Training Report

RVPNL, Alwar

Introduction

Electricity board is used to distribute the electricity to various stations and substations. If there is some fault occur or if we want to communicate between two stations or substations normal telephone facility cannot be suitable for this purpose, as in this type of facility the system cannot work properly at the time of busyness. So for this purpose there is a separate department in electricity board i.e. the communication through power lines. So we can say that no separate wires are needed for communications purpose, as the power lines themselves carry power as well as communication signal. Communication between various generating and receiving stations is very essential for proper operation of power system. This is more so in case of a large inter connected systems where a control load dispatch station has to coordinate the working of various unit to see that the system is maintained medium and long distance in a power network. For short distance the ordinary telephone system is used. Open wires or underground cables and in some cases VHF wireless communication are found to be more economical as they do not involve the use of costly high voltage coupling equipment. In PLCC the higher mechanical strength and insulation level of high voltage power lines result. In increased reliability of communication and lower attenuation over long distance.

PLCC is used for establishing speech/data communication between two substations using a power line.

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PRINCIPLE Since telephone communication system can not be directly connected to the high voltage lines, suitable designed of high voltage capacitor with practical devises used in conjunction with suitable line matching unit for matching the impedance of line to that coaxial cable connecting the unit to the PLCC transmit-receive equipment. Also the carrier current used for communication have to be prevented from entering the power equipment used in GSS as this word result in high attenuation of even complete loss of wave traps of line traps are employed. These consist of suitable designed chock coil connected in series with the line, which offer negligible impedance to the flow of RF currents? The basic arrangement of connecting the WT and coupling capacitor in PLCC communication is shown in FIG:1. As can be seen from the sketch the power frequency and radio frequency component are sorted out by this arrangement. The RF is prevented from entering the stations bus and the power frequency is blocked of the coupling capacitor.

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Basic block diagram of power line carrier communication lock

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EQUIPMENT There are some equipment, which are used in PLCC. These are used for POINT TO POINT communication over high voltage power lines. PLCC equipment are used to send/receive speech/data/teleportation signals by using HF carrier signal ranging from 50 kilohertz to 500. 1. Out Door Equipment a) Line Trap: It is also called "Wave trap". It blocks the high frequency carrier waves and let power waves (50 Hz - 60 Hz) to pass through. It is basically an inductor of rating in mH. The Line Traps are connected in series to the Transmission line and are designed to carry the rated power frequency current, as well as to withstand the substation fault currents. b) Line Matching Unit / Coupling Device: The output of PLCC is connected to the LMU then to the power lines to achieve proper impedance matching between PLCC equipment and power lines. The 650W Coupling Device comprising of coupling filters and protective devices is used to couple the PLCC terminals onto the high voltage transmission line. The device is purely passive and is inserted between the low voltage terminals of the coupling capacitor and the co-axial connection to the carrier terminal. The coupling filter, together with the coupling capacitor forms T section band pass filter with multi band selections. c) Capacitive Voltage Transformer/Coupling Capacitor: It provides low impedance path for carrier energy to HV line and blocks the power frequency circuit by being a high impedance path. CVT/CC is connected between LMU and power lines. These are used for blocking the high voltage entering into the LMU.

d) Drainage Coil/Lightning Arrestor: These are used for arresting any AC high voltage spikes entering into the LMU/PLCC. e) Earth Switch: This is used at the time of maintenance of LMU.

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f) Coaxial Cable: This is used for interconnection between PLCC and LMU for carrying HF signal.

2. In Door Equipment

a) EPAX: PLCC consists of PLCC equipment and related electromechanical

switching equipments like EPAX to provide voice communication. a) Battery Charger: It is used for 48 volts DC supply. 1. Carrier Terminal: The 9505 PLCC terminals are intended for transmission of speech, telemetering, teleindication and teleprotection in the signals carrier frequency.

