, Qualcomm dng v thi hn
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vic pht trin ca 1xEV-DV v a phn cc nh cung cp mng CDMA nh
Verizon Wireless v Sprint chn EV-DO.
- TD-SCDMA l chun di ng c ngh bi "China Communications Standards
Association" v c ITU duyt vo nm 1999. y l chun 3G ca Trung Quc.
TD-SCDMA dng song cng TDD. TD-SCDMA c th hot ng trn mt di tn
hp 1,6MHz (cho tc 2Mbps) hay 5MHz (cho tc 6Mbps). Ngy xut hnh
ca TD-SCDMA b y li nhiu ln. Nhiu th nghim v cng ngh ny
din ra t u nm 2004 cng nh trong th vn hi Olympic gn y.
1.2 Cng ngh 4G
Nhu cu i vi cc h thng sau 3G
Khi nhn vo tng lai, cu hi chnh t ra cho cc nh cung cp thit b mng l
khi no v ti sao ngi dng cn n cc mng khng dy sau 3G. Mi my nm
trc, in thoi l ng dng u tin c di ng ha. Vi nm sau th SMS
(Short Message Service) tr thnh ng dng truyn d liu di ng u tin vo
c th trng i chng. n nay th nhng mng in thoi di ng n gin
nht cng c kh nng truyn SMS do bi yu cu thp v bng thng ca n. C
th xem SMS chnh l dch v tin phong ca nhng dch v truyn d liu khc
nh e-mail di ng, duyt Web di ng v nhiu dch v khc na. Nhng ng
dng nh vy tr thnh hin thc nh s xut hin cc mng khng dy truyn cc
gi d liu theo giao thc IP. n nay th dung lng cc mng 3G v 3.5G vn
cho yu cu v bandwidth ca cc ng dng ny v s lng ngi dng hin c.
Nhng c th thy trong tng lai khng xa, mt s xu hng s lm tng yu
cu v bandwidth:
- Mc s dng mng khng dy ngy cng tng: do gi thnh ngy cng h, ngy
cng c nhiu ngi s dng cc ng dng khng dy cn truy cp mng.
- Ni dung a phng tin: tuy nhng n lc u tin di ng ha Web ch t c
cc trang Web ch yu l vn bn, nhng ni dung ha ngy cng tr nn ph
bin hn. Mt hnh nh c th ni thay cho hng nghn t ng, nhng n cng lm
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tng lng d liu cn c truyn i cho mi trang Web. Vic ti xung m nhc
v phim nh cng ang tr nn ph bin hn, lm tng hn na yu cu v bng
thng.
- Cc mng x hi di ng: tng t nh trong Internet ng dy c nh, c mt
dng ng dng mi ang thay i cch thc con ngi s dng Internet. Trong qu
kh, ngi dng ch yu ch tiu th ni dung. Ngy nay th cc blog, cc site chia
s hnh nh v cc cng truyn ti phim ang nh hnh li Internet, bi v ngi
dng khng ch tiu th ni dung na m nay dng mng chia s nhng
tng, hnh nh v phim nh ca h vi ngi khc.
- Voice over IP: th gii thoi ng dy c nh ang nhanh chng chuyn sang
hng VoIP. Nhiu kh nng l ch khong nm nm na, nhiu mng thoi chuyn
knh ng dy c nh hin nay s chuyn hon ton sang truyn thoi da trn
IP. Tng t nh vy, v phng din truy cp mng, nhiu ngi dng s s dng
VoIP nh dch v thoi chnh ca h, v d nh qua cc mng DSL hoc TV cp.
Hin nay c th thy nhng ng thi chuyn dch ny ri, bi v th trng thoi
chuyn knh ang chu p lc ngy cng tng do s st gim s lng thu bao. Kt
qu l, nhiu nh cung cp dch v thoi ng dy c nh khng cn u t vo
cng ngh chuyn knh na. C th quan st thy mt xu hng tng t trong cc
mng khng dy. Tuy nhin, s dch chuyn y chm hn nhiu, c bit l do
yu cu v bng thng cao hn truyn cc cuc thoi qua mt ng truyn
chuyn gi.
- S thay th cho ng dy c nh: trong khi lng thng thoi ngy cng tng th
doanh thu ngy cng gim cc mng ng dy c nh ln khng dy do cc
thu bao ngy cng gim. V vy, nhiu nc, cc nh cung cp dch v khng
dy ang c gng km gi hoc tng doanh thu bnh qun trn mi thu bao bng
cch cho mi kh nng truy cp Internet cho my PC, my tnh xch tay v cc
thit b di ng trn cc mng UMTS/HSDPA hoc CDMA ca h. Nh vy l h
bt u cnh tranh trc tip vi cc nh cung cp dch v DSL v cp. Mun cnh
tranh thnh cng, h cng phi tng thm bng thng trn mng ca mnh.
- S cnh tranh t nhng nh cung cp dch v Internet khng dy khc: mt s
nc, cc nh cung cp dch v khc v ang cho mi kh nng truy cp
n tt nghip Trang 6

Internet khng dy broadband bng cc mng Wifi hoc Wimax/802.16. Nhng nh
cung cp nh th cnh tranh trc tip vi cc nh cung cp dch v UMTS v
CDMA truyn thng vn ang hot ng trong th trng ny.
Mt s cng ngh khng dy hin ang c xy dng hoc ang trong giai on
trin khai ban u, c thit k p ng nhu cu tng lai ny: LTE ca 3GPP,
HSPA+ v Wimax. Cu hi t ra l trong bi cnh nh vy, nhng cng ngh no
l 3G hin nay, v cng ngh no c xem l 4G trong tng lai?
C quan chu trch nhim phn loi cc mng khng dy l ITU (International
Telecommunication Union). ITU phn loi cc mng vin thng di ng quc t
(international mobile telecommunication_IMT) nh sau:
- Cc h thng IMT-2000: tc nhng h thng m ta gi l 3G hin nay, v d UMTS
v CDMA2000.
- Cc h thng Enhanced IMT-2000: s pht trin ca cc h thng IMT-2000 (tc
sau 3G), v d nh HSPA, CDMA 1xEvDo v nhng th h pht trin hn na ca
chng trong tng lai.
- Cc h thng IMT-Advance: cc h thng thuc loi ny c xem l h thng 4G.
Trong lin minh vin thng quc t ITU, nhm cng tc 8F(ITU-R WP 8F) ang
tin hnh nghin cu cc h thng k tip sau IMT-2000. ITU-R WP 8F tuyn b
rng cn c cc cng ngh v tuyn di ng mi p ng cc kh nng cao hn
IMT-2000, tuy nhin vn cha ch r l cng ngh no. Thut ng IMT-Adv
cng s c cc bc pht trin ging nh IMT-2000 v s c cc kh nng ca cc
h thng trc .
Trong gii nghin cu, mt s n ang c tin hnh trong IMT-Advance v
th h sau ca truy nhp v tuyn. Chng hn nh n Winner c h tr mt
phn kinh t t lin minh chu u l n dnh cho nghin cu vn ny. Khi
nim ca Winner c rt nhiu cc phn t gn ging vi LTE. Tuy nhin Winner
t mc tiu cho tc s liu cao hn v v th c thit k cho bng thng rng
hn 20Mhz.
n tt nghip Trang 7

LTE l mt trong cc con ng tin ti 4G. LTE s tn ti trong giai on u ca
4G, tip theo s l IMT Adv. LTE cho php chuyn i dn t 3G UMTS sang
giai on u ca 4G sau sang IMT Adv. Chuyn i dn t LTE sang IMT Adv
l cha kha ca thnh cng trn th trng. 3GPP bt u hng n IMT-
Advance cng cho v tuyn vng ni ht di ci tn LTE-Advance. LTE-Advance
l mt phn ca 3GPP Release 10 v IMT-Advance s c trin khai vo nm
2013 hoc sau .

Hnh 1.1 : Tc bit v s pht trin di ng n IMT-Advance
Ngoi LTE ca 3GPP cn c cc hng chuyn i khc sang 4G. 3GPP2 cng
v ang thc hin k hoch nghin cu LTE cho mnh, h thng do 3GPP2 xut
l UMB (Ultra Mobile Broadband). Ngoi ra Wimax cng c k hoch tin ti 4G.
Mt l trnh tin ti mng 4G ca cc cng ngh c th hin nh hnh 1.2:
n tt nghip Trang 8


Hnh 1.2 : Qu trnh pht trin cc cng ngh thng tin di ng 4G

UMB
Chun UMB hin nay c pht trin bi 3GPP2 vi k hoch l s thng mi ho
trc 2009.
Mt s c im k thut nh sau:
Cc k thut Multiple radio v antenna tin tin:
Multiple Input Multiple Output (MIMO), a truy nhp phn chia theo khng gian
(Spatial Division Multiple Access (SDMA)) v k thut beamforming antenna
n tt nghip Trang 9

Cc k thut qun l nhiu tin tin (Improved interference management
techniques)
Tc d liu cao nht (peak data rates)
Ln ti 288 Mbps ng ln, 75 Mbps ng xung
Ln ti 1000 ngi s dng VoIP ng thi (vi s cp pht 20 MHz FDD)
IEEE 802.x
Chun ny bt ngun t mng WiFi, sau tin ln 802.16e ri 802.16m v by gi
l 802.20
Chun IEEE 802.20 cn c gi l truy nhp v tuyn bng rng di ng WBMA
(Mobile Broadband Wireless Access). N c th h tr ngay c khi ang di chuyn
vi vn tc ln ti 250 km/h.
Trong khi chuyn vng (roaming) ca WiMAX nhn chung b gii hn trong mt
phm vi nht nh, th chun IEEE 802.20 ging nh 3G c kh nng h tr chuyn
vng ton cu. Ngoi ra, cng ging nh WiMAX, IEEE 802.20 cng h tr cc k
thut QoS nhm cung cp nhng dch v c yu cu cao v tr, jitter... Trong
mng EEE 802.20, vic ng b gia ng ln v ng xung u c thc
hin hiu qu. D kin, chun IEEE 802.20 tng lai s kt hp mt s tnh nng
ca IEE 802.16e v cc mng d liu 3G, nhm cung cp v to ra mt mng truyn
thng a dng (rich communication).
3GPP LTE
H thng 3GPP LTE, l bc tip theo cn hng ti ca h thng mng khng dy
3G da trn cng ngh di ng GSM/UMTS, v l mt trong nhng cng ngh tim
nng nht cho truyn thng 4G. Lin minh Vin thng Quc t (ITU) nh ngha
truyn thng di ng th h th 4 l IMT Advanced v chia thnh hai h thng dng
cho di ng tc cao v di ng tc thp. 3GPP LTE l h thng dng cho di
ng tc cao. Ngoi ra, y cn l cng ngh h thng tch hp u tin trn th
n tt nghip Trang 10

gii ng dng c chun 3GPP LTE v cc chun dch v ng dng khc, do
ngi s dng c th d dng thc hin cuc gi hoc truyn d liu gia cc mng
LTE v cc mng GSM/GPRS hoc UMTS da trn WCDMA.
3GPP LTE c kh nng cp pht ph tn linh ng v h tr cc dch v a phng
tin vi tc trn 100Mb/s khi di chuyn tc 3km/h, v t 30Mb/s khi di
chuyn tc cao 120km/h th tc truyn l trn 30 Mb/s. Tc ny nhanh
hn gp 7 ln so vi tc truyn d liu ca cng ngh HSDPA (truy nhp gi d
liu tc cao). Do cng ngh ny cho php s dng cc dch v a phng tin
tc cao trong khi di chuyn bt k tc no nn n c th h tr s dng cc
dch v ni dung c dung lng ln vi phn gii cao c in thoi di ng,
my tnh b ti PDA, in thoi thng minh...
u im ni bt:
Dung lng truyn trn knh ng xung c th t 100 Mbps v trn knh ng
ln c th t 50 Mbps.
Tng tc truyn trn c ngi s dng v cc mt phng iu khin.
S khng cn chuyn mch knh. Tt c s da trn IP. VoIP s dng cho dich v
thoi.
Kin trc mng s n gin hn so vi mng 3G hin thi. Tuy nhin mng 3GPP
LTE vn c th tch hp mt cch d dng vi mng 3G v 2G hin ti. iu ny
ht sc quan trng cho nh cung cp mng trin khai 3GPP LTE v khng cn thay
i ton b c s h tng mng c.
OFDMA v MIMO c s dng trong 3G LTE thay v CDMA nh trong 3G.
LTE-Advance
S pht trin ca LTE Advance/IMT Advance c ch ra bng di v s tin
trin t cc dch v ca 3G c pht trin t k thut UMTS/W-CDMA.
n tt nghip Trang 11


Bng 1.1 So snh thng s c dim ca cc h thng

Mt s c im ca LTE Advance:
- Tc d liu nh: 1 Gbps cho ng xung v 500 Mbps cho ng ln.
- Bng thng s dng: 20Mhz_100Mhz.
- Hiu qu ph nh: 30bps/Hz cho ng xung v 15 bps/Hz cho ng ln.
- Thi gian ch: nh hn 50 ms khi chuyn t trng thi ri sang trng thi kt ni v
nh hn 5ms cho mi chuyn mch gi ring l.
- Tnh di ng: ging LTE.
- Kh nng tng thch: LTE Advance c kh nng lin kt mng vi LTE v cc h
thng ca 3GPP.
Mt s k thut dng trong LTE-Advance:
C mt s k thut chnh gip cho LTE Advance t c tc d liu cao.
MIMO v OFDM l hai k thut c bn. Bn cnh , cn c mt s k thut khc
n tt nghip Trang 12

s c trin khai. Trong s , k thut MC-MC-CDMA (Multicode Multicarrier
Code Devision Multiple Access) l mt ng c ang c nghin cu v bn ci
hin nay.
Trong khun kh ti, ngi thc hin s tin hnh nghin cu, m phng nhm
so snh cc k thut ang s dng hin nay trong LTE l OFDM kt hp vi MIMO
v SC-FDMA so vi MC-MC-CDMA la chn c phng php tt nht.

n tt nghip Trang 13


CHNG 2: H THNG 4G LTE
2.1 Tng quan
2.1.1 Gii thiu v cng ngh LTE
LTE l th h th t tng lai ca chun UMTS do 3GPP pht trin. UMTS th h
th ba da trn WCDMA c trin khai trn ton th gii. m bo tnh
cnh tranh cho h thng ny trong tng lai, thng 11/2004 3GPP bt u d n
nhm xc nh bc pht trin v lu di cho cng ngh di ng UMTS vi tn gi
Long Term Evolution (LTE). 3GPP t ra yu cu cao cho LTE, bao gm gim chi
ph cho mi bit thng tin, cung cp dch v tt hn, s dng linh hot cc bng tn
hin c v bng tn mi, n gin ha kin trc mng vi cc giao tip m v gim
ng k nng lng tiu th thit b u cui. Cc mc tiu ca cng ngh ny l:
- Tc nh tc thi vi bng thng 20Mhz:
Ti ln: 50 Mbps.
Ti xung: 100 Mbps.
- Dung lng d liu truyn ti trung bnh ca mt ngi dng trn 1Mhz so vi
mng HSDPA Rel.6:
Ti ln: gp 2 n 3 ln.
Ti xung: gp 3 n 4 ln.
- Hot ng ti u vi tc di chuyn ca thu bao l 0-15 km/h. Vn hot ng tt
vi tc t 15-120 km/h. Vn duy tr c hot ng khi thu bao di chuyn vi
tc t 120-350 km/h (thm ch 500 km/h ty bng tn).
- Cc ch tiu trn phi m bo trong bn knh vng ph sng 5km, gim cht t
trong phm vi n 30km. T 30-100km th khng hn ch.

- di bng thng linh hot: c th hot ng vi cc bng tn 1.25Mhz, 1.6 Mhz,
10Mhz, 15Mhz v 20Mhz c chiu ln v chiu xung. H tr c hai trng hp
di bng ln v bng xung bng nhau hoc khng.
n tt nghip Trang 14


t c mc tiu ny, s c rt nhiu k thut mi c p dng, trong ni
bt l k thut v tuyn OFDMA (a truy cp phn chia theo tn s trc giao), k
thut anten MIMO (Multiple Input Multiple Output). Ngoi ra h thng ny s chy
hon ton trn nn IP (all-IP Network), v h tr c hai ch FDD v TDD.
2.1.2 So snh cng ngh LTE vi cng ngh Wimax v nhng trin vng cho
cng ngh LTE
2.1.2.1 So snh cng ngh LTE vi cng ngh Wimax
V cng ngh, LTE v Wimax c mt s khc bit nhng cng c nhiu im
tng ng. C hai cng ngh u da trn nn tng IP. C hai u dng k thut
MIMO ci thin cht lng truyn/nhn tn hiu, ng xung t trm thu pht
n thit b u cui u c tng tc bng k thut OFDM h tr truyn ti d
liu a phng tin v video. Theo l thuyt, chun Wimax hin ti (802.16e) cho
tc ti xung ti a l 70Mbps, cn LTE d kin c th cho tc n
300Mbps. Tuy nhin, khi LTE c trin khai ra th trng c th Wimax cng s
c nng cp ln chun 802.16m (cn c gi l Wimax 2.0) c tc tng
ng hoc cao hn.

n tt nghip Trang 15


Hnh 2.1 L trnh pht trin ca LTE v cc cng ngh khc

ng ln t thit b u cui n trm thu pht c s khc nhau gia 2 cng ngh.
WiMax dng OFDMA (Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiple Access mt bin
th ca OFDM), cn LTE dng k thut SC-FDMA (Single Carrier - Frequency
Division Multiple Access). V l thuyt, SC-FDMA c thit k lm vic hiu qu
hn v cc thit b u cui tiu th nng lng thp hn OFDMA.
LTE cn c u th hn WiMax v c thit k tng thch vi c phng thc
TDD (Time Division Duplex) v FDD (Frequency Division Duplex). Ngc li,
WiMax hin ch tng thch vi TDD (theo mt bo co c cng b u nm
nay, WiMax Forum ang lm vic vi mt phin bn Mobile WiMax tch hp
FDD). TDD truyn d liu ln v xung thng qua 1 knh tn s (dng phng
thc phn chia thi gian), cn FDD cho php truyn d liu ln v xung thng qua
2 knh tn s ring bit. iu ny c ngha LTE c nhiu ph tn s dng hn
n tt nghip Trang 16

WiMax. Tuy nhin, s khc bit cng ngh khng c ngha quyt nh trong cuc
chin gia WiMax v LTE.
Bng 2.1: Tin trnh pht trin cc chun ca 3GPP
Phin
bn
Thi im
hon tt
Tnh nng chnh / Thng tin
Release
99
Qu 1/2000
Gii thiu UMTS (Universal Mobile
Telecommunications System) v WCDMA
(Wideband CDMA).
Release
4
Qu 2/2001
B sung mt s tnh nng nh mng li da trn IP
v c nhng ci tin cho UMTS.
Release
5
Qu 1/2002
Gii thiu IMS (IP Multimedia Subsystems) v
HSDPA (High-Speed Download Packet Access).
Release
6
Qu 4/2004
Kt hp vi Wireless LAN, thm HSUPA (High-
Speed Upload Packet Access) v cc tnh nng nng
cao cho IMS nh Push to Talk over Cellular (PoC).
Release
7
Qu 4/2007
Tp trung gim tr, ci thin cht lng dch v
v cc ng dng thi gian thc nh VoIP. Phin bn
ny cng tp trung vo HSPA+ (High Speeed
Packet Evolution) v EDGE Evolution.
Release
8
D kin cui
nm 2008
hoc u
nm 2009
Gii thiu LTE v kin trc li UMTS nh l mng
IP th h th t hon ton da trn IP.

