II.

PHNG TRNH VI PHN CP 1

1. Phng trnh tch bin (hay bin phn ly)
a) L phng trnh vi phn c dng : f1(x) + f2(y).y = 0 hay f1(x)dx + f2(y)dy = 0 (1)
b) Cch gii : Ly tch phn phng trnh (1) th c :
hay
Th d 1 : Gii phng trnh vi phn : y = ( 1 + y2). ex
Phng trnh c a v dng :

c) Lu :
Phng trnh : f1(x) g1(y) dx + f2(x) g2(y). dy = 0 (2)
Nu g1(y)f2(x) 0 th c th a phng trnh trn v dng phng trnh tch
bin bng cch chia 2 v cho g1(y)g2(x) ta c :

(3)
Nu g1(y) = 0 th y = b l nghim ca (2). Nu f2(x) = 0 th x = a l nghim ca
(2). Cc nghim c bit ny khng cha trong nghim tng qut ca phng
trnh (3)
Th d 2: Gii phng trnh vi phn: (y2 - 1) dx - ( x2 + 1) y dy = 0
Vi y2 - 1 0 ta c :

Ngoi nghim tng qut ny ta nhn thy cn c 2 nghim: y =1 v y = -1

2. Phng trnh ng cp cp 1

a). L phng trnh vi phn c dng :

(4)

T (4) c : y = xu --> y = u + xu.

Th vo (4) c: u + xu = f(u)
c th a v dng phng trnh tch bin :

(5)
Lu : Khi gii phng trnh (5) ta nhn c nghim tng qut khi f(u) u 0. Nu
f(u) u = 0 ti u = a th c thm nghim y = ax.

Th d 3: Gii phng trnh vi phn:

t y = xu, ta c phng trnh :

Ngoi ra do f(u) = u tg u = 0 u = k x, nn ta cn c thm cc nghim : y = k x,

vi k= 0, 1, 2, .

Th d 4: Gii phng trnh vi phn:

Chia c t v mu ca v phi cho x2 ta c :

t y = xu ta c:
Ly tch phn ta c :

th

, ta c :

Vi iu kin u : x = 1, y = 1, ta c nghim ring: x3 + 3xy2 = 4

b). Ch : phng trnh:

(6)

c th a v dng phng trnh ng cp nh sau:

b1) Nu 2 ng thng a1x + b1y + c1 = 0 , v a2x + b2y + c2 = 0 ct nhau ti (x1,
y1), th t X = x - x1, Y = y - y1 , th phng trnh (6) c a v dng :

b2) Nu 2 ng thng a1x + b1y + c1 = 0 , v a2x + b2y + c2 = 0 song song nhau,

khi c :

nn phng trnh (6) c a v dng :

(7)
khi t u =

, phng trnh (7) tr thnh phng trnh tch bin.

Th d 5: Gii phng trnh vi phn :

Gii h phng trnh :

ta c : x1=1, y1=2
t X = x - 1, Y = y - 2 , th c :

t u =

, ta c :

hay l: x2 + 2xy y2 + 2x + 6y = C

3. Phng trnh vi phn ton phn

a). L phng trnh vi phn c dng :

P(x,y) dx + Q(x,y) dy = 0

(8)

Nu v tri l vi phn ton phn ca mt hm s U(x,y), ngha l : dU(x,y) = P(x,y) dx +

Q(x,y) dy

(theo chng 3, IV.1., th iu kin cn v l:

Khi t (8) , (9) ta c : dU(x,y) = 0

V th nu y(x) l nghim ca (8) th do dU(x,y(x)) = 0 cho ta :U(x,y(x)) = C (9)
Ngc li nu hm y(x) tha (9) th bng cch ly o hm (9) ta c (8).
Nh vy U(x,y) = C l nghim ca phng trnh (8)

b). Cch gii th nht :

