Sheila Marie V.

Lapuag BSCE-V

CE 521

December 6, 2011 Engr. Geffren Bernardo

ARCH BRIDGES An arch bridge is a bridge with abutments at each end shaped as a curved arch. Arch bridges cannot bend, that is why they are made from many different types of materials such as masonry materials eg. Stone, brick etc. An arched bridge channels the weight from above to the foundations below. Arch bridges don't need additional supports or cables - they will stand on their own for a long time.

Forces

The arch is squeezed together, and this squeezing force is carried outward along the curve to the supports at each end. The supports, called abutments, push back on the arch and prevent the ends of the arch from spreading apart.

Instead of pushing straight down, the load of an arch bridge is carried outward along the curve of the arch to the supports at each end. The weight is transferred to the supports at either end. These supports, called the abutments, carry the load and keep the ends of the bridge from spreading out. The load at the top of the key stone makes each stone on the arch of the bridge press on the one next to it. This happens until the push is applied to the end supports or abutments which are embedded in the ground.

HISTORY OF ARCH BRIDGES Arch bridges are one of the oldest types of bridges and have been built for thousands of years. Arch bridges have great natural strength.

The Romans developed considerable skill in constructing arches and many of their structures remain intact today. However, they were not able to calculate the strength of their-arches although their knowledge of geometry inherited from the Greeks led them to adopt semicircular spans. Their arches were constructed of stone made into the form of wedge shaped segments, or voussoirs, built up side by side on temporary timber supports until the top piece at the crown of the arch is pushed hom(keystone). One of the most famous examples of their handiwork is the Pont du Gard aqueduct near Nmes, France. Built before the birth of Christ, the bridge is held together by mortar only in its top tier; the stones in the rest of the structure stay together by the sheer force of their own weight. Modern arch bridges are built of concrete. It is an effective way to transfer loads to the ground where foundation conditions are adequate to resist horizontal loads. A large number of concrete arch bridges have been constructed in the 20th century in both in-situ reinforced concrete and precast concrete. Today materials like steel and pre-stressed concrete have made it possible to build longer and more elegant arches, including a spectacular 1700 foot span in New River Gorge, West Virginia. (More typically, modern arch bridges span between 200-800 feet.)

How arch bridges are built? The wooden form or template (in brown). The stone is built up on top of the form until the arch is complete, after when the form is knocked out or, sometimes, burnt away. For years, engineers used a technique called centering, in which a wooden form supported both spans until they locked together at the top. Before an arch can be built a wooden frame is built. This allows the stones to be put in position. The frame is removed after the stones are in position. A newer method today supports the spans using cables anchored to the ground on either side of the bridge. Skew Arch Bridge o A skew arch (also known as an oblique arch) is a method of construction that enables an arch bridge to span an obstacle at some angle other than a right angle. o This results in the faces of the arch not being perpendicular to its abutments and its plan view being a parallelogram, rather than the rectangle that is the plan view of a regular, or "square" arch. o In the case of a masonry skew arch, the construction

requires precise stonecutting as none of the cuts form right angles but once the principles were fully understood in the early 19th century it became considerably easier and cheaper to build a skew arch of brick. The typical span length of arch bridges range from 40 to 150 meters. Advantages of an Arch Bridge The arch is the strongest shape with the least amount of material known. The arch is also the only shape that can use single individual modules of materials, like brick and stone, and be used to span a distance that straight stone spans could never do. The weight of the story above resting on the top of the arch is transferred down each leg to the ground, instead of pressing on the lower story. The span uses the compressive strength of stone and gravity to allow it to bridge large expanses without the tensile limit presented by the material itself.

Disadvantages The disadvantage is the shape itself. It needs firm support from the sides. Can only be used where the ground is solid and stable.

Parts of an Arch Bridge arch Metal bow-shaped structure supporting the deck, whose load it transfers to the abutments. trussed arch Arched girder consisting of two chords joined by a triangulated network of struts. thrust Point at which the arch is supported by the abutment. lower chord Lower lengthwise steel girder forming the metal arch. deck Set of components making up the structure that carries the bridges traffic lanes. abutment Base of the pier; it supports the archs weight and thrust. pier Solid concrete construction acting as counterweight to the thrust of the arch against the abutment. column Sturdy component forming a vertical support. portal frame

Part of the decks frame over firm ground, lying on columns. upper chord Upper lengthwise steel girder forming the metal arch.

Did you know that An arch ten times as big in every way as another perfectly strong arch will behave completely differently to the smaller arch. The larger arch is, in fact, ten times weaker or ten times more prone to stress - than the smaller one.

This is because the weight of the larger arch goes up by a factor of ten cubed, since it depends on the number of cubic metres of material in the bridge. LIST OF LONGEST ARCH SPANS Sydney Harbour Bridge (Sydney, Australia) Length 1,149 m (3,770 ft) Span 503 m (1,650 ft) Arch construction steel Completed 1932

Bayonne Bridge (Kill Van Kull (New Jersey, New York)) Length 1,761 m (5,778 ft) Span 504 m (1,654 ft) Arch construction steel Completed 1931

New River Gorge Bridge (Fayetteville, West Virginia) Length 924 m (3,031 ft) Span 518 m (1,699 ft) Arch construction steel Completed 1977

Lupu Bridge (Shanghai, China) Length 3,900 m (12,800 ft) Span 550 m (1,800 ft) Arch construction steel/concrete Completed 2003

Chaotianmen Bridge (Chongqing, China) Length 1,741 m (5,712 ft.) Span 552 m (1,811 ft.)