Hin ti WiMax c li th i trc LTE: mng WiMax c trin khai v thit
b WiMax cng c mt trn th trng, cn LTE th sm nht cng phi n nm
n tt nghip Trang 17

2010 ngi dng mi c tri nghim. Tuy nhin LTE vn c li th quan trng
so vi WiMax. LTE c hip hi cc nh khai thc GSM (GSM Association) chp
nhn l cng ngh bng rng di ng tng lai ca h di ng hin ang thng tr
th trng di ng ton cu vi khong 2,5 t thu bao (theo Informa Telecoms &
Media) v trong 3 nm ti c th chim th phn n 89% (theo Gartner). Hn na,
LTE cho php tn dng dng h tng GSM c sn (tuy vn cn u t thm thit b)
trong khi WiMax phi xy dng t u.
Bng 2.2: LTE v WIMAX
Tnh nng
3GPPLTE
RAN1
802.16e/Mobile
WiMax R1
802.16m/Mobile
WiMax R2
Ghp knh TDD, FDD TDD TDD, FDD
Bng tn d kin
700MHz
2,6GHz
2,3GHz, 2,5GHz,
3,3-3,8GHz
2,3GHz, 2,5GHz,
3,3-3,8GHz
Tc ti a
(Download/Upload)
300Mbps
/100Mbps
70Mbps
/70Mbps
300Mbps
/100Mbps
Di ng 350km/h 120km/h 350km/h
Phm vi ph sng 5/30/100km 1/5/30km 1/5/30km
S ngi dng VoIP
ng thi
80 50 100
Thi im hon tt
chun
D kin cui
nm 2008 hoc
u nm 2009
2005
D kin trong
nm 2009
Trin khai ra th
trng
2009-
2010/2012
2007-2008/2009 2010

n tt nghip Trang 18

Nhn thy li th ca LTE, mt s nh khai thc mng cn nhc li vic trin
khai WiMax v c nh khai thc quyt nh t b con ng WiMax chuyn
sang LTE, ng k trong s c hai tn tui ln nht ti M l AT&T v Verizon
Wireless. Theo mt kho st do RCR Wireless News v Yankee Group thc hin
gn y, c n 56% nh khai thc di ng chn LTE, ch c 30% i theo 802.16e.
Kho st cho thy cc nh khai thc di ng Bc M v Ty u nghing v LTE,
trong khi cc nc mi pht trin (c bit l khu vc chu - Thi Bnh Dng)
th ng h WiMax.
Trong cuc ua 4G, WiMax v LTE hin l hai cng ngh sng gi nht. Liu hai
cng ngh ny c th cng tn ti c lp hay s st nhp thnh mt chun chung?
Hiu nng ca WiMax v LTE tng ng nhau, do vy vic quyt nh hin nay
ph thuc vo yu t sn sng v kh nng thm nhp th trng.
2.1.2.2 Nhng trin vng cho cng ngh LTE
- Cc tp on vin thng hng n LTE
Nhn thy tim nng to ln ca cng ngh ny, ngnh cng nghip di dng ang
on kt xung quanh h thng LTE vi hu ht cc cng ty vin thng hng u th
gii: Alcatel-Lucent, Ericson, France Telecom/Orange, Nokia, Nokia Siemens
Network, AT&T, T-Mobile, Vodafone, China Mobile, Huawei, LG Electronic, NTT
DoCoMo, Samsung, Signalion, Telecom Italia, ZTE K hoch th nghim v
trin khai cng ngh ny ang c cc cng ty trn cng hp tc thc y, d kin
vo khong nm 2009-2010 s c thng mi ha n vi ngi dng.
Mng NTT DoCoMo ca Nht s i tin phong khi t mc tiu khai trng dch
v vo nm 2009.
Cc mng Verizon Wireless, Vodafone, v China Mobile tuyn b hp tc th
nghim LTE vo nm nay. Vic trin khai c s h tng cho LTE s bt u vo
na sau ca nm 2009 v k hoch cung cp dch v s bt u vo nm 2010.
n tt nghip Trang 19

Vi vic ginh c s lng giy php s dng bng tn 700Mhz th 2 sau
Verizon, mng AT&T cng ln k hoch s dng bng tn ny cho LTE. Hng ny
tuyn b c bng thng 20Mhz dnh cho LTE ph sng 82% dn s ca 100
thnh ph hng u ca M. Nh vy 2 mng chim th phn ln nht ca M u
chn LTE l gii php tin ln 4G.
Mng Telstra ca c gn y cng xc nhn pht trin theo hng LTE. Hng
TeliaSonera, nh cung cp ln nht cho th trng Bc u v vng Baltic cng cam
kt s s dng cng ngh LTE cho cc th trng ca mnh.
Ngy 11/6/2008, theo Financial Times, c phiu ca Nortel, nh sn xut vin thng
ni ting ca Canada, tng 13% khi hng tuyn b tp trung cc n lc nghin
cu khng dy vo cng ngh LTE thay v cng ngh i th Wimax.
- Tng lai khng cn xa
Vo ngy 19/12/2007, hng Nokia Siemens Networks cng b th nghim thnh
cng cng ngh LTE vi tc ln n 173 Mb/s trong mi trng th vi
nhiu thu bao cng lc. Trn bng tn 2.6 Ghz vi 20 Mhz bng thng, tc ny
vt xa tc yu cu l 100 Mbps.
Gim c k thut ca hng, ng Stephan Scholz pht biu: Khi th gii tin n
gn con s 5 t thu bao vo nm 2015, theo tin on ca chng ti, cc nh cung
cp dch v di ng s phi s dng tt c cc bng tn vi mt cu trc mng n
gin nht v hiu qu chi ph cao nht phc v lu lng lin lc cao hn 100
ln. Cuc th nghim thc t ny l mt chng minh ban u quan trng cho khi
nim LTE.
Cuc gi thoi u tin gia 2 in thoi LTE c trnh din vo Hi ngh Th
gii di ng (Mobile World Congress) c t chc vo thng 2/2008 ti
Barcelona, Ty Ban Nha. Vo thng 3 va qua, mng NTT DoCoMo th nghim
LTE t n tc 250 Mbps.
n tt nghip Trang 20

Ti cc trin lm vin thng quc t gn y, cc nh sn xut Huawei, Motorola,
Ericson cng biu din LTE vi cc ng dng nh xem tivi cht lng cao
HDTV, chi game online
Cc cuc th nghim v trnh din ny chng t kh nng tuyt vi ca cng
ngh LTE v kh nng thng mi ha LTE n rt gn.
Trc y, mun truy cp d liu, bn phi cn 1 ng dy c nh kt ni.
Trong tng lai khng xa vi LTE, bn c th truy cp tt c cc dch v mi lc,
mi ni trong khi vn di chuyn: xem phim cht lng cao, in thoi thy hnh,
chi game trc tuyn, ti c s d liu v.v vi tc siu tc.
2.1.3 Mc tiu thit k LTE

Hnh 2.2 Mc tiu thit k LTE
Nhng hot ng ca 3GPP trong vic ci tin mng 3G vo ma xun nm 2005
c xc nh i tng, nhng yu cu v mc tiu cho LTE. Nhng mc tiu
v yu cu ny c dn chng bng ti liu trong vn bn 3GPP TR 25.913.
Nhng yu cu cho LTE c chia thnh 7 phn khc nhau nh sau:
- Tim nng, dung lng
- Hiu sut h thng
- Cc vn lin quan n vic trin khai
n tt nghip Trang 21

- Kin trc v s dch chuyn (migration)
- Qun l ti nguyn v tuyn
- phc tp
- Nhng vn chung

2.1.3.1 Tim nng cng ngh
Yu cu c t ra l vic t tc d liu nh cho ng xung l 100Mbit/s
v cho ng ln l 50Mbit/s, khi hot ng trong phn b ph 20 Mhz. Khi m
phn b ph hp hn th tc d liu nh cng s t l theo. Do , iu kin t
ra l c th biu din c 5 bit/s/Hz cho ng xung v 2.5 bit/s/Hz cho ng
ln. Nh s c tho lun di y, LTE h tr c ch FDD v TDD. R rng,
i vi trng hp TDD, truyn dn ng ln v ng xung theo nh ngha
khng th xut hin ng thi. Do m yu cu tc d liu nh cng khng
th trng nhau ng thi. Mt khc, i vi trng hp FDD, c tnh ca LTE cho
php qu trnh pht v thu ng thi t c tc d liu nh theo phn l
thuyt trn.
Yu cu v tr c chia thnh: yu cu tr mt phng iu khin v yu cu
tr mt phng ngi dng. Yu cu tr mt phng iu khin xc nh tr
ca vic chuyn t trng thi thit b u cui khng tch cc khc nhau sang trng
thi tch cc, khi thit b u cui di ng c th gi v nhn d liu. C hai
cch xc nh: cch xc nh th nht c th hin qua thi gian chuyn tip t
trng thi tm tr (camped state) chng hn nh trng thi Release 6 Idle mode, khi
th th tc chim 100ms; cch xc nh th hai c th hin qua thi gian
chuyn tip t trng thi ng chng hn nh trng thi Release 6 Cell-PCH. Khi
th th tc chim 50ms. Trong c hai th tc ny th tr ch ng v vic bo
hiu non-RAN u c loi tr. (Ch Release 6 idle l 1 trng thi m khi thit
b u cui khng c nhn bit i vi mng truy nhp v tuyn, ngha l mng
truy nhp v tuyn khng c bt c thuc tnh no ca thit b u cui v thit b
n tt nghip Trang 22

u cui cng khng c ch nh mt ti nguyn v tuyn no. Thit b u cui
c th trong ch ng v ch lng nghe h thng mng ti nhng khong thi
gian c th. Trng thi Release 6 Cell-PCH l trng thi m khi thit b u cui
khng c nhn bit i vi mng truy nhp v tuyn. Tuy mng truy nhp v
tuyn bit thit b u cui ang trong t bo no nhng thit b u cui li
khng c cp pht bt c ti nguyn v tuyn no. Thit b u cui lc ny c
th ang trong ch ng).
Yu cu tr mt phng ngi dng c th hin qua thi gian truyn mt gi
IP nh t thit b u cui ti nt bin RAN hoc ngc li c o t lp IP. Thi
gian truyn theo mt hng s khng vt qu 5ms trong mng khng ti (unloaded
network), ngha l khng c mt thit b u cui no khc xut hin trong t bo.
Xt v mt yu cu i vi tr mt phng iu khin, LTE c th h tr t nht
200 thit b u cui di ng trong trng thi tch cc khi hot ng khong tn
5Mhz. Trong mi phn b rng hn 5Mhz, th t nht c 400 thit b du cui c
h tr. S lng thit b u cui khng tch cc trong t bo khng ni r l bao
nhiu nhng c th l cao hn mt cch ng k.
2.1.3.2 Hiu sut h thng
Cc mc tiu thit k cng nng h thng LTE s xc nh lu lng ngi dng,
hiu sut ph, linh ng, vng ph sng, v MBMS nng cao.
Nhn chung, cc yu cu c tnh LTE c lin quan n h thng chun s dng
phin bn 6 HSPA. i vi trm gc, gi nh c mt anten pht v hai anten thu,
trong khi th thit b u cui c ti a l mt anten pht v hai anten thu. Tuy
nhin, mt iu quan trng cn lu l nhng c tnh nng cao nh l mt phn
ca vic ci tin HSPA th khng c bao gm trong tham chiu chun. V th,
mc d thit b u cui trong h thng chun c gi nh l c hai anten thu th
mt b thu RAKE n gin vn c p dng. Tng t, ghp knh khng gian
cng khng c p dng trong h thng chun.
n tt nghip Trang 23

Yu cu lu lng ngi dng c nh r theo hai im: ti s phn b ngi
dng trung bnh v ti s phn b ngi dng v th 5 (khi m 95% ngi dng c
c cht lng tt hn). Mc tiu hiu sut ph cng c ch r, v trong thuc
tnh ny th hiu sut ph c nh ngha l lu lng h thng theo t bo tnh
theo bit/s/Mhz/cell. Nhng mc tiu thit k ny c tng hp trong bng 2.3.
Bng 2.3 Cc yu cu v hiu sut ph v lu lng ngi dng

Yu cu v linh ng ch yu tp trung vo tc di chuyn ca cc thit b u
cui di ng. Ti tc thp, 0-15 km/h th hiu sut t c l ti a, v cho
php gim i mt t i vi tc cao hn. Ti vn tc ln n 120 km/h, LTE vn
cung cp hiu sut cao v i vi vn tc trn 120 km/h th h thng phi duy tr
c kt ni trn ton mng t bo. Tc ti a c th qun l i vi mt h
thng LTE c th c thit lp ln n 350 km/h (hoc thm ch n 500 km/h ty
thuc vo bng tn). Mt yu t quan trng c bit l dch v thoi c cung cp
bi LTE s ngang bng vi cht lng m WCDMA/HSPA h tr.
Yu cu v vng ph sng ch yu tp trung vo phm vi t bo (bn knh), ngha
l khong cch ti a t vng t bo (cell site) n thit b u cui di ng trong
cell. i vi phm vi t bo ln n 5 km th nhng yu cu v lu lng ngi
dng, hiu sut ph v linh ng vn c m bo trong gii hn khng b nh
hng bi nhiu. i vi nhng t bo c phm vi ln n 30 km th c mt s
gim nh cho php v lu lng ngi dng v hiu sut ph th li gim mt cch
ng k hn nhng vn c th chp nhn c. Tuy nhin, yu cu v di ng
n tt nghip Trang 24

vn c p ng. Khi m phm vi t bo ln n 100 km th khng thy c c
tnh k thut v yu cu hiu sut no c ni r trong trng hp ny.
Nhng yu cu MBMS nng cao xc nh c hai ch : broadcast (qung b) v
unicast. Nhn chung, LTE s cung cp dch v tt hn so vi nhng g c th trong
phin bn 6. Yu cu i vi trng hp broadcast l hiu sut ph 1 bit/s/Hz,
tng ng vi khong 16 knh TV di ng bng cch s dng khong 300 kbit/s
trong mi phn b ph tn 5 Mhz. Hn na, n c th cung cp dch v MBMS vi
ch mt dch v trn mt sng mang, cng nh l kt hp cc dch v non-MBMS
khc. V nh vy th ng nhin c tnh k thut ca LTE c kh nng cung cp
ng thi c dch v thoi v dch v MBMS.
2.1.3.3 Cc vn lin quan n vic trin khai
Cc yu cu lin quan n vic trin khai bao gm cc kch bn trin khai, linh
hot ph, tri ph, s cng tn ti v lm vic vi nhau gia LTE vi cc cng ngh
truy cp v tuyn khc ca 3GPP nh GSM v WCDMA/HSPA.
Nhng yu cu v kch bn trin khai bao gm: trng hp m h thng LTE c
trin khai nh l mt h thng c lp v trng hp m LTE c trin khai ng
thi vi WCDMA/HSPA hoc GSM. Do m yu cu ny s khng lm gii hn
cc tiu chun thit k.
Vn cng tn ti v c th hot ng phi hp vi cc h thng 3GPP khc v
nhng yu cu tng ng thit lp ra nhng iu kin v tnh linh ng gia
LTE v GSM, v gia LTE v WCDMA/HSPA cho thit b u cui di ng h tr
nhng cng ngh ny. Bng 2.4 lit k nhng yu cu v s gin on, l, thi
gian gin on di nht trong lin kt v tuyn khi phi di chuyn gia cc cng
ngh truy nhp v tuyn khc nhau, bao gm c dch v thi gian thc v phi thi
gian thc. C mt iu ng ch l nhng yu cu ny khng c cht ch cho
lm i vi vn gin on trong chuyn giao v hi vng khi trin khai thc t th
s t c nhng gi tr tt hn ng k.
n tt nghip Trang 25

Yu cu v vic cng tn ti v c th lm vic vi nhau cng xc nh vic chuyn
i lu lng multicast t phng php trong LTE thnh phng php unicast
trong c GSM hoc WCDMA, mc d khng c s lng cho trc.

