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GVHD:Nguyn Minh Qun


NHN XT CA GIO VIN HNG DN

--- ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ngy ..thng ..nm 2011
Gio vin hng dn

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GVHD:Nguyn Minh Qun

NHN XT CA HI NG CHM IM
--- ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ngy ..thng ..nm 2011
Gio vin phn bin

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GVHD:Nguyn Minh Qun

Ngy nay, khi nim k thut s tr thnh quen thuc vi nhiu ngi, bi
v s pht trin ca ngnh k thut s ny c nh hng rt ln n ngnh kinh t
ton cu. C ngi nu ln tng gi nn kinh t ca thi i chng ta l nn
kinh t k thut s , s ha gn nh vt khi ranh gii ca mt thut ng k
thut . Nh c u im ca x l s nh tin cy trong truyn dn, tnh a thch nghi
v kinh t ca nhiu phn mm khc nhau, tnh tin li trong iu khin v khai thc
mng.
S ha ang l xu hng pht trin tt yu ca nhiu lnh vc k thut v kinh
t khc nhau. Khng ch trong lnh vc thng tin lin lc v tin hc. Ngy nay, k tht
s v ang thm nhp mnh m vo K thut in t, iu khin t ng, pht
thanh truyn hnh, y t, nng nghipv ngay c trong cc dng c sinh hot gia nh.
Ngay t nhng ngy u khai sinh, k thut s ni ring v ngnh in t ni
chung to ra nhiu bc t ph mi m cho cc ngnh kinh t khc v cn m
bo c yu cu ca ngi dng c v cht lng v dch v. ng thi kin thc v
k thut s l khng th thiu i vi mi sinh vin, nht l sinh vin in t.
Cng ngh k thut s c nhiu ng dng rng ri trong thc t, vi nhiu nhng
ng dng rt tin ch s dng trong k thut, trong i sng, trong cng nghip cc
nh my v x nghip sn xut v c nhng tin nghi trong ngi nh ca chng ta.
Mt trong nhng ng dng tin ch ca k thut s l chc nng m vi cc mch
m nh m sn phm, m s ngi vo phng, thang my hay m xe ra vo
cng u l nhng ng dng rt thc t. V trong bi n ny em c
nghin cu v mch m sn phm.
Bi bo co ny c tm kim t nhi
nhiu ngun
gun khc nhau nh: sch bo
,intern
et V do kin thc cn hn hp, nn trong qu trnh thc hin n em khng
ternet
th trnh khi sai st v ti cha c pht trin mt cch hon ho, mong qu thy
c trong hi ng kho th b qua v c hng gip em c th hon chnh kin
thc ca mnh .
Em xin chn thnh cm n..!

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CHNG I: T VN
I.1 L do chn ti:
Ngy nay vic nghin cu ng dng vi iu khin vo cc lnh vc cuc sng kh
ph bin,in hnh l cc loi vi iu khin h 8051. trong cng nghip cng nh
trong cc lnh vc lin quan m sn phm th pht huy c li th khi s dng vi
iu khin,vic m sn phm tr nn n gin hn, gim bt c nhiu sc lao
ng v thi gian.c s gi ca gio vin hng dn NGUYN MINH QUN v
qua s tm hiu ca cc thnh vin trong nhm,nn chng em chn ti nghin
cu v thit k mch m sn phm vi ng dng ca h vi iu khin 8051.y cng
l mt c hi tt ng dng nhng kin thc ca mn VI X L hc vo thc t.
I.2 Mc tiu ca ti
ti nhm mc ch thit k v ch to thnh cng mch m sn phm s dng
h vi iu khin 8051,s lng sn phm m c nhp t bn phm,hin th kt qu
m c bng h thng LED 7 thanh v bo hiu bng tn hiu n LED.
I.3 Vn cn gii quyt
+Tm hiu cc ti liu lin quan n cc ti nghin cu, a ra cc gii php ti
u cho vic thit k ch to sn phm thc t.
+Thit k v ch to 1 board mch gm cc khi: khi x l trung tm dng h vi
iu khin 8051,khi cm bin,khi hin th,bn phm.
+Tin hnh vit chng trnh phn mm phi hp hot ng cc khi di s iu
khin ca khi mch chnh cha IC AT89S52

