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CE's Circular No.

192 JOINT CIRCULAR ON QUALITY CONTROL AND PURIFICATION OF DRINKING WATER TESTING AND CHLORINATION Dated: 08.10.99. CEs Circular No. 192 CMDs Circular No. CMD/Policy/99/47 CEs File No. CE/WSS/POLICY CMDs File No. DRW/51/ IV

Sub: Guidelines for the quality control and chlorination of water for drinking and domestic use. 1.0 The imperative need for purification/disinfection of water for drinking purpose cannot be overemphasized. Water supply for domestic and public consumption should be free from pathogenic organism, clear, potable, free from undesirable taste and odour and free from mineral which could produce undesirable physiological effect. The physical, chemical and bacteriological standards should be as indicated in the following paragraphs. Responsibility of Engineering and Medical Departments : Engineering department shall be responsible for the planning, development and construction of water treatment plants including chlorination and supply of ingredients required while the Medical department shall be responsible for monitoring the quality of water (physical, chemical and bacteriological) and shall arrange the necessary apparatus required. However, the Engineering department will also carryout checks from time to time to ensure effectiveness of treatment being done. Physical and Chemical standards : The physical quality of water should not exceed the following limits. Sl. No. (i) (ii) (iii) (iv) (v) (vi) (vii) (viii) (ix) (x) Property Turbidity (units on JTU scale) Colour (units on platinum cobalt scale) PH Value Total dissolved solids (mg per litre) Total Hardness (as CaCO3)(mg/litre) Chlorides (as Cl ) (mg/l) Sulphates (as SO4) (mg/l) Fluorides (as F) (mg/l) Nitrates (as NO3) (mg/l) Calcium (as Ca) (mg/l) Acceptable 2.5 5.0 7.0 to 8.5 500 200 200 200 1.0 45 75 Rejection limit 10 25 6.5 to 9.2 1500 600 1000 400 1.5 45 200

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2 (xi) Magnesium (as Mg) (mg/l) 30 (If there are 250 mg/l of sulphates, Mg content can be increased to a maximum of 125 mg/l with the reduction of sulphates at the rate of 1 unit per every 2.5 units of sulphates) 0.1 0.05 0.05 5.0 0.001 0.2 0.01 0.05 0.01 0.05 0.05 0.1 0.01 0.001 150

(xii) (xiii) (xiv) (xv) (xvi) (xvii) (xviii) (xix) (xx) (xxi) (xxii) (xxiii) (xxiv) (xxv)

Iron (as Fe) (mg/l) Manganese (as Mn) (mg/l) Copper (as Cu) (mg/l) Zinc (as Zn) (mg/l) Phenolic compounds (as phenol)(mg/l) Anionic detergents (MBAS) (mg/l) Mineral Oil (mg/l) Arsenic (as As) (mg/l) Cadmium (as Cd) (mg/l) Chromium ( as hexavalent Cr) (mg/l) Cyanides (as Cn) (mg/l) Lead (as Pb) (mg/l) Selenium (as Se) (mg/l) Mercury (total as Hg) (mg/l)

1.0 0.5 1.5 15.0 0.002 0.1 0.3 0.05 0.01 0.05 0.05 0.1 0.01 0.001

Note : The figures indicated above as 'Acceptable' are the limits up to which the water is generally acceptable. However, in the absence of better sources, the limits shown as 'Rejection limits' may be tolerated, above which the supply may have to be rejected. 3.0 Bacteriological standards : Water supply meant for drinking and domestic use shall satisfy the following criteria : The coliform count in any sample of 100 ml water entering the distribution system should be zero. Water in the distribution system shall satisfy all the following three criterion : (i) E.Coli count in 100 ml of any sample should be zero. (ii) Coliform organism should not be present in 95% of samples of 100 ml collected through out the season. (iii) Coliform organism should not be detectable in 100 ml of any two consecutive samples. If coliform organisms are found, resampling should be done. The repeated finding of 1 to 10 coliform organism in 100 ml should necessitate the investigation and removal of the source of pollution.