Bng 2.4 Yu cu v thi gian gin on, LTE-GSM v LTE-WCDMA

linh hot ph v vic trin khai
Nn tng cho nhng yu cu v linh hot ph l nhng iu kin LTE c th
c trin khai trn nhng bng tn IMT-2000 hin hnh, ngha l kh nng cng
tn ti vi cc h thng c trin khai trn nhng bng tn ny, bao gm
WCDMA/HSPA v GSM. Mt phn lin quan n nhng yu cu LTE v mt
linh hot ph l kh nng trin khai vic truy nhp v tuyn da trn LTE cho d
phn b ph l theo cp hay n l, nh vy LTE c th h tr c song cng phn
chia theo tn s (FDD) v song cng phn chia theo thi gian (TDD).
S song cng hay vic qui hoch song cng l mt thuc tnh ca cng ngh truy
cp v tuyn. Tuy vy, mt phn b ph cho trc th cng c lin kt vi mt
qui hoch song cng c th. H thng FDD c trin khai theo mt cp phn b
ph, vi mt di tn cho truyn dn ng xung v mt di tn khc dnh cho
ng ln. Cn h thng TDD th c trin khai trong cc phn b n l.
Ly mt v d l ph ca IMT-2000 ti tn s 2Ghz, gi l bng tn li IMT-2000.
Nh trnh by trong hnh 2.3, n bao gm cp bng tn 1920-1980 Mhz v 2110-
2170 Mhz dnh cho truy cp v tuyn da trn FDD, v hai bng tn l 1910-1920
Mhz v 2010-2025 Mhz dnh cho truy cp v tuyn TDD. Ch l c th v nhng
n tt nghip Trang 26

qui nh ca a phng v vng m vic s dng ph ca IMT-2000 c th khc so
vi nhng g c trnh by y.
Hnh 2.3 Phn b ph bng tn li ti 2 Ghz ca nguyn bn IMT-2000
Cp phn b cho FDD trong hnh 2.3 l 2x60 Mhz, nhng ph kh dng cho mt
nh khai thc mng n l c th ch l 2x20 Mhz hoc thm ch l 2x10 Mhz.
Trong nhng bng tn khc ph kh dng c th cn t hn na. Ngoi ra, s dch
chuyn ca ph ang c s dng cho nhng cng ngh truy cp v tuyn khc
cn phi din ra mt cch t t chc chn rng lng ph cn li phi h
tr cho nhng ngi dng hin ti. V vy, lng ph ban u c dch chuyn ti
LTE c th tng i nh, nhng sau c th tng ln t t, c th hin trong
hnh 2.4. S khc nhau ca nhng din tin ph c th xy ra s dn n mt yu
cu v linh hot ph cho LTE di dng bng thng truyn dn c h tr.
n tt nghip Trang 27

Hnh 2.4 Mt v d v cch thc LTE thm nhp tng bc vo phn b ph ca
mt h thng GSM c trin khai
Yu cu v linh hot ph i hi LTE phi c kh nng m rng trong min tn
s v c th hot ng trong nhiu bng tn khc nhau. Yu cu v linh hot
trong ti liu tham kho c lit k thnh danh sch cc phn b ph ca LTE
(1.25, 1.6, 2.5, 5, 10, 15 v 20 Mhz). Ngoi ra, LTE cn c kh nng hot ng theo
cp ph cng nh l n l. LTE cng c th trin khai trong nhiu bng tn khc
nhau. Nhng bng tn c h tr c ch r da vo c lp phin bn
(release independence), ngha l phin bn u tin ca LTE khng phi h tr tt
c cc bng tn ngay t u.
Hn na, ti liu tham kho cng xc nh v vn cng tn ti v lp t chung
vi GSM v WCDMA trn nhng tn s ln cn, cng nh l s cng tn ti gia
nhng nh khai thc v h thng mng ln cn trn nhng quc gia khc nhau
nhng s dng ph chng nhau (overlapping spectrum). y cng c mt iu
kin l khng c h thng no khc c yu cu hp l khi mt thit b u cui
truy cp vo LTE, ngha l LTE cn phi c tt c tn hiu iu khin cn thit c
yu cu cho vic kch hot truy nhp.

n tt nghip Trang 28

2.1.3.4 Kin trc v s dch chuyn (migration)
Mt vi nguyn tc ch o cho vic thit k kin trc LTE RAN c a ra bi
3GPP:
- Mt kin trc n LTE RAN c chp nhn.
- Kin trc LTE RAN phi da trn gi (packet), tuy vy lu lng lp thoi v thi
gian thc vn c h tr.
- Kin trc LTE RAN c th ti thiu ha s hin din ca nhng h hng cc b
(single points of failure) m khng cn tng chi ph cho ng truyn (backhaul).
- Kin trc LTE RAN c th n gin ha v ti thiu ha s lng giao tip.
- Kin trc LTE RAN c th h tr QoS end-to-end.
- Cc c cu QoS c th tnh ton n cc dng lu lng ang tn ti khc nhau
mang li hiu sut s dng bng thng cao: lu lng mt phng iu khin, lu
lng mt phng ngi dng,
- LTE RAN c th c thit k theo li lm gim bin i tr (delay variation-jitter)
i vi lu lng cn jitter thp, v d TCP/IP.
2.1.3.5 Qun l ti nguyn v tuyn
Nhng yu cu v qun l ti nguyn v tuyn c chia ra nh sau: h tr nng cao
cho QoS end to end, h tr hiu qu cho truyn dn lp cao hn, v h tr cho
vic chia s ti cng nh l qun l chnh sch thng qua cc cng ngh truy cp v
tuyn khc nhau.
Vic h tr nng cao cho QoS end to end yu cu ci thin s thch ng gia dch
v, ng dng v cc iu kin v giao thc (bao gm bo hiu lp cao hn) vi ti
nguyn RAN v cc c tnh v tuyn.
Vic h tr hiu qu cho truyn dn lp cao hn i hi LTE RAN phi c kh
nng cung cp c cu h tr truyn dn hiu sut cao v hot ng ca cc giao
thc lp cao hn qua giao tip v tuyn, chng hn nh qu trnh nn tiu IP
(IP header).
n tt nghip Trang 29

Vic h tr chia s ti v qun l chnh sch thng qua cc cng ngh truy cp v
tuyn khc nhau i hi phi xem xt n vic la chn li cc c cu nh
hng cc thit b u cui di ng theo cc dng cng ngh truy cp v tuyn thch
hp c ni r cng nh l h tr QoS end to end trong qu trnh chuyn giao
gia cc cng ngh truy cp v tuyn.
2.1.3.6 phc tp
Yu cu v phc tp trong LTE xc nh phc tp ca ton h thng cng
nh l phc tp ca thit b u cui di ng. V c bn th nhng yu cu ny
cp n s lng nhng ty chn c th ti thiu ha vi nhng c tnh d
tha khng bt buc. iu ny cng a n vic ti gin nhng trng hp kim
th cn thit.
2.1.3.7 Nhng vn chung
Phn ny cp n nhng yu cu chung trong LTE v nhng kha cnh lin quan
n chi ph v dch v. R rng, mong mun t ra l gim thiu cc chi ph trong
khi vn duy tr hiu sut yu cu cho tt c cc dch v. Cc vn v ng
truyn, hot ng v bo dng cng lin quan n yu t chi ph. Nh vy khng
ch giao tip v tuyn, m vic truyn ti n cc trm gc v h thng qun l cng
phi c xc nh r. Mt yu cu quan trng v giao tip nhiu nh cung cp
(multi-vendor interfaces) cng thuc vo loi yu cu ny.
2.1.4 Cc thng s lp vt l ca LTE
Bng 2.5 Cc thng s lp vt l ca LTE
K thut truy cp UL DTFS-OFDM (SC-FDMA)
DL OFDMA
Bng thng 1.5MHz, 2.5 MHz , 5 MHz, 10 MHz, 15 MHz,
20 MHz
TTI ti thiu 1ms
Khong cch sng mang con 15KHz
n tt nghip Trang 30

Chiu di CP Ngn 4.7s
Di 16.7 s
iu ch QPSK, 16QAM, 64QAM
Ghp knh khng gian 1 lp cho UL/UE
Ln n 4 lp cho DL/UE
S dng MU-MIMO cho UL v DL

Bng 2.6 : Tc nh ca LTE theo lp
Lp 1 2 3 4 5
Tc
nh
Mbps
DL 10 50 100 150 300
UL 5 25 50 50 75
Dung lng cho cc chc nng lp vt l
Bng thng RF 20MHz
iu ch DL QPSK, 16QAM, 64QAM
UL QPSK, 16QAM QPSK,
16QAM,
64QAM

2.1.5 Dch v ca LTE
Qua vic kt ni ca ng truyn tc rt cao, bng thng linh hot, hiu sut s
dng ph cao v gim thi gian tr gi, LTE ha hn s cung cp nhiu dch v a
dng hn. i vi khch hng, s c thm nhiu ng dng v dng d liu ln, ti
v v chia s video, nhc v ni dung a phng tin. Tt c cc dch v s cn lu
lng ln hn p ng cht lng dch v, c bit l vi mong i ca
ngi dng v ng truyn TV r nt cao. i vi khch hng l doanh
n tt nghip Trang 31

nghip, truyn cc tp tin ln vi tc cao, cht lng video hi ngh ttLTE s
mang c tnh ca Web 2.0 ngy nay vo khng gian di ng ln u tin. Dc
theo s bo m v thng mi, n s bng qua nhng ng dng thi gian thc nh
game a ngi chi v chia s tp tin.
Bng 2.7 : So snh cc dch v ca 3G so vi 4G LTE
Dch v Mi trng (3G) Mi trng 4G
Thoai (rich voice) m thanh thi gian thc VoIP, video hi ngh cht
lng cao
Tin nhn P2F(P2F
messaging)
SMS, MMS, cc email u
tin thp (low priority emails)
Photo cc tin nhn, IM,
email di ng, tin nhn video
(photo messages, IM, nobile
e-mail, video messaging)
Lt
web(browsing)
Truy cp n cc dch v
online trc tuyn, Trnh duyt
WAP thng qua GPRS v
mng 3G. (access to online
information services, for
which users pay standard
network rates. Curently
limited to WAP browsing
over GPRS and 3G networks)
Duyt siu nhanh( supper-
fast browsing), uploading
content to social networking
sites
Thng tin cc
ph(paid
information)
Ngi dng tr qua hoc trn
mng tnh cc chun. Chnh
yu l da trn thng tin vn
bn.(contentforwhich users
pay over and above standard
network charges. Mainly text
based information ).
Tp ch trc tuyn, dng m
thanh cht lng cao.(E-
newspapers, high quality
audio streaming)
Ring
t(personalization)
Ch yu l m thanh
chung(ringtone), cng bao
m thanh thc(thu m gc t
ngi ngh s), cc trang
n tt nghip Trang 32

gm mn hnh ch
(screensavers)v nhc
ch(ring tone)
web c nhn (
realtones(original artist
recordings), personalized
mobile web sites)
Games Ti v v chi game trc
tuyn(downloadable and
online games)
Kinh nghim game trc
tuyn vng chc qua c
mng c nh v di ng (a
consistent online gaming
experience across both fixed
and mobile networks)
Video/TV theo yu
cu (video/TV on
demand)
Chy v c th ti
video(streamed and
downloadable video content)
Cc dch v qung b
tivi(Broadcast television
service), , Tivi theo ng yu
cu(true on demand), dng
video cht lng cao(high
quality video streaming)
Nhc Ti y cc track v cc
dch v m thanh(full track
downloads and analogue
radio services )
Lu tr v ti nhc cht
lng cao
Ni dung tin nhn
v cross
media(content
messaging and
cross media)
Tin nhn ng cp s dng ba
thnh phn cng nh tng
tc vi cc media khc.(peer-
to-peer messaging using third
party content as well as
interaction with other media)
Phn phi t l rng ca cc
video clip, dch v karaoke,
video c bn qung co di
ng(wide scale distribution
of video clips, karaoke
services. Video-based mobile
advertising)
M-comerce(
thng mi qua
in thoi)
Thc hin cc giao dch v
thanh ton qua mng di
ng.(commission on
in thoi cm tay nh thit
b thanh ton, vi cc chi tit
thanh ton qua mng tc
n tt nghip Trang 33

transactions (including
gambling) and payment
facilities undertaken over
moblie networks)
cao cho php cc giao
dch thc hin nhanh chng
( Mobile handsets as
payment devices, with
payment details carried over
high speed networks to
enable rapid completion of
transactions)
Mng d liu di
ng(mobile data
netwoking)
Truy cp n cc mng ni b
v c s d liu cng nh
cch s dng ca cc ng
dng nh CRM(Access to
corporate intranets and
database as well as the use of
application such as CRM)
Chuyn i file P2P, cc ng
dng kinh doanh, ng dng
chia s, thng tin M2M, di
ng intranet/extranet.(P2P
file transfer, business
applications, application
sharing, M2M
communication, mobile
intranet/extranet)

2.1.6 Tnh hnh trin khai mng LTE ti Vit Nam
VNPT v tp on vin thng Altech Telecom (Nga) k kt tha thun hp tc
lp lin doanh RusViet Telecom cung cp dch v da trn nn tng cng ngh
di ng th h tin 4G LTE.
Ngay sau khi c B Thng tin v Truyn thng cp giy php th nghim dch
v cng ngh 4G, Tp on Bu chnh Vin thng Vit Nam (VNPT) n lc
khn trng trin khai v lp t thnh cng trm BTS cng ngh LTE u tin ti
Vit Nam vo ngy 10/10/2010.
VNPT l mt trong nm doanh nghip c B Thng tin v Truyn thng cp giy
php th nghim dch v cng ngh 4G vi thi hn giy php l 1 nm. Ngay sau
n tt nghip Trang 34

khi c c giy php ny, VNPT khn trng tin hnh thc hin d n th
nghim cung cp dch v v tuyn bng rng cng ngh LTE.
Ch sau 39 ngy n lc trin khai vi s ng h ca cc c quan qun l Nh nc,
vo ngy 10/10 va qua, trm BTS LTE u tin c lp t. y khng ch l
trm BTS cng ngh LTE u tin Vit Nam m cn l u tin trong khu vc cc
nc ng Nam .
Trm BTS cng ngh LTE ny c t ti nh Internet, l 2A, lng Quc t Thng
Long, Cu Giy, H Ni (tr s ca cng ty in ton v truyn s liu VDC). Vi
tc truy cp Internet ln n 60Mb/s, dch v truy cp Internet v tuyn LTE ha
hn s mang ti cho khch hng cc ng dng i hi bng thng ln nh video,
HDTV, gii tr trc tuyn,
Theo d kin, giai on 1 d n th nghim cung cp dch v v tuyn bng rng
cng ngh LTE ca VNPT-VDC s ph sng ton b khu vc H Ni trc ngy
26/10, ngy khai mc hi ngh thng nh v Thng mi v u t ASEAN
(ASEAN-BIS) 2010.

Hnh 2.5 B thu pht sng
n tt nghip Trang 35


Hnh 2.6 H thng mng li
2.2 Cu trc mng
Nh cp, LTE c thit k h tr cho cc dch v chuyn mch gi, i
lp vi chuyn mch knh truyn thng. N hng n cung cp cc kt ni IP gia
cc UE (User Equipment) v PDN (Packet Data Network), m khng c bt k s
ngt qung no i vi nhng ng dng ca ngi dng trong sut qu trnh di
chuyn. Trong khi thut ng LTE cp quanh s tin trin vic truy cp v tuyn
thng qua E-UTRAN (Evolved-UTRAN), n cn c kt hp cng vi cc
phng din ci tin khng v tuyn di thut ng SAE (System Architecture
Evolution)_bao gm mng li gi ci tin EPC (Evolved Packet Core). LTE cng
vi SAE to thnh h thng gi ci tin EPS (Evolved Packet System).

n tt nghip Trang 36


Hnh 2.7 S chuyn i trong cu trc mng t UTRAN sang E-UTRAN

Hnh 2.7 cho thy cc thnh phn chnh ca mt mng li v mng truy nhp v
tuyn LTE. So snh vi UMTS, mng v tuyn t phc tp hn. Mc ch chnh ca
LTE l ti thiu ha s Node. V vy, ngi ta quyt nh rng cc RNC nn
c g b, v chc nng ca chng c chuyn mt phn sang cc trm c s
v mt phn sang nt Gateway ca mng li. phn bit vi cc trm c s
UMTS, cc trm c s ca LTE c gi l Enhanced NodeB (eNodeB). Bi v
khng cn phn t iu khin trung ng trong mng v tuyn na nn gi y
cc trm c s thc hin chc nng qun l d liu truyn ti mt cch t lp, v
bo m cht lng dch v. Tuy nhin cc RNC vn iu khin cc knh truyn ti
dnh cho dch v thoi chuyn knh.

n tt nghip Trang 37


Hnh 2.8 Cu trc EPS
EPS dng khi nim EPS bearers tm dch l thng bo EPS nh tuyn IP t
Gateway trong PDN n UE. Mt thng bo l mt gi IP c gi l QoS (Quality
of Service) gia Gateway v UE.

Hnh 2.9 Cc thnh phn trong mng EPS
EPS cung cp cho ngi dng mt kt ni IP n mt PDN truy cp Internet,
cng nh l thc thi cc dch v nh VoIP. Mt thng bo EPS in hnh c kt
hp vi mt QoS. Nhiu thng bo c th c thit lp cho mt ngi dng
cung cp nhiu dng QoS khc nhau hoc kt ni n cc PDN khc nhau. V d
n tt nghip Trang 38

nh, ngi dng va thc hin cuc gi VoIP, va duyt Web hoc download FTP
(File Transfer Protocol). Mt thng bo VoIP s cung cp QoS cn thit cho cuc
gi thoi, trong khi mt thng bo best-effort s thch hp cho duyt Web hoc
phin FTP.
Hnh 2.9 ch ra mt cu trc mng EPS bao gm nhiu thnh phn mng v cc giao
din chun. tng cao, mng gm c Core Network CN (EPC) v mng truy cp
E-UTRAN. Trong khi CN bao gm nhng nt vt l th mng truy cp ch c mt
nt duy nht, l eNodeB (evolved NodeB), phn t kt ni n cc UE. Mi
phn t s kt ni vi cc phn t khc thng qua nhng giao din chun cho php
tng kt.
2.2.1 Mng li

Mng li CN (c gi l EPC trong SAE) p ng cho vic iu khin UE v thit
lp cc thng bo. Cc Node chnh ca EPC:
- PDN Gateway (P-GW)
- Serving Gateway (S-GW)
- Mobility Management Entity (MME)
n tt nghip Trang 39


Hnh 2.10 Phn chia chc nng gia E-UTRAN v EPC

Ngoi cc Node ny, EPC cng gm c nhng Node v chc nng vt l khc nh
HSS (Home Subscriber Server) v PCRF (Policy Control Charging Rules
Function).
Chc nng:
- PCRF: chu trch nhim vic iu khin chnh sch ra quyt nh cng nh iu
khin cc thc th trong PCEF (Policy Control Enforcement Function)_thng tr
trong P-GW. PCRF cp php cho QoS quyt nh cch thc mt dng d liu hot
ng trong PCEF v m bo ph hp thu bao ngi dng.
- HLR (Home Location Register): HLR cha d liu thu bao ngi dng. N cng
gi thng tin v cc PDN m ngi dng c th kt ni. Ngoi ra, HLR cn nm
gi thng tin ng nh l vic nhn dng ngi dng ang ng k ca MME. HLR
cn tch hp AuC (Authentication Centre)_phn t pht m bo v v cp php.
n tt nghip Trang 40

- P-GW: chu trch nhim nh v a ch IP cho UE, cng nh thc thi QoS t
PCRF. PCRF s lc cc gi IP hng xung ngi s dng trong cc thng bo
QoS khc nhau.
- S-GW: tt c cc gi IP ngi dng c chuyn i thng qua S-GW, S-GW nh
mt trm di ng a phng cung cp cc thng bo d liu khi UE di chuyn gia
cc eNodeB. N cng gi li thng tin v cc thng bo khi UE trong tnh trng ri
v lm b m tm thi cho d liu hng xung trong khi MME bt u nhn tin
thng bo thit lp li n UE. Thm vo , S-GW cn thc hin cc chc nng
iu khin trong mng khch nh l thu thp thng tin tnh cc (v d nh lu
lng d liu gi v nhn t ngi dng). N cng cung cp cc trm di ng
kt ni lin mng vi cc k thut khc ca 3GPP nh GPRS v UMTS.
- MME: iu khin cc Node x l tn hiu gia UE v CN. Giao thc gia UE v
CN l Non-Access Stratum (NAS).
Chc nng chnh ca MME c phn loi nh sau :
Cc chc nng lin quan n qun l thng bo : chc nng ny bao gm thit lp,
duy tr v gi i cc thng bo v c iu khin bi lp qun l phin trong giao
thc NAS.
Cc chc nng lin quan n qun l kt ni : bao gm vic kt ni v bo mt gia
mng v UE c iu khin bi lp qun l tnh di ng hoc kt ni trong giao
thc NAS.
Cc th tc lp khng truy cp NAS (Non-Acess Stratum).
Cc th tc NAS l cc th tc qun l kt ni c bit, v c bn ging vi UMTS.
S khc bit chnh vi UMTS l EPS cho php ghp ni nhiu th tc s thit
lp ca cc kt ni v thng bo nhanh hn.