Gi s P, Q trong (8) tha

, ta c U tha:

dU(x,y) = P(x,y) dx + Q(x,y) dy

Ly tch phn biu thc

, th do y c xem l hng s nn ta c :
(10)

trong C(y) l hm bt k theo bin y. Ly o hm biu thc (10) theo bin y

v do

, ta c :

t phng trnh vi phn ny tm C(y)

Th d 6: Gii phng trnh: (x2 + y2) dx + (2xy + cos y) dy = 0

Ta c:

, vy s c hm U(x,y) tha:

Ly tch phn h thc th nht theo x, ta c:

Ly o hm biu thc ny theo y, v nh

= 2xy + cos y

th c : 2yx + C(y)

C(y) = cos y
C(y) = sin y + C

Vy c nghim ca phng trnh l:

c). Cch gii th hai (dng tch phn ng loi 2):
V dU(x,y) = P(x,y) dx + Q(x,y) dy

(theo theo chng 3, IV.1., th iu kin cn v l :

Nn :

(11)
Th d 7:
Gii phng trnh: (x + y + 1) dx + (x y2 + 3) dy = 0

Ta c :

, vy s c hm U(x,y) tha:

S dng cng thc (10) (vi xo = 0, yo=0), c :

Vy ta c nghim ca phng trnh vi phn :

4. Phng trnh vi phn tuyn tnh cp mt

a). L phng trnh vi phn c dng: y + p(x) y = f(x) (11)
trong p(x), f(x) l cc hm lin tc.
Nu f(x)=0, ta c: y + p(x) y = 0 (12)
Phng trnh (12) gi l phng trnh tuyn tnh thun nht.

b). Cch gii:

Vi phng trnh (12), c

(13)

Vi phng trnh (11), c th gii bng phng php bin thin hng s tc l
tm nghim ca n dng (13) nhng coi C l hm s, dng :
(14)
Ly o hm (14), thay vo (11), c :

hay :
t , c:
Vy :

(15)

Cng thc (15) ni chung kh nh, nn tt nht l cn nh cc bc tnh ton ca

phng php bin thin hng s lp li.

Th d 8: Gii phng trnh: y y.cotg x = 2x.sinx

Phng trnh thun nht c nghim:
Tm nghim phng trnh khng thun nht dng: y = C(x). sin x
Th vo phng trnh ban u, ta c :
C(x) sin x + C(x) cos x C(x) cos x = 2x sin x
C(x) = 2x C(x) = x2 + C

Vy : y = x2 sin x + C sin x
Th d 9: Gii phng trnh: xy 3y = x2

a v dng chun :
Nghim tng qut phng trnh thun nht :

Tm nghim dng y = C(x) x3. Th vo phng trnh ban u ta c : C(x)x3 +

3C(x) x2 3C(x) x2 = x

Vy :
Ch : Nu coi x l hm s theo bin y th phng trnh tuyn tnh i vi hm s x c
dng :

Th d 10: Gii phng trnh:

Phng trnh ny khng tuyn tnh. Tuy nhin nu coi x l hm, y l bin ta c :

y li l phng trnh vi phn tuyn tnh i vi hm x. Nghim tng qut ca

phng trnh thun nht c dng :

Tm nghim ca phng trnh khng thun nht dng :

phng trnh ban u, c :

, a vo

Vy : x = C esiny 2siny 2

5. Phng trnh Bernoulli

a). L phng trnh vi phn c dng : y + p(x) y = f(x) y , 1 (16)
b). Cch gii : a v dng : y- y + p(x) y1- = f(x)
t z = y1- , ta c z = (1- ) y- y, nn phng trnh (16) c dng tuyn tnh :

hay l : z + (1 - )P(x) z = (1- )f(x)

Th d 11: Gii phng trnh:

y l phng trnh Bernoulli vi = . Chia 2 v cho

ta c :

Th d 12: Gii phng trnh:

Phng trnh ny khng tuyn tnh. Tuy nhin nu coi x l hm, y l bin ta c :

, th vo phng trnh trn, ta c:

Nghim tng qut ca phng trnh thun nht tng ng bng :

Tm nghim phng trnh khng thun nht dng : z = C(x). x2

Th vo ta c :

III. PHNG TRNH VI PHN CP HAI GIM CP C

1. Cc khi nim c bn v phng trnh cp hai

1.1. Phng trnh vi phn cp hai c dng :

F(x,y,y,y) = 0 hay y=f(x,y,y)
Bi ton Cauchy ca phng trnh vi phn cp hai l tm nghim ca phng trnh trn
tha iu kin u : y(xo) = yo ,
y(xo) = yo
Th d 1: Gii phng trnh :
y = x + cosx, bit y(0) = 1 , y(0) = 3
Ta c:

Cho x =0 , y =1 => C2 =1. Cho y(0) = 3, ta c C1 = 3. Vy nghim bi ton l :

Th d 1 trn cho thy phng trnh vi phn cp thng ph thuc vo hai tham s C1,
C2, v chng c xc nh nh hai
iu kin u.

1.2. nh l tn ti v duy nht nghim bi ton Cauchy

Bi ton: y= f(x,y,y) (1)

y(xo) = yo , y(xo) = yo (2)

Nu f(x,y,y) (theo 3 bin x, y, y) v cc o hm

lin tc trong min 3 chiu
, v (xo,yo, yo) l mt im trong . Khi bi ton Cauchy c duy nht mt nghim
y = (x) xc nh lin tc, hai ln kh vi trn mt khong (a,b) cha xo
Hm s ph thuc hai hng s y = (x,C1, C2) gi l nghim tng qut ca phng trnh
vi phn cp hai (trong min ) nu n tha phng trnh vi phn cp hai vi mi hng
s C1, C2 (thuc mt tp hp no ) v ngc li vi mi im (xo,yo, yo) trong u
ti ti duy nht Co1, Co2 sao cho y = (x, Co1, Co2) l nghim ca bi ton Cauchy vi
iu kin u.
Nh vy t nghim tng qut y = (x,C1, C2) cho cc gi tr c th C1=C1, C2=C2 ta c
nghim ring: y = (x,C1, C2)
Lu : Nu nghim tng qut tm ra dng n (x,y,C1,C2) = 0 th nghim ring cng
dng n (x,y,C1, C2) = 0
2. Phng trnh cp hai gim cp c
Phng trnh c dng : y = f(x)
D dng tm c nghim ca phng trnh ny sau hai ln ly tch phn

Th d 2: Gii phng trnh vi phn: y= sin x cos x + ex

Ta c :

3. Phng trnh khuyt y

Phng trnh c dng : F(x,y,y) = 0
Cch gii : t p =y ta c phng vi phn cp mt F(x,p,p) = 0, gii ra tm p = (x,C1)
v khi :

Th d 3: Gii phng trnh: xy + y = x2

t p = y p=y, ta c :

y l phng trnh vi phn tuyn tnh. Gii ra ta c :

Qua , ta c:

4. Phng trnh khuyt x

Phng trnh c dng : F(y,y,y) = 0
Cch gii : t p =y, v coi y l bin, v p l hm s theo bin y. Ta c :

Nh vy ta c phng trnh dng cp 1:

Th d 4: Gii bi ton Cauchy:
yy + y2 = 0, y(1) =2 , y(1) =

, ta c :

T y c 2 trng hp:
p = 0 , ngha l y =0. Nghim ny khng tha iu kin u, b

d(py) = 0 yp = C1
Vy ydx = C1

Khi x = 1 , y =2, y= cho nn :

Ta c:
Cho x= 1, y =2 ta c C2= 1.