(a) (b)

3 4.0 Disinfection of water :

Disinfection of water can be done broadly by the following two processes : (1) Physical methods such as by boiling and ultrasonic waves. (2) Chemical methods such as by use of Chlorine and its compounds, bromine, iodine, potassium permanganate, ozone and metals like copper and sliver. (3) Radiation methods. A good chemical to be used as a disinfectant should be capable of destroying the pathogenic organisms present in water within the contact time available and should not make the water toxic or impart unacceptable colour or odour during the chemical reaction. It should leave a certain amount of residuals so as to deal with small possible recontamination. 5.0 5.1 Chlorination : Chlorine and its properties Chlorine is an element represented by symbol Cl . Gaseous chlorine is greenish yellow in colour and is about 25 times heavier than air. Under pressure of 35 it becomes liquid with an amber colour and oily in nature Kg/cm2 approximately 15 times as heavy as water. Chlorine gas is harmful to human beings since it is a powerful irritant to lungs and eyes. Safety limit for a working environment should not exceed 1 ppm by volume for an exposure period of 8 hours. Chlorine-Water reaction Chlorine gas reacts with water to form Hypochlorous acid (HOCl) and Hydrochloric acid (HCl). The Hypochlorous acid dissociates into Hydrogen ions (H+ ) and hypochlorite ions (OCl -). Free available chlorine is the sum total of Chlorine existing in water as Hypochlorous acid and Hypochlorite ions. 5.3 Chlorine demand Chlorine and chlorine compounds are consumed by inorganic and organic matters present in water before any disinfection is achieved. For achieving proper disinfection of water by killing the pathogenic organisms, it is essential to provide sufficient time and dose of chlorine to satisfy various chemical reactions and leave adequate amount of chlorine as residual in the form of free or combined chlorine. The difference between the amount of chlorine added to water and amount of residual chlorine after a specified contact time is the chlorine demand. In other words it is the amount Cl2 that is needed to destroy bacteria and to oxidise all organic matter and ammoniacal substances present in the water. 6.0 (i) Chlorination Practices : There are generally two practices as explained below :Plain chlorination : This is applied where water is relatively less polluted and sufficient contact period of at least 30 minutes between the point of chlorination and consumer point is available.

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(ii) Super chlorination : This is adopted in case of water being heavily polluted or where available contact period is short i.e. less than 30 minutes. In case of super chlorination, it may be necessary to go in for dechlorination to remove the excess residual chlorine.

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Residual Chlorine : Satisfactory disinfection of water is obtained by pre-chlorination to maintain free available residual chlorine to the extent of 0.2 to 0.3 mg per litre (ppm) in the plant effluent at normal PH value. However, at higher PH value of 8 or 9, at least 0.4 ppm of residual chlorine is required for complete bacterial kill with 10 minutes contact period. For 30 minutes contact period, the dosage may be reduced to have 0.2 to 0.3 ppm of residual chlorine. Where there is fear of epidemic of water borne diseases or water is infested with nematodes, the supply should be prechlorinated for six hours to maintain a free available residual chlorine of 0.4 to 0.5 ppm. Where the water source is from an open river, canal or pond, it is recommended to have an amount of free available residual chlorine to the extent of 0.4 ppm to 0.5 ppm and allow a minimum of contact period of 60 minutes.

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Chlorination Methods : Generally following three methods are adopted for chlorination of water using different chlorine producing agents.

(a) (b) (c)

Bleaching powder solution is added to the water, the chlorine available in bleaching power is used to disinfect the water. This method is suitable only for smaller requirement of water. Chlorine is produced by electrolysing a solution of brine or common salt and the chlorine so produced is used for disinfection. Chlorine is obtained directly from the cylinders filled with pure chlorine in gaseous or liquid form. This method is generally adopted for larger size of water supply plants Detection of residual chlorine : Detection of residual chlorine can be done by a simple apparatus known as chloroscope using orthotolidine test (OT) and orthotolidine arsenite test (OTA). The OT is used to determine the total residual chlorine concentration and the OTA is used to determine the free and combined residual chlorine separately. When orthotolidine reagent is added to water sample containing chlorine, a greenish yellow colour develops, the intensity of which is proportional to the amount of residual chlorine available in the water sample. The OT test is not as accurate as the presence of nitrates, iron and manganese also produce a yellow colour with orthotolidine. The test using OTA is more reliable. The method of determination of residual chlorine by Chloroscope is described in Appendix-I.