Arch construction steel Completed - 2009

In the Philippines .. The San Juanico Bridge, part of the PanPhilippine Highway, stretches from Samar to Leyte across the San Juanico Strait in the Philippines. Its longest length is a steel girder viaduct built on reinforced concrete piers, and its main span is of an arch-shaped truss design. With a total length of 2.16 kilometers (1.34 mi), it is the longest bridge in the Philippines spanning a body of seawater. It is considered one of the most beautifully-designed bridges in Philippines. The bridge has 43 spans and medium size boats can pass beneath its large main arch the top of which rises 41 meters above the sea. Construction commenced in 1969 over San Juanico Strait from Cabalawan, Tacloban City to the municipality of Santa Rita, Samar, with completion in 1973. Types and Classification of Arch Bridge Arches may be classified according to the following parameters: Structural Articulation Position of Deck

Structural Articulation With regard to structural articulation the arch can be fixed or hinged. In the latter case either one, two or three hinges can be incorporated into the arch rib. While the fixed arch has three redundancies, the introduction of each hinge reduced the indeterminancy by one until, with three hinges, the arch is statically determinate and hence, theoretically, free of the problems of secondary stresses. Although a through arch is shown, but this applies to all type of arch bridges. The concept of the arch varies in relation to the way it absorbs and transfers the roadways weight to its support points.

a. Three-hinged arch Arch with three roller joints: one at each support and one at the crown. This kind of arch is statically determinate. The thrusts on the abutments, and the bending moments and shearing forces on the arch itself, are not affected by small movement of one abutment relative to the other. This type of arch is therefore used when there is a possibility of unreal settlement of the abutments

b. two-hinged arch Arch whose ends rest on an abutment attached by a roller joint. The two hinged arch uses hinged bearings which allow rotation. The only forces generated at the bearings are horizontal and vertical forces. This is perhaps the most commonly used variations for steel arches and is generally a very economical design.

c. one-hinged arch

Arch whose roller joints is at the crown. It is statically indeterminate to the second degree. It is rarely used because it has no distinct advantages.

d. Fixed Arch Hingeless arch uses no hinge and allows no rotation at the foundations. As a result, a great deal of force is generated at the foundation (horizontal, vertical and bending forces) and the hingeless arch can only be built where the ground is very stable. However, the hingeless arch is a very stiff structure and suffers less deflection than other arches.

Position of the Deck Among arch bridges, the position of the deck in relation to the arch varies. a. Half-through arch bridge A bridge arch having the roadway running through it at an elevation midway between the base and the crown. Both true and tied arches are built

with the deck at some intermediate level between the springing and the crown.

Sydney Harbour Bridge in Australia - designed and built by English firm Dorman Long and Co Ltd of Middlesbrough. Its longest span is 503 m and considered as the fifth longest spanning arch bridge.

Hell Gate Bridge in New York designed by Gustav Lindenthal has longest span of 310m.

Bayonne Bridge designed by master bridgebuilder Othmar Ammann and the architect Cass Gilbert. The 4th longest spanning arch bridge with a span of 510.54m

b. Portal bridge / Rigid Frame Bridge Consist of superstructures supported on vertical or slanted monolithic legs (column), and are economically suitable for moderate medium-span lengths. From an analytical standpoint, a rigid frame bridge may be treated similar to two hinged or fixed arches. The only difference is that instead of the generally accepted form of the continuous smooth curve of an arch axis, a rigid frame bridge with inclined legs has an arch axis that is trapezoidal in form and one with vertical legs has a rectangular form. Several rigid frames have been built in recent years, both from steel and from concrete. The longest bridge of this type in the world is perhaps the asymmetrical 1165 ft Grand Duchess Charlotte Bridge in Luxembourg,

c. Through arch bridge Bridge whose deck is located below the arch from which it is suspended and the tie is at the deck level. Such arch bridge are also known as bowstring girders or Langer girders, and the loads from the deck are transferred to the arch through tension hangers. To resist lateral loads, the through-type arch bridges usually need heavy overhead lateral and sway bracings provided at every panel point. These bracing are usually the truss or Vierendeel type. The truss-type bracing may consist of either the struts and diagonals between the ribs of two arches or the cross diagonals. The Vierendeel type bracings consist of struts between the arches, the truss being in a curve plane.

A tied arch bridge, Fort Pitt highway bridge in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.

Vierendeel Type Bracing

d. Deck arch bridge Bridge whose deck is located above the arch upon which it rests, the most usual type for the true arch. The space between the deck and the arch is called the spandrel. The loads from the

deck are transferred to the arch by struts (columns) located in the spandrel. When this space is relatively open, the arch is called an open-spandrel arch. When the spandrel is filled with earth, the arch is called a filled/closed/solid-spandrel arch

An example of this type of arch bridge are:

1. The oldest fully-stone open-spandrel segmental arch bridge is the Zhaozhou Bridge in southern Hebei province, China, completed in 605 by the Sui Dynasty (581618) engineer Li Chun. The bridge span is 37.5 m (123 ft)

2. The Pont du Gard is a notable ancient Roman aqueduct bridge that crosses the Gard River in southern France. It is part of a 50 km (31 mi) long aqueduct. Its an example of a filled-spandrel arch.