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CHNG II: GII QUYT VN


II.1.C s l thuyt:
II.1.1 Tng quan v h vi iu khin 8051
1. Gii thiu chung v cu trc phn cng
8051l IC vi iu khin ,l vi mch tng qut ca h MCS-51, linh kin u
tin ca h ny c hng sn xut Intel a ra th trng .
IC 8051 c cc c trng c tm tt nh sau:
4 KB EPROM bn trong.
128 Byte RAM ni.
4 Port xut /nhp I/O 8 bit.
Giao tip ni tip.
64 KB vng nh m ngoi
64 KB vng nh d liu ngoi.
X l Boolean (hot ng trn bit n).
210 v tr nh c th nh v bit.
4 s cho hot ng nhn hoc chia.

Hnh : S chn ca vi iu khin 8051

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Port 0 : Port0 (P0.0-P0.7) c s chn t 32-39 .


Port 0 c 2 chc nng:
-Port xut nhp d liu (P0.0-P0.7) khng s dng b nh ngoi v bus a ch
byte thp v bus d liu a hp (AD0-AD7) c s dng b nh ngoi.
-Port0 ng vai tr xut nhp d liu th phi s dng cc in tr ko bn ngoi.
Port1: Port1(P1.0-P1.7) c s chn t 1 -8. Port c chc nng xut nhp d
liu (P1.0-P1.7) s dng hoc khng s dng b nh ngoi
Port 2: Port(P2.0-P2.7) c s chn t 21-28.Port c 2 chc nng :port xut
nhp d liu(p2.0-P2.7) khng s dng b nh ngoi v bus a ch cao(A8-A5) c s
dng b nh ngoi
Port 3: Port 3( P3.0-P3.7) c s chn t 10-17.C 2 chc nng: Khi khng
hot ng xut / nhp,cc chn ca port3 c nhiu chc nng ring (mi chn c chc
nng ring lin quan n c trng c th ca 8051)
*Bng chc nng ca port3 v 2 chn ca P1.0 , P1.1 ca port.
Bit
P3.0
P3.1
P3.2

Tn
RxD
TxD

P3.3

a ch bit
B0H
B1H
B2H

Chc nng
Chn nhn d liu ca bit ni tip
Chn pht d liu ca port ni tip
Ng vo ngt ngoi 0

B3H

Ng vo ngt ngoi 1

P3.4
P3.5
P3.6
P3.7

T0
T1

B4H
B5H
B6H
B7H

Ng vo ca b nh thi /im 0
Ng vo ca b nh thi /im1
iu khin ghi b nh d liu
iu khin c b nh d liu

P1.0
P1.1

T2
T2EX

90H
91H

Ng vo ca b nh thi /im 2
Np li /thu nhn ca b nh thi 2

* Chn PSEN:
- PSEN cho php b nh chng trnh,chn s 29
- l tn hiu cho php truy xut (c) b nh chng trinh (ROM) ngoi
- L mc xut tch cc mc thp PSEN =0 trong thi gian CPU tm - np lnh t
ROM ngoi ,PSEN =1 CPU s dng ROM trong.
* Chn ALE :
- ALE cho php cht a ch,chn s 30
-L tn hiu cho php cht a ch thc hin vic gii a hp cho bus a ch byte
thp v byte d liu a hp (AD0-AD7).

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* Chn EA: L chn truy xut ngoi


- L tn hiu cho php truy xut ngoi (s dng )b nh chng trnh ROM ngoi.
- L tn hiu nhp tch cc mc thp EA =0 s dng chng trnh ROM ngoi,AE=1
s dng chng trnh ROM trong.
*Chn XTAL1,XTAL2: tinh th thch anh chn s 18,19
-Dng ni thch anh vi mch dao ng to xung clock bn ngoi cung cp xung
clock cho chp hot ng .
- XTAL1 Ng vo mch to xung clock trong chp

- XTAL2 Ng ra mch to xung clock trong chip


f =12MHz

f tn s danh nh

Chn RST: thit lp li l chn s 9


- L tn hiu cho php thit lp li trng thi ban u cho h thng
- L tn hiu nhp tch cc mc cao
RST=0 chip 8051 hot ng bnh thng, RTS=1 chip 8051 c thit lp li trng
thi ban u
Chn Vcc, GND: Ngun cung cp in chn s 40-20
-Cung cp ngun in cho chip hot ng
- Vcc =+5V10% v GND=0V
2.Gii thiu chung v cu trc bn trong
*S khi bn trong 8051

