NEGATIVE FEEDBACK CONTROL DESIGN FOR A PWM-BUCK CONVERTER

-_

Syed M. A. Rami APCO International Inc. 2040 S. Ridgewood Avenue South Daytona, FL 321 19 Phone: (904) 322-2500Ext.267 Fax: (904) 322 - 2502

Issa Batarseh & Zhihua Qu Department of Electrical & Computer Engineering University of Central Florida Orlando, F1 328 16 Phone: (407) 823-5976 Fax: (407) 823 - 5835 verify the theoretical analysis of converter. the

This paper uses conventional Pulse WidthModulator ( PWM ) control method to design a negative feedback controller for the

I. INTRODUCTION
For more than three decades, the closed-loop control in switching power supplies has been based on the

-BUCK converter. The main objective

in using the conventional control is to design a stable compensator in the closed loop to provide stability and improve the

conventionalpwm control method. In the pwm control, the output voltage is fed to the compensator with a reference signal and the resultant error signal compared to a ramp function to generate a pulse which controls the switch of the converter. Hence, the output voltage is controlled and kept at the desired level. Most of the todays switching power supplies use the pwm control for its

performance for the power supply for the parameter variations, load changes, and the Equivalent Series Resistance ( ESR ) effects. This is done by adding a compensator in the feedback loop of the switching power supply. The performance of the PWM-

BUCK converter will be improved. The

simulation program PSPICE will be used to

60

simplicity and good performance. The PWM-BUCK dc/dc converter consists of an

input voltage source, power switch, energy

design example of a PWM-BUCK converter

with and without ESR is covered in section
3 . Simulation results are given in section 4

storage inductor, output filtering capacitor

and load resistance. The power switch may

and conclusion in section 5.

be either Mosfet or BJT transistor and it is controlled with a control signal generated by the feedback circuit. By varying the on-time of the switch, it is possible to control the output to a predetermined value. The pwm techniques used for power supply provides better stability and performance for ESR effects, parameter variations and load

11. ANALYSIS OF THE PWM-BUCK

CONVERTER

WITH

NEGATIVE

FEEDBACK CONTROL

2.1 Open Loop PWM-BUCK Converter:

Buck converter is a dc-to-dc step down converter where the output voltage is controlled by the Duty Cycle Ratio of the pulse applied to the Mosfet Switch. The Mosfet switch is on during the ON cycle of the pulse and inductor gets charged. During the OFF cycle switch is open, the diode starts conducting and the inductor starts discharging. The filter at the output of the converter is used for eliminating the hamonics which is present in the output dc voltage. The parameter variations, load changes and ESR effects the performance of

changes compared to Linear Regulators. Thus, negative feedback control is being used for controlling output voltages for regulation for specified tolerance bands in response to changes in the output load and the input line voltages.

In section 2 a complete analysis of

the PWM-BUCK converter with negative feedback control is explained in detail. A

61

the open loop PWM-BUCK converter. The negative feedback control is applied for improving the stability and performance of the converter. The block diagram of PWMBUCK converter is shown in Fig. I .
VdC PCY/ER(

output signal of the compensator. If the

-.

output voltage changes due to the parameter variations, load changes and ESR effects, the output of the compensator changes which in turn results in the change of duty

7 STAGE 1\I1 3
I

7,

vo=v4

cycle of the pulse so that the output of the converter kept at the desired level. In this way the output voltage of the power supply
is controlled and stability is improved by

using negative feedback in closed loop of

Flg. 1 Block Diagram of PWM-Buck Converter

the power supply. The closed loop circuit is shown in Fig. 2.

2.2 Closed LOOP PWM-BUCK

Converter:
In the closed loop PWM-BUCK
converter the output voltage is fed to the Compensator where it is compared with a Reference Signal. The difference of the two amplified and the output is given to ~ ~ pis ~ t the pwm controller. It is then compared with
a Ramp signal to produce the pulse which

VIC

Fig. 2 PWM-Duck Converter

111.

DESIGN EXAMPLE

controls the switching of the converter. The duty cycle of the pulse depends on the

This section covers the specific

design example of PWM-BUCK Converter

62

for output voltage of 12V and input voltage

of 20v.

The compensator is designed by finding the

_ .

Gain Margin of the PWM-BUCK Converter

Vdc = 20V T, = lopsec

Fo = 63 1 HZ

F, = IOOKHZ

at the corss-over frequency W, = 1 . 3 ~ 1 0 ~ radsisec. The gain of the compensator is fixed as G, = 9 1.304 dB which is equal and opposite to the gain of the PWM-BUCK converter. Then, K is fixed to 6 to get the required Phase Margin for the overall open-

RL= 2R
Po=72W

vo= 12v

D = 0.6

Without ESIR:
The transfer function of the power stage is ,

T,(s)=

4.68 x 105

loop system and the frequencies for zeroes and poles are,

S2+625S+1.56x10
W, = 7 . 8 ~ 1 radskec, 0~ W, = 2 . 1 6 6 ~ 1 0 ~ radslsec
l Let RI= lkR, then C1 = 7 . 3 3 ~ 1 0 -F ~

The critical inductor value, LC. is found using the equation,

Cp = 0.203~10-~ Rz = 6.31M52, F

R3 = 27.77Q
Since the value of the inductor should be

C3 = 4 6 . 1 5 ~ 1 0F~ -

Therefore, the transfer function of the greater than the critical value ( which is 4p compensator is

H ) for the PWM-BUCK converter to

operate in the continuous mode, i.e. L >> L,i. L=80pH

1.32 x 108(1+S X 46.29 x Tc(s)= S(l+S x 1.281 x

The overall transfer function of the PWMBUCK converter is,

C = 800 pF ( for a

ripple factor of 0.001V )