n tt nghip Trang 41

2.2.2 Mng truy cp
E-UTRAN l mt cu trc phng. Cc eNodeB kt ni vi nhau thng qua cc
ng giao tip X2, v kt ni vi EPC bng ng giao tip S1.
Mng truy cp ca LTE, E-UTRAN, n gin bao gm mt mng li cc eNodeB
nh hnh 2.7.
Cc trm c s gi y cn chu trch nhim thc hin cc cuc chuyn giao cho
cc UE tch cc. V mc ch ny, gi y cc eNodeB c th lin lc trc tip vi
nhau thng qua cc ng giao tip X2. Cc ng giao tip ny c dng
chun b nhng cuc chuyn giao v cng c th c dng gi chuyn tip d
liu ngi dng (cc gi IP) t mng c s hin ti sang mng c s mi gim
thiu d liu ngi dng tht thot trong qu trnh chuyn giao. Bi l cc ng
giao tip X2 khng bt buc phi c, nn cc trm c s cng c kh nng lin lc
vi nhau thng qua Gateway truy cp chun b cc cuc chuyn giao. Tuy nhin
trong trng hp ny, d liu ngi dng khng c chuyn tip trong qu trnh
chuyn giao. iu ngha l mt s d liu c mng gi i ti trm c s
hin ti c th tht thot, bi v sau khi mt quyt nh chuyn giao c thc hin,
n phi c thi hnh cng nhanh cng tt trc khi ng truyn v tuyn mt i.
Khng ging trong UMTS, cc mng v tuyn LTE ch thc hin cc cuc chuyn
giao cng, tc l vo mi thi im ch c mt cell lin lc vi UE.
ng giao tip ni cc eNodeB vi cc nt gateway gia mng v tuyn v mng
li l ng S1. N hon ton da trn giao thc IP, nn khng bit g v cng
ngh vn chuyn tng thp c. y l mt khc bit ln vi UMTS. Trong UMTS,
cc ng giao tip gia cc NodeB, cc RNC v SGSN nht thit da trn giao
thc ATM dnh cho cc tng thp. Gia RNC v NodeB, IP khng h c dng
cho vic gi chuyn tip cc gi. Tuy cho php ng b ha d hn gia cc nt,
song vic cn phi s dng ATM vn chuyn d liu trn cc tng thp khin kt
cu khng linh hot v phc tp. Trong nhng nm gn y, tnh hnh ny cng t
hn do nhu cu thng lng tng cao khng cn ph hp vi nhng ng truyn
ATM trn cc knh E1 2 Mbit/s na. V vy, chun UMTS sau ny c ci tin
n tt nghip Trang 42

cng dng IP lm mt giao thc vn chuyn gia mng li v trm c s. Nhng
LTE th ngay lc bt u hon ton da trn vn chuyn IP trn mng v tuyn.
Cc trm c s c trang b nhng cng Ethernet 100 Mbit/s hoc 1Gbit/s quen
thuc trong th gii PC, hoc cc cng cp quang Gigabit Ethernet.
Giao thc gia cc eNodeB v UE l giao thc lp truy cp AS (Access Stratum).
E-UTRAN chu trch nhim v cc chc nng lin quan n v tuyn, gm c :
- Qun l ngun ti nguyn v tuyn.
- Nn Header.
- Bo mt.
- Kt ni vi EPC.

V phng din mng, mi EnodeB s qun l mt s lng cell nht nh. Khc
vi 2G hay 3G, LTE tch hp chc nng b iu khin v tuyn trong eNodeB.
iu ny cho php s tng tc thch hp gia nhng lp giao thc khc nhau ca
mng truy cp v tuyn, v vy c th gim tr v ci thin hiu sut. Vic iu
khin phn phi s trnh c tnh trng i hi mt b iu khin x l chuyn
su, do , s gim gi thnh. Hn na, khi LTE khng h tr chuyn giao mm th
khng cn chc nng lin kt d liu tp trung trong mng.
2.2.3 ng giao tip gia mng li vi mng truy cp v tuyn
Nh trong hnh 2.9, nt Gateway gia mng truy nhp v tuyn v mng li c
phn ra thnh hai thc th lun l: Serving Gateway (Serving-GW) v Mobility
Manager Entity (MME). Kt hp vi nhau, chng thc hin nhng cng vic tng
t nh SGSN (Serving GPRS Support Node) trong cc mng UMTS. Trong thc t,
c hai thnh phn lun l ny c th c thc hin trn cng mt thit b phn cng
hoc c th c tch ra c th tng gim kch c c lp vi nhau.
Bi v ng giao tip S1 c dng cho c d liu ngi dng (ni vi
Serving_GW) ln d liu bo hiu (ni vi MME), nn kin trc ca cc giao thc
n tt nghip Trang 43

tng cao hn c phn ra thnh hai b giao thc khc bit: S1-C v S1-U. Giao
thc S1-C (iu khin) c dng trao i cc thng ip iu khin gia mt
UE v MME. Nh c trnh by bn di, cc thng ip ny c trao i qua
cc knh non-IP c bit trn giao tip v tuyn ri sau c eNodeB t vo
trong cc gi IP trc khi chng c gi chuyn tip n MME. Tuy nhin, d
liu ngi dng c truyn vi tnh cch cc gi IP qua giao tip v tuyn, v
chng c gi chuyn tip qua giao thc S1-U (ngi dng) n Serving-GW.
Nu MME v Serving-GW c thc hin ring bit, ng giao tip S11 s c
dng lin lc gia hai thc th . Cn c s lin lc gia hai thc th , v d
nh to ra cc knh truyn khi ngi dng ni vo mng, hoc sa i mt
ng hm khi mt ngi dng no di chuyn t cell ny sang cell khc.
Khng ging nh cc mng v tuyn khng dy trc , khi mt Gateway ca
mng truy nhp (SGSN) chu trch nhim i vi mt s RNC nht nh v mi
RNC n lt n li chu trch nhim i vi mt s trm c s nht nh, ng
giao tip S1 hu thun mt kin trc ni kt mc li (mesh). Th c ngha l khng
phi ch mt m l vi MME v Serving-GW c th lin lc vi tng eNodeB, v s
lng MME v Serving-GW c th khc bit. iu ny lm gim s lng cc cuc
chuyn giao lin-MME khi ngi dng di chuyn, v cho php s lng MME pht
trin c lp vi s lng Serving-GW, bi v dung lng ca MME l thuc vo
ti trng bo hiu, cn dung lng ca Serving-GW l thuc vo ti trng d liu
truyn ca ngi dng. Nhng dung lng ny c th pht trin khc nhau qua thi
gian. Mt kin trc mt li ca giao tip S1 cng b sung tnh d phng cho
mng. Nu mt MME hng, th mt MME th hai c th t ng tip qun nu n
c cu hnh phc v nhng cell ging nh MME kia. Tc hi duy nht ca
mt c ch khi phc t ng khi gp hng hc nh vy l, nhng ngi dng c
phc v bi MME hng phi ng k li vi mng. Nhng kh nng mt li ca
giao tip S1 c dng trong thc t nh th no l ty thuc vo chnh sch ca
cc nh cung cp dch v mng v vo kin trc ca mng vn chuyn bn di.
n tt nghip Trang 44

2.2.4 ng giao tip vi c s d liu ngi dng
Mt ng giao tip quan trng na trong cc mng li LTE l ng giao tip S6
ni gia cc MME v c s d liu lu tr thng tin thu bao. Trong
UMTS/GPRS/GSM, c s d liu ny c gi l HLR (Home Location Register).
Trong LTE, HLR c s dng li v c i tn thnh HSS (Home Subscriber
Server). V c bn, HSS l mt HLR ci tin, v cha thng tin thu bao cho GSM,
GPRS, UMTS, LTE. ng giao tip S6 dng giao thc Diameter da trn IP. HSS
l mt c s d liu kt hp, v n c s dng ng thi bi cc mng GSM,
UMTS v LTE thuc cng mt nh cung cp dch v mng. V th, ngoi ng
giao tip S6 dnh cho LTE ra, n tip tc hu thun ng giao tip MAP truyn
thng.
2.2.5 Cu trc chuyn vng Roaming

Hnh 2.11 Cu trc chuyn vng truy cp vi P-GW trong mng nh
Mt mng hot ng trong mt quc gia c gi l mng di ng mt t cng
cng PLMN (Public Land Mobile Network). Chuyn vng, ni ngi dng c
cho php kt ni n cc PLMN khc, l mt im ni bt ca mng di ng, v
LTE/SAE cng khng phi l ngoi l. Khi ngi s dng chuyn vng, h s c
n tt nghip Trang 45

kt ni n E-UTRAN, MME v S-GW ca mng LTE khch. Tuy nhin,
LTE/SAE ch cho php s dng P-GW hoc ca mng khch hoc ca mng nh.
S dng P-GW mng nh cho php ngi s dng truy cp cc dch v ca mng
nh ngay khi ang trong mng khch. Mt P-GW trong mng khch cho php mt
ngt cc b (local breakout) i vi mng Internet trong mng khch.
2.2.6 Kt ni vi cc mng khc
EPS cng h tr kt ni v chuyn giao vi cc mng dng k thut truy cp v
tuyn khc nh GSM, UMTS, CDMA2000 v WIMAX. Kin trc c ch ra
trn hnh

Hnh 2.12 Kin trc lin mng vi 3G UMTS
S-GW hot ng nh mt trm di ng (mobility anchor) dng kt ni vi cc k
thut 3GPP nh GSM v UMTS trong khi P-GW cho php kt ni vi cc mng
khng phi ca 3GPP nh CDMA 2000 hay WIMAX.

n tt nghip Trang 46

2.3 Kin trc giao thc
2.3.1 Mt phng ngi dng
Mt gi IP ca UE c ng gi trong mt EPC-giao thc v ng hm c th
gia P-GW v eNodeB- truyn n UE. Cc giao thc xuyn hm khc nhau
c dng vi cc ng giao tip khc nhau. Mt giao thc xuyn hm trong
3GPP gi l giao thc xuyn hm GPRS (GPRS Tunnelling Protocol) c s dng
trong cc ng giao tip ca mng li, S1 v S5/S8.
Giao thc mt phng ngi dng E-UTRAN c mu xm nh hnh 2.13, bao gm
cc lp con PDCP (Packet Data Convergence Protocol), RLC (Radio Link Control)
v MAC (Medium Access Control).

Hnh 2.13 Ngn xp giao thc mt phng ngi dng ca E-UTRAN
iu khin d liu trong sut qu trnh chuyn giao: do thiu Node iu khin trung
tm, vic m d liu trong sut qu rnh chuyn giao ph thuc vo tnh di ng
ngi dng trong sut qu trnh chuyn giao phi c thc hin bi chnh
eNodeB. PDCP chu trch nhim bo v d liu trong sut qu trnh chuyn giao.
C hai lp RLC v MAC bt u li t u trong mt cell mi sau khi chuyn giao.
n tt nghip Trang 47

2.3.2 Mt phng iu khin

Hnh 2.14 Ngn xp giao thc mt phng iu khin ca E-UTRAN
Vng mu xm ch ra cc giao thc tng truy cp. Cc lp thp hn hot ng vi
cng chc nng nh bn mt phng ngi dng, ch khc ch l khng nn
Header.
Giao thc RRC c bit n nh giao thc lp 3 trong tng truy cp. N c chc
nng iu khin chnh trong tng truy cp, chu trch nhim thit lp cc thng bo
v tuyn v cu hnh tt c cc lp thp hn s dng bo hiu RRC gia eNodeB v
UE.

n tt nghip Trang 48


Hnh 2.15 Kin trc giao thc

- Trng thi tch cc RRC
ti thiu ha vic s dng ti nguyn trong mng, v tit kim in nng ca
pin trong cc UE, LTE qui nh vi trng thi ng truyn khc nhau. Trong khi
d liu ang c trao i gia mng v UE th ng truyn trng thi tch cc
RRC (RRC active). Trng thi ny c ngha l mng c th cp pht ti nguyn cho
thit b trn knh dng chung bt k lc no, v d liu c th c truyn i ngay
lp tc. Thit b vn trong trng thi tch cc cho d i lc khng c d liu no
c truyn c, v d sau khi ni dung ca mt trang Web c ti y v
thit b. iu ny m bo rng nhng cuc truyn gi sau c th din ra ngay
lp tc, v d nh khi ngi dng kch vo mt lin kt trn trang Web ti, m
khng cn tn thm cng sc kim sot ti nguyn.
Khi trong trng thi tch cc y , UE c vi dp lm cho b thu sng ca n
khng cn tch cc na, iu vn c nh hng tiu cc ln dung lng ca pin.
Nh vy sau mt thi gian khng tch cc no , mng c th quyt nh kch hot
mt ch nhn sng khng lin tc (Discontinuous Reception Mode_DRX) trong
n tt nghip Trang 49

khi UE vn trong trng thi tch cc. Tc l UE ch nh k mi phi lng nghe
nhng thng bo cp pht thng lng hng xung v cc lnh iu khin, cn
vo tt c nhng lc khc th c th tt i b thu sng ca n. Khong thi gian
ch DRX ny linh ng v c th t vi mili-giy cho n vi giy.
Ngay c khi trong ch DRX mode, tnh di ng ca thit b vn c mng kim
sot. Tc l UE phi lin tc gi nhng kt qu o c tn hiu v mng khi gp
phi mt ngng tn hiu thp hoc cao qui nh trc cho cell hin ti v cell k
cn. Nh th eNodeB c th khi pht mt th tc chuyn giao sang mt cell khc
bt k khi no n thy cn thit.
- Trng thi ri RRC
Nu khng c gi no c truyn trong mt thi gian ko di, eNodeB c th t
ng giao tip vi ngi dng vo trng thi ri RRC (RRC Idle). Tc l, tuy
ng truyn lun l vi mng v a ch IP vn cn nguyn nhng ng truyn v
tuyn th c g b. MME cng c thng bo v s thay i trng thi ny, bi
v cc gi IP n t Internet c th khng cn c giao ti mng v tuyn na. H
qu l, vo lc nhn cc gi IP, MME cn gi mt thng ip nhn tin n UE, dn
n vic thit lp li mt ng truyn v tuyn. Trong trng hp UE cn gi mt
gi IP trong khi ang trng thi ri RRC, chng hn v ngi dng va kch vo
mt lin kt trn trang Web sau mt thi gian di khng tch cc, n cng phi yu
cu thit lp mt ng truyn v tuyn ri gi mi c th c truyn i.
V li, mng khng cn kim sot tnh di ng ca nhng UE no ang trong trng
thi ri RRC na, v UE c th t quyt nh di chuyn t cell ny sang cell
khc . Vi cell c nhm li thnh mt khu vc theo di. UE ch bo co mt s
thay i cell v cho mng nu n chn mt cell m thuc mt khu vc theo di
khc. Th c ngha l mng, hoc c th hn l MME, phi gi mt thng ip nhn
tin qua tt c cc cell thuc khu vc theo di khi c mt gi d liu mi dnh
cho thit b gi n t Internet.
n tt nghip Trang 50

2.4 Cc knh s dng trong E-UTRAN
2.4.1 Knh vt l : cc knh vt l s dng cho d liu ngi dng bao gm :
- PDSCH (Physical Downlink Shared Channel)
- PUSCH (Physical Uplink Shared Channel)
- PUCCH (Physical Uplink Control Channel)
- PDCCH (Physical Downlink Control Channel)
- PBCH (Physical Broadcast Channel)

2.4.2 Knh logic : c nh ngha bi thng tin n mang bao gm:
- Knh iu khin qung b (BCCH) : c s dng truyn thng tin iu khin
h thng t mng n tt c my di ng trong cell. Trc khi truy nhp h thng,
u cui di ng phi c thng tin pht trn BCCH bit c h thng c lp
cu hnh nh th no, chng hn bng thng h thng.
- Knh iu khin tm gi (PCCH) : c s dng tm gi cc u cui di ng v
mng khng th bit c v tr ca chng cp v v th cn pht cc bn tin
tm gi trong nhiu (vng nh v).
- Knh iu khin ring (DCCH) : c s dng truyn thng tin iu khin ti/t
mt u cui di ng. Knh ny c s dng cho cu hnh ring ca cc u cui
di ng chng hn cc bn tin chuyn giao khc nhau.
- Knh iu khin a phng (MCCH) : c s dng truyn thng tin cn thit
thu knh MTCH.
- Knh lu lng ring (DTCH) : c s dng truyn s liu ca ngi s dng
n/t mt u cui di ng. y l kiu logic c s dng truyn tt c s liu
ng ln ca ngi dng v s liu ng xung ca ngi dng khng phi
MBMS.
- Knh lu lng a phng (MTCH) : c s dng pht cc dch v MBMS.

n tt nghip Trang 51

2.4.3 Knh vn chuyn: bao gm cc knh sau

- Knh qung b (BCH) : c khun dng truyn ti c nh do chun cung cp. N
c s dng pht thng tin trn knh logic.
- Knh tm gi (PCH) : c s dng pht thng tin tm gi trn knh PCCH,
PCH h tr thu khng lin tc (DRX) cho php u cui tit kim cng sut c
quy bng cch ng v ch thc thu PCH ti cc thi im quy nh trc.
- Knh chia s ng xung (DL-SCH) : l knh truyn ti pht s liu ng
xung trong LTE. N h tr cc chc nng ca LTE nh thch ng tc ng v
lp biu ph thuc knh trong min thi gian v min tn s. N cng h tr DRX
gim tiu th cng sut ca u cui di ng m vn m bo cm gic lun kt
ni ging nh c ch CPC trong HSPA. DL-DCH TTI l 1ms.
- Knh a phng (MCH) : c s dng h tr MBMS. N c c trng bi
khun dng truyn ti bn tnh v lp biu bn tnh. Trong trng hp pht a s
dng MBSFN, lp biu v lp cu hnh khun dng truyn ti c iu phi gia
cc tham gia pht MBSFN.

2.5 Truyn d liu hng xung
2.5.1 Nguyn tc c bn ca OFDM
K thut truyn OFDM c th c xem nh l mt loi ca truyn a sng
mang. c im c bn ca truyn OFDM l:
- S dng mt lng tng i ln cc sng mang con bng hp. Truyn OFDM s
dng vi trm sng mang con c truyn trn cng mt lin kt v tuyn n cng
mt my thu.
- Dng xung hnh ch nht n gin nh trong hnh 2.16a. iu ny p ng ph
dng sinc-square mi sng mang, nh minh ha trong hnh 2.16b.
- Nhng sng mang con c sp xp cht ch trn min tn s vi khong cch gia
cc sng mang con Af=1/T
u
, vi T
u
l thi gian iu ch symbol trn mi sng
n tt nghip Trang 52

mang con (hnh 2.17). Khong cch sng mang con bng tc iu ch trn mi
sng mang con.