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Hnh : s cu trc bn trong ca 8051


*T chc b nh ca 8051
B nh bn trong 8051 bao gm RAM v ROM.RAM bao gm nhiu thnh phn:
lu tr a dng,phn lu tr a ch ho tng bank thanh ghi v cc thanh ghi chc
nng c bit.
8051 c b nh theo cu trc Harvard: c nhng vng nh ring bit cho chng
trnh v d liu.Chng trnh v d liu c th cha bn trong 8051 nhng 8051 vn
c th kt ni 64k byte b nh chng trnh v 64k byte b nh d liu m rng.
RAM trong 8051 c phn chia nh sau:
-

cc bank thanh ghi c a ch t 00H n 1FH.

RAM a ch ho tng bt c a ch t 20H n 2FH.

RAM a dng t 30H n 7FH.

Cc thanh ghi chc nng c bit t 80H n FFH.

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Hnh : T chc b nh ca 8051

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II.1.2 Tm hiu IC AT89C51


1.Cu trc phn cng
a.S chnAT89C51
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
18

P1.0
P1.1
P1.2
P1.3
P1.4
P1.5
P1.6
P1.7

VCC
P0.0
P0.1
P0.2
P0.3
P0.4
P0.5
P0.6
P0.7

RESET
XTAL1

19

XTAL2

10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
20

RXD
TXD
INT0
INT1
T0
T1
WR
RD
GND

EA/VP
ALE/P

40
39
38
37
36
35
34
33
32
31
30

PSEN

29

P2.7
P2.6
P2.5
P2.4
P2.3
P2.2
P2.1
P2.0

28
27
26
25
24
23
22
21

Hnh 1: S chn ca IC AT89C51


*S khi ca AT89C51

Hnh 2:S khi AT89C51

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b. Chc nng cc chn ca AT89C51


AT89C51 c tt c 40 chn c chc nng nh cc ng xut nhp.
Trong c 24 chn c tc dng kp (c ngha l 1 chn c 2 chc nng), mi ng
c th hot ng nh ng xut nhp hoc nh ng iu khin hoc l thnh phn
ca cc bus d liu v bus a ch.
#Cc cng xut nhp
- Port 0: Port 0 l port c 2 chc nng cc chn 32 - 39 ca 8951. Trong cc
thit k c nh khng dng b nh m rng n c chc nng nh cc ng I/O. i
vi cc thit k c ln c b nh m rng, n c kt hp gia bus a ch v bus d
liu.
- Port 1: Port 1 l port I/O trn cc chn 1-8. Cc chn c k hiu P1.0, P1.1,
p1.2, ... p1.7 c th dng cho giao tip vi cc thit b ngoi nu cn. Port 1 khng c
chc nng khc, v vy chng ch c dng cho giao tip vi cc thit b bn ngoi.
- Port 2: Port 2 l 1 port c tc dng kp trn cc chn 21- 28 c dng nh
cc ng xut nhp hoc l byte cao ca bus a ch i vi cc thit b dng b nh
m rng.
- Port 3: Port 3 l port c tc dng kp trn cc chn 10-17. Cc chn ca port
ny c nhiu chc nng, cc cng dng chuyn i c lin h vi cc c tnh c bit
ca 8951 nh bng sau:
Bit

Tn

Chc nng chuyn i

P3.0

RXT

Ng vo d liu ni tip.

P3.1

TXD

Ng xut d liu ni tip.

P3.2

INT0\

Ng vo ngt cng th 0

P3.3

INT1\

Ng vo ngt cng th 1

P3.4

T0

Ng vo caTIMER/COUNTER th 0

P3.5

T1

Ng vo caTIMER/COUNTER th 1

P3.6

WR\

Tn hiu ghi d liu ln b nh ngoi

P3.7

RD\

Tn hiu c b nh d liu ngoi

Bng 1: Chc nng ca cc chn ca Port 3


# Cc ng tn hiu iu khin
- Ng tn hiu PSEN (Program Store Enable):
PSEN l tn hiu ng ra chn 29 c tc dng cho php c b nh
chng trnh m rng thng c ni n chn OE\ (Output Enable) ca EPROM

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cho php c cc byte m lnh.


