Cascade Inverters Owsome

Tiu Lun TCS_NC Phn A: Tng quan v b nghch lu p a bc
GVHD: PGS. TS. Nguyn Vn Nh Trang 5 HVTH: Trng Minh Triu

PHN A: TNG QUAN V B NGHCH LU A BC
1. Tng quan
1.1. t vn
Trong nhng nm gn y, h thng in t cng sut c pht trin rt mnh. Vi nhiu l do,
th nht: cc thit b in t cng sut ngy cng c s dng nhiu, khng nhng trong lnh vc
cng nghip m cn thm nhp vo c lnh vc thng mi v dn dng. L do th hai: do nhu cu
pht trin cc thit b s dng hiu qu v tit kim nng lng ng thi vi vic s dng ngun
nng lng mi nh nng lng gi, nng lng mt tri.v.v trc tip ni tiu th.
Cc b chuyn i AC DC (chnh lu, nghch lu, bin tn) ngy cng c quan tm nghin
cu. p ng cc nhu cu cng sut ln, cn phi nng cao in p v dng in. Tuy nhin do
kh nng chu dng v p ca cc linh kin in t cng sut c gii hn, nn song song vi vic
pht trin cc linh kin cng sut ln, ngi ta dng gii php mc song song to dng in cao
v mc ni tip tng in p. Gii php mc ni tip cho ra i cc cu trc mch nghch lu p
a bc thay cho nghch lu p hai bc truyn thng. Mch nghch lu p a bc c nhiu u im
nh cng sut cao hn, cht lng in p v dng in ng ra tt hn, mch lc u ra nh hn.
so vi nghch lu p hai bc. Tuy nhin n cng c nhiu nhc im nh cn nhiu linh kin hn,
gii thut iu khin phc tp hn v v vy gi thnh cng t hn.
Nm 1980, Navae v cc cng s ca ng bt u nghin cu v nghch lu p a bc. V n
nm 1981 ng ngh cu hnh NPC (Neutral Point Clamped) cho nghch lu p 3 bc. V sau, cu
hnh ny c pht trin cho nghch lu p a bc vi tn chung l cu hnh diode-clamped
converter (diode kp). Cu hnh ny c dng cu vi mi nhnh gm nhiu linh kin chuyn mch
mc ni tip. Mt s cu hnh khc ra i mun hn gm floating capacitor converter (t kp) v
cascade H-dridge converter. Cu hnh t kp c cu trc tng t nh cu hnh diode kp; cu hnh
H-dridge c xy dng bng cch ni tip cc mch nghch lu 2 bc c bn. Trong cu hnh
diode kp l cu hnh c nghin cu v c nhiu ng dng nht.
1.2 ng dng ca b nghch lu.
ng dng trong cng nghip
ng dng trong dn dng
ng dng trong truyn ti h thng in
ng dng trong thng mi
ng dng trong phng th nghim
Dng lm ti liu trong ging dy
2. Gii thiu b nghch lu p.
B nghch lu p c nhim v chuyn i nng lng t ngun in mt chiu khng i sang
dng nng lng in xoay chiu cung cp cho ti xoay chiu.
i lng c iu khin ng ra l in p hoc dng in. Nu i lng c iu khin
ng ra l in p th b nghch lu c gi l b nghch lu p, ngc li gi l b nghch lu
dng.
Cc b nghch lu to thnh b phn ch yu trong b bin tn. ng dng quan trng v tng
i rng ri ca chng nhm vo lnh vc truyn ng in ng c xoay chiu vi chnh xc
cao.
Trong lnh vc tn s cao, b nghch lu c dng trong cc thit b l cm ng trung tn, thit
b hn trung tn. B nghch lu cn ng dng lm ngun in xoay chiu cho nhu cu gia nh, lm
ngun in lin tc UPS, iu khin chiu sng v cn c ng dng trong lnh vc b nhuyn
cng sut phn khng
2.1 Khi nim.
B nghch lu p l mt b nghch lu c ngun mt chiu cung cp l ngun p v i tng