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Chlorine compounds : Various compounds are available which make the chlorine available when they come into contact with water. These are bleaching powder, hypochlorites and chlorine dioxide. These are briefly described below :-

5 (i) Bleaching Powder : It is a variable mixture of calcium hydroxide, Calcium chloride and calcium hypochlorite. When it is mixed with water, the calcium hypochlorite decomposes into calcium chloride and chlorine. Bleaching powder is characterised by the available chlorine it liberates by complete reaction with water. Commercial brands of bleaching power have an available chlorine of 20% to 30 % by weight. Grade-I bleaching powder as per ISI code : 1065 should be used for water treatment which should have a minimum of 30% of chlorine. The bleaching power is an unstable compound and rapidly loses its chlorine content on exposure to air, light, moisture and storage. But when mixed with excess of lime, it retains its strength; this is called "stabilised bleach". The bleaching powder should be stored in a dark, cool and dry place in a closed container. The chlorine content of bleaching powder should be frequently checked. Bleaching powder is generally mixed in water to make a thin slurry which contains the chlorine in solution. This mixture is mixed with water by a suitable feeding mechanism such as a float operated gravity box. In every installations, the solution may be applied through a dip feed mechanism. In case of deep tubewell supplies, bleaching powder solution is introduced at the suction side of the pump. An injector may be fitted on a bleed line on the pump discharge to suck the solution of the powder in proportion to the flow of water. To determine the quantity of bleaching powder required to be added to water so that the residual chlorine is within the limits of 0.2 ppm to 0.4 ppm, HORROCKS APPARATUS is mainly used. This is a very simple apparatus and is easily available in the market. The details of some of the probable sources are given in Appendix-II. The operation of the HORROCKS APPARATUS is described in Appendix-III. Appendix-IV gives in a tabular form the amount of bleaching powder required to disinfect certain quantities of water. (ii) Hypochlorites of Sodium and Calcium : Specially fortified brands of calcium hypochlorite such as perchloron and High Test Hypo (HTH) may have 60% to 70% of available chlorine. Calcium hypochlorite can be fed either in dry or solution form. Sodium hypochlorite is fed in solution form. Usually constant head gravity devices with adjustable orifices are used to dose hypo solution in the tanks. These can be fed through chemical preparationing pumps and can be injected under pressure into pressure pipe lines by venturi or orifice feeders.

(iii) Chlorine diaoxide: Chlorine diaoxide is an unstable gas. It is formed by reacting a strong solution of chlorine with sodium chlorite. Chlorine diaoxide is unstable and subject to explosion in gaseous form but aqueous solutions of the gas are stable and safe. It is a good sporicide and a strong oxidant. 11. Purification/disinfection The purification/disinfection of water on a large scale in the Divisional Headquarters and in such other big settlements is generally done by installing purification plants comprising flocculation chamber, sedimentation tank/clarifier, filtration bed, shortage tank etc. Chlorine in the form of liquid chlorine/liquid sodium hypochlorite is added to filtered water. In the recent past, in some plants Electro-Chlorinator has been installed. In the ElectroChlorination process sodium chloride(common salt) is used. This equipment produces hypochlorite solution through electrolysis of sodium chloride(brine), where Chlorine is discharged at Anodes and a small quantity of hydrogen gas is liberated at Cathode. Electro-Chlorination system does not evolve chlorine as a

6 gas, but is available in the dissolved form as sodium hypochlorite solution and hydrogen gas is vented to the atmosphere. The sodium hypochlorite so produced in the above process is injected into filtered water with the help of dosing pump. The hypochlorite solution when added to water has the same biocidal and oxidising power, which is equivalent to chlorine gas and provides the same degree of disinfection. 12. 12.1 Water Quality Monitoring and Surveillance. Monitoring:-

12.1.1 Testing i) Field kit testing ii) Laboratories testing Sampling is very important in testing of water. Various sampling methods and guidelines are given in Annexure-V. 12.2 Surveillance It is to correlate the water quality with the health condition of the population served. This surveillance requires a good liaison with curative medical services, to check the water borne diseases and also timely action of these diseases, when they break out in epidemic proportions.These also include proper cleaning and disinfection of stored water like ground level reservoir and over head tanks. The over head tanks should be cleaned once in three months and the ground level reservoirs once in six months. Proper maintenance of filtration plant is required. Periodic cleaning of filter media, pipe lines are to be checked for contamination, ( as corrosion of the pipes or leakages in the joints may suck-in contaminated substances, as water does not flow all the time in the pipe lines, causing lowering of pressure inside the pipe lines).