COUPLING EQUIPMENT

The most important problem in a power line carrier is to devise methods and equipment to couple the low voltage and high frequency carrier set to the high voltages and low frequency power line.

During the initial stages of carrier operation on power lines, an aerial wire of more than 300 feet length, supported on power line structure, was used, on one end of it was connected to the output from carrier equipment, while the aerial coupled the signals to power lines mainly due to capacitance between them.

The modern practice is to achieve the coupling by connecting a capacitor between the carrier terminal and high voltage line. The particular value of the capacitor is a compromise between two conflicting requirements. MODES OF COUPLING

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Phase To Ground Coupling :As can be seen from fig. The WT and coupling capacitor are connected to one conductor of the power line. The remaining two conductors, through not directly conducted to the line carry a portion of returning carrier current because these two conductors do not have wave trap, a portion of carrier energy is lost also radiation loses are high as earth forms a part of the circuit and the noise pickup is corresponding higher, The method of connecting is inefficient as the connection at the receiving and cannot be made to match the line perfectly, This is because the impedance of the line cannot be calculated correctly as it depends partly on the soil conductivity enroot the line, which varies from place to place and time to time and partly on station switching condition. In the following figures are shown following coupling. 1. 2. 3. Phase to Ground Coupling Phase to Phase Coupling intersystem coupling

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Phase to phase coupling This type of coupling was formally being used to improve reliability of communication case of breakage of one of the coupled conductors. This system uses double the number of wave traps and coupling capacitors used in phase to ground coupling and hence is costlier. This coupling capacitor at each have the line are connected in parallel to LMU as shown in fig. In this type of coupling reliability of communication, the attenuation, monitoring possibility are all higher than they phase to ground coupling.

Two Phase Coupling :This type of coupling uses the same number of wave traps and coupling capacitors used in phase to phase coupling but the capacitor are not connected in parallel as in case of that type of coupling. The two power conductor used in this case may be considered as metallic go and return lines for the carrier current. The third conductor has not appreciable influence on the carrier currents transmission hence on the communication. The signal attenuation is less because two conductors are used instead of one conductor is earth. This type of coupling is more reliable over longer distance and is generally used in load dispatch work through it is lightly costlier than others.

Inter Line Or Inter Circuit Coupling :This is the same as phase to phase coupling but with difference that the two conductors used for communication belong to two different power circuit carriers on common towers. This type of coupling is not employed where the two circuits are carrier on to separate sets of powers as it then behave more like a double phase to ground coupling and is found to be in practical. This type of coupling is shown in fig. This type of coupling is even more reliable than phase to phase coupling. Inter phase or inter system coupling are always employed on 220 KV and 400 KV lines where the inter phase levels are therefore also used on very long 110 KV lines where attenuation become problem these type of coupling permits higher reliability of operation under breaker conductor condition and are always employed where carrier line protection system employed. Comparison of Phase to Ground and Phase to Phase Coupling:The phase to Ground coupling has advantage of requiring only half the number of wave traps and coupling capacitors in comparison to phase to phase coupling. But it is inferior to many respects as would be evident from the following points The phase to ground coupling has higher attenuation and unlike phase to phase coupling, the attenuation varies with station switching condition.

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The variation of attenuation function with change in weather conditions is greater in phase to ground coupling. Reflections and echoes due to mismatch difficulties are much greater in phase to ground coupling. Signal to noise ratio is poorer due to longitudinal noise voltage induced in the line. In phase to phase coupling these noise voltage tend to cancel themselves as equal voltages are induced in the coupling conductors which oppose each other in the circuit. Radiation from phase to ground case is about double than in the other case. A break or fault of some other kind will hamper the transmission in phase to ground coupling.

Hence phase to ground coupling used due to its cheapness, especially when frequency used and distances to be covered are suitable, and radiation not particularly objectionable as may be the situation sparsely populated areas.

UNITS OF PLCC EQUIPMENT

4.