iu khin ng ra l in p. B nghch lu dng l b nghch lu c ngun mt chiu cung cp l
ngun dng v i tng iu khin ng ra l ngun dng. Trn thc t ngun mt chiu l ngun
p v i tng nghin cu l b nghch lu p.
B nghch lu p cung cp v iu khin in p xoay chiu ng ra, ngun in p mt chiu
c th l: pin in, c quy, in p mt chiu c chnh lu t in p xoay chiu c lc phng.
Cc ti xoay chiu thng mang tnh cht cm khng (ng c xoay chiu, l cm ng), dng
in qua cc linh kin khng th ng ngt bng qu trnh chuyn mch t nhin. Do , linh kin
trong b nghch lu p phi c kh nng kch ng, ngt dng qua n. Trong cc ng dng vi cng
sut nh v va th c th s dng Transitor BJT, MOSFET, IGBT. Trong phm vi cng sut ln c
th dng GTO, IGCT hoc SCR kt hp vi b chuyn mch. Vi ti tng qut, mi linh kin cn
mc thm mt diode i song song hn ch in p pht sinh khi kch ngt linh kin.
2.2 Phn loi.
B nghch lu p c nhiu loi cng nh c nhiu phng php iu khin khc nhau:
Theo s pha in p u ra: nghch lu p mt pha, ba pha.
Theo s cp gi tr in p: l s in p gia mt u pha ti n mt im in th chun
trn mch DC c: hai bc (two level), a bc (multilevel t ba bc tr ln).
Khi nim b bin tn hai bc xut pht t in p mt u pha ti (pha a, b, c) vi im chun
(v tr ni t) trn mch DC thay i gia hai bc khc nhau (V
DC
v 0). B nghch lu p hai bc
c nhc im l to in p cung cp cho cun dy ng c dv/dt kh ln v gy ra hin tng
in p common mode (V
N0
0) rt nghim trng. B nghch lu p a bc c pht trin
gii quyt cc vn gy ra nu trn ca b nghch lu p hai bc v thng c s dng cho cc
ng dng in p cao v cng sut ln.
u im ca b nghch lu p a bc l cng sut ca b nghch lu tng ln, in p t ln cc
linh kin gim xung nn cng sut tn hao do qu trnh ng ngt ca linh kin cng gim theo
(switching losses); vi cng tn s ng ngt, cc thnh phn sng hi bc cao ca in p ra gim
nh hn so vi b nghch lu p hai bc.
Theo cu hnh b nghch lu: dng cascade (cascade inverter), dng nghch lu cha cp
diode kp NPC (neutral point clamped multilevel inverter)
2.3. Cc phng php iu khin b nghch lu p.
Phng php iu ch rng xung sin (Sin PWM-sin pulse width modulation).
Phng php iu khin theo bin .
Phng php iu ch rng xung (SH-PWM).
Phng php iu ch rng xung ci bin (Modified PWM).
Phng php iu ch vector khng gian (SVPWM-space vector pulse width modulation).
3. Cu trc c bn ca b nghch lu p a bc.
3.1. Cu trc b nghch lu NPC.
S dng thch hp khi cc ngun DC to nn t h thng in AC. B nghch lu a bc cha
cc cp diode kp c mt mch ngun DC c phn chia thnh mt s cp in p nh hn nh
chui cc t in mc ni tip.
Gi s nhnh mch DC gm n ngun c ln bng nhau mc ni tip. in p pha - tm ngun
DC (im 0) c th t c (n+1) gi tr khc nhau v t b nghch lu c gi l b nghch
lu p (n+1)bc.
V d: xt hnh 1.1 bn di, chn mc in th 0 cui dy ngun, cc mc in p c th t
c gm (0, V
DC
/2, 2V
DC
/2, 3V
DC
/2,nV
DC
/2). in p t mt pha ti (v d pha a) thng n
mt v tr bt k trn nhnh DC (v d M) nh cp diode kp ti im (VD: D
a4
, D
a4
)