Hnh 2.16: Ph v dng xung ca mi sng mang cho truyn OFDM c bn

Hnh 2.17: Khong cch sng mang con OFDM
Nh minh ha v b iu ch OFDM c bn trong hnh 2.18. N bao gm
mt dy N
c
nhng b modulator phc tp, mi b modulator p ng cho mt sng
mang con OFDM.
n tt nghip Trang 53


Hnh 2.18: iu ch OFDM
Tn hiu OFDM c bn trong khong thi gian mT
u
s t < (m+1)T
u
c th
c biu din nh sau:
( ) ( )

=
A
=
= =
1
0
2 ) (
1
0
C C
N
k
ft k j m
k
N
k
k
e a t x t x
t
(2.1)
Vi ) (t x
k
l sng mang con c iu ch th k vi tn s f
k
=k.Af v
) (m
k
a l
symbol iu ch c p dng cho sng mang con th k trong khong thi gian
symbol OFDM th m, ngha l trong thi gian mT
u
s t < (m+1)T
u
. Truyn OFDM
da trn khi, ngha l trong thi gian mi symbol OFDM, N
c
symbol iu ch
c truyn song song. Nhng symbol iu ch c th l bt k kiu iu ch no
nh QPSK, 16QAM, hay 64QAM.
S sng mang con OFDM c th nh hn mt trm n vi ngn, vi khong
cch sng mang con t vi trm kHz xung vi kHz. La chn khong cch sng
mang con ph thuc vo mi trng m h thng hot ng, bao gm nhng kha
cnh nh la chn tn s knh v tuyn ln nht c yu cu (s phn tn thi
gian ln nht) v tc ln nht ca nhng bin i knh (tri Doppler ln nht).
Khi khong cch sng mang con c chn, s sng mang con c th c quyt
nh da vo tng bng thng truyn gi thuyt, a vo bng miu t s pht ngoi
n tt nghip Trang 54

bng c th chp nhn c,... V d, vi 3GPP LTE khong cch sng mang con
c bn bng 15kHz. Mt khc, s sng mang con ph thuc vo bng thng truyn,
khong 600 sng mang con khi hot ng ph 10MHz, do , c t hoc nhiu
hn sng mang con khi tng bng thng truyn nh hay rng hn.
Hai sng mang c iu ch OFDM
) (
1
t x
k
v ) (
2
t x
k
trc giao ln nhau
trong khong thi gian mT
u
s t < (m+1)T
u
, ngha l:
} }
+
A A -
+
-
= = =
u
u
u
u
T m
mT
t f k j t f k j
k k
T m
mT
k k
k k dt e e a a dt t x t x
) 1 (
2 1
2 2
) 1 (
) ( 0 . ) ( ) (
2 1
2 1 2 1
t t

(2.2)
V vy truyn OFDM c bn c th c xem nh iu ch ca mt nhm
nhng hm trc giao
k
(t), vi :
< s
=
A
otherwise
T t e
t
u
ft k j
k
0
0
) (
2t
(2.3)

Hnh 2.19: Li thi gian tn s OFDM
Ti nguyn vt l trong truyn OFDM thng c minh ha nh mt li
thi gian-tn s nh hnh 2.19 vi mi ct tng ng vi mt symbol OFDM v
mi hng tng ng vi mt sng mang con OFDM.
n tt nghip Trang 55

2.5.2 Gii iu ch OFDM

Hnh 2.20: Nguyn tc c bn ca gii iu ch OFDM
Hnh 2.20 minh ha nguyn tc c bn trong gii iu ch OFDM, bao gm
mt dy cc b correlator, mi b cho mt sng mang con. a vo bng miu t
tnh trc giao ca nhng sng mang con theo cng thc 2.2, trong trng hp l
tng, hai sng mang con OFDM khng gy nhiu cho nhau. S tht l ph ca
nhng sng mang con cnh nhau chng lp nhau, nh trong hnh 2.2. Tnh trc giao
ca nhng sng mang con l nh c cu trc c trng min tn s ca mi sng
mang con, kt hp vi khong cch sng mang con Af bng tc symbol trn mi
sng mang con 1/T
u
. Tuy nhin, nu bt k mt s sai lch trong cu trc min tn
s ca nhng sng mang con OFDM, chng hn v knh v tuyn la chn tn s,
c th dn n mt trc giao gia nhng sng mang con v v th xy ra nhiu gia
cc sng mang con. iu khin iu ny v lm cho tn hiu OFDM thc s
mnh vi la chn tn s knh v tuyn, ngi ta s dng chn cyclic prefix.

n tt nghip Trang 56

2.5.3 Thc hin OFDM s dng x l IFFT/FFT
Mc d mt dy nhng b modulator/correlator nh trong hnh 2.18 v 2.20
minh ha nguyn tc c bn ca iu ch v gii iu ch OFDM, nhng khng c
mt cu trc nhng b iu ch/gii iu ch thch hp trong thc t.
Trong thc t, v cu trc c bit ca n v s la chn khong cch sng
mang Af bng tc symbol mi sng mang con, OFDM c th thc hin t phc
tp hn bng x l bin i Fourier nhanh.
thc hin iu ny, xem tn hiu OFDM ri rc thi gian, vi gi s tc
ly mu f
s
l bi ln khong cch sng mang con Af, ngha l f
s
=1/T
s
=N.Af.
Tham s N c th c chn sao cho nh l ly mu c tha mn thch ng. V
N
c
.Af c th c xem nh bng thng trn l thuyt ca tn hiu OFDM, iu ny
ngha l N c th ln hn N
c
vi mt s d va .
Vi nhng gi thuyt nh trn, tn hiu ri rc thi gian OFDM c th c
biu din:

=
=
A
' = = = =
1
0
/ 2
1
0
/ 2
1
0
2
) (
N
k
N kn j
k
N
k
N kn j
k
N
k
fnT k j
k S n
e a e a e a nT x x
C C
S
t t t

(2.4)
Vi
< s
< s
= '
N k N
N k a
a
C
C k
k
0
0
(2.5)
n tt nghip Trang 57


Hnh 2.21: iu ch OFDM bng x l IFFT
V vy, chui
n
x
, l tn hiu OFDM c ly mu, l kch thc N ca bin
i Fourier ri rc ngc (IDFT) ca khi symbol iu ch a
0
,,a
Nc-1
. V vy, iu
ch OFDM c th c thc hin bng x l IDFT, theo sau l b chuyn i s
sang tng t, nh minh ha trong hnh 2.20. c bit, bng cch chn IDFT kch
thc N bng 2
m
vi m l s nguyn, iu ch OFDM c th c thc hin bng
IFFT c s 2. T s N/N
c
c th khng phi l s nguyn. V d trong 3GPP LTE s
sng mang con N
c
khong 600 vi ph 10MHz. Kch thc IFFT c th c chn
N=1024. iu ny tng ng vi tc ly mu f
s
=N.Af=15.36MHz, vi
Af=15kHz l khong cch sng mang con LTE.
Hot ng da trn IDFT/IFFT ca b iu ch OFDM ch l la chn ca
my pht, v khng phi l c im truy nhp v tuyn. V d, c th iu ch
OFDM bng mt nhm song song nhng b modulator nh minh ha trong hnh
2.21. V cng c th s dng IFFT kch thc ln, v d IFFT kch thc 2048,
thm ch trong trng hp s sng mang con OFDM nh hn.
Tng t nh iu ch OFDM, gii iu ch OFDM c th thay th dy N
c
demodulator song song nh trong hnh 2.20 bng x l FFT, vi tc ly mu
f
s
=1/T
s
, tip theo l DFT/FFT kch thc N, nh minh ha trong hnh 2.22.
n tt nghip Trang 58


Hnh 2.22: Gii iu ch OFDM bng x l FFT
2.5.4 Chn cyclic prefix
Nh miu t trong phn 2.5.2, mt tn hiu OFDM khng b h c th c
gii iu ch m khng c bt c nhiu no gia nhng sng mang. Tuy nhin,
trong trng hp knh phn tn thi gian, tnh trc giao gia nhng sng mang con
s b mt. Nguyn nhn ca s mt trc giao trong trng hp knh phn tn thi
gian l khong thi gian tng quan gii iu ch cho mt tuyn s chng ln
ng bin symbol ca tuyn khc, nh minh ha trong hnh 2.23. Kt qu l trong
trng hp knh phn tn thi gian, khng ch c nhiu gia cc symbol trn mt
sng mang m cn c nhiu gia nhng sng mang.

Hnh 2.23: S phn tn thi gian v thi gian nhn c tn hiu tng ng
gii quyt vn ny, v lm cho mt tn hiu OFDM t b nh hng bi
phn tn thi gian trn knh v tuyn, chn cyclic prefix (CP) c s dng trong
trng hp truyn OFDM. Nh minh ha trong hnh 2.23, chn CP ngha l phn
n tt nghip Trang 59

cui ca symbol OFDM c sao chp v chn vo u symbol. Chn CP v vy
tng chiu di ca symbol OFDM t T
u
ln T
u
+T
CP
, vi T
CP
l chiu di ca CP, v
kt qu l thu nh tc symbol OFDM. Trong phn di ca hnh 2.24, nu s
tng quan ti my thu vn c thc hin trong thi gian T
u
=1/Af, tnh trc giao
ca sng mang vn c duy tr trong knh phn tn thi gian, min l khong tr
ca s phn tn thi gian nh hn chiu di ca CP.

Hnh 2.24: Chn cyclic prefix
Trong thc t, chn CP c thc hin ng ra ri rc thi gian ca my
pht IFFT. Chn CP l N
CP
mu ca khi IFFT chiu di N c sao chp v chn
vo phn u ca khi, tng chiu di khi t N ln N+N
CP
. Ti pha thu, nhng
mu tng ng c ly ra trc khi gii iu ch OFDM bng x l DFT/FFT.
Chn CP c ch l n lm cho tn hiu OFDM t b nh hng bi phn tn
thi gian, min l khong tr ca s phn tn thi gian khng vt qu chiu di
CP. Hn ch ca CP l cng sut b mt mt phn, nhng khng ng k. Bn cnh
s hao ht cng sut, chn CP cng c mt s mt bng thng tng ng v b
chim bi nhng mu CP.
n tt nghip Trang 60

iu quan trng l CP khng cn thit phi bao ph ton b chiu di ca s
phn tn thi gian knh. Thng thng, c mt s iu chnh gia cng sut b mt
v CP v s sai lch tn hiu (nhiu ISI v ICI) v s phn tn thi gian khng c
bao ph bi CP. n mt lc no , sai lch tn hiu c gim (v tng chiu di
CP) khng cn bng vi cng sut b mt. iu ny c ngha l, mc d chiu di
phn tn thi gian tng vi kch thc cell, nhng khi vt ra ngoi mt kch thc
cell no , khng c l do g tng CP thm, v cng sut b mt v tng CP s c
tc ng xu, khi so snh vi tn hiu b sai v phn tn thi gian d ra do CP khng
bao ph ht.
2.5.5 M hnh min thi gian ca truyn OFDM
S kt hp ca iu ch OFDM (x l IFFT), knh v tuyn phn tn thi
gian v gii iu ch OFDM (x l FFT) c th c xem nh l mt knh min tn
s nh minh ha trong hnh 2.25, vi nhng nhnh knh min tn s H
0
,, H
Nc-1
c
th bt ngun trc tip t p ng xung ca knh.

Hnh 2.25: M hnh min tn s ca truyn nhn OFDM
Ng ra b gii iu ch b
k
trong hnh 2.25 l symbol iu ch c truyn a
k
b chia theo t l v b xoay pha bi nhnh knh min tn s phc H
k
, v b sai lch
bi nhiu n
k
. khi phc li ng symbol c truyn, u thu phi nhn b
k
vi
n tt nghip Trang 61

lin hip phc ca H
k
, nh minh ha trong hnh 2.25, iu ny thng c biu
din nh l b cn bng mt nhnh c p dng cho mi sng mang con thu c.
2.5.6 S c lng knh v nhng symbol tham chiu.
gii iu ch symbol c truyn a
k
v gii m ng thng tin c
truyn ti pha thu, cn nhn vi mt lng lin hip phc ca knh min tn s H
k

sau gii iu ch OFDM (hnh 2.26). lm c vic ny, r rng u thu cn
c lng nhng knh min tn s H
0
, ..., H
Nc1
.

Hnh 2.26: S cn bng mt nhnh ti u thu OFDM
Nhng knh min tn s c th c c lng gin tip bng s c lng
p ng xung u tin ca knh v t tnh ton c lng ca H
k
. Tuy nhin,
c lng knh min tn s trc tip th ng hn. iu ny c th c thc hin
bng cch chn nhng symbol tham chiu, cn c gi l symbol hoa tiu, vo
nhng khong thi gian u nhau trn li thi gian-tn s OFDM, nh minh ha
trong hnh 2.27. V nhng symbol tham chiu c bit trc, u thu c th c
lng knh min tn s xung quanh v tr symbol tham chiu. Nhng symbol tham
chiu c th c mt dy, thch hp c min thi gian v tn s, c th
cung cp s c lng cho ton b li thi gian-tn s trong trng hp nhng
knh v tuyn phi chu s la chn tn s hoc thi gian.
n tt nghip Trang 62


Hnh 2.27: Li thi gian tn s vi nhng symbol tham chiu bit trc
Nhng thut ton khc nhau c th c s dng cho vic c lng knh,
t n gin nh ly trung bnh kt hp vi ni suy tuyn tnh, n s c lng
MMSE (Minimum-Mean-Square-Error) da vo nhng c im chi tit v knh
min thi gian-tn s.
2.5.7 Tnh a dng tn s vi OFDM: iu quan trng ca m knh
Mt knh v tuyn lun lun chu ng mt mc la chn tn s no ,
ngha l cht lng knh s thay i trong min tn s. Trong trng hp n sng
mang bng rng, v d nh sng mang WCDMA, mi symbol iu ch c truyn
trn ton b bng thng tn hiu. Nh vy, trong trng hp truyn n sng mang
bng rng trn mt knh la chn tn s cao (hnh 2.28), mi symbol iu ch c
truyn trn c nhng bng tn vi cht lng tng i tt (cng tn hiu tng
i cao) v nhng bng tn vi cht lng km (cng tn hiu thp). Truyn
thng tin qua nhiu bng tn nh vy vi cht lng knh tc thi khc nhau c
gi l tnh a dng tn s.

n tt nghip Trang 63


Hnh 2.28: Truyn n sng mang bng rng v OFDM qua knh la chn tn s
Mt khc, trong trng hp truyn OFDM, mi symbol iu ch b gii hn
trong bng thng tng i hp. V vy, truyn OFDM trn mt knh la chn tn
s, nhng symbol iu ch b gii hn hon ton trong bng thng tn s, vi cng
tn hiu tc thi rt thp nh minh ha trong hnh 2.28b. Nh vy, nhng symbol
iu ch ring l s khng tri qua bt k s a dng tn s ng k, thm ch nu
knh la chn tn s cao trn ton b bng thng truyn OFDM. Kt qu l hiu
sut tc li c bn ca truyn OFDM qua mt knh la chn tn s khng ng
k v t hn nhiu tc li c bn khi truyn n sng mang bng rng.
Tuy nhin, trong thc t, m knh c s dng trong phn ln cc trng
hp thng tin s, v c bit trong thng tin di ng. M knh ngha l mi bit
thng tin c truyn s c biu din bng vi hoc nhiu bit m. Nu nhng bit
m ny sau c nh x n mt nhm sng mang con OFDM, v c phn
phi trn ton b bng thng truyn OFDM, nhng sng mang con hay nhng bit
m s khng tri qua bt k s a dng tn s no. S phn chia nhng bit m trn
min tn s, nh minh ha trong hnh 2.29 cn c gi l xen tn s (frequency
interleaving). Do , ngc vi truyn n sng mang bng rng, m knh (kt hp
vi xen tn s) l mt thnh phn thit yu truyn OFDM khng tri qua s a
dng tn s trn mt knh la chn tn s.
n tt nghip Trang 64


Hnh 2.29: M knh kt hp vi xen tn s trong truyn OFDM
2.5.8 La chn nhng thng s c bn ca OFDM
Nu OFDM c s dng nh l k hoch truyn trong h thng thng tin di
ng, nhng thng s c bn sau ca OFDM cn quyt nh:
- Khong cch sng mang con Af.
- S sng mang con N
c
, cng vi khong cch sng mang con xc nh tng bng
thng truyn ca tn hiu OFDM.
- Chiu di CP T
CP
. Cng vi khong cch sng mang con Af=1/T
u
, chiu di CP xc
nh tng thi gian symbol OFDM T=T
CP
+T
u
hoc tng ng vi tc symbol
OFDM.
2.5.8.1 Khong cch sng mang con OFDM
C hai yu t tc ng n s la chn khong cch sng mang con OFDM:
- Khong cch sng mang con OFDM phi nh n mc c th (T
u
ln n mc c
th).
- Khong cch sng mang con qu nh lm tng tnh nhy cm ca truyn OFDM vi
tri Doppler v nhng s sai lch tn s khc.
Mt yu cu gi c tnh trc giao ca sng mang con OFDM ti u
thu l knh tc thi khng thay i ng k trong thi gian gii iu ch tch phn
n tt nghip Trang 65

tng quan T
u
. Trong nhng trng hp knh thay i nh th, v d v tri
Doppler cao, tnh trc giao gia nhng sng mang con s b mt v nhiu gia cc
sng mang. Mt lng nhiu xuyn sng mang c th c chp nhn, ph thuc
vo dch v cung cp v phm vi tn hiu nhn c d sao cng b h hi bi nhiu
v nhng yu t lm suy hao khc. V d, ti cnh cell ca nhng cell ln, t s tn
hiu trn nhiu d sao cng tng i thp, kt qu l tc d liu t c tng
i thp. Nhng khi t s tn hiu trn nhiu cao, nh trong nhng cell nh vi lu
lng thp hoc gn trm gc, nhng ni tc d liu c cung cp cao, cng
mt lng nhiu xuyn sng mang c th c tc ng xu hn.
Ngoi tri Doppler, nhiu xuyn sng mang cng c th do nhng s sai lch
ca my pht v my thu, nh li tn s hoc nhiu pha.
2.5.8.2 S sng mang con
Khi khong cch sng mang con c chn da trn mi trng, c th xy
ra tri Doppler v phn tn thi gians sng mang con c th c xc nh da
trn lng ph c th dng c v s pht ngoi bng c th chp nhn c.
Bng thng c bn ca mt tn hiu OFDM bng N
c
.Af, ngha l s sng
mang con nhn vi khong cch sng mang con. Tuy nhin, nh trn hnh 2.30, ph
ca tn hiu OFDM gim mt cch chm chp bn ngoi bng thng OFDM c bn,
v c bit chm hn nhiu so vi tn hiu WCDMA. Nguyn nhn ca truyn
ngoi bng ca tn hiu OFDM l s dng dng xung hnh ch nht (hnh 2.16), dn
n nhng bp sng ph ca mi sng mang con gim tng i chm. Tuy nhin,
trong thc t, b lc hoc ca s min thi gian c s dng trit phn chnh
ca truyn ngoi bng OFDM. Do , trong thc t, 10% bng thng c s dng
lm bng bo v cho mt tn hiu OFDM, ngha l khi cp pht ph 5MHz, bng
thng OFDM c bn l N
c
.Af khong 4.5MHz. Gi s mt khong cch sng mang
con 15kHz c chn cho LTE, iu ny tng ng vi khong 300 sng mang con
5MHz.
n tt nghip Trang 66