PSEN mc thp trong thi gian Microcontroller 8951 ly lnh. Cc m lnh
ca chng trnh c c t EPROM qua bus d liu v c cht vo thanh ghi
lnh bn trong 8951 gii m lnh. Khi 8951 thi hnh chng trnh trong EPROM
ni PSEN s mc logic 1.
- Ng tn hiu iu khin ALE (Address Latch Enable):
Khi 8951 truy xut b nh bn ngoi, port 0 c chc nng l bus a ch v bus d
liu do phi tch cc ng d liu v a ch. Tn hiu ra ALE chn th 30 dng
lm tn hiu iu khin gii a hp cc ng a ch v d liu khi kt ni
chng vi IC cht.
Tn hiu ra chn ALE l mt xung trong khong thi gian port 0 ng vai tr
l a ch thp nn cht a ch hon ton t ng.
Cc xung tn hiu ALE c tc bng 1/6 ln tn s dao ng trn chip v c th c
dng lm tn hiu clock cho cc phn khc ca h thng. Chn ALE c dng lm
ng vo xung lp trnh cho EPROM trong 8951.
- Ng tn hiu EA\(External Access):
Tn hiu vo EA\ chn 31 thng c mc ln mc 1 hoc mc 0. Nu
mc 1, 8951 thi hnh chng trnh t EPROM ni trong khong a ch thp 4 Kbyte.
Nu mc 0, 8951 s thi hnh chng trnh t b nh m rng. Chn EA\ c ly
lm chn cp ngun 12V khi lp trnh cho EPROM trong 8951.
- Ng tn hiu RST (Reset):
Ng vo RST chn 9 l ng vo Reset ca 8951. Khi ng vo tn hiu ny
a ln cao t nht l 2 chu k my, cc thanh ghi bn trong c np nhng gi tr
thch hp khi ng h thng. Khi cp in mch t ng Reset.
VCC

1
2
C6
104

3
4
R1

C3
10uF
RESET

100
R2
10K

Hnh 3: Mch Reset h thng


Trng thi ca tt c cc thanh ghi ca 8051 sau khi reset h thng c tm tt trong
bng sau:

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Thanh ghi

Ni dung

Thanh ghi

Ni dung

m chng trnh

0000H

IP

XXX00000B

Tch ly

00H

IE

0XX00000B

00H

Cc thanh ghi nh thi

00H

PSW

00H

SCON

00H

SP

07H

SBUF

00H

DPTR

0000H

PCON(HMOS)

0XXXXXXXB

Port 0-3

FFH

PCON(CMOS)

0XXX0000B

Bng 2: Trng thi cc thanh ghi sau khi Reset


Quan trng nht trong cc thanh ghi trn l thanh ghi m chng trnh, n
c t li 0000H. Khi RST tr li mc thp, vic thi hnh chng trnh lun bt u
a ch u tin trong b nh trong chng trnh: a ch 0000H. Ni dung ca RAM
trn chip khng b thay i bi lnh reset.
Cc ng vo b dao ng X1,X2:
B dao ng c c tch hp bn trong 8951, khi s dng 8951 ngi thit
k ch cn kt ni thm thch anh v cc t. Tn s thch anh thng s dng cho
8951 l 12Mhz. Chn 40 (Vcc) c ni ln ngun 5V.
2.Cu trc bn trong
a. T chc b nh (Organizational memory)
B nh trong 8951 bao gm EPROM v RAM. RAM trong 8951 bao gm
nhiu thnh phn: phn lu tr a dng, phn lu tr a ch ha tng bit, cc bank
thanh ghi v cc thanh ghi chc nng c bit. H 8951 c b nh theo cu trc
Harvard: c nhng vng b nh ring bit cho chng trnh v d liu. Chng trnh
v d liu c th cha bn trong 8951 nhng 8951 vn c th kt ni vi 64K byte b
nh chng trnh v 64K byte d liu.