COUPLING CAPACITORS :The high frequency signals generated in the low voltage carrier equipment must be effectively coupled to the high lines. Coupling capacitors carries out the function. The carrier frequency connection must not influence the operational safety of the high voltage lines and substations. ACTIVE PART:The active part consists of many flat individual capacitors section wound with electrical grade polypropylene film, sandwiched between ultra thin cellulose papers. Using high-grade foil forms the electrodes of the capacitor. The capacitor sections are connected in series and held together by means of insulated supports. A special pressing process yields a highly stable capacitor even under extreme temperature conditions. A high natural frequency and exceptional resistance to surge voltage is obtained by suitable electrical connections between individual capacitor sections. DRYING AND IMPREGNATION:The capacitor stacks are dried by a special process and impregnated with high grade, degassed, dried mineral oil. The impregnated stacks are than assembled into

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porcelain till the stack is completely submerged. The coupling capacitor is then hermetically sealed. INFULENCE OF TEMPERATURE:Since the coupling capacitor is hermetically is sealed, provision for volumetric changes in oil ( due to variation in temperature) is made by means of a carefully proportioned column of nitrogen gas cushion is not pressurized. The advantage of non-pressurized gas cushion is that sealing system can be made simple and foolproof; unlike bellows, there is no danger of leakage and subsequent capacitor failure. 5. WAVE TRAPS :Wave traps of line traps are used between the transmission and power station to avoid carrier power dislocation in the power plant and cross talk with the other power line carrier circuits connected to the same power station. They offer high impedance to carrier frequencies but pass 50 HZ power current easily. They can be resonated, at a signal carrier frequency with a parallel capacitor, or two frequencies with three capacitors. The tuning capacitors are protected against the surge voltage by a spark gap arranged in parallel. FEATURES: Epoxy resins compatible with the glass fiber under thermal shock condition. Aluminum construction through out with all current carrying connections welded. Noise levels at full load currents kept very low. No maintains required. Conditioned to with stand extreme temperature fluctuations and weather condition. Finis given by sand blasting and treating with specially modified epoxy resin paints. Tuning element designed using sophisticated programs run on advanced computers and the components carefully selected to give the optimum performance under all conditions of service. Atmospheric pollution and climatic changes do not affect the performance. No creep age path, dues to encapsulation of the mains coil. Standard conductors are used to minimize losses due to eddy currents. The terminal-supporting spider reinforced to withstand the short circuit forces during fault conditions. Insulation material used much higher than class F requirements of temperature as per IEC. Corona ring provided to maintain the RIV voltage levels low and within specified limits.

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CONSTRUCTION:(A) Main Coil: - The main coil windings are encapsulated by roving (Winding) continuous filament fiber glass that has been impregnated with a specially selected epoxy resin hardener system. The epoxy resin fiberglass composite is then cured according to a programmed temperature schedule. This process results in high mechanical strength and heat distortion temperature above 160 degree. The inherent bonding properties of the fiber glass resin composite system convert the coil into compact solid package. The two ends of the coils are reinforced with additional fiberglass roving to take up the severe stresses on the end-turns of the coil caused by high voltage surges or external short-circuit. The main coil windings are terminated at each end on Aluminum flat called spider arm. (B) Tuning pack: - the tuning pack is connected in parallel with the main coil to provide high impedance to the desired carrier frequency. The type of tuning pack used will depend on weather a signal frequency, two frequencies and band of frequencies is to be blocked. Wide band tuning is most suitable for multi-channel application as relatively constant impedance is obtained over broad frequency band. The tuning pack is designed to have a minimum specified resistive component over the entire blocking range so that these wave traps will not be detuned by the widely variable value of the station reactance. The blocking impedance, in the range 400 ohms to 1000 ohms, can be given as required. Lighting arrestor: - The lighting arrestor against high voltage high voltage surges caused by atmospheric effects or switching operations protects the wave traps. The nominal discharge current of this lighting arrestor behind the wave trap. The tuning elements, however has been rated at 20 to 30% more than the maximum residual voltage of the lighting arrestor (used to protect the main coil) at the maximum discharge currents.

