ELECTRONIC CIRCUITS ANALYSIS AND DESIGN

BJT Transistor Modeling

BJT Transistor Modeling

Objectives: 1. To use the superposition theorem to draw the dc and ac equivalent circuits 2. To determine the important parameters of a two-port system for analysis and design of an amplifier 3. To identify the two models commonly used in the small-signal ac analysis of transistor networks

BJT Transistor Modeling

Biasing
The DC voltages applied to a transistor in order to turn it on so that it can amplify the AC signal

BJT Transistor Modeling

Operating Point

The DC input establishes an establishes an operating or quiescent point called the Q-point

BJT Transistor Modeling

Three Stages of Operation
Active or Linear Region Operation BaseEmitter junction is forward biased BaseCollector junction is reverse biased Cutoff Region Operation BaseEmitter junction is reverse biased Saturation Region Operation BaseEmitter junction is forward biased BaseCollector junction is forward biased

BJT Transistor Modeling

BJT Transistor Modeling
A model is an equivalent circuit that represents the AC characteristics of the transistor. A model uses circuit elements that approximate the behavior of the transistor. There are two models commonly used in small signal AC analysis of a transistor: re model Hybrid equivalent model

BJT Transistor Modeling

When introducing the ac model for a BJT: 1. All dc sources are set to zero and replaced by a short-circuit connection to ground. 2. All capacitors are replaced by a short-circuit equivalent. 3. All elements in parallel with an introduced short-circuit equivalent should be removed from the network. 4. The network should be redrawn as often as possible.

BJT Transistor Modeling

BJT Transistor Modeling

BJT Transistor Modeling

BJT Transistor Modeling

Important Parameters: Zi, Z0, Av, Ai

BJT Transistor Modeling

Input Impedance, Zi

The input impedance of a BJT transistor amplifier is purely resistive in nature, and depending on the manner in which the transistor is employed, can vary from a few ohms to megaohms.

BJT Transistor Modeling

Output Impedance, Zo

The output impedance is determined at the output terminals looking back into the system with the applied signal set to zero. It is resistive in nature and can vary from a few ohms to a level that can exceed 2 M .

BJT Transistor Modeling

Voltage Gain, Av

Depending on the configuration, the magnitude of the voltage gain for a loaded single-stage amplifier typically ranges from just less than 1 to a few hundred. A multistage system, however, can have a voltage gain in the thousands.

BJT Transistor Modeling

Current Gain, Ai

For BJT amplifiers, the current gain typically ranges from a level just less than 1 to a level that may exceed 100.

BJT Transistor Modeling

Phase Relationship
For the typical transistor amplifier at frequencies that permit ignoring the effects of the reactive elements, the input and output signals are either 1800 out of phase or in phase.

BJT Transistor Modeling

Comparison Between the Three-Transistor Configurations

BJT Transistor Modeling

The re Transistor Model
BJTs are basically current-controlled devices; therefore the re model uses a diode and a current source to duplicate the behavior of the transistor. One disadvantage to this model is its sensitivity to the DC level. This model is designed for specific circuit conditions.

BJT Transistor Modeling

Common Base Configuration

BJT Transistor Modeling

BJT Transistor Modeling

BJT Transistor Modeling

Common Emitter Configuration

BJT Transistor Modeling

BJT Transistor Modeling

BJT Transistor Modeling

The Hybrid Equivalent Model

BJT Transistor Modeling

BJT Transistor Modeling

Short-circuit input impedance parameter

Open-circuit reverse transfer voltage ratio parameter

BJT Transistor Modeling

Hybrid input equivalent circuit

BJT Transistor Modeling

Short-circuit forward transfer current ratio parameter

Open-circuit output admittance parameter

BJT Transistor Modeling

Hybrid output equivalent circuit

BJT Transistor Modeling

Complete Hybrid Equivalent Circuit

BJT Transistor Modeling

BJT Transistor Modeling

Typical values of h-parameters

BJT Transistor Modeling

Approximate Hybrid Equivalent Circuit

BJT Transistor Modeling

Hybrid versus re model
Common-base configuration

BJT Transistor Modeling

Hybrid versus re model
Common-emitter configuration

BJT Transistor Modeling

Hybrid versus re model
Common-collector configuration

BJT Transistor Modeling

QUESTIONS