* Bn b nh Data trn chip nh sau:

Hnh 5:Bn b nh Data trn chip AT89C51


Hai c tnh cn ch l:
- Cc thanh ghi v cc port xut nhp c nh v (xc nh) trong b nh
v c th truy xut trc tip ging nh cc a ch b nh khc.
- Ngn xp bn trong Ram ni nh hn so vi Ram ngoi nh trong cc b
Microcontroller khc.
*RAM bn trong AT89S52 c phn chia nh sau:
1 Cc bank thanh ghi c a ch t 00H n 1FH.
2 RAM a ch ha tng bit c a ch t 20H n 2FH.
3 RAM a dng t 30H n 7FH.
+ Vng RAM a dng:
T hnh v cho thy 80 byte a dng chim cc a ch t 30H n 7FH, 32 byte
di t 00H n 1FH cng c th dng vi mc ch tng t (mc d
cc a ch ny c mc ch khc).
Mi a ch trong vng RAM a dng u c th truy xut t do dng kiu a
ch trc tip hoc gin tip.
+ RAM c th truy xut tng bit:
AT89C51 cha 210 bit c a ch ha, trong c 128 bit c cha cc byte
cha cc a ch t 20H n 2FH v cc bit cn li cha trong nhm thanh ghi c chc
nng c bit. tng truy xut tng bit bng phn mm l cc c tnh mnh ca
microcontroller x l chung. Cc bit c th c t, xa, AND, OR, , vi 1 lnh

n. a s cc microcontroller x l i hi mt chui lnh c - sa - ghi t


c mc ch tng t. Ngoi ra cc port cng c th truy xut c tng bit.
128 bit c cha cc byte c a ch t 00H -1FH cng c th truy xut nh cc
byte hoc cc bit ph thuc vo lnh c dng.
+ Cc bank thanh ghi :
32 byte thp ca b nh ni c dnh cho cc bank thanh ghi. B lnh 89S52
h tr 8 thanh ghi c tn l R0 - R7 v theo mc nh sau khi reset h thng, cc thanh
ghi ny c cc a ch t 00H - 07H.
Cc lnh dng cc thanh ghi RO - R7 s ngn hn v nhanh hn so vi cc lnh
c chc nng tng ng dng kiu a ch trc tip. Cc d liu c dng thng
xuyn nn dng mt trong cc thanh ghi ny. Do c 4 bank thanh ghi nn ti mt thi
im ch c mt bank thanh ghi c truy xut bi cc thanh ghi RO - R7 chuyn
i vic truy xut cc bank thanh ghi ta phi thay i cc bit chn bank trong thanh ghi
trng thi.
b.Cc thanh ghi (the registers)
Cc thanh ghi ni ca AT89C51 c truy xut ngm nh bi b lnh.
Cc thanh ghi trong AT89C51 c nh dng nh mt phn ca RAM trn chip v
vy mi thanh ghi s c mt a ch (ngoi tr thanh ghi b m chng trnh v thanh
ghi lnh v cc thanh ghi ny him khi b tc ng trc tip). Cng nh R0 n R7,
AT89C51 c 21 thanh ghi c chc nng c bit (SFR: Special Function Register)
vng trn ca RAM ni t a ch 80H - FFH.
Ch : tt c 128 a ch t 80H n FFH khng c nh ngha, ch c 21
thanh ghi c chc nng c bit c nh ngha sn cc a ch.
Ngoi tr thanh ghi A c th c truy xut ngm nh ni, a s cc thanh
ghi c chc nng it bit SFR c th a ch ha tng bit hoc byte.
Thanh ghi trng thi chng trnh (PSW: Program Status Word):

T trng thi chng trnh a ch D0H c tm tt nh sau:


Bit

Symbol

Address

Description

PSW.7

CY

D7H

Cary Flag

PSW.6

AC

D6H

Auxiliary Cary Flag

PSW.5

F0

D5H

Flag 0

PSW4

RS1

D4H

Register Bank Select 1

PSW.3

RS0

D3H

Register Bank Select 0


00=Bank 0; address 00H07H
01=Bank 1; address 08H0FH
10=Bank 2; address 10H17H
11=Bank 3; address 18H1FH