(C)

6.

LINE MATCHING UNIT :Line matching unit (LMU) is also called the coupling filter. It consists of the matching transformer and tuning capacitor to suit the individual requirement of the coupling equipment and is generically tuned too wide band of carrier frequencies (100-450 KHZ typical) Lightening arrestor: - in addition to tuning devices which usually consists of a capacitor or capacitors, a lightening arrestor is invariably connected across the choke coil of wave trap.

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The lightning arrestor may be vacuum type arrestor whose over voltage lies below the rated voltage of the tuning capacitor. It protects the tuning capacitor against the momentary over voltage caused by traveling waves. Tuning Capacitor: - High voltages, high stability mica capacitors with low losses are used : For low voltage class of tuning units (up to 40 KV) polystyrene capacitors are used. For high voltage class of tuning units (up to 150 KV) capacitors with mineral oil impregnated paper dielectric are used. Single frequency traps have double tuned parallel resonant circuit. Drainage Coil: - the drainage coil has pondered iron core that serves to ground the power frequencies trying to appear in the output unit. The coarse voltage arrestor consists of an air gap, which sparks at over about 2KV and protects the matching unit against line surges, the grounding switch is kept ON in the normal operation and is closed if any work is to be done on the communication line without interrupting the power flow. The power transformer is insulated for 7-10 KV between the two windings and it isolates the communication equipment from the power line and also serves to match the characteristic impedance of the power line 400-600 ohms to that of the coaxial vacuum arrestor. Earth Switch: - As the coupling device is inserted between the low voltage terminal of the coupling capacitor and the earth, the earth switch is provided to ensure a temporary direct earthing of the coupling capacitor during maintenance of commissioning.

TECHNICAL SPECIFICATIONS a. 650W LMU :Operating Bandwidth Composite Loss Return Loss : Equipment Side Impedance : Line Side Impedance Peak Envelope Power Isolation between Primary & Secondary : Impulse Withstand Level Drain Coil :Rated Inductance Continuous Current Rating : Short Time Current Rating :

: 80-500 for CC. 4400pf : <2dB >12dB 75/125/150ohm : 600ohm phase to phase : 650W 5KV rms : 10KV peak : 1A 50A 40mH+-10%

b.

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7.

COAXIAL CABLE :With an increase in the frequency transmitted, the parallel open-wire lines suffer from two great handicaps Though a symmetrical balanced pair does not radiate any appreciable power at low frequencies, the radiation losses become excessive at frequencies where the inner conductor spacing is comparable to the wavelength. With increasing frequencies, it becomes increasingly difficult to maintain the high degree of balance required shielding the parallel wire line from external interference and it becomes necessary to provide an external shield.

These problems are overcome by the use of coaxial cable that consists of a cylindrical tube in which there is a center wire. In practice, the central conductor is held in position accurately by insulating material which may consist of a solid core, disc or bread strung along the axis of the conductor. Since both the tubes have the same axis, theyre termed as the coaxial cable. In a coaxial tube, the ratio of outer to the inner radius of the cylinder for maximum attenuation is 3.6. In coaxial pair, equal and opposite current flow in the central and outer conductors. At high frequencies, if the direct loss in the insulation is negligible, the coaxial pair has approximately half the inductance and twice the capacitance value of two parallel wires of the same diameter as the coaxial pair resulting in a substantially lower attenuation at higher frequencies. The presence of outer conductor provides a shielding effect and prevents interference from external source and radiation losses. 8. EPAX :As on today PLCC carrier equipment and related digital switching in which we use microprocessor provides non-blocking switching, on line diagnostic, integrated data communication, redundancy. The system employs stored programme control (SPC) using pulse code modulation standards (PCM) and time division multiplexing (TDM) conforming to latest CCITT standards. The system has networking capabilities as well. As 8x24 line MELTEL EPAX consists of 14 slot cabinet system that consists of following cards:A. B. Power supply card (PSU) :- it gives input signal of 48V and output of +5,5,12V+12V & Ring 75VRMS Central processing unit card: - It carries out all the control functions in EPAX. These functions include the call processing, line supervision, digit out pulsing over trunk line etc.