in p pha tm ngun DC t c mc in p U
a0
= V
DC
/5, tt c cc linh kin b kp
gia hai diode (D
a4
, D
a4
) gm n linh kin mc ni tip lin tc k nhau S
1a
, S
5a
, S
4a
, S
3a
, S
2a

phi c kch ng, cc linh kin cn li phi c kho theo nguyn tc kch i nghch. Nh
hnh v trn, to ra su mc in p pha tm ngun DC (im 0) nn mch nghch lu p trn gi
l b nghch lu p su bc.
-
Vdc/5
S'3a
Da2
-
S'5a
Da3
-
Da4
-
S3a
D'a1
Vdc/5
D'a2
Vdc/5
S'2a
D'a3
S'1a
D'a4
Vdc/5
a
+
Vdc/5
+
0
+
b
S'4a
c
S5a
N
+
S4a
M
+
S1a
Da1
-
S2a
Hnh 1.1 B nghch lu NPC
B nghch lu p a bc dng diode kp ci tin dng sng in p ti v gim Shock in p
trn linh kin n ln.Vi b nghch lu ba bc, dv/dt trn linh kin v tn s ng ct gim i mt
na. Tuy nhin vi n > 3, mc chu gai p trn cc diode s khc nhau. Ngoi ra, cn bng in
p gia cc ngun DC (p trn t) tr nn kh khn, c bit khi s bc ln.
3.1.1. Cc trng thi ng ngt ca b nghch lu NPC.
Xt b nghch lu p n bc dng cha cp diode kp NPC (hnh 1.1). Gi V
DC
/5 l ln in p
trong mi ngun ring l ph thuc ln in p pha ngun VDC cn thit lp, cc linh kin b
kp gia cc cp diode ni n mt in th trn mch DC cn thit lp s trng thi kch ng.
in p pha tm ngun DC tnh t im u dy ca mt pha ti n mt in th chun (im 0)
trn mch DC.
Trng thi kch ngt ca cc kha bn dn trn mt nhnh pha ti ca cc pha a, b, c phi tha
mn iu kin kch i nghch. Nu cc kha bn dn trn mt nhnh pha cng kch ng th gy
ngn mch ngun hoc khng c php cng kch ngt.
S
ja
+ S
ja
=1; S
jb
+S
jb
=1; S
jc
+ S
jc
=1 (1.1)
Vi: j = 1, 2,3 (n-1)
Gi n l im nt ba pha ti dng sao i xng. Ta c in p ba pha ti:
0
0
ta a
N
u u u =
;
0
0
tb b
N
u u u =
;
0
0
tc c
N
u u u =

in p u
a0
, u
b0
, u
c0
gi l in p pha tm ngun ca pha a, b, c.
Gi thit ti ba pha i xng, tho mn h thc:
0
ta tb tc
u u u + + =

0 0 0 0
3 0
a b c N
u u u u + + =

in p Common mode:

0 0 0
0
3
a b c
N
u u u
u
+ +
=
(1.2)
Ta c p ti :
0 0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0 0
0 0
2
3
2
3
2
3
a b c
ta a N
b ao c
tb b N
c a b
tc c N
u u u
u u u
u u u
u u u
u u u
u u u

= =

= =

= =
(1.3)
T ta thy qu trnh in p v qu trnh dng in ng ra ca b nghch lu p ba pha s
c xc nh khi ta xc nh c cc in p nghch lu u
a0
, u
b0
, u
c0
.
Nu ba pha ti dng tam gic, in p pha ti bng in p dy do b nghch lu cung cp:
0 0 tab a b
u u u =
;
0 0 tbc b c
u u u =
;
0 0 tca c a
u u u =
(1.4)
3.1.2 Trng thi ng ngt b nghch lu NPC 5 bc.
S'2a
S'4c
pha a
S'1a
S'3c
S'1b
S'2c
pha b
S'2b
pha c
S'3b
S'1c
S4a
S'4b
S1a S1b
Vdc/4
Vdc/4
Vdc/4
S2b
Vdc/4
S3b S3a
a
S4b
c
S4c
b
S2a
S3c
0
S'4a
S2c
S'3a
S1c

Xt pha a ca b nghch lu p nm bc dng diode kp. Gi V
DC
/4 l ln in p trn mi
ngun in ring l. Chn im 0 tm ngun DC v tr gia, in p pha tm ngun DC t cc
gi tr nh trong bng sau:
Bng 1.1 Trng thi ng ngt ca b nghch lu p NPC 5 bc
Mc in p nghch lu V
A0
Cc trng thi ng ngt
tng ng