PSW.2

OV

D2H

Overlow Flag

PSW.1

D1H

Reserved

PSW.0

DOH

Even Parity Flag

Chc nng tng bit trng thi chng trnh


- C Carry CY (Carry Flag):
- C nh c tc dng kp. Thng thng n c dng cho cc lnh ton hc: C=1
nu php ton cng c s trn hoc php tr c mn v ngc li C=0 nu php ton
cng khng trn v php tr khng c mn.
- C Carry ph AC (Auxiliary Carry Flag):Khi cng nhng gi tr BCD
(Binary Code Decimal), c nh ph AC c set nu kt qu 4 bit thp nm
trong phm vi iu khin 0AH - 0FH. Ngc li AC=0.
- C 0 (Flag 0): C 0 (F0) l 1 bit c a dng dng cho cc ng dng ca ngi dng
- Nhng bit chn bank thanh ghi truy xut:
+ RS1 v RS0 quyt nh dy thanh ghi tch cc. Chng c xa sau khi reset
h thng v c thay i bi phn mm khi cn thit.
Ty theo RS1, RS0 = 00, 01, 10, 11 s c chn Bank tch cc tng ng l
Bank 0, Bank1, Bank2, Bank3.

RS1

RS0

BANK

+ C trn OV (Over Flag):


C trn c set sau mt hot ng cng hoc tr nu c s trn ton hc. Khi
cc s c du c cng hoc tr vi nhau, phn mm c th kim tra bit ny xc
nh xem kt qu c nm trong tm xc nh khng. Khi cc s khng c du c
cng bit OV c b qua. Cc kt qu ln hn +127 hoc nh hn -128 th bit OV=1.
+ Bit Parity (P) :
Bit t ng c set hay Clear mi chu k my lp Parity chn vi thanh
ghi A. S m cc bit 1 trong thanh ghi A cng vi bit Parity lun lun chn. V d A
cha 10101101B th bit P set ln 1 tng s bit 1 trong A v P to thnh s chn.
Bit Parity thng c dng trong s kt hp vi nhng th tc ca Port
ni tip to ra bit Parity trc khi pht i hoc kim tra bit Parity sau khi thu.
+ Thanh ghi B :
Thanh ghi B a ch F0H c dng cng vi thanh ghi A cho cc php ton
nhn chia. Lnh MUL AB s nhn nhng gi tr khng du 8 bit trong hai thanh ghi A
v B, ri tr v kt qu 16 bit trong A (byte cao) v B(byte thp). Lnh DIV A,B ly
A chia B, kt qu nguyn t A, s d t B.
Thanh ghi B c th c dng nh mt thanh ghi m trung gian a mc ch.
N l nhng bit nh v thng qua nhng a ch t F0H - F7H.
+ Con tr Ngn xp SP (Stack Pointer) :
Con tr ngn xp l mt thanh ghi 8 bit a ch 81H. N cha a ch ca ca
byte d liu hin hnh trn nh ngn xp. Cc lnh trn ngn xp bao gm cc lnh
ct d liu vo ngn xp (PUSH) v ly d liu ra khi ngn xp (POP). Lnh ct d
liu vo ngn xp s lm tng SP trc khi ghi d liu v lnh ly ra khi ngn xp s
lm gim SP. Ngn xp ca 8031/8051 c gi trong RAM ni v gii hn cc a
ch c th truy xut bng a ch gin tip, chng l 128 byte u ca AT89C51
khi ng SP vi ngn xp bt u ti a ch 60H, cc lnh sau y c dng:
MOV SP , #5F
Vi lnh trn th ngn xp ca 8951 ch c 32 byte v a ch cao nht ca RAM

trn chip l 7FH. S d gi tr 5FH c np vo SP v SP tng ln 1 l 60H trc khi


ct byte d liu.
Khi Reset AT89C51, SP s mang gi tr mc nh l 07H v d liu u tin s
c ct vo nh ngn xp c a ch 08H. Nu phn mm ng dng khng khi
ng SP mt gi tr mi th bank thanh ghi1 c th c 2 v 3 s khng dng c v
vng RAM ny c dng lm ngn xp. Ngn xp c truy xut trc tip bng
cc lnh PUSH v POP lu tr tm thi v ly li d liu, hoc truy xut ngm
bng lnh gi chng trnh con (ACALL, LCALL) v cc lnh tr v (RET, RETI)
lu tr gi tr ca b m chng