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C.

D.

Digital switch card (DSWIC):- This card consists of a PCM switch, which does the VOICE SWITCHING. In this module the following circuits are present Tone generator Music-on-holds-circuit Two DTMF receiver circuits PCM clock generating Line interface circuit: - It provides interface for 4 analog extension lines. The following are the function of LIC: Feeding DC voltage to the telephone instrument Detection of telephone hook-status and dialing Connection/disconnection of ringing to the telephone Transmitting, receiving and processing of speech signals Generations of time slots for the equipment

E.

F.

E&M Trunk interface card (EMITC): - It provides interface for 4 analog E&M trunks (4 or 2 wire). When a subscriber of one exchange wants to call a subscriber of another exchange in the network, the module sends the seizing signal and followed by the digits to the far exchange. When the required subscriber of the far exchange picks up the handset, the module connects the speech path between both the subscribers. Digital optional card (DOPT): - The DOPT is optional module, which contains the following circuit

Party conference circuit- A maximum of local subscriber can have a conference using the conference circuit. 4 DTMF transmitters 3 DTMF receiver

9.

PANEL :The 9505 power line carrier (PLC) are intended for the transmission of speech, Tele-metering, Tele-control, Tele-indication and teleprotection signals in the carrier frequency range between 40KHz and 500KHz over the following communication media with suitable line coupling equipment : High Voltage and medium power lines Open wire lines exposed to power lines Message transmission is based on the single side band principle where the carrier power and one of the two side bands, generated as a result of modulation, are suppressed, this mode offers following advantages: Optimum utilization of the available power for the signal transmission
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Minimum channel width to conserve spectrum space Large transmission range

The 9505 PLCC provides single or twin channel voice grade channels for the speech or audio tones over high voltages transmission lines. The transmitted audio tones can be used for Telemetry, supervisory control, protective relaying, data or other purposes. Low pass filters can be used for speech plus operation (simultaneous transmission of speech and audio tones). Features:A. Programming- Each Modem can be individually programmed with minimum system down time. B. Efficiency- Single Side Band (SSB) suppressed technique results in efficient use of the frequency spectrum and longer transmission ranges. C. Flexibility- Each terminal is a available either as a single or twin channel unit. D. Voice Grades Connections- Each channel provides a bi-directional voice grade circuit over the transmission medium and occupies a separate 4 KHz band in either direction of transmission. E. Output Power- Terminals are provided with RF output amplifiers for the required power The various sections of panel are:1. 95 SPIN: - It refer to speech interface. It contains the interface from the speech circuits to the 95 Modem. 95 MODEM: - It contains two basic sections viz. Modulator and Demodulator. The former converts audio signals into SSB signal while the latter converts a received SSB signal into an audio tone. MEMRI:- The memri module contain six sections, which are A metering unit (MU) A Monitoring Unit (STEFFI) An optional ringer unit (Ringer) An oscillator (OSC) AL Remote Loop Back (Optional) 95 Indicator:- This module indicates the status of the operation. These are three LEDs namely Green..Indicates systems status i.e. ON/OFF Red..Alarm condition for first channel Red...Alarm condition for second channel

2.

3. 4.

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The green LED glows while the system is ON but as soon as there is system failure in this either of the channels, the corresponding LED glows. 5. 95 Data (Data Interface):- 95 Data contains the interface to the data inputs to the 9505 PLC. 95 MB (Mother Board):- This module contains the interconnection between various modules of the system. PSU: - The Power Supply Unit is designed to provide DC power to all modules in the 9505 terminal.