Trng thi ng ngt ca cc
linh kin

0 (0,0,0,0) (0,0,0,0)
4
d
V
(
4
d
V
,0,0,0) (1,0,0,0)
2
d
V
(
4
d
V
,
4
d
V
,0,0) (1,1,0,0)
3
4
d
V
(
4
d
V
,
4
d
V
,
4
d
V
,0) (1,1,1,0)
d
V (
4
d
V
,
4
d
V
,
4
d
V
,
4
d
V
) (1,1,1,1)
Ta thy c 5 mc in p ra tng ng vi cc trng thi ng ngt cho mi pha. Vy c 5 trng
thi ng ngt linh kin cho mi pha, nh vy c 125 trng thi ng ngt cho ba pha. V b nghch
lu p c th to ra nm mc in p nn c gi l b nghch lu p 5 bc
3.1.3. Nhn xt
Vi cu trc nh trn nn tn s ng ngt gim dn n s ln chuyn mch trn cc pha b
nghch lu p gim, tn tht ca b nghch lu gim t c kh nng nng cao cng sut ca b
nghch lu. V vy b nghch lu p a bc ngy cng c s dng rng ri trong cc lnh vc
cng sut cao, nhung bn cnh vn cn c nhng u v khuyt im nh sau:
Hnh 1.2 S nguyn l nghch lu NPC 3 pha 5 bc

u im.
Khi s bc cao, thnh phn hi bc cao s thp khi s dng cc b lc.
Hiu sut cao v cc kho c th c iu khin tn s ng ngt c bn (phng php PWM
l ti u).
C th iu khin lng cng sut phn khng.
Phng php iu khin n gin cho h thng ni kt dng i song (back-to-back).
Khuyt im.
Yu cu s dng qu nhiu diode khi s bc in p cao.
Kh iu khin lng cng sut tch cc cho cc b bin i n.
3.1.4. Cc cng thc lin quan.
in p Offset:
ax t1 t2 t3 min t1 t2 t3
ax(u , u , u ), (u , u , u )
om d o
V V M V Min = = (1.5)
Ch medium common mode: V

o
=
V

oMin
+ V

oMax

2
(1.6)
Ch gin on (Discontinuos): V
o
= V
oMin
hoc V
o
= V
oMax
(1.7)
in p iu khin:
0
0 dki dki
.( 1)
1
d i
i
dc
V V
V V V n
n V
= =

(vi n: s bc ca b nghc lu)

3.2. Cu trc b nghch lu Cascade H-dridge.
S dng cc ngun DC ring, thch hp trong trng hp s dng ngun DC c sn, v d acquy,
battery. Cascade inverter gm nhiu b nghch lu p cu mt pha ghp ni tip, cc b nghch lu
p dng cu mt pha ny c cc ngun DC ring.
S kt hp hot ng ca n b nghch lu p trn mt nhnh pha ti s to nn n kh nng mc
in p theo chiu m (-V
DC
, -2V
DC
, -3V
DC
, -4V
DC
, -nV
DC
), n kh nng mc in p theo chiu
dng (V
DC
, 2V
DC
, 3V
DC
, 4V
DC
,nV
DC
) v mc in p 0. Nh vy, b nghch lu p dng
cascade gm n b nghch lu p mt pha trn mi nhnh s to thnh b nghch lu (2n+1) bc.

3.2.1. Cc trng thi ng ct ca b ngch lu Cascade 7 bc.
Xt pha a ca b nghch lu p 7 bc dng Cascade H-dridge. Gi V
DC
l ln in p trn mi
ngun in ring l. Chn im 0 nh trn th, in p pha V
a0
t cc gi tr nh trong bng sau:
V
a0
(V
a1
, V
a2
, V
a3
) (V
a10
, V
a11
, V
a20
, V
a21
, V
a30
, V
a31
) (S
aj
, S
`
aj
) vi j=1,2.. 6.
3Vd (Vd,Vd,Vd) (Vd,0,Vd,0,Vd,0). (1,0,1,0,1,0).
2Vd
(Vd,Vd,0);
(Vd,0,Vd);
(0,Vd,Vd)
(Vd,0,Vd,0,0,0);(Vd,0,Vd,0,Vd,Vd)
(Vd,0,0,0,Vd,0);(Vd,0,Vd,Vd,Vd,0)
(0,0,Vd,0,Vd,0);(Vd,Vd,Vd,0,Vd,0)
(1,0,1,0,0,0);(1,0,1,0,1,1);
(1,0,0,0,1,0);(1,0,1,1,1,0)
(0,0,1,0,1,0);(1,1,1,0,1,0)
Vd
(Vd,0,0);