Sd/(G.HARIHARAN) CHIEF MEDICAL DIRECTOR S.E.RAILWAY,GARDEN REACH.

Sd/(S.P.S.JAIN) CHIEF ENGINEER S.E.RAILWAY,GARDEN REACH

APPENDIX-I CHLOROSCAPE

7 For determination of residual chlorine through a Chloroscope, samples of water are required to be collected in the prescribed test tubes and a reagent called Orthotolidine is used. Such a test is called as ORTHOTOLIDINE Test. ORTHOTOLIDINE TEST Orthotolidine test enables both free and combined Chlorine in water to be determined with speed. The reagent consists of analytical grade Orthotolidine, dissolved in 10% solution of hydrochloric acid. When this reagent is added to water containing chlorine, it turns yellow and the intensity of the colour varies with the concentration of the gas. The yellow colour is produced by both free and combined chlorine residuals. The test is carried out by adding 0.1 ml. Of the O.T reagent to 1 ml. of water. The yellow colour produced is matched against suitable standards of coloured discs/tubes containing standards solution of water. It is, however, essential to take reading within 10 seconds after the addition of the reagent to the water. The matching tubes of coloured solution of Chloroscope are available to determine 0.1 to 2.0 ppm. of residual chlorine.

APPENDIX-II Names of some of the Firms who supply HORROCK Water Testing Apparatus are given below:-

8 1. Sanjoy Jain, (Director), J&BB TREXIM PVT.LTD., 13/11-B Swinhoe Street, Calcutta-700019, b Ph.440-9934,440-4401. TITANOR COMPONENTS LTD., (An oronzio Donora Group Company), Plot No.184, 185 & 189 Kundaim Industrial Estate, Kundaim, Goa-403110, Tele (0834)395340/41/42/43, FAX (0834)395268/69. Murcury (International)Pvt.Ltd., (Environmental Management Division), 2A/244-4A, Azad Nagar, Kanpur-208-002 Ph:560303, 560311, FAX (0512)560-338. Sumeet Instruments & Chemicals 29-B Rabindra Sarani, 4th floor, Room No.427 (near Naaz Cinema), Calcutta-700073. Ph-235-0122/235-0993 FAX 033-2350993. M/s. Gudimanu Enterprises (India), 70, Okhla Industrial Complex, Phase-I, New Delhi-110020 M/s. Engineering Enterprises, 14, Brindawan Extension Street, Madras-600033. M/s. Indian Refrigeration Engineers, 57, Mangalwar Peth, Barne Road, Pune-1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

7.

APPENDIX-III HORROCKS APPARATUS Horrocks water testing apparatus is designed to fine out the dose of bleaching powder required for disinfection of water.

9 CONTENTS : 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 6 white cups (200 ml capacity each) One black cup with a circular mark on the inside 2 metal spoons (each holds 2g of bleaching powder when filled level with brim) 7 glass stirring rods One special pipette Two droppers Starch-iodine indicator solution Instruction folder

PROCEDURE: 1. Take one level spoonful (2g) of bleaching powder in the black cup make it into a thin paste with a little water. Add more water to the paste and make up the volume up to the circular mark with vigorous stirring. Allow to settle. This is the stock solution. Fill the 6 white cups with water to be tested, up to about a cm. Below the brim. With the special pipette provided add one drop of the stock solution to the 1st cup, 2 drops to the 2nd cup, 3 drops to the 3rd cup, and so on. Stir the water in each cup using a separate rod. Wait for half an hour for the action of chlorine. Add 3 drops of starch-iodide indicator to each of the white cups and stir again. Development of blue colour indicates the presence of free residual chlorine. Note the first cup which shows distinct blue colour. Supposing the 3rd cup shows blue colour, then 3 level spoonfuls or 6 grams of bleaching powder would be required to disinfect 455 litres of water.

2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7.