6.

g)

Technical data for 95 PSU-HP Input supply : -48V+20% -15% Input current : 2.7A Outputs : +-12V, 2A:: +-50V,1A Trip Current : 4A Trip Voltage : Between 58V and 60V h) Power Amplifier:- The 9505 Power Amplifier is used to amplify the RF of outputs all Modems in the chassis before these outputs are passed on the line filter. 95AMP-HP/IP: - The 95 AMP-HP/IP is divided into two stages, viz. The Driver section The Power section

i)

The driver section supplies driving power to the power amplifier. The poser amplifier stage raises the level of speech and other signals to the requisite level for transmission over the line. Technical Data----------Frequency range : Power output : Harmonic Distortion :

30-500 KHz up to 40W -40db or better

j) 95PLF/HYB-HP/IP: - This module comprises of 2 sections, viz. the programmable line filter system and the hybrid section. The input to the filter is through a transformer, which couples the output of 95 AMP-HP/IP to the filter. The filter can be programmed into different frequency ranges by means of stripping provided and then tuned in to the required frequency band.

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11.95RECFIL:- The 95 RECFIL is a programmable band pass filter. The filter can be
programmed to any frequency range by strapping provided and then tuned into the required frequency band. Technical Details-------Input Impedance : Output Impedance :

0.75ohms 75ohms

12. LIN & CO-AX:- These modules contain the necessary circuits for proper interface between the 9505 PLCC equipment and the coaxial cable used for coupling to the line matching unit (LMU). The matching transformer matches the output impedance of that of the co-axial cable. 13. 95 PROT: - It is the protection module. This module is used for the protection of the system from power supply variations. It provides over voltage protection and over current protection.

Some optional modules:-

1. 95 SU-YNC:-(synchronizer):- This module provides a precise 12.4 KHz clock signal,

which can be used to synchronize all the MODEM modules installed in one model 9505 station to those in the model 9505 station at the far end of the communication link.

2. 95 FOREX:-Four wire Express Telephone) :- The 95 Forex, Four wire express

telephone is a lift and talk facility which can be used for express communication between two stations.

3. 95 PTBF: - It means Programmable Transmission Band pass filter card. It is used for
the purpose to make the panel in the range of working frequencies.

4. 95 RSI: - the remote sensing interface facility makes the remote end PLCC (with no MDX) a subscriber of near end PLCC (With MDX). At the remote end, telephone is connected to tex points (on 95 CON) and is connected to EPAX point on RSI at near end.
7. BATTERY SET CONSTRUCTIONAL FEATURES:- These cells are assembled in had rubber containers with tabular positive and pasted negative plates. It consists of Special tabular positive plates cast with best quality lead and lead oxides housed in pluritubular bags.
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Ribbed grids serving as negative plates. Positive and negative plates are separated my stringently checked micro porous PVC separators. An acid resistant float with level markings indicate the level of electroyte in the cell.

Preparations before charging: The cells should be so arranged that the positive terminal of one adjoins the negative terminal of the next so as to have them in series. The DC charging equipment should be able to deliver the charging current for the battery. A minimum voltage of 3 times the no. of cells in the battery should be available.

Initial Charging: The end cell terminals should be connected to the external cables from the battery charges with its positive connected to the positive of the charger. The open circuit voltage of each cell should be recorded. While the battery in on charge, every hour the individual cell voltage, specific gravity and temperature should be recorded. After a full discharge of the cell of even after a partial discharge, it must be charged immediately at the normal charging rate. The time for a full charge after a complete will be 18 (approx) hours.

Maintenance instructions: All connections should be tight. During idle periods, a freshening charge must be given at least once a month at normal charging rate. When the batteries are not regularly undergoing the discharge/charge cycle but maintained in charge condition by trickle/ float charges, specific gravity of acid should be correctly measured, from which actual state of charge can be found out. About three cells, one at center two at the ends may be chosen for the purpose to record daily voltage, specific gravity and temperature.