Hnh 2.30: Ph ca tn hiu OFDM 5MHz v ph WCDMA
2.5.8.3 Chiu di cyclic prefix
Theo nguyn tc, chiu di T
CP
ca CP nn bao ph chiu di ti a ca phn
tn thi gian c th xy ra. Tuy nhin, khi tng chiu di ca CP th lm gim cng
sut, nn c mt s cn bng gia cng sut b mt v CP v tn hiu b sai lch v
phn tn thi gian khng c bao ph bi CP. iu ny c ngha l mc d lng
phn tn thi gian tng vi kch thc cell, nhng khi vt qua mt kch thc cell
no , thng khng c l do g tng CP hn na v cng sut mt i tng ng
c tc ng xu hn khi so snh vi tn hiu b sai lch v phn d phn tn thi
gian khng c bao ph bi CP.
CP di hn c th cn thit trong truyn a cell s dng SFN (Single-
Frequency Network). V vy, c th ti u hiu sut trong nhng mi trng
khc nhau, mt vi h thng da trn OFDM h tr nhiu chiu di CP. Chiu di
CP khc nhau c th c s dng trong nhng hon cnh truyn khc nhau: CP
ngn hn mi trng cell nh gim n mc ti thiu phn u CP, CP di hn
trong nhng mi trng vi phn tn thi gian qu ln, c bit trong hot ng
SFN.
n tt nghip Trang 67

2.5.9 S bin i cng sut truyn tc thi
Mt trong nhng hn ch ca truyn a sng mang l s bin i ln trong
cng sut truyn tc thi, ngha l gim hiu qu b khuch i cng sut v tiu
th nng lng u cui di ng cao hn, hoc l cng sut ng ra b khuch i
cng sut phi c gim. L mt kiu truyn a sng mang, OFDM cng c cng
hn ch .
Tuy nhin, nhiu phng php khc nhau c gii thiu gim cng
sut nh ln ca tn hiu OFDM.
2.5.10 OFDM nh l k hoch a truy nhp v ghp knh
Khi sng mang con OFDM c truyn t cng my pht n mt my thu
no , ngha l:
- Truyn hng xung ca tt c nhng sng mang n mt u cui di ng.
- Truyn hng ln ca tt c nhng sng mang i t mt u cui di ng.

Hnh 2.31: K hoch a truy nhp/a ghp knh ngi dng
Tuy nhin, OFDM c th c s dng nh l k hoch a truy nhp hay
ghp knh ngi dng, cho php truyn nhn ng thi vi nhiu u cui di ng
phn bit tn s (hnh 2.31).
n tt nghip Trang 68

hng xung, OFDM nh l mt k hoch ghp knh ngi dng, ngha l
mi khong thi gian symbol OFDM, nhng nhm nh khc nhau ca ton b
nhm sng mang c th dng c s dng truyn cho nhiu u cui di ng
khc nhau (hnh 2.31a).
Tng t, hng ln, OFDM nh l mt k hoch a truy nhp, ngha l
mi khong thi gian symbol OFDM, nhng nhm nh khc nhau ca ton b
nhm sng mang c s dng cho truyn t nhng u cui di ng khc nhau
(hnh 2.31b).

Hnh 2.32: Phn chia ghp knh ngi dng
Trong trng hp ny, thut ng OFDMA (Orthogonal Frequency Division
Multiple Access) c s dng. Hnh 2.32 gi s rng nhng sng mang con k
nhau c s dng cho truyn n/t cng u cui di ng. Tuy nhin, s phn
pht sng mang con n/t mt u cui di ng trong min tn s cng c th thc
hin c nh minh ha trong hnh 2.32. u im ca vic phn chia a truy nhp
nh th ny l kh nng chng li a dng tn s v mi qu trnh truyn c tri
trn bng thng rng hn.

n tt nghip Trang 69

2.5.11 Truyn broadcast/multicast a cell v OFDM

Hnh 2.33: K hoch truyn Broadcast
Cung cp nhng dch v broadcast/multicast trong h thng thng tin di
ng ngha l cng thng tin c cung cp cng lc cho nhiu u cui di ng,
thng c phn pht trn mt khu vc rng tng ng vi lng ln cc cell nh
trong hnh 2.33. Thng tin broadcast/multicast c th l mt on bn tin TV, thng
tin v iu kin thi tit a phng, thng tin th trng chng khon, hay l bt k
loi thng tin no, m trong mt thi gian ngn l tm im ch ca nhiu ngi.
Khi cng thng tin c cung cp cho nhiu u cui di ng trong mt cell,
truyn v tuyn broadcast cho tt c nhng u cui di ng trong cell (hnh 2.34a)
thng c li hn l cung cp thng tin bng cch truyn ring l cho mi u cui
di ng (truyn unicast, hnh 2.34b).

n tt nghip Trang 70


Hnh 2.34: Truyn Broadcast v Unicast
Tuy nhin, truyn broadcast nh hnh 2.34a phi nh kch thc bao ph
nhng u cui di ng trong tnh trng xu nht, k c nhng u cui di ng
vng bin cell, iu ny tng i tn km trong iu kin nh vo cng sut
truyn cn thit ca trm gc cung cp mt tc d liu dch v broadcast no
. Hoc l a vo bng miu t t s tn hiu trn nhiu b gii hn m c th t
c ti cnh cell, tc d liu broadcast c th t c tng i b gii hn,
c bit vi cell ln. Mt cch tng tc d liu broadcast l gim kch thc
cell, do tng cng sut nhn cnh cell. Tuy nhin, iu ny s tng s cell
bao ph mt khu vc no v lm tng chi ph trin khai.
Cung cp dch v broadcast/multicast trong mt mng thng tin di ng
ngha l thng tin ging nhau c cung cp trn mt lng ln cc cell. Trong
trng hp nh th, ti nguyn (cng sut truyn hng xung) cn cung cp mt
tc d liu no c th gim ng k nu nhng u cui di ng ti cnh cell
c th tn dng cng sut nhn c t nhiu cell khi pht hin, gii m d liu
broadcast.
c bit, c th t c li ln nu u cui di ng c th nhn ng
thi truyn broadcast t nhiu cell trc khi gii m. S kt hp mm nh th ca
truyn broadcast/multicast t nhiu cell c chp nhn trong WCDMA MBMS.
n tt nghip Trang 71


Hnh 2.35: S tng ng gia truyn ng thi v truyn a tuyn
Trong LTE, truyn broadcast/multicast nhn c t nhiu cell s xut hin
nh mt qu trnh truyn n l b tc ng rt xu ca truyn a tuyn nh minh
ha trn hnh 2.35. Cung cp cc dch v broadcast/multicast, thnh thong c
xem nh l hot ng mng n tn SFN (Single-Frequency Network).
Nu truyn broadcast da trn OFDM vi CP bao ph khong thi gian phn
tn, tc d liu c th t c ch b gii hn bi nhiu, ngha l trong nhng
cell nh hn, tc d liu broadcast c th rt cao. Hn na, u thu OFDM
khng cn nhn dng r rng cc cell trong kt ni mm. ng hn l tt cc qu
trnh truyn n trong phm vi ca CP s t ng c gi li bi u thu.
2.6 Truyn d liu hng ln
OFDM c xem l phng n ti u cho hng DL nhng hng UL th cha
c thun li. iu ny l do thuc tnh ca OFDM c t l cng sut nh trung
bnh (PARP-Peak-to-Average Power Ratio) thp, lm nh hng n vic truyn tn
hiu ca hng UL. Do , hng UL ca ch FDD v TDD s s dng k thut
a truy nhp phn chia tn s sng mang n SC-FDMA (Single Carrier Frequency
Division Multiple Access) theo chu k. Cc tn hiu SC-FDMA c tn hiu PARP
tt hn OFDMA. y l mt trong nhng l do chnh chn SC-FDMA cho LTE.
PARP gip mang li hiu qu cao trong vic thit k cc b khuch i cng sut
UE, v vic x l tn hiu ca SC-FDMA vn c mt s im tng ng vi
OFDMA, do , tham s hng DL v UL c th cn i vi nhau. Tn hiu SC-
FDMA c to ra bng k thut tri ph DFT-OFDM (DFT-s-OFDM).
n tt nghip Trang 72


Hnh 2.36 S khi DFT-s-OFDM
E-UTRA hng UL cng s dng cc k thut iu ch QPSK, 16QAM v
64QAM. Vi DFT-s-OFDM, vic bin i Fourier ri rc (DFT-Discrete Fourier
Transform) kch thc M-point FFT c p dng u tin trong khi cc k hiu
iu ch. DFT chuyn i cc k hiu iu ch thnh min tn s. Kt qu s c
nh x vo cc sng mang th cp c sn. Hng UL ch cho php nh v truyn
dn trn cc Sub-carrier lin tc. Trc khi c chuyn i t song song sang ni
tip, N-point IFFT c thm vo mt chu k (chn CP).
Vic nh x vo cc sng mang th cp c phn ra hai trng hp
- LFDMA (Localized Mode): Mi thu bao s s dng cc sng mang k cn
nhau pht i cc k t ca n.
- IFDMA(Distributed Mode): Cc k t ca mi thu bao c phn b u
trn cc sng mang.
Hnh 2.37 ch ra cch sp xp trong min tn s. C 3 thu bao, mi thu bao pht
k t trn 4 sng mang con trong h thng 12 sng mang con. Trong IFDMA, thu
bao dng sng mang th 0, 3, 6, 9. i vi LFDMA, thu bao dng sng mang th
0, 1, 2, 3.
n tt nghip Trang 73


Hnh 2.37 Phng php phn phi sng mang con cho nhiu thu bao (3 thu
bao, 12 sng mang con, 4 sng mang cho mi thu bao)
Do , vic x l DFT c s khc bit c bn gia tn hiu SC-FDMA v OFDMA.
iu ny sinh ra thut ng DFT spread-OFDM. Trong tn hiu SC-FDMA, mi
Sub-carrier s dng truyn ti thng tin c cha tt c cc k hiu iu ch, do
, chui d liu u vo phi c tri ph bng bin i DFT trn cc Sub-carrier
c sn. Ngc li, mi Sub-carrier ca tn hiu OFDMA ch mang thng tin c lin
quan n cc k hiu iu ch c th.
2.7 MIMO

MIMO l mt k thut i mi quan trng ca LTE, c s dng ci thin hiu
sut ca h thng. K thut cho php LTE ci thin hn v dung lng v hiu qu
s dng ph. Mc d, s dng MIMO lm cho h thng phc tp hn v qu trnh
x l tn hiu v yu cu s lng anten, nhng n c th tng tc d liu ln
mc cao, cho php hiu qu s dng ph tn. MIMO l mt k thut khng th
thiu ca LTE.
2.7.1 C bn v MIMO LTE

Ni dung c bn ca MIMO li dng ng truyn tn hiu a ng, nhng ng
truyn ny c s dng nh mt li th.
Hai gii hn chnh ca knh truyn thng tin l can nhiu a ng gii hn v
dung lng theo quy lut Shannon. MIMO li dng tn hiu a ng gia my
pht v my thu ci thin dung lng c sn cho bi knh truyn. Bng cch s
n tt nghip Trang 74

dng nhiu anten bn pht v thu vi vic x l tn hiu s, k thut MIMO c th
to ra cc dng d liu trn cng mt knh truyn, t lm tng dung lng knh
truyn.

Hnh 2.38 M hnh SU-MIMO v MU-MIMO
2.7.2 SU-MIMO (Single user MIMO)
- y l mt v d MIMO mt ngi dng tuyn xung 2x2.
- Hai dng d liu trn vi nhau (m ha) ph hp vi knh truyn nht.
- 2x2 SU-MIMO thng dng trong tuyn xung.
- Trong trng hp ny dung lng cell tng v tc d liu tng.
2.7.3 MU-MIMO
- y l mt v d ca MU-MIMO 2x2.
- Dng d liu MIMO a ngi dng n t cc UE khc nhau.
- Dung lng cell tng nhng tc d liu khng tng.
- u im chnh ca MU-MIMO so vi SU-MIMO l dung lng cell tng m khng
tng gi thnh v pin ca hai my pht UE.
- MU-MIMO phc tp hn SU-MIMO.
n tt nghip Trang 75


Hnh 2.39 Hnh minh ha MU-MIMO v SU-MIMO

Hnh 2.40 Cc ch chnh trong MIMO
Trong h thng MIMO, b pht gi cc dng d liu qua cc anten pht. Cc dng
d liu pht thng qua ma trn knh truyn bao gm nhiu ng truyn gia cc
n tt nghip Trang 76

anten pht v cc anten thu. Sau b thu nhn cc vector tn hiu t cc anten thu,
gii m thnh thng tin gc.
i vi tuyn xung, cu hnh hai anten trm pht v hai anten thu thit b u
cui di ng l cu hnh c bn, cu hnh s dng bn anten ang c xem xt.
y chnh l cu hnh SU-MIMO, v s dng k thut ghp knh khng gian vi
li th hn cc k thut khc l trong cng iu kin v bng thng s dng v k
thut iu ch tn hiu, SM cho php tng tc d liu (data rate) bng s ln ca
s lng anten pht.
2.7.4 Ghp knh khng gian

Ghp knh khng gian cho php pht chui bit d liu khc nhau trn cng mt
block ngun tuyn xung. Nhng dng d liu ny c th l mt ngi dng (SU-
MIMO) hoc nhng ngi dng khc nhau (MU-MIMO). Trong khi SU-MIMO
tng tc d liu cho mt ngi dng, MU-MIMO cho php tng dung lng.
Da vo hnh 2.41, ghp knh khng gian li dng cc hng khng gian ca knh
truyn v tuyn cho php pht cc d liu khc nhau trn hai anten.

Hnh 2.41 Ghp knh khng gian

i vi uplink t thit b u cui di ng n BS, ngi ta s dng m hnh MU-
MIMO (Multi-User MIMO). S dng m hnh ny BS yu cu s dng nhiu
anten, cn thit b di ng ch dng mt anten gim chi ph cho thit b di
n tt nghip Trang 77

ng. V hot ng, nhiu thit b u cui di ng c th pht lin tc trn cng
mt knh truyn, nhiu knh truyn, nhng khng gy ra can nhiu vi nhau bi v
cc pilot trc giao ln nhau. K thut c cp n, l k thut a truy nhp
min khng gian (SDMA) hay cn gi l MIMO o.
2.8 MIMO-OFDM

Cu trc tng qut ca b thu pht MIMO-OFDM c trnh by nh hnh 2.42

Hnh 2.42 B thu pht MIMO-OFDM

H thng bao gm N anten pht v M anten thu. Tn hiu OFDM cho mi anten c
c bng php bin i IFFT v c th c tch ra bng php bin i FFT. K t
MIMO-OFDM nhn c ti sng mang con th n v k t OFDM th m ca anten
thu th I sau b FFT c biu din di biu thc sau:
(2.6)
Vi i=1,2,.,M;
l k t d liu pht trn sng mang th n v k t

OFDM th m;
l nhiu cng ti anten nhn th I v
l h s
knh trong min tn s gia anten pht th j v anten nhn th i. H s knh truyn
trong min tn s c c khi kt hp tuyn tnh cc h s knh truyn phn tn.

n=0,1,,N-1 (2.7)
n tt nghip Trang 78

I l s h s knh truyn trong min thi gian v
c m hnh ha nh mt
qu trnh c lp ngu nhin Gaussian tr trung bnh bng 0. p ng xung ca
knh truyn Rayleigh c biu din di dng:

(2.8)
trong h
i
l li h s v
i
l thi gian tr ca h s th i. tr ny c coi
nh l mt bin thi gian. p ng xung ca knh truyn c xem l khng i
trong khi truyn mt k t OFDM.
Ma trn knh truyn H l ma trn NxM tng ng sng mang con th n v k t
OFDM th m.
| | | | | |
| | | | | |
| | | | | |
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
m n H m n H m n H
m n H m n H m n H
m n H m n H m n H
m n H
N M M M
N
N
, . . . , ,
. . . . . . .
. . . . . . .
. . . . . . .
. . . . . . .
, . . . . , ,
, . . . . , ,
] , [
, 2 , 1 ,
, 2 2 , 2 1 , 2
, 1 2 , 1 1 , 1
(2.9)

K t d liu nhn c ti tt c cc anten thu:
R [n,m]= H [n,m] A[n,m]+W [n,m] (2.10)
Trong A[n,m]=
(2.11)
v R
(2.12)
l cc vect Nx1 v Mx1 ca k t d liu pht v nhn.
duy tr k t d liu pht, phng trnh (2.10) nn c gii thch gi l cn
bng MIMO-OFDM:
A[n,m]= H
( R [n,m]+ W [n,m]) (2.13)

n tt nghip Trang 79

Vic cn bng tt trong trng hp t nhiu v khng ISI hay ICI.
2.9 Mt s c tnh ca knh truyn
Ta tm hiu mt s c tnh ca knh truyn nh hng n vic truyn tn hiu, cc
c tnh ny bao gm tri tr, fading, dch tn Doppler, nh hng ca dch tn
Doppler i vi tn hiu OFDM dn n nhiu MAI, v cch khc phc nhiu MAI.
2.9.1 Tri tr a ng
Tn hiu nhn c ni thu gm tn hiu thu trc tip v cc thnh phn phn x.
Tn hiu phn x n sau tn hiu thu trc tip v n phi truyn qua mt khong di
hn, v nh vy n s lm nng lng thu c tri rng theo thi gian. Khong
tri tr (delay spread) c nh ngha l khong chnh lch thi gian gia tn hiu
thu trc tip v tn hiu phn x thu c cui cng. Trong thng tin v tuyn, tri
tr c th gy nn nhiu xuyn k t nu nh h thng khng c cch khc phc.
i vi LTE, s dng k thut OFDM trnh c nhiu xuyn k t ISI.
2.9.2 Cc loi fading
Fading l s bin i cng tn hiu sng mang cao tn ti anten thu do c s
thay i khng ng u v ch s khc x ca kh quyn, cc phn x ca t v
nc trn ng truyn sng v tuyn i qua.
2.9.2.1 Rayleigh fading
Fadinh Rayleigh l loi Fading sinh ra do hin tng a ng (Multipath Signal)
v xc sut mc tn hiu thu c suy gim so vi mc tn hiu pht i tun theo
phn b Rayleigh.
2.9.2.2 Fading chn lc tn s v fading phng
Bng thng kt hp: l mt php o thng k ca di tn s m knh xem nh l
phng.
Nu tri tr thi gian a ng l D(s) th bng thng kt hp W
c
(Hz) xp x bng:
D W
c
t 2 / 1 ~
n tt nghip Trang 80