APPENDIX-IV AMOUNTS OF CHEMICALS NEEDED TO DISINFECT WATER FOR DRINKING: Water (Cubic Metre) Bleaching Powder (25-35%)(g) High Strength Calcium hypochlorite Liquid bleach (5% sodium hypochlorite)(ml)

10 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 4 5 6 7 10 15 20 30 40 50 60 70 100 150 200 150 300 400 500 2.3 3.5 5 6 7 9 12 14 16 23 35 50 70 90 120 140 160 230 350 470 580 700 940 1170 (70%)(g) 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 4 5 6 7 10 15 20 30 40 50 60 70 100 150 200 250 300 400 500 14 21 28 35 42 56 70 84 98 140 210 280 420 560 700 840 980 1400 2100 2800 3500 4200 5600 7000

*Approximate dose-0.7 mg of applied Chlorine per litre of water.

APPENDIX-V WATER-QUALITY-MONITORING Indian Railways being the largest employer and also a commercial organization has the responsibility to provide safe drinking water not only to the Railway beneficiaries but also to the consumer. The provision of safe drinking water even though is the domain of Civil Engg. Deptt, the monitoring of the quality is done

11 by the Medical Deptt. in the Indian Railway context. Ideally if Public Health Engg. Deptt. exists it can look after both the functions. However, the following points are to be observed in the water quality monitoring. For monitoring the quality of the water there should be adequate infrastructure, qualified/trained personnel and a well-designed schedule. Laboratories with adequate facilities and manned by qualified personnel are essential for inspection and evaluation of the suitability of water for public use. The ultimate aim of analysis of water is to ensure that potable water conforming to the drinking water standard is supplied to be consumers. Test carried out in the laboratory are intended to assess the quality and classify the raw water to be treated, to determine the need and extent of treatment, to check that water has been properly prepared for each phase of treatment process, to ensure that the phase of treatment proceeds accordingly to plan and to examine the finished water to ascertain that it conforms to the standard. Types of analysis of water i) ii) iii) iv) Physical analysis: This determine the aesthetic quality and assesses the performance of various water treatment units. Chemical analysis: This determine concentrations of chemical substance which may affect the quality of water and the indicative of pollution and which reflect variations due to treatment. Bacteriological Analysis: This indicates the presence of bacteria characteristic of pollution and also determines the safety of water for human consumption. Biological Analysis: This will find application in providing information on causes of objectionable testes and orders; of clogging of filters.

Sampling: The value of any laboratory analysis and test depends upon the method of sampling. Failure to observe proper precautions in securing a representative sample may result in an analysis which is of little use since it may unnecessarily condemn a good water supply or more frequently it may certify a bad water as satisfactory. All samples of water should be properly labeled and accompanied by complete and accurate Identifying and descriptive data. The data should include date and time of collection, type of source of the sample and temperature of water at the time of collection. When samples are collected from the same sampling point for different analysis, it is essential that the sample for bacteriological analysis be taken first. For transport, bottles may be packed in wooden, metal, plastic or heavy fibreboard cases, with a separate compartment for each bottles. Boxes may be lined corrugated fibre paper, felt or other resilient material or may be provided with spring loaded corner strips to prevent breakage. Sampling for physical and chemical Examination of water to be tested has been detailed in the IS Specification No. IS-3025 (Part-I)-1987. Use of Appropriate container:- The choice and the preparation of a container can be of major importance. However, it should be remembered that the container in which the sample is stored and the stopper should not:a) be a cause of contamination (for example, Borosilicate or Soda lime glass may increase the content of Silica or Sodium)