Tm li nghim phi tm l:

IV. PHNG TRNH TUYN TNH CP HAI

1. Khi nim chung

1.1. Phng trnh tuyn tnh cp hai c dng :

y+ p(x)y + q(x)y = f(x) (1)

vi cc hm s p(x), q(x), f(x) xc nh v lin tc trn khong (a,b). Khi y vi mi xo
(a,b) v mi gi tr yo, yo ta c bi ton Cauchy iu kin u : y(xo) = yo, y(xo) =
yo
c nghim duy nht trn (a,b)
Phng trnh y+ p(x)y + q(x)y = 0 (2)
c gi l phng trnh thun nht tng ng ca phng trnh (1)

1.2. nh l 1: (V nghim tng qut ca Phng trnh khng thun nht)

Nghim tng qut ca phng trnh khng thun nht (1) c dng : y = yo + yr
trong yo l nghim tng qut ca phng trnh thun nht tng ng (2) v yr l 1
nghim ring no ca phng trnh (1)

2. Phng trnh thun nht, nghim tng qut

2.1. nh l 2:
Nu y1(x), y2(x) l nghim ca phng trnh thun nht (2) th y = C1y1(x) + C2y2(x) cng
l nghim ca phng trnh (2)
Chng minh: Tht vy, ta c :
y+ p(x)y + q(x)y =[C1y1+ C2y2] + p(x) [C1y1+ C2y2]y1 + q(x) [C1y1+ C2y2]
= C1[y1+ p(x)y1 + q(x)y1 ] + C2[y2+ p(x)y2 + q(x)y2] = 0 + 0
=0
(do y1(x), y2(x) l nghim ca (2) nn biu thc trong [] ca biu thc cui bng 0 )
Vy y = C1y1(x) + C2y2(x) l 1 nghim ca (2)

2.2. nh ngha:

Cc hm y1(x), y2(x) c gi l c lp tuyn tnh trn khong (a,b) nu khng tn ti

cc hng s 1, 2 khng ng thi bng 0 sao cho :
1y1(x) + 2y2(x) = 0 trn (a,b)

(iu ny tng ng vi :

trn (a,b) )

Th d 1:
+ Cc hm y1(x) = x , y2(x)= x2 l c lp tuyn tnh
+ Cc hm y1(x)= ex, y2(x)= 3 ex l ph thuc tuyn tnh

2.3. nh l 3:
Xem cc hm y1(x), y2(x) l cc nghim ca phng trnh thun nht (2). Khi chng
c lp tuyn tnh vi nhau khi v ch khi nh thc sau khc khng :

( nh thc trn gi l nh thc Vronski )

2.4. nh l 4: (Cu trc nghim ca phng trnh thun nht)

Nu cc hm y1(x), y2(x) l cc nghim c lp tuyn tnh ca phng trnh thun nht
(2), th:
y = C1y1(x) + C2y2(x) vi cc hng s bt k C1, C2 s l nghim tng qut ca phng
trnh .
Th d 2: Chng t rng phng trnh y 4y = 0 c nghim tng qut y = C1e2x + C2
e-2x
Tht vy, kim tra trc tip d thy rng y1 = e2x v y2 = e-2x l cc nghim ca phng
trnh trn. Mt khc,
e-2x

nn chng c lp tuyn tnh. Vy: y = C1e2x + C2

l nghim tng qut ca phng trnh trn.