Normal Precautions: The pure distilled/demineralised water should be used, whenever necessary, to maintain the electrolyte correct level. The weak cell should be attended without delay.

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The float voltage should be checked regularly and adjusted to the specified value in needed. The batteries should be kept cool, dry and well ventilated. While tightening the connections, the circuit cells shouldnt be shorted.

8. BATTERY CHARGER General description:The battery charging system is intended to: Keep the 50V-200AH & 600AH battery on trickle or boost charge as required. Supply DC poser to the sub station. The battery charger mainly consists of 4 sections which are :1. Float charger section 2. Boost charger section 3. Control Section 4. Alarm section

The float charger essentially consists of a three-phase transformer rectifier set for automatic regulation of DC output. The float charger is meant to supply regulated DC voltage to the load and keep the battery on trickle charger. The boost charger is intended for initial or refresher charging of the 50V-200AH, 350AH & 600AH battery as pet the manufacturers specification. Technical Specifications:Nominal Input Input Variation Float Section:DC Output Output Current Load Regulation Line Regulation Efficiency Ripple Boost Section:DC Output DC Output Current Over Load Efficiency Float Charger:-

415V AC 3Phase +10% of nominal voltage

50V+1% 20/25/40A Better Than + 1% Better Than + 1% More than 75% 0.6 Vpp

43.2 to 67.2V 25/40/70A 10 % More than 75%

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The float is basically static type 3-phase charger with stabilized DC output voltage. Here the chargers output DC voltage is constantly compared with the reference DC voltage and the error voltage is again amplified. This voltage controls the triggering signals of al the 3 thyristors of 3 phase bridge controlled rectifier. As the output voltage tends to increase than its selected value, it makes triggering signals of each thyristors of all 3 phase to advance firing them, so the output voltage remains in the specified value Control Circuit:The output of the charger is controlled through the electronic controller using the phase control of the SCR and feedback controls the output. The control uni9t consists of the following circuits Power Supply- This card provides regulated power supply of +- 12V and unregulated 24V used for ICs and relays respectively, regulated output is 200mA (max.) UJT Card There are three identical firing cards, each for triggering one SCR in the main bridge. Amplifier Card This card consists of two operational amplifiers IC1 & IC2 reference Zener diode. DC under voltage and over voltage sensing card this circuit senses the output voltage in normal condition and gives audio/video indications in case of deviation of the chargers output from the set limits.

Alarm Circuit:An alarm circuit is associated with the float charger, which works on 50V form the 50V DC output battery terminals. Boost Charger Section:Boost charger is used to charge the batteries after power consumption i.e. charging process. The battery can be charges by using the two rotatory switches provided on the front panel for coarse and fine control and the charging could be read by ammeter which is provided on the front panel. The alarm associated to the boost charger is similar to that of the float charger. Operation of Charger :The charger, when operated in the float mode, has the battery on the float charge and all the VDDs are bypassed through the contacts of DC contactor. This enable completes voltage appearing in the load. Even in case of mains failure, the entire battery voltage is available on the load through contacts of DC contactor. When the charger operates in the boost mode, the contact of DC contactor is open. Maintenance and Fault Tracing Procedures:This section helps the operator to maintain the equipment and attend top common faults, which may occur in practice.

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Following points must be taken care of All connections should be thoroughly checked. The battery terminals should be connected after AC input. The charger should be switched OFF once in a month and the mountings should me properly checked.

ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES

ADVANTAGES: No separated wires are needed for communication purpose, as the power lines themselves carry power and communication signals. Hence the cost of constructing separate power lines is saved. When compared with ordinary power lines, the power lines have higher mechanical strength. They would remain mechanically unaffected under the conditions that might damages the telephone lines. Power lines usually provide the shortest path between the power stations. Power lines are very well insulated so as to provide the least leakage between the conductors and ground even in the adverse weather conditions. Large spacing between the conductors reduces the capacitance that result in similar attenuation at higher frequencies. The large spacing also reduces the cross talk to a considerable extent.