(0,Vd,0);

(0,0,Vd)

(Vd,Vd,-Vd)
(Vd,-Vd,Vd)
(-Vd,Vd,Vd)
(Vd,0,0,0,0,0); (Vd,0,0,0,Vd,Vd);
(Vd,0,Vd,Vd,0,0);(Vd,0,Vd,Vd,Vd,Vd);
(0,0,Vd,0,0,0); (0,0,Vd,0,Vd,Vd);
(Vd,Vd,Vd,0,0,0);(Vd,Vd,Vd,0,Vd,Vd);
(0,0,0,0,Vd,0); (0,0,Vd,Vd,Vd,0);
(Vd,Vd,0,0,Vd,0);(Vd,Vd,Vd,Vd,Vd,0);
(Vd,0,Vd,0,0,Vd);
(Vd,0,0,Vd,Vd,0);
(0,Vd,Vd,0,Vd,0).
(1,0,0,0,0,0); (1,0,0,0,1,1);
(1,0,1,1,0,0);(1,0,1,1,1,1);
(0,0,1,0,0,0); (0,0,1,0,1,1);
(1,1,1,0,0,0);(1,1,1,0,1,1);
(0,0,0,0,1,0); (0,0,1,1,1,0);
(1,1,0,0,1,0);(1,1,1,1,1,0);
(1,0,1,0,0,1);
(1,0,0,1,1,0);
(0,1,1,0,1,0).
0
(0,0,0)

(0,0,0,0,0,0);(0,0,0,0,Vd,Vd);
(0,0,Vd,Vd,0,0);(0,0,Vd,Vd,Vd,Vd)
(Vd,Vd,0,0,0,0);(Vd,Vd,0,0,Vd,Vd);
(0,0,0,0,0,0);(0,0,0,0,1,1);
(0,0,1,1,0,0);(0,0,1,1,1,1)
(1,1,0,0,0,0);(1,1,0,0,1,1);
Hnh 1.3 B nghch lu Cascade H-dridge 1 pha 7 bc
V
a
V
0
V
a1
V
a2
V
a3
S
a1 S
a2
S
`
a1 S
`
a2
S
a3 S
a4
S
`
a3 S
`
a4
S
a5 S
a6
S
`
a5 S
`
a6
V
a10
V
a11
V
a20
V
a21
V
a30
V
a31

(0,Vd,-Vd)
(0,-Vd,Vd)
(Vd,0,-Vd)
(-Vd,0,Vd)
(Vd,-Vd,0)
(-Vd,Vd,0)
(Vd,Vd,Vd,Vd,0,0);(Vd,Vd,Vd,Vd,Vd,Vd)
(0,0,Vd,0,0,Vd);(Vd,Vd,Vd,0,0,Vd);
(0,0,0,Vd,Vd,0);(Vd,Vd,0,Vd,Vd,0);
(Vd,0,0,0,0,Vd);(Vd,0,Vd,Vd,0,Vd);
(0,Vd,0,0,Vd,0);(0,Vd,Vd,Vd,Vd,0)
(Vd,0,0,Vd,0,0);(Vd,0,0,Vd,Vd,Vd)
(0,Vd,Vd,0,0,0);(0,Vd,Vd,0,Vd,Vd).
(1,1,1,1,0,0);(1,1,1,1,1,1);
(0,0,1,0,0,1);(1,1,1,0,0,1);
(0,0,0,1,1,0);(1,1,0,1,1,0);
(1,0,0,0,0,1);(1,0,1,1,0,1);
(0,1,0,0,1,0);(0,1,1,1,1,0)
(1,0,0,1,0,0);(1,0,0,1,1,1)
(0,1,1,0,0,0);(0,1,1,0,1,1).
-Vd
(-Vd,0,0);

(0,-Vd,0);

(0,0,-Vd)