63

fixed to 1.5 to get the required Phase Margin

for the overall open-loop system. The
T*h>

-i

S(14

6.21 x 10L(l+S x 46.23 x lo4) X 1.281 X 10-6)2(S2+625S+1.56 x 10)

frequencies of the zeroes and poles of the compensator are,

W, = 1 . 9 5 1~ rads/sec Os

With ESR:
The transfer function of power stage with ESR is,

W, = 8 . 6 6 ~ 1 radslsec 0~
Let R I = 1kQ then C, = 3.42x10F
C2
R3

1.52~10~ F

R2 = 3.37MR,

D(1 +sr,q vo T&s) = -- 1 1 V& LC(S * +q- +- r c + r I +-)

= 445Q,

C3 =

11 . 5 4 ~ 1 0F ~ -

Therefore, the transfer function of the compensator is

CR

LC

The value of the inductor and capacitor will be same as without ESR. The design of compensator with ESR in. the inductor and capacitor of the power The overall transfer function of the PWMstage is same as without ESR except the BUCK converter is, change of transfer function of the power stage. The crossover frequency is same for both the cases, but the gain of the compensator is G,(s) = 70.870 dB which will be equal and opposite to the gain of the
9.45 x 101(l+S x 8 x 10)(1+S x 11.53 x IOe6) Tof.(s)s S(l+S x 5.135 x 10-6)2(S2+3195S+1.56 lo7) x

PWM-BUCK converter. The value of K is

64

IV.
4.1)

SIMULATION RESULTS Simulation Result of PWM-BUCK Converter without ESR:

The
1,

NI

..................................+.......

r........,........,....

,.I hV

PWM-BUCK Converter

is

...

.v ,

simulated using PSPICE Program for the duty cycle ratio of 0.6. The output of power

stage, compensator and PWM are shown in

1'

:"* ........I...
1 % I # .

Fig. 3 , 4 and 5.

..... .(.......

TC-3

.(ai

..

..I..-.

..... .......,... .............. ........ (.

0

'raom.

:: , I*

;*, 0 5?,.'.

#.

*h*

t :IS..

I ' L

Fig. 4 Output of Compensator

W!.

......* ....... .......-,........ ....... -,

-t

........I.

......* ....... .,

......

.4

...... ......-........-........ .,.......-,.......-. ...... .,

.4.

IW!

I _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _

..

*v t

oy

a -ma.* e.-ws.* * "141

........*.......'........................*........,
b5or .1.

a.sis-*

s.srr*

e.iu*u

.......-.......e
sx-9

-s"+

b YX*r 0 M . r "Ill1

.......* .......* . 5.510.$

........,........I.......

................ .....
4

b.IILI

0 I *e .

WO.%

0 5.5-8

0 >)01t

6 ',:'A%

II . .

Fig. 5 Output of PWM

Fig. 3 Output of Power Stage

4.2)

Simulation Result of PWM-BUCK Converter with ESR:

The

output

of

power

stage,

compensator and PWM for duty cycle ratio

65

of (3.6 with ESR are shown in Fig. 6, 7 and

XI

,....... -, .......

.1

....... -, ........ , ...... ., . . . . , .

. . .

. .

8.

>I"

:........+........*........+.......+.......,.

......

-5"

,....... +. ......* ....... ......

5013

I0I.S

b.Il0.v

8 SIs**

VII?I

*.*.

.I

. . . . . . ., . . . . .
0 S f r i

, .......

0 5:&$

---.I

........

6 iYm)

I *I
.

Fig. 8 Output of PWM

. I

V.

CONCLUSION
The PWM-BUCK Converter is one

Fig. 6 Output of Power Stage

of the better converter in the switching

power supplies in comparison to other

15 W !

........*.......*................+.......+... .......................
i
' I

converters. The compensator in the negative feedback loop of the converter keeps the output voltage

I4 W!

ii

nv;

of

the

PWM-BUCK

converter at the required level even when there are variations in the parameters of the

, ,*, ........,.......+........-........,........,....... a.wii a %r-*

0 .

.le1

SIVG.,

515-1 s.clm.8

,.-

m-

. .......,.........
P
SJ-%S

power stage ( i.e. variations in L, C and RL). When the parameters L, C and RL are varied between k 20% the output voltage of the

Fig. 7 Output of Compensator

66

converter remains at the desired level

_ .

[3]

J. Alvin Connely and Pyung Choi,

with

indicating the better stability.

Macromodelling

Spice, Georgia

Institute of Technology and Kyungpook The compensator in the feedback loop keeps the output voltage of the converter at the desired level even when National University, 1992. Published by Prentice Hall, Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey 07632
[4]

ESR is present in the inductor and capacitor

of the power stage. This indicates the Robust

Charles L. Philips and Royce D. Feedback Control Systems,

Harbor,

Stability of the compensator. The third order compensator is designed for both the cases of with and without ESR in the power stage.

Auburn University and University of West Florida, I99 1. Published by Prentice Hall, Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey 07632

[5]

Mohammed R. Rashaad, Pspice,

Purdue University,

1988. Published by

REFERENCES

Prentice Hall, Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey 07632 [6] Paul W. Tuinenga, A Guide to

[I X

Mohan, Undeland and Robbins,

Power Electronics: Converters,Applications and Design. Published , 1989

Circuit Simulation and Analysis Using Pspice, MicroSim Corporation

[2]

Abraham I. Pressman, Switching

1992.

Power Supply Design. Switch Tronix Power, Inc., 1991. Published by McGrawHill, Inc.

Published by Prentice Hall, Englewood

Cliffs, New Jersey 07632

[7]
Lloyd Dixon, Switching Power

Supply Control Design.

67