2.5. Bit mt nghim ca (2), tm nghim th hai c lp tuyn tnh vi n

Gi s y1(x), l mt nghim ca phng trnh thun nht (2). Khi c th tm nghim
th 2 c lp tuyn tnh vi y1(x) dng : y2(x) = u(x) y1(x), trong u(x) const .
Th d 3: Bit phng trnh y 2y +y = 0 c 1 nghim y1 = ex. Tm nghim th hai
c lp tuyn tnh vi y1(x).
Vic kim tra li y1 = ex l 1 nghim l d dng. Tm y2(x) = u(x) ex
y2 = ex u + ex u , y2 = ex u + 2ex u + 2ex u
Thay vo phng trnh cho, c :
ex (u + 2u + u) - 2ex (u + u) + ex u = 0
2ex u = 0, u =0 , u = C1x + C2
V cn u const, nn c th ly C1 = 1 , C2 = 0, ngha l u = x, y2 = x ex
Nghim tng qut c dng : y = C1ex + C2x ex
3. Phng php bin thin hng s tm nghim ring
gii phng trnh khng thun nht cn phi bit nghim tng qut ca phng trnh
thun nht m ta va tm hiu mc 2. Ngoi ra cn cn tm 1 nghim ring ca n v c
th tm dng ging nh nghim tng qut ca phng trnh thun nht, tc l dng: y
= C1y1(x) + C2 y2(x) (3)
trong y1(x), y2(x) c lp tuyn tnh, nhng xem C1, C2 l cc hm s C1(x), C2(x).
d tm C1(x), C2(x) ta a thm iu kin :
C1(x) y1(x) + C2(x) y2(x) = 0 (4)
Vi iu kin (4), ly o hm (3), ta c:
y = C1y1(x) + C2 y2(x) (5)
y = C1y1( x) + C2 y2(x) + C1y1(x) + C2 y2(x) (6)
Thay (3), (5),(6) vo (1), c :
C1y1( x) + C2 y2(x) + C1y1(x) + C2 y2(x) + p[C1y1(x) + C2 y2(x) ] + q[C1y1(x)
+ C2 y2(x) ] = f(x)

Hay:
C1[ y1( x) + pC1y1(x) + qC1y1(x) ] C2 [ y2(x) + py2(x) + q y2(x) ] + C1y1(x) +
C2 y2(x) = f(x)
Do y1, y2 l nghim ca (1) nn suy ra:
C1y1(x) + C2 y2(x) = f(x) (7)
Nh vy C1 , C2 tha h :

Th d 4: Gii phng trnh x2y + xy - y = x2

a v dng chnh tc :
Trc ht xt phng trnh thun nht tng ng:

C th tm c 1 nghim ca n l y1 = x. Nghim th hai c lp tuyn tnh vi

n c dng : y2 = xu(x)
y2 = u + xu , y2 = 2u + xu
th vo phng trnh thun nht, c :

y l phng trnh cp hai gim cp c bng cch t p = u ta c :

Cho nn :

Do u const v ch cn 1 nghim nn chn C1=1, nn

Vy nghim tng qut ca phng trnh thun nht c dng :

Vic cn li l cn tm mt nghim ring ca phng trnh khng thun nht bng

phng php bin thin hng s, dng :

Vi C1, C2 tha :

V ch cn chn 1 nghim ring, nn c th chn c th c1 = 0 , c2 = 0. vy

, cho nn :

v nh vy nghim tng qut ca phng trnh ban u l :

Lu : Nu v phi ca phng trnh vi phn c dng tng ca 2 hm s f(x) = f1(x) +

f2(x), th khi c th gii phng trnh vi ring v phi l tng hm f1(x), f2(x) tm
nghim ring l yr1, yr2. Cui cng d kim li l: nghim ring ca phng trnh ban u
l yr = yr1, yr2 (theo nguyn l chng cht nghim).

V. PHNG TRNH VI PHN TUYN TNH H S HNG

1. Khi nim chung
y(n) + a1y(n-1) + a2y(n-2) +. + any = f(x) (1)
trong a1, a2,.., an l cc hng s
Trong phn sau ta trnh by k phng trnh cp hai.