- Trong fading phng, bng thng kt hp ca knh ln hn bng thng ca tn
hiu. V vy, s lm thay i u tn hiu sng mang trong mt di tn s.
- Trong fading chn lc tn s, bng thng kt hp ca knh nh hn bng
thng ca tn hiu. V vy, s lm thay i tn hiu sng mang vi mc thay
i ph thuc tn s.
2.9.3 Dch tn Doppler
H thng truyn v tuyn chu s tc ng ca dch tn Doppler. Dch tn Doppler
l hin tng m tn s thu c khng bng tn s ca ngun pht do s chuyn
ng tng i gia ngun pht v ngun thu. C th l: khi ngun pht v ngun
thu chuyn ng hng vo nhau th tn s thu c s ln hn tn s pht i, khi
ngun pht v ngun thu chuyn ng ra xa nhau th tn s thu c s gim i.
Khong tn s dch chuyn trong hin tng Doppler tnh theo cng thc sau :
c
v
f f
0
= A (2.14)
Trong f A l khong tn s dch chuyn, f
0
l tn s ca ngun pht, v l vn tc
tng i gia ngun pht v ngun thu, c l vn tc nh sng. i vi LTE,
khc phc hin tng dch tn Doppler, ngi ta chn khong cch gia cc sng
mang ln (f = 15 Khz).
2.9.4 Nhiu MAI i vi LTE
i vi LTE, ng ln s dng k thut SC-FDMA, n cng nhy cm vi dch
tn. Cc user khc nhau lun c dch tn s sng mang CFO (Carrier Frequency
Offset). Khi tn ti nhiu CFO, tnh trc giao gia cc sng mang b mt. Nhiu
lin sng mang (ICI: Inter Carrier Interference) v MAI (Multi Access Interference)
to ra lm gim cht lng ca tn hiu thu c. Mt phng php trit ICI
cng nh MAI, l da trn cc k hiu hoa tiu khi (block type pilots).
Cc user khc nhau giao tip vi trm gc ti cc khe thi gian khc nhau. Phng
php ny ly trc tip thnh phn nhiu bng cch li dng cc k hiu hoa tiu
n tt nghip Trang 81

khi, v vy n khng cn s dng c lng CFO nhiu ln. Sau , ma trn can
nhiu c th c khi phc li v nh hng ca cc CFO c th c trit d
dng bng cch s dng phng php o ma trn.

n tt nghip Trang 82


CHNG 3 : TNG QUAN
MNG DI NG 4G LTE ADVANCE
Hin nay, ti nhiu nc trn th gii, khi phin bn u tin ca chun LTE ang
hon thnh th tm im ca s ch ang chuyn sang s tin ha tip theo ca
cng ngh ny, l LTE Advance. Mt trong nhng mc tiu ca qu trnh tin
ha ny l t ti v thm ch vt xa nhng yu cu ca IMT-Advance ca
ITU-R nhm ci thin mt cch ng k v mt hiu nng so vi cc h thng hin
ti bao gm c h thng LTE phin bn u tin.
3.1 Tng quan
LTE-Advance (Long Term Evolution-Advance) l s tin ha trong tng lai ca
cng ngh LTE, cng ngh da trn OFDMA ny c chun ha bi 3GPP trong
phin bn (Release) 8 v 9. LTE-Advance, d n c nghin cu v chun ha bi
3GPP vo nm 2009 vi cc c t c mong i hon thnh vo qu 2 nm 2010
nh l mt phn ca Release 10 nhm p ng hoc vt hn so vi nhng yu cu
ca th h cng ngh v tuyn di ng th 4 (4G) IMT-Advance c thit lp bi
ITU. LTE Advance s tng thch ngc v thun vi LTE, ngha l cc thit b
LTE s hot ng c mng LTE-Advance mi v cc mng LTE c.
Gn y, ITU a ra cc yu cu cho IMT-Advance nhm to ra nh ngha
chnh thc v 4G. Thut ng 4G s p dng trn cc mng tun theo cc yu cu
ca IMT-Advance xoay quanh bo co ITU-R M.2134. Mt s yu cu then cht
bao gm:
- H tr rng bng tn ln n v bao gm 40Mhz.
- Khuyn khch h tr cc rng bng tn rng hn (chng hn 100Mhz).
n tt nghip Trang 83

- Hiu qu s dng ph tn nh ng xung ti thiu l 15 b/s/Hz (gi s s
dng MIMO 4x4).
- Hiu qu s dng ph tn nh ng ln ti thiu l 6,75 b/s/Hz (gi s s
dng MIMO 4x4).
- Tc thng lng l thuyt l 1,5 Gb/s.

3.2 Nhng cng ngh thnh phn xut cho LTE-Advance
3.2.1 Truyn dn bng rng hn v chia s ph tn
Mc tiu tc s liu nh ca LTE-Advance rt cao v ch c th c tha mn
mt cch va phi bng cch tng rng bng truyn dn hn na so vi nhng g
c cung cp Release u tin ca LTE v rng bng truyn dn ln n
100Mhz c tho lun trong ni dung ca LTE-Advance. Vic m rng rng
ca bng s c thc hin trong khi vn duy tr c tnh tng thch ph. iu
ny c th t c bng cch s dng khi tp kt sng mang, trong nhiu
sng mang thnh phn LTE c kt hp trn lp vt l cung cp rng bng
cn thit. i vi thit b u cui LTE, mi sng mang thnh phn s xut hin
nh l mt sng mang LTE trong khi mt thit b u cui LTE-Advance c th
khai thc ton b rng bng khi kt tp.
Hnh 3.1 minh ha trng hp cc sng mang thnh phn lin tip nhau mc d
kha cnh bng gc, iu ny khng phi l iu kin tin quyt. Truy nhp n mt
lng ln ph lin tc bc 100Mhz khng th c thng xuyn. Do , LTE-
Advance c th cho php kt tp cc sng mang thnh phn khng lin k x l
cc tnh hung trong mt khi lng ln ph lin tip nhau khng sn c. Tuy
nhin, nn lu rng s kt tp ph khng lin k nhau ang l thch thc t kha
cnh thc thi.V vy, mc d khi kt tp ph c h tr bi cc c t c bn th
s kt tp ph phn tn ch c cung cp bi cc thit b u cui cp cao nht
n tt nghip Trang 84

Cui cng, lu rng truy nhp trn cc rng bng tn truyn dn cao hn
khng ch hu ch t kha cnh tc nh m quan trng hn l cng c cho vic
m rng vng ph sng vi cc tc s liu trung bnh.

Hnh 3.1 V d v khi kt tp sng mang
3.2.2 Gii php a anten
Cc cng ngh a anten, bao gm nh dng chm v ghp knh theo khng gian l
cc thnh phn cng ngh then cht vn c ca LTE v chc chn s tip tc ng
vai tr quan trng hn trong LTE-Advance. Thit k a anten hin ti cung cp ln
n bn cng anten vi cc tn hiu tham chiu c th tng ng ng xung,
kt hp vi s tin m ha da trn s m. Cu trc ny cung cp c s ghp theo
khng gian ln n bn lp, a n tc bit nh l 300Mbit/s cng nh l nh
dng chm (da trn s m ). Kt hp vi nhau trn rng bng ton phn l 100
Mhz, s ghp khng gian LTE hin ti s t c tc nh l 1,5Gb/s vt
xa so vi yu cu ca LTE-Advance. C th thy trc rng h tr ghp knh theo
khng gian ng ln s l mt phn ca LTE-Advance. Vic tng s lp truyn
dn ng xung vt xa con s bn l c kh nng v c th c s dng nh l
phn b sung i vi s tng tc nh thng qua s m rng bng tn.
3.2.3 Truyn dn a im phi hp
Mc tiu v s liu nh ca LTE-Advance yu cu s ci thin ng k v t l tn
hiu trn tp m v can nhiu SINR thit b u cui . nh dng chm l mt
cch. cc mng hin ti, nhiu anten nm phn tn v mt a l kt ni n mt
n v x l bng gc trung tm c s dng nhm em li hiu qu v chi ph. M
hnh trin khai thu/ pht a im phi hp vi qu trnh x l bng gc mt nt
n tt nghip Trang 85

n c m t hnh 3.2. ng xung, n ch ra s phi hp truyn dn t a
im truyn dn.

Hnh 3.2 Truyn dn a im phi hp

3.2.4 Cc b lp v cc b chuyn tip
T vic xem xt qu ng truyn, vic trin khai cc gii php chuyn tip khc
nhau nhm gim khong cch my pht v my thu xung v cho php tng tc
s liu. Cc b lp n gin s khuch i v chuyn i cc tn hiu tng t thu
c. Khi c ci t, cc b lp lin tc chuyn i tn hiu thu c m khng
quan tm n c thit b u cui trong vng ph sng ca n hay khng. Nhng b
lp nh vy khng hin th i vi c cc thit b u cui v trm gc. Tuy nhin,
c th xem xt cc cu trc b lp cao cp hn, chng hn s trong mng c
th iu khin cng sut truyn ca b lp, chng hn, ch tch cc b lp khi ngi
s dng hin din trong khu vc c iu khin bi b lp nhm tng tc s
liu cung cp trong khu vc. Cc bo co o c b sung t cc thit b u cui c
th cng c xem xt nh l phng tin hng dn mng m trong cc b lp
c bt ln. Tuy nhin, vic iu khin ti truyn dn v lp biu thng nm
trm gc v v vy, cc b lp thng trong sut t kha cnh di ng.
n tt nghip Trang 86

Nt trung gian cng c th gii m v ti ha bt k s liu thu c, u tin chuyn
tip n n ngi s dng c phc v. y thng c xem l chuyn tip gii
m ha v truyn tip. Khi nt trung gian gii m ha v ti m ha khi s liu thu
c th to ra tr ng k, lu hn di khung con LTE 1ms. Tuy nhin, cc nt
chuyn tip khng truyn tip cc tp m v s thch nghi tc c th c thc
hin mt cch ring r cho mi kt ni.
i vi cc b lp, tn ti nhiu ty chn khc nhau ph thuc vo cc tnh nng
c h tr nhng mc cao, c th phn bit hai tng khc nhau, da trn vic
truyn tip c thc hin lp 2 (chuyn tip lp 2) hay lp 3 (chuyn tip lp 3).
Mc d ging nhau nhiu im c bn (tr, khng khuch i tp m), gii php
self backhauling khng yu cu bt k nt, giao thc hoc giao din mi no
chun ha bi v cc gii php ang tn ti c ti s dng v do c th c
a chung hn trn cc k thut cng chc nng L2 ca chng.

Hnh 3.3 Chuyn tip trong LTE-Advance
3.2.5 MCMC CDMA
Song song vi cc gii php trn th mt xut cng ang c a ra l
MCMC CDMA (Multicode Multicarrier Code Division Mutiple Access) nhm cung
cp nhiu loi tc khc nhau c truyn i trn nhiu sng mang con.
3.2.5.1 H thng Multicarrier CDMA
H thng MC-CDMA c xem nh l s kt hp ni tip ca CDMA
v OFDM. S kt hp ny c hai u im chnh, th nht n k tha kh nng lm
n tt nghip Trang 87

chm tc k t trn mi sng mang ph c c mt s nhn tn hiu gn
ng b (quasi-synchronous). u im th hai l n c th kt hp mt cch
hiu qu nng lng tn hiu b phn tn trong min tn s. c bit trong nhng
trng hp truyn dn tc cao khi mt b thu DS-CDMA c th thy 20 ng
trong p ng xung tc thi, mt b kt hp RAKE 20 ng l iu khng th
thc hin cho b thu DS-CDMA, trong khi mt b thu MC-CDMA l c th
thc hin c mc d n s tiu tn nng lng tn hiu nhn trong nhng khong
bo v.
B pht MC-CDMA tri lung d liu ban u ln cc sng mang ph
khc nhau bng cch s dng mt m tri rng trong min tn s. Ni mt cch
khc, phn k t tng ng vi mt chip ca m tri rng s c truyn trn mt
sng mang ph. Hnh 3.4 cho ta khi nim v s to tn hiu MC-CDMA cho mt
ngi dng. Tng t nh trong h thng CDMA, mt ngi dng c th chim
ton b bng thng cho s truyn dn ca mt k t d liu. S phn bit cc tn
hiu ca nhng ngi dng khc nhau c thc hin trong min m.
Mi k t d liu c sao chp ln cc lung ph trc khi nhn n vi
chip ca m tri rng, iu ny cho thy mt h thng MC-CDMA thc hin s tri
rng theo hng tn s v nh vy lm tng thm tnh linh ng khi so snh vi
mt h thng CDMA. S nh x cc chip theo hng tn s cho php s nhn dng
tn hiu c th c thc hin bng nhiu phng php n gin.

Hnh 3.4 S to tn hiu MC-CDMA cho mt ngi dng
n tt nghip Trang 88

S to tn hiu tri ph a sng mang s dng OFDM cho mt ngi
dng c minh ha hnh 3.4. Khng mt tnh tng qut, s to tn hiu MC-
CDMA c miu t cho mt k t i vi mi ngi dng, v vy ch s k t d
liu khng cn ghi r. Trong b pht, k t d liu gi tr phc d
k
ca ngi dng
th k c nhn vi m tri ph:

(3.1)
c chiu di L = P
G
=N
c
. Chui gi tr phc thu c sau b tri ph:

(3.2)

Hnh 3.5: Nguyn tc to tn hiu MC-CDMA
Tn hiu tuyn xung (downlink):
tuyn xung ng b, cc tn hiu tri ph ca K user c cng vi
nhau trc khi thc hin phng php OFDM (hnh 3.3). Kt qu xp chng K user
vi nhau to ra tn hiu tri ph:

(3.3)
Kt qu ny c th vit di dng ma trn
S=C.d (3.4)
Trong :
d=(d
0
, d
1
,, d
k-1
)
T
(3.5)
l vector gm cc k hiu pht ca K user tch cc, cn C l ma trn m
ct th k l m tri ph c trng cho user th k:
C = (C
0
, C
1
,, C
k-1
) (3.6)
n tt nghip Trang 89


Hnh 3.6: My pht MC-CDMA tuyn xung
Tn hiu MC-CDMA tuyn xung l kt qu ca qu trnh x l tn hiu s
bng khi OFDM theo phng trnh (3.3). Gi s rng khong d phng l di,
vector thu sau khi thc hin bin i ngc OFDM v loi b cc khong tn s
tha s c xc nh bi:
r=H.s + n=(R
0
, R
1
, , R
L-1
)
T
(3.7)
trong H l ma trn LxL c trng cho knh truyn v n l vector tn
hiu nhiu chiu di L. Vector r s c a vo b pht hin d liu c lng
(bng phng php cng hoc mm) d liu pht. Khi m t k thut pht hin a
user, vector r s c biu din di dng:
r=A.s + n=(R
0
, R
1
, , R
L-1
)
T
(3.8)
vi A l ma trn h thng, xc nh bi:
A=H.C (3.9)
Tn hiu tuyn ln (uplink):
tuyn ln, tn hiu MC-CDMA c c mt cch trc tip sau khi x
l chui S
k
ca user th k bng khi OFDM. Sau khi thc hin qu trnh bin i
ngc OFDM v loi b cc khong tn s tha my thu th vector thu ng vi
chui pht S
k
s l:

(3.10)
trong H
k
bao gm cc h s ca knh truyn ph ng vi user th k.
Tuyn ln phi c ng b phng php OFDM t hiu sut s dng ph cao
nht. Vector r ny s c a vo b pht hin c lng d liu pht bng
phng php cng hoc mm. Ma trn h thng A ca tuyn ln c nh ngha
bi:
n tt nghip Trang 90

A=(a
0
, a
1
, , a
k-1
) (3.11)
3.2.5.2 H thng Multicode CDMA
H thng Multi-code CDMA cung cp nhiu loi tc khc nhau bng
cch n nh cho mi ngi dng mt tp gm M chui m, kch thc M ca
tp m s thay i theo tc yu cu. Ty thuc vo cch thc nh x cc bit d
liu vo cc chui m m ta c cc h thng Multi-code CDMA khc nhau.
- H thng Multi-code CDMA kiu truyn song song
Trong h thng Multi-code CDMA kiu truyn song song khi mt ngi
dng cn truyn mt lung d liu c tc ln hn tc c bn M ln th h
thng s chuyn lung d liu ny thnh M lung d liu con song song (s dng
b chuyn i ni tip sang song song), M lung d liu con ny c xem nh l
ca M ngi dng c lp, mi lung s c tri ph (m ha) bng mt m khc
nhau trong tp v c cng li trc khi chuyn ln truyn dn cao tn. Hnh 3.7
miu t s khi b pht trong h thng Multi-code CDMA kiu truyn song
song.

Hnh 3.7: S khi b pht Multi-code CDMA kiu truyn song song
B thu ca h thng Multi-code CDMA c xem nh tng ng vi M
b thu ca h thng DS-CDMA. Hnh 3.8 miu t s khi ca b thu h thng
Multi-code CDMA kiu truyn song song.
n tt nghip Trang 91


Hnh 3.8: S khi b thu Multi-code CDMA kiu truyn song song
gim s t xuyn nhiu (self-interference) m mt ngi dng s
dng nhiu m c th gp phi th cc m ca cng ngi dng nn trc giao ln
nhau.
- H thng Multi-code CDMA kiu truyn M-ary
Trong h thng Multi-code CDMA kiu truyn M-ary mi ngi dng
cng c gn mt tp gm M chui m. Cc tc d liu khc nhau ca ngi
dng s c h tr bng cch thay i kch thc M ca tp chui m. Ngi dng
truyn d liu bng cch chn mt chui m t tp chui ca h v truyn n qua
knh chung, bng cch ny log
2
(M ) bit d liu c truyn trong mt chu k k
t d liu.
Qu trnh to m cho mt ngi dng cho mt h thng Multi-code
CDMA kiu truyn M-ary cng tng t nh qu trnh to m trong h thng
Multi-code CDMA kiu truyn song song. Mi ngi dng c gn mt m c
trng cho ngi dng U
k
(n) , mt tp m {V
m
(n)|1 m M} c gi l tp m
thng tin c dng chung cho tt c ngi dng. Tp m cho ngi dng th k
l:
(3.12)
Vi cch to m ny th b nh x cc k t d liu M-ary vo cc chui
V
m
(n), b gii m (b lc tng hp) v khi quyt nh l ging nhau cho tt c
n tt nghip Trang 92

ngi dng. M hnh b pht v b thu h thng Multi-code CDMA kiu truyn M-
ary c miu t trn Hnh 3.9.