(-Vd,-Vd,Vd)
(-Vd,Vd,-Vd)
(Vd,-Vd,-Vd)
(0,Vd,0,0,0,0); (0,Vd,0,0,Vd,Vd);
(0,Vd,Vd,Vd,0,0);(0,Vd,Vd,Vd,Vd,Vd);
(0,0,0,Vd,0,0); (0,0,0,Vd,Vd,Vd);
(Vd,Vd,0,Vd,0,0);(Vd,Vd,0,Vd,Vd,Vd);
(0,0,0,0,0,Vd); (0,0,Vd,Vd,0,Vd);
(Vd,Vd,0,0,0,Vd);(Vd,Vd,Vd,Vd,0,Vd);
(0,Vd,0,Vd,Vd,0);
(0,Vd,Vd,0,0,Vd);
(Vd,0,0,Vd,0,Vd).
(0,1,0,0,0,0); (0,1,0,0,1,1);
(0,1,1,1,0,0);(0,1,1,1,1,1);
(0,0,0,1,0,0); (0,0,0,1,1,1);
(1,1,0,1,0,0);(1,1,0,1,1,1);
(0,0,0,0,0,1); (0,0,1,1,0,1);
(1,1,0,0,0,1);(1,1,1,1,0,1);
(0,1,0,1,1,0);
(0,1,1,0,0,1);
(1,0,0,1,0,1).
-2Vd
(-Vd,-Vd,0);
(-Vd,0,-Vd);
(0,-Vd,-Vd)
(0,Vd,0,Vd,0,0);(0,Vd,0,Vd,Vd,Vd);
(0,Vd,0,0,0,Vd);(0,Vd,Vd,Vd,0,Vd);
(0,0,0,Vd,0,Vd);(Vd,Vd,0,Vd,0,Vd).
(0,1,0,1,0,0);(0,1,0,1,1,1);
(0,1,0,0,0,1);(0,1,1,1,0,1);
(0,0,0,1,0,1);(1,1,0,1,0,1).
-3Vd (-Vd,-Vd,-Vd) (0,Vd,0,Vd,0,Vd). (0,1,0,1,0,1).
3.2.2. Nhn xt
Vi cu trc nh trn nn tn s ng ngt gim dn n s ln chuyn mch trn cc pha b
nghch lu p gim, tn tht ca b nghch lu gim t c kh nng nng cao cng sut ca b
nghch lu. V vy b nghch lu p a bc ngy cng c s dng rng ri trong cc lnh vc
cng sut cao, nhung bn cnh vn cn c nhng u v khuyt im nh sau:
u im.
Cn s lng cc cu phn t nht t c s bc in p cao nht.
Vic ch to mch c m un ho do b nghch lu c bn c cu trc nh nhau v khng cn
mc thm diode cng nh t cn bng p nh cc s k trn.
C th s dng chuyn mch mm trnh mch bo v chng dV/dt cng knh v tn hao.
Khuyt im.
Cn ngun DC c lp cho vic chuyn i cng sut thc, do vy vic ng dng cn b hn ch.
3.2.3. Cc cng thc lin quan.
in p Offset :
ax t1 t2 t3 min t1 t2 t3
. ax(u , u , u ), . (u , u , u )
om d o d
V nV M V nV Min = = (1.8)
(vi n: l s ngun c trong mch)
Ch medium common mode: V

o
=
V

oMin
+ V

oMax

2
(1.9)
Ch gin on (Discontinuos): V
o
= V
oMin
hoc V
o
= V
oMax
(1.10)

3.3. Nhn xt chung.
C th iu khin b nghch lu p (bng cch iu khin tn hiu ng ngt ln cc linh kin)
bng nhiu phng php, mi phng php thch hp vi mi loi ti khc nhau. B nghch lu p
a bc c phm vi hot ng vi ti cng sut ln do vn t ra l gim bt tn s ng ngt
v gim shock in p trn linh kin cng sut c ngha quan trng. Chng sau s m phng b
nghch lu p a bc NPC, qua s thy r c tn s ng ngt ca cc linh kin bn dn c
gim thiu ng k so vi cc phng php iu khin b nghch lu p hin nay. Tn s ng ngt
gim dn n s ln chuyn mch trn cc pha b nghch lu p gim, tn tht ca b nghch lu
gim t c kh nng nng cao cng sut ca b nghch lu . B nghch lu ngy cng c s
dng rng ri trong cc lnh vc cng sut cao.