12 b) absorb the constituents to be determined (for example, hydrocarbons may be absorbed in a polythene container, tracks of metals may be absorbed on the surface of a glass container) and c) react with certain constituents in the sample (for example flurides reacting with glass). Collection of the sample from a Tap. When the sample is to be taken from a tap in regular use, the tap should be opened fully and the water run to waste at least for two minutes in order to flush the interior of the nozzle and to discharge the stagnant water in the service pipe. Sample should be collected in containers of pyrex glass or other inert material like polythene. These bottles must be carefully cleaned before use. Glass bottles may be rinsed with a chromic acid cleaning mixture (prepared by adding one ltr. Of concentrated sulphuric acid slowly with stirring of 35 ml. Of saturated sodium dichromate solution followed by oxalic acid solution). After having been cleaned, bottle must be rinsed thoroughly with tap water and then with distilled water. About 2.5 ltrs of the sample is required for us. Prior to filling the sample, bottle should be rinsed out 2 or 3 times with water to be collected. The sample should reach the place of analysis as quickly as possible. The time elapsed between collection and analysis should be recorded in the laboratory report. Certain parameters like temperature, PH, dissolved gasses like Carbon di oxide, Hydrogen sulphide, Chlorine and Oxygen may change significantly during transport. For this reason these tests should be carried out on the spot. Hot samples collected under pressure should be cooled while under pressure. Samples from wells should be collected only after the well has been pumped for a sufficient time to ensure that the sample will be representative of the ground water. Sampling for bacteriological analysis:- Metod of sampling and microbiological examination of water have been brought out in detail in IS specification No.IS 16221981 (Reaffirmed in 1987). Sampling bottles:- Sterilised glass bottles provided with ground glass stopper having and overlapping rim should be used. This stopper and the neck of the bottle should be protected by ground paper. This sterilisation is carried out in an autoclave at 1 Kg./Sq. cm. Pressure for 15 minutes or by dry heat at 160 degree Centigrade for 1 hr. Dechlorination:- It is necessary for chlorinated water samples. Sodiumthiosulphate should be added to the cleaned dry sampling bottles before sterilisation (2 ml.10% Thiosulphate solution to be added for 250 ml. Bottles).

Sample Collection: The sample should be representative of water to be tested and they should be collected with utmost care to ensure that no contamination occurs at the time of collection prior to examination. The sample bottle should not be opened till the time of filling. The stopper with cap should be removed with care to eliminate soiling. During sampling, the stopper and the neck of the bottle should not be touched by hand and they should be protected from contamination. The bottle should be held near the base, filled with rinsing and the stopper to be replaced immediately. The bottle should not be filled completely but sufficient air space should be left for

13 shaking before analysis. Then the brown paper wrapping should be tied to protect the sample from contamination. Sampling from taps: The tap should be opened fully and the water allowed to run to waste for 2 or 3 minutes to permit clearing of the service line. The flow from the tap should be restricted to permit filling the bottle without splashing. Leaking taps which allow water to flow over the outer surface of the bottle must be avoided at sampling points. If it becomes necessary to collect from such points the leak should be attended to before sampling. When a tap is not in continuous service it is advisable to wipe the tap free of any grease or preferably flamed before collection of the sample. It should be ascertained whether a tap from where the sample is collected is supplying water from a service pipe directly connected with main or with a cistern or storage tank. Sampling direct from a source: When the sample is to be collected directly from a stream, lake, river, reservoir, spring or shallow well it should be taken from a point which is neither too near to the bank nor too far from the point of draw off. Sample from these sources can be taken by holding the bottle in the hands near its base in plunging its neck downward below the surface. The bottle should then be turned until the neck points slightly upward, the mouth being directed against the current. The volume of the sample should be sufficient for carrying out all the tests required and in no case, which should be less than 250 ml. Reservation and storage:- Water sample should be examined immediately after collection. However, this is seldom practical and hence it is recommended that a sample should be preferably analised within 1 hr. after collection and in any case this time should not exceed 24 hrs. During transit the temperature of the sample should be maintained as close as possible to that of the source of sample, at the time of sampling. The time and temperature of samples should be recorded. If the sample cannot be analised within 24 hrs., the sample must be preserved in the ice until analysis. No sample is fit for bacteriological analysis after 72 hrs. Frequency of sampling: Population Served Up to 20,000 20,000-50,000 50,000-1,00,000 More than 1,00,000 Maximum between sampling One month Two weeks Four Days One Day intervals successive Minimum No. of samples to be taken from entire distribution system One sample per 5,000 population per month One sample per 5,000 population per month One sample per 5,000 population per month One sample per 10,000 population per month

The frequency of collection of samples for chemical analysis depends on variability of quality of tested water, the types of treatment process used and other local factors. Sample of general systematic chemical examination should be collected at least once every three months in supplies upto 50,000 inhabitants. It is necessary to collect samples of both raw and treated water for examination of toxic substances at least every three months and more frequently when sub-tolerance levels of tixic substances are known to be generally present in the source of supply or where such potential pollution exists.

14 For bacteriological sampling, the samples should be taken from different points on each occasion to enable over all assessment. In the event of an epidemic or immediate danger of pollution, it should be borne in mind that much more frequent bacteriological examination would be required than the recommended minimum frequencies for routine examination.

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