DISADVANTAGES:-

Proper care has to be taken so as to guard the carrier equipments and the people
working against the high voltage and currents on the line. Reflections are produced on the spur lines connected to high voltage lines. This increases attenuation and creates other problems. High voltage lines have transformer connections that attenuate carrier currents. Noise introduced by power lines is far than in case of telephone lines. This is due to the noise generated my discharge across insulators, corona and switching processes.

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WRITE UP ON PLCC SYSTEM Power line carrier communication equipments are used for POINT TO POINT communication over high voltage power lines. PLCC is used to send/receive speech/data/teleprotection signals by using HF signals ranging from 50 KHz to 500 KHz. Mode of Operation: PLCC terminals are used as pairs, one at each end of the power line (between substations). Each terminal is designated for sets of transmit and receive frequencies (Channel frequencies) The PLCC at the other end is designated for the reverse value of the transmission and reception frequencies. The channel frequencies are either in the 4 KHz or 8 KHz bandwidth depending upon the signal channel or their channel equipment. PLCC converts the input signal of 0-4 KHz bandwidth to the RF range of 50-500 KHz and amplify this RF signal to the desired output power level (up to 40 W) A pilot channel (3600+30 Hz/2580+-30 Hz/3825+-30Hz) is provided for self monitoring and A.G.C. (Receive volume control) Pilot frequency is transmitted (e.g.3570Hz) during normal rest condition and shifted dial (e.g.3630Hz) is transmitted for pulses.

Speech Signals: An input signal of 300-200Hz or 300-2400Hz bandwidth can be used depending upon the requirements. PLCC has got provision for 2 wire /4 wire speech from telephone exchange/other switching equipment (EPAX/FGS etc.) 2 wire/4 wire express telephone communication (hot line from control desk to control desk) and communication through emergency jack telephones to be connected directly to PLCC panel.

Data Telemetering:PLCC terminals can be used for sending or receiving data for telemetering etc. The input signal for this channel is between 2000-4000 Hz. Tele Protection: Protection coupler equipment cab be used along with PLCC terminals for TeleProtection equipment During Line/other faults occurring in substations, the signals can be transmitted or received by protection couplers through PLCC terminals for activating the distant protection relaying equipment.

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BIBLIOGRAPHY [1] [2] J.B. Anderson, "Digital Transmission Engineering", IEEE Press, 1998. M. Arzberger, K. Dostert, T. Waldeck, M. Zimmermann, "Fundamental Properties of the Low Voltage Power Distribution Grid", Proc. 1997 International Symposium on Power-line Communications and its Applications", Essen, Germany, 1997. J.S. Barnes, "A Physical Multi-path Model for Power Distribution Network Propagation", Proc. 1998 International Symposium on Power-line Communications and its Applications", Tokyo, Japan, 1998. Paul Brown, "Directional Coupling of High Frequency Signals onto Power Networks", Proc. 1997 International Symposium on Power-line Communications and its Applications", Essen, Germany, 1997. P. A. Brown, "Some Key Factors Influencing Data Transmission Rates in the Power Line Environment when Utilising Carrier Frequencies above 1 MHz", Proc. 1998 International Symposium on Power-line Communications and its Applications", Tokyo, Japan, 1998. A.G. Burr, D.M.W. Reed, P.A. Brown, "HF Broadcast Interference on LV Mains Distribution Networks", Proc. 1998 International Symposium on Power-line Communications and its Applications", Tokyo, Japan, 1998. A.G. Burr, P.A. Brown, "Application of OFDM to Power line Telecommunications", 3rd International Symposium on Power-line Communications and its Applications, Lancaster, UK, 1999. CENELEC, "EN50065-1, Signaling on low-voltage electrical installations in the frequency range 3 kHz to 148.5 kHz".

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LIET, ALWAR