4. Cc phng php iu ch rng xung.
4.1 Phng php iu ch rng xung Sine (SH-PWM).
Phng php SH-PWM c tn nay l Subharmonic Pulse Width Modulation . thc hin
to gin kch ng cc linh kin trong cng mt pha ti, ta s dng mt s sng mang (dng tam
gic) v mt tn hiu iu khin (dng sin). i vi b nghch lu p n bc, s sng mang c s
dng l (n-1). Chng c cng tn s fc, v cng c bin nh nh Ac. Sng iu ch (hay sng
iu khin) c bin nh nh A
m
v tn s f
m
, dng sg ca n thay i chung quanh trc tm
ca h thng (n-1) sng mang. Nu sng iu khin ln hn sng mang no th linh kin tng
ng c sng mang iu khin s c kch ng. Trong trng hp sng iu khin nh hn
sng mang no th linh kin s b kha kch.
i vi b nghch lu p a bc ch s iu ch c nh ngha nh sau:
(1)
ase
m
b
U
m
U
= (1.11)
Vi: U
(1)m
: bin thnh phn hi c bn to nn do phng php iu ch.
U
base
: bin thnh phn hi c bn t c.
4.2 Phng php iu ch rng xung ci bin (SFO-PWM).
im khc bit so vi phng php iu ch rng xung trnh by l sng iu ch (in p
iu khin) c ci bin. Theo mi sng iu ch c cng thm tn hiu th t khng (sng
hi bi ba). Tn ti nhiu kh nng to nn thnh phn th t khng, mt trong cc tn hiu th t
khng c th chn bng gi tr trung bnh ca gi tr tn hiu ln nht trong ba tn hiu iu ch vi
tn hiu nh nht trong ba tn hiu iu ch- Phng php SFO - PWM.
Gi V
a
, V
b
, V
c
l cc tn hiu iu khin ca phng php iu ch PWM. Tn hiu iu khin
theo phng php SFO-PWM va c m t c th biu din di dng ton hc nh sau:
offset
ax( , , ) min( , , )
2
a b c a b c
M V V V V V V
V
+
= (1.12)
4.3. Phng php iu ch vector khng gian.
4.3.1. Khi nim vector khng gian.
Ta gi s cho i lng 3 pha v
a
, v
b
, v
c
cn bng, tho h thc: v
a
+ v
b
+ v
c
=0 (1.13)
Thc hin php bin hnh t cc i lng ba pha v
a
, v
b
, v
c
sang i lng vector theo h
thc :
2 2 / 3
1 3
.( . . ),
2 2
j
a b c
v k v a v a v a e j
t
= + + = = + (1.14)
Php bin hnh thc hin nh trn c gi l php bin hnh vector khng gian v i lng
c gi l vector khng gian ca i lng ba pha.
Hng s k c th chn vi cc gi tr khc nhau. Vi k = 2/3 ta c php bin hnh khng bo ton
cng sut. Vi 2/ 3 k = php bin hnh bo ton cng sut.
minh ho c th cho khi nim ny ta xt cc i lng ba pha dng cosin nh sau:
(1.15)
Vector khng gian theo nh ngha s l :

Nh vy, trong to vung gc , o | , vector khng gian c bin V
m
bt u t v tr
s quay quanh trc to vi tn s gc .
4.3.2. Vector khng gian ca b nghch lu p a bc.
Qu trnh ng ngt cc linh kin to ra in p ba pha ti. Theo l thuyt v khng gian vector
th in p ba pha c th biu din di dng vector khng gian. V n s thay i nhy cp trn
hnh lc gic a bc. V tr ca mi vector in p trong khng gian s ph thuc vo cc trng thi
ng ngt kinh kin. Tin hnh kho st c th cho cc b nghch lu ba v nm bc xc nh
gin vector khng gian in p.
4.3.3. Gin vector in p ca b nghch lu 5 bc.
Vi b nghch lu nm bc, kh nng iu khin kch dn linh kin to nn 125 trng thi khc
nhau. Ta xt mi trng thi minh ho bi t hp (k
a
k
b
k
c
), vi:
k
a
=2,1,0,1,2
k
b
=2,1,0,1,2
k
c
=2,1,0,1,2
Cc h s trng thi k
a
, k
b
, k
c
ph thuc vo cch quy c trc. Ta tin hnh quy c nh sau:
(s quy c ny da vo bng trng thi ng ngt)
1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4
' '
1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4
' ' ' '
1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4
' ' '
1 2 3 4
' ' ' '
1 2 3 4
2 1 2 1
1 1 1 1
0 1, 0 1
1 1
2 1
a a a a b b b b
a a a a b b b b
a a a a a b b b b b
a a a a
a a a a
khi S S S S khi S S S S
k khi S S S S k khi S S S S
khi S S S S
khi S S S S
= = = = = = = =
= = = = = = = =
= = = = = = = = = =
= = = =
= = = =
1 2 3 4
'
1 2 3 4
' '
1 2 3 4
' ' ' ' ' '
1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4
' ' ' ' ' ' ' '
1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4
2 1
1 1
, 0 1
1 1 1 1
2 1 2 1
c c c c
c c c c
c c c c c
b b b b c c c c
b b b b c c c c
khi S S S S
khi S S S S
k khi S S S S
= = = =