2. Phng trnh cp hai thun nht

Xt phng trnh : y + py + qy = f(x) (2)
trong p, q l hng s
Ta tm nghim ca n dng : y = ekx (3)
Th (3) vo (2) ta c: (k2 + pk +q) ekx = 0
(k2 + pk +q) = 0

(4)

Phng trnh (4) gi l phng trnh c trng ca phng trnh (2), v cng t (4) cho
thy y = ekx l nghim ca (2) khi v ch khi k l nghim ca (4). Do da vo vic
gii phng trnh bc 2 ny, ta c cc kh nng sau:
a). Phng trnh c trng (4) c 2 nghim phn bit k1,k2 ( > 0): Khi 2 nghim y1 =
ek1x , y2 = ek2x l 2 nghim ring ca (2), v
nn 2 nghim ring ny
c lp tuyn tnh. Vy khi nghim tng qut ca (2) s l: y = C1ek1x + C2ek2x
b). Phng trnh c trng (4) c 1 nghim kp k ( = 0). Khi nghim y1 = ekx l 1
nghim ring ca (2), v nghim ring th hai c lp tuyn tnh vi n c dng y =
u(x).y1 = u(x).ekx
y2 = k.ekx . u(x) + u(x).ekx
y2= k2.ekx.u(x) + 2ku(x).ekx + ekx.u(x)
Th vo phng trnh (2) ta c :
(k2.u + 2ku+ u) ekx + p(ku + u) ekx + q ekxu = 0

 u + (2k +p)u + (k2 + pk + q)u = 0

Do k l nghim kp ca (4) nn :
k = -p/2 2k +p = 0 v (k2 + pk + q) =0
t : u = 0 u = C1x + C2
Do ch cn chn 1 nghim nn ly C1 = 1, C2 =0 , v nh th c : y2 = x ekx
V nghim tng qut ca (2) l: y = ( C1+ C2x) ekx
c). Phng trnh c trng (4) c 2 nghim phc lin hip k1,2 = , 0 ( < 0). Khi
2 nghim ca (2) c dng :

Khi :

cng l 2 nghim ca (2) v

nn chng c lp tuyn tnh.

T ta c nghim tng qut ca (2) l : y = ( C1cos x + C2 sin x) e x

Th d 1: Gii phng trnh : y + 3y 4y = 0
Phng trnh c trng tng ng c dng :
k2 + 3k -4 = 0 k1 =1 , k2= -4
Vy nghim tng qut ca phng trnh thun nht l : y = C1ex + C2e-4x

Th d 2: Gii phng trnh : y + 4y + 4y = 0

Phng trnh c trng tng ng c dng :

k2 + 4k +4 = 0 k1,2 =2
Vy nghim tng qut ca phng trnh l : y = (C1 + C2 x)e2x

Th d 3: Gii phng trnh : y + 6y + 13y = 0

Phng trnh c trng tng ng c dng :
k2 + 6k +13 = 0 k1,2 =-3 2 i
Vy nghim tng qut ca phng trnh thun nht l:
y = ( C1 cos 2x + C2 sin 2x)e-3x
3. Phng trnh cp hai khng thun nht v phi c dng c bit
Xt phng trnh vi phn cp hai h s hng khng thun nht :
y + py + qy = f(x) (5)
Qua vic trnh by tm nghim tng qut ca phng trnh cp hai thun nht tng ng,
v da vo nh l 2, mc II.1 ?? th c nghim tng qut ca (5) ta cn tm c 1
nghim ring ca (5).
Ngoi phng php bin thin hng s trnh by, di y trnh by phng php h
s bt nh tm mt nghim ring cho (5) khi v phi c dng c bit thng gp.