Hnh 3.9: M hnh b pht v b thu h thng Multi-code CDMA kiu
truyn M-ary
Ti b pht, mt trong s M chui m thng tin V
m
(n) c chn ty
thuc vo k t d liu M-ary. Chui m ny s c nhn vi chui m c trng
cho ngi dng v mt h s bin , php nhn gia hai chui m c thc
hin theo kiu chip-nhn-chip. Chui kt qu c iu ch v truyn ra ngoi knh
truyn.
Ti b thu, tn hiu thu c gii iu ch, nhn vi chui c trng cho
ngi dng v c a qua b gii m l mt bng cc b lc tng hp cho cc
n tt nghip Trang 93

chui thng tin V
m
(n) vi 1 m M . Mt n v quyt nh s xc nh chui no
c gi (d tm cc i) v cho ra k t d liu M-ary tng ng.

- M hnh Multi-code CDMA tng qut
Nh ta c th thy cc phn trc, mt h thng DS-CDMA gn cho
mi ngi dng mt m tri ph, cc h thng Multi-code CDMA kiu truyn song
song v kiu truyn M-ary gn cho mt ngi dng mt tp gm M chui m.
Trong cc h thng ny, ch mt phn hay ton b cc chui m ca ngi dng
c s dng truyn tin trong mt chu k k t d liu. M hnh Multi-code
CDMA tng qut ny c miu t nh Hnh 3.10.

Hnh 3.10: M hnh Multi-code CDMA tng qut
ng vi m hnh Multi-code CDMA kiu truyn song song, mi ngi
dng c gn M chui m, M chui m ny c s dng ng thi tri rng
M lung d liu khc nhau c c sau khi chuyn i ni tip sang song song.
Tuy nhin, ng vi m hnh Multi-code CDMA kiu truyn la chn (m hnh
Multi-code CDMA kiu truyn M-ary l mt trng hp c bit ca m hnh ny)
ch mt tp con gm M' m (M M ') l c truyn trong mt chu k k t, tp
n tt nghip Trang 94

con M' m ny tng trng cho mt t m trong khng gian t m c hnh
thnh do s kt hp cc kh nng c th c ca M' chui m (c tnh n cc chui
m tri du). V vy, M' m c th hnh thnh nn mt khng gian t m vi

) t m khc nhau, mi t m tng trng cho mt khi d liu c

th vi H = [log
2
= W] bit, trong (
) biu th s t hp chn n t m phn t

v [x] l s nguyn ln nht khng vt qu x . Nh vy:
Khi M = M' = 1, m hnh tng qut tng ng vi m hnh h
thng DS-CDMA vi tc d liu c bn l R.
Khi 1 M ' M, m hnh tng qut tng ng vi m hnh h
thng Multi-code CDMA kiu truyn la chn vi tc d liu
l HR .
Khi M = M ' > 1, m hnh tng qut tng ng vi m hnh h
thng Multi-code CDMA kiu truyn song song vi tc d liu
l MR.

3.2.5.3 H thng MCMC CDMA
- H thng PMC-MC-CDMA
H thng PMC-MC-CDMA (Parallel Multicode Multicarrier CDMA) c xem
nh l s kt hp ca h thng Multi-code CDMA kiu truyn song song v h
thng MC-CDMA. Khi mt ngi dng cn truyn mt lung d liu c tc ln
hn tc c bn M ln th h thng s chuyn lung d liu ny thnh M lung
d liu con, mi lung d liu con by gi c xem nh l ca tng ngi dng
ring bit. Mi lung d liu con s c a qua b m ha knh truyn, b trn
v c nhn vi m tri rng c chiu di L . Mi lung d liu con sau s
c iu ch a sng mang v pht ra ngoi knh truyn.
Hnh 3.11 miu t s to tn hiu ri rc cho h thng PMC-MC-CDMA
ng vi ngi dng k . Lung d liu k t d
k
ca ngi dng k c tc gp M
k

n tt nghip Trang 95

ln tc c bn, tc ca lung d liu k t d
k
ny l M
k
/T
s
vi T
s
l khong
thi gian ca mt k t tc c bn.

Hnh 3.11: S to tn hiu ri rc PMC-MC-CDMA
n gin khi phn tch trong cc phn tip theo s khng xt n cc
b m ha knh v cc b trn, ta c s rt gn s to tn hiu ri rc PMC-MC-
CDMA cho ngi dng k nh Hnh 3.12. Trong mi khong thi gian T
s
s c M
k

k t d liu ca ngi dng k c truyn, khng mt tnh tng qut s to tn
hiu PMC-MC-CDMA s c m t cho M
k
k t d liu ca ngi dng tch cc
k , M
k
k t d liu ca ngi dng k c biu din di dng vector ct:
d
k
= (d
k,1
, d
k,2
, , d
k,Mk
)
T
(3.13)

Hnh 3.12: S rt gn cho s to tn hiu ri rc PMC-MC-CDMA
Ta c th thy s khc nhau c bn gia s to tn hiu PMC-MC-
CDMA v MC-CDMA nm b tri ph. Trong h thng PMC-MC-CDMA, b
tri ph s to ra M
k
m tri rng. B tri ph s nhn vector k t d liu d
k
vi ma
trn m tri rng ca ngi dng k
C
k
= (C
k,1
, C
k,2
, , C
k,Mk
)
T
(3.14)
n tt nghip Trang 96

trong C
k,m
(m =1,,M
k
) l vector ct c chiu di L = N
c
biu din
mt m tri rng trong tp m tri rng ca ngi dng th k . Ng ra b tri ph
c dng
s
k
= C
k
d
k
= (S
k,1
, S
k,2
, ,S
k,L
)
T
(3.15)
- H thng MMC-MC-CDMA
H thng MMC-MC-CDMA (M-ary Multicode MC-CDMA) l s kt hp ni
tip ca h thng Multi-code CDMA kiu truyn M-ary v h thng MC-CDMA.
Trong h thng ny mi ngi dng c mt m C
k
(chiu di L) c trng cho
ngi dng v mt tp m {V
m
(n)|1 m M } chung cho tt c ngi dng (chiu
di ca mi m trong tp m chung l N).
Hnh 3.13 miu t s to tn hiu MMC-MC-CDMA ri rc cho ngi
dng k s dng s iu ch BPSK. Khi ngi dng k c tc d liu gp
log
2
(M
k
) ln tc d liu c bn (1/T
s
) th trong mi khong thi gian T
s
khi
chn lc s nh x mt k t M-ary tng ng vi log
2
(M
k
) bit thng tin vo
mt trong s M
k
m ca tp m chung, tp M
k
m ny c gi l tp m thng tin
cho ngi dng k. Chiu di N ca chui m trong tp m chung l c nh vi cc
gi tr khc nhau ca M
k
, v vy s thay i tc k t d liu khng lm thay i
chiu di N ca chui m hay tc ca lung bit i vo b tri ph (N/T
s
) nhng
n lm thay i kch thc M
k
ca tp m thng tin.

Hnh 3.13: S to tn hiu ri rc MMC-MC-CDMA
Khng mt tnh tng qut ta s kho st trong mt khong thi gian T
s

cho ngi dng tch cc k, gi s k t M-ary dk tng ng vi log
2
(M
k
) bit thng
tin trong khong thi gian ny c nh x vo m V
dk
(n) , N bit ca m V
dk
(n) sau
n tt nghip Trang 97

s ln lt i qua b tri ph. Vi mi bit v
dk,n
(bit th n ca m V
dk
; n =1, 2, ...,
N ) i vo b tri ph th ti ng ra b tri ph ta c mt chui c chiu di L
(3.16)
Chui L gi tr phc ni tip s
k,n
qua b chuyn i S/P chuyn thnh
L gi tr song song i vo khi OFDM. Ng ra khi OFDM s c a qua khi
D/A, chuyn ln tn s sng mang cao tn v pht ra ngoi knh truyn.

n tt nghip Trang 98
Chng 4 : M phng

CHNG 4: M PHNG
4.1 Giao din chnh chng trnh

Chn M phng bt u chng trnh
n tt nghip Trang 99
Chng 4 : M phng

Trong giao din ny c th la chn ba vn m phng
1.H thng thu pht SC-FDMA.
2. So snh hiu sut h thng khi thu bao thay i trng thi.
3.So snh hai h thng SC-FDMA v MC-MC-CDMA.

n tt nghip Trang 100
Chng 4 : M phng

4.2. H thng thu pht SC-FDMA
La chn vn 1:

Trong chng trnh m phng ny, ngi thc hin chn:
- d liu vo: 64 bit
- kiu iu ch: 16QAM
- s khi: 16
- s symbol/khi:1
- kch thc FFT: 512
- s user:1
D liu u vo gm 64 bit c chuyn t ni tip sang song song, sau nhm
tng 4 bit li vi nhau ri em i iu ch 16QAM, nh vy ta c c 16 k t
(symbol).

Chng 4 : M phng

Thc hin FFT, a 16 k t dng s phc ny ang trong min thi gian c
chuyn v min tn s.
nh x 16 k t ny ln 512 sng mang con theo kiu IFDMA. Do s khi
(blocksize) chn l 16 nn mi khi s cha ti a l 32 k t (tc 32 user). V ta
chn s user l 1 nn mi khi s ch cha 1 k t. Do , cc k t s c t cch
nhau 31 sng mang con, cc sng mang con ny s c chn zero vo (zero
padding).
Bin i IFFT 512 im ny a tn hiu v li min thi gian. Thc hin chn
khong bo v CP ri chuyn t song song sang ni tip pht i.
Bn thu s thc hin ngc li.
i vi trng hp iu ch kiu 64QAM, cc thng s a vo s l:
- d liu vo: 96 bit
- kiu iu ch: 64QAM
- s khi: 16
- s symbol/khi:1
- kch thc FFT: 512
- s user:1
Trng hp ny cng tng t nh i vi 16QAM, ch khc l s bit d liu a
vo s l 96 bit, iu ch 64QAM s nhm tng 6 bit li vi nhau, do ta cng
c 16 k t. Sau , thc hin tng t trng hp 16QAM.

Chng 4 : M phng

Chn nt A, d liu vo gm 64 bit ngu nhin:

64 bit ny c iu ch 16QAM_nhm 4 bit thnh 1 k t (symbol), ta c
16 k t. Chn nt B ta thy c chm sao k t:

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1
-3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3
-3
-2
-1
0
1
2
3
Q
u
a
d
r
a
t
u
r
e
In-Phase
Scatter plot
Chng 4 : M phng

S d ta khng nhn thy y 16 k t trn chm sao l v mt s k t
b trng lp nhau.

em 16 k t i iu ch FFT, ti nt C:

Sau , em tn hiu nh x ln 512 sng mang con, ri thc hin bin i
IFFT 512 im, chuyn tn hiu t min tn s v min thi gian. Chn D:

0 5 10 15
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
0 100 200 300 400 500 600
0.04
0.05
0.06
0.07
0.08
0.09
0.1
0.11
0.12
0.13
0.14
Chng 4 : M phng

Chn khong bo v CP, kch thc CP l 20.Ti E:

Pht tn hiu ln knh truyn trong mi trng nhiu AWGN, tn hiu nhiu
ngu nhin ti F:

0 100 200 300 400 500 600
0.04
0.05
0.06
0.07
0.08
0.09
0.1
0.11
0.12
0.13
0.14
0 100 200 300 400 500 600
-2
-1.5
-1
-0.5
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
Chng 4 : M phng

Tn hiu thu v c cng nhiu ti G:

Loi CP, tn hiu c tr v kch thc 512 (H):

0 100 200 300 400 500 600
-0.25
-0.2
-0.15
-0.1
-0.05
0
0.05
0.1
0.15
0.2
0.25
0 100 200 300 400 500 600
-0.25
-0.2
-0.15
-0.1
-0.05
0
0.05
0.1
0.15
0.2
0.25
Chng 4 : M phng

Ly FFT 512 im a tn hiu v min tn s, ti im I:

Gii nh x sng mang con, ta thu li c 16 k t (K):

0 100 200 300 400 500 600
-15
-10
-5
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
0 5 10 15
-3
-2
-1
0
1
2
3
Chng 4 : M phng

Thc hin gii iu ch 16QAM v chuyn d liu t song song sang ni
tip, ta c 64 bit (L):

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1
Chng 4 : M phng

4.3 M phng h thng SCFDMA 10 user trong cc trng hp: c nh, di
chuyn chm (i b), di chuyn nhanh (i xe)

La chn vn 2:
Chng 4 : M phng

Nhn xt: Trong trng hp user c nh (l tng), h thng t cht lng tt nht
tc t l li bit l t nht. i vi trng hp user di chuyn nhanh (thc t), h
thng t cht lng km nht.

4.4 So snh h thng SC-FDMA v MCMC-CDMA
Giao din so snh h thng SC-FDMA v MCMC-CDMA nh hnh di.
C 2 la chn kiu iu ch:
16QAM
64QAM
Chng 4 : M phng

Thc hin m phng hai h thng vi:
- S user=10.
- Mi trng Rayleigh fading c nhiu Awgn.
- M= 16; 64 (s mc i vi MCMC-CDMA v kiu iu ch i vi
SCFDMA).
Kt qu:
Chng 4 : M phng

Chng 4 : M phng

Nhn xt:
- i vi trng hp 16QAM: ti SNR=0:10, h thng MCMC-CDMA t
hiu sut tt hn h thng SC-FDMA. Nhng t SNR=10 tr i, h thng
SC-FDMA t hiu sut tt hn.
- i vi trng hp 64QAM: ti SNR=0:16, h thng MCMC-CDMA t
hiu sut tt hn h thng SC-FDMA. Nhng t SNR=16 tr i, h thng
SC-FDMA t hiu sut tt hn.

Chng 5 : Kt lun v hng pht trin ti

CHNG 5: KT LUN
V HNG PHT TRIN TI

5.1. Kt lun
ti tm hiu v cng ngh 4G LTE v LTE pht trin nhm a ra s so snh
gia cc phng thc truyn trong h thng LTE v LTE pht trin, c th l so
snh hiu sut h thng MIMO-OFDM (tuyn xung) v SC-FDMA (tuyn ln) vi
h thng MCMC-CDMA_phng thc truyn ang c a ra i vi LTE pht
trin.
Tuy nhin, v thi gian c hn cng nh kh nng ngi thc hin cn hn ch m
ti ch mi dng li mc tm hiu LTE v thc hin so snh SC-FDMA vi
MCMC-CDMA.

5.2. Hng pht trin ti
Nghin cu v thc hin m phng so snh h thng MIMO-OFDM vi
MCMC-CDMA, thc hin vi MIMO 2x2, t m rng hn vi MIMO 4x4, 8x8.

Chng 5 : Kt lun v hng pht trin ti

PHN C: PH LC V
TI LIU THAM KHO

T VIT TT
K hiu T vit tt
1G

2G

3G

4G

3GPP
One Generation Cellular

Second Generation Cellular

Third Generation Cellular

Four Generation Cellular

Third Generation Patnership Project
A
ACK
AMPS
AuC
Acknowledgement
Advance Mobile Phone System
Authentication Centre
B
BCCH
BCH
BW
Broadcast Control Channel
Broadcast Channel
Band Width
C
CDMA

CP
Code Division Multiple Access

Cycle Prefix
D
D-AMPS Digital Advance Mobile Phone System
E
eNodeB
EPC
EPS
E-UTRAN
Enhanced NodeB
Evolved Packet Core
Evolved Packet System
Evolved-UTRAN
F
FDD
FTP
Frequency Division Duplex
File Transfer Protocol
G
GSM
GPRS

Global System for Mobile Phone
General Packet Radio Service

H
HLR
HSDPA
HSDPA
HSS
Home Location Register
High Speed Downlink Packet Access
High Speed Uplink Packet Access
Home Subscriber Server
I
ITU
IMT
International Telecommunication Union
International Mobile Telecommunication
L

LTE Long Term Evolution
M
MAC
MBMS

MC-MC-CDMA

MIMO

MME

MU-MIMO

Medium Access Control
Multimedia Broadcast Multicast Service

Multicode Multicarrier Code Devision
Multiple Access

Multiple Input Multiple Output

Mobility Management Entity

Multi User MIMO

N
NAS
NMT
Non-Access Stratum
Nordic Mobile Telephone
O
OFDM
OFDMA
Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiple
Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiple
Access
P
PBCH
PCCH
PCRF
PDC
PDCCH
PDCP
PDSCH
PDN
PLMN
PUCCH
PUSCH

Physical Broadcast Channel
Paging Control Channel
Policy Control Charging Rules Function
Personal Digital Cellular
Physical Downlink Control Channel
Packet Data Convergence Protocol
Physical Downlink Shared Channel
Packet Data Network
Public Land Mobile Network
Physical Uplink Control Channel
Physical Uplink Shared Channel

Q
QoS Quality of Service
R
RAN
RLC
RNC
RRC
Radio Access Network
Radio Link Control
Radio Network Core
Radio Resource Control
S
SC-FDMA

SAE
S-GW
Single Carrier-Frequency Division
Multiple Access
System Architecture Evolution
Serving Gateway

SGSN
SMS
SDMA

Serving GPRS Support Node
Short Message Service
Spatial Division Multiple Access
T
TACS
TDD
Total Access Communication System
Time Division Duplex
U
UE
UMTS
UTRAN

User Equipment
Ultra Mobile Broadband
UTMS Terrestrial Radio Access
Networks

W
WCDMA Wideband Code Division Multiple
Access

TI LIU THAM KHO
[1]Stefania Sesia, Issam Toufik and Matthew Baker; LTE-The UMTS Long Term
Evolution : From Theory to Practice; 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
[2].Harri Holma and Antti Toskala both of Nokia Siemens Netwworks, Filand; LTE
for UMTS-OFDMA and SC-FDMA Based Radio Access; John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
[3].Harri Holma and Antti Toskala both of Nokia, Filand; WCDMA for UMTS-
HSPA Evolution and LTE; John Wiley & Sons, Ltd 2007.
[4] Erik Dahlman, Stefan Parkvall, Johan Skold and Per Beming; 3G Evolution
HSPA and Mobile Broadband, 2007
[5 ]LTE Uplink Physical Layer Behavioural Model, Roke
[6]Hyung G.Myung, Junsung Lim and David J.Goodman, Polytechnic University
Single carrier FDMA for Uplink Wireless Transmission.
[7] Martin Sauter;Beyond 3G Bringing netwwork Terminal and the web
together , 2009
[8]www.wikipedia.com

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TRNG I HC S PHM K THUT TP.

l k t d liu pht trn sng mang th n v k t

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( R [n,m]+ W [n,m]) (2.13)

) t m khc nhau, mi t m tng trng cho mt khi d liu c

) biu th s t hp chn n t m phn t

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