= = = =

= = = = =

= = = = = = = =

= = = = = = = =

Trong qu trnh kch, quy lut ng ngt i nghch phi tun th:
'
1 1
'
2 2
1
1,
x x
x x
S S
S S
+ =
+ =
;
'
3 3
'
4 4
1
1,
x x
x x
S S
S S
+ =
+ =
Vi x = a, b, c.
Theo nh ngha vector khng gian, tng ng 125 trng thi kch dn linh kin ta thu c 61
v tr vector khng gian ca vector in p to thnh. Ti tm ca lc gic c nm trng thi khc
nhau cho cng v tr ti l vector khng. Cc v tr cn li ng vi cc trng thi c biu din
trong gin vector in p b nghch lu p 5 bc.
200
210
220
120
020
021
022
012
002
102
202
201
000
111
222
211
100
221
110
121
010
122
011
112
001
101
212
o
|
-1-1-1
-2-2-2
01-1
-1-2-2
00-1
-1-1-2
-10-1
-2-1-2
100
-2-1-1
-1-10
-2-2-1 -1-2-1
0-10
-111
-200
-110
-20-1
-20-2
-11-1
-10-2
01-1
11-1
00-2
0-1-2
10-1
111
0-2-2
0-2-1
1-10
0-20
1-11
-1-20
0-11
-1-11
-2-20
-210
-101
-1-21
0-12
0-21
1-12
1-21
2-12
2-11
1-20
-2-21
-1-12
-2-11
-102
-201
-112
-211
-122
-210
-121
-120
-21-1
-21-2
-12-1
-11-2
02-1
12-1
01-2
11-2
22-1
10-2
21-1
1-1-2
20-1
1-2-2
2-1-1
1-2-1
2-10
2-2-2
2-1-2
20-2
21-2
22-2
12-2 02-2 -12-2 -22-2
-22-1
-220
-221
-222
-212
-202
-2-12
-2-22
-1-22
0-22
1-22
2-22
2-21
2-20
2-2-1

5. Cc dng sng mang trong k thut iu ch PWM.
Cc sng mang dng tam gic c tn s cao (f
sm
< 9500Hz). C th chia thnh ba loi nh sau:
5.1. B tr cng pha PD (Phase Dispostion).
Tt c cc loi sng mang u cng pha nhau:

Hnh 1.4. Gin vector in p b nghch lu p 5 bc
cc i
Hnh 1.5: Sng mang dng PD
cc i
5.2. B tr k tip nhau APOD ( Alternative Phase Opposition Disposition).
Hai sng mang k tip nhau s dch 180
0

5.3. B tr i xng nhau qua trc 0 POD (Phase Opposition Disposition).
Tt c cc sng mang trn trc 0 s cng pha nhau v cc sng mang nm di trc 0 s b dch
i 180
0
.

5.4. Nhn xt.
Trong cc phng php b tr sng mang, th thng php b tr cc sng mang a bc cng pha
(dng PD) cho mo dng p dy nh nht. Ring i vi b nghch lu p ba bc, phng php
POD v APOD c cng kt qu dng sng mang. Trong cc phn m phng sau, ta ch s dng
phng php sng mang dng PD.

Hnh 1.6: Sng mang dng APOD
cc i
Hnh 1.7: Sng mang dng POD
cc i

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Tiu Lun TCS_NC Phn A: Tng quan v b nghch lu p a bc

GVHD: PGS. TS. Nguyn Vn Nh Trang 5 HVTH: Trng Minh Triu

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