3.1 V phi f(x) = e x Pn(x)

trong Pn(x) l a thc cp n, l mt s thc.
Khi ta tm nghim ring ca (5) dng: yr = u(x) Qn(x) (6)
vi Qn(x) l a thc cp n c (n+1) h s c xc nh bng cch thay (6) vo (5) v
ng nht 2 v ta c (n+1) phng trnh i s tuyn tnh tm (n+1) h s. Hm u(x)
c dng c th l :
a). Nu l nghim n ca phng trnh c trng (4), u(x) = xe x v khi :
yr = xe x Qn(x)
b). Nu l nghim kp ca phng trnh c trng (4), u(x) = x2e x v khi :
yr = x2e x Qn(x)

c). Nu khng l nghim ca phng trnh c trng (4), u(x) = e x v khi :

yr = e x Qn(x)
Th d 4: Gii phng trnh : y -4y + 3y = 3 e2x
Phng trnh c trng tng ng c dng :
k2 - 4k +3 = 0 c nghim k1 =1 , k2= 3
nn nghim tng qut ca phng trnh thun nht tng ng l: y = C1ex + C2e3x
Mt khc s = 2 khng l nghim ca phng trnh c trng, nn nghim ring tm
dng yr = Ae2x (do Pn(x) =3 a thc bc 0 ), thay vo phng trnh cho c:
4Ae2x - 8Ae2x + 3Ae2x = 3e2x A = -3
Vy nghim tng qut ca phng trnh l :
y = C1ex + C2e3x 3e2x

Th d 5: Gii phng trnh : y +y = xex + 3 e-x

Phng trnh c trng tng ng c dng :
k2 +1 = 0 k1,2 = i2
nn nghim tng qut ca phng trnh thun nht tng ng l: yo = C1cos x C2 sin x
Do v phi l tng ca 2 hm f1 = xex , f2 = 2e-x nn ta ln lt tm nghim ring ca
phng trnh ln lt ng vi v phi l f1, v f2 :
+ Vi f1 = xex th = 1 khng l nghim ca phng trnh c trng , Pn(x) = x
nn nghim ring c dng : yr1 = (Ax+B)ex
+ Vi f2 = 2e-x th = -1 cng khng l nghim ca phng trnh c trng ,
Pn(x) = 2 nn nghim ring c dng : yr2 = Ce-x
Theo nguyn l xp chng, nghim ring ca phng trnh cho c tm dng : yr =
(Ax+B)ex + Ce-x
yr = (Ax+B)ex - Ce-x + Aex
yr = (Ax+B)ex + Ce-x + 2Aex

Th vo phng trnh cho, c :

2Axex + (2A+2B)ex + 2Ce-x = xex + 2e-x
T , ta c : 2A =1, 2A + 2B = 0 , 2C =2

Vy nghim tng qut ca phng trnh l :

3.2. V phi f(x) = e x [ Pn(x) cos x +Qm(x) sin x ]

Trong Pn(x), Qm(x) l a thc bc n, m tng ng, , l cc s thc.
Khi ta tm nghim ring ca (5) dng:
yr = u(x) [ Rs(x) cos x + Hs(x) sin x ]

(7)

( = 0 s tng ng trng hp nu trn), vi s = max {m,n}, Rs(x), Hs(x) l a

thc bc s vi 2(s+1) c xc nh bng cch thay (7) vo (5) v ng nht 2 v ta c
cc phng trnh i s tuyn tnh tm cc h s. Hm u(x) c dng c th l :
a). Nu l nghim ca phng trnh c trng tng ng, u(x) = e x v khi
yr = e x [ Rs(x) cos x + Hs(x) sin x ]
b). Nu khng l nghim ca phng trnh c trng tng ng, u(x) = xe
x
v khi :
yr = e x [ Rs(x) cos x + Hs(x) sin x ]
Th d 6: Gii phng trnh : y + y = sin x
Phng trnh c trng tng ng c dng :
k2 +1 = 0 c nghim k1,2 = i2
nn nghim tng qut ca phng trnh thun nht tng ng l: yo= C1cos x C2 sin x
y = 0, =1, nn i = i l nghim ca phng trnh c trng. Mt khc, do n
=m=0, cho nn s = 0. Vy nghim tng qut c tm dng: yr = x(Acosx+Bsinx)

 yr = x( -Asinx + Bcosx) + (Acosx+Bsinx)

yr = 2( -Asinx + Bcosx) + x( -Acosx - Bsinx)
yr + yr = -2Asinx + 2Bcosx = sinx
-2A = 1, 2B =0 A= -1/2 , B = 0

Vy nghim ring l :

V nghim tng qut l :

BI TP CHNG 4
I. Chng t rng hm s y = f(x) l nghim ca phng trnh vi phn tng ng
y = x 2 ; y =1 ; y = c1x2 + c2

1) xy y = 0

2)

a) y =

3) x2y + xy = ex,
4) yy= 2(y)2 - 2y
a) y = 1 ;
b)

b) y = tgx

II. Gii cc phng trnh vi phn sau:

1. x( y2 1 )dx - ( x2 + 1)ydx = 0
2.

(x2 - xy)dx - (y2 + x2)dy = 0

3.

(x2 + 2xy)dx + xydy = 0

4. ycosx - ysinx = sin2x

5. y = xy + ylny
6. y - xy = 7. xy = 2(x -

8. y + sin(x+y) = sin(x-y)
9. y=2x-y , y(-3) = (-5)
10. y = ex+y + ex-y , y(0) = 0

11. y =
12. ycos2x + y = tgx

13.

y+

= x2 y4

14. ycosx + y = 1 sinx

15. (2xy +3)dy y2dx = 0 ( coi x l hm s )
16. (y4 + 2x)y = y ( coi x l hm s )

17.
18. ydx + ( x + x2y2)dy = 0 ( coi x l hm s )
III. Gii cc phng trnh vi phn cp 2 sau:
1) y + y = 0
2) y + yy = 0
3) y = (y)2
4) 2(y)2 = (y - 1)y
5) y2 = 1 + y2

6) y = yey
7) (y + y)y + y2 = 0
8) 3y2 = 4yy +y2
9) yy y2 = y2lny
IV. Gii cc bi ton Cauchy sau:
1) xy + y = 0, y(1) = -3, y(1) = 2
2) 2y + y2 = -1, y(-1) = 2, y(1) = 0
3) y(x2 + 1) = 2xy, y(0) = 1. y(0) = 3
4) yy y2 = 0, y(0) = 1, y(0) = 2

5) y +

6)

7) Cho phng trnh

, r(0) = R, r(0) = vo

Xc nh vo khi t --> th r -->

(bi ton tm vn tc v tr cp hai)
V. Phng trnh tuyn tnh cp hai
1)Cc hm sau c c lp tuyn tnh hay khng:
a) (x + 1) v (x2 1)
b) x v (2x + 1)
c) lnx v lnx2
2) Gii phng trnh khi bit mt nghim l y1
a) y + y = 0 , bit y1 = cosx

b) x2y 2y = 0, bit y1 = x2
c) y y 2y = 0, bit y1 = e-x
d) 4x2y + y = 0, x > 0, bit y1 =
e) x2y - 5xy + 9y = 0, bit y1 = x3
f) (1-x2)y 2xy + 2y = 0, bit y1 = x
3) Tm nghim tng qut phng trnh :
xy (2x + 1)y + (x + 1)y = 0
4) Gii phng trnh: xy + y = x2

5) Gii phng trnh: y +

Bit mt nghim ca phng trnh thun nht tng ng l :

VI. Phng trnh vi phn tuyn tnh h s hng
Gii cc phng trnh sau:
1) y - 2y 3y = 0
2) y + 25y = 0

3) y 2y +10y = 0,
4) y + y = 0, y(0) = 1, y
5) y - 10y + 25y = 0, y(0) = 0, y(0) = 1
6) y -2y -3y = e4x
7) y + y -2y = cosx 3sinx
8) y 6y + 8y = 3x2 +2x +1

9) y + 4y = sin2x + 1 , y(0) =
10) y y = x.cos2x
11) y 2y + 2y = exsinx
12) y + y = tgx

13) y + 4y = cos2x, y(0) = y

14) y + 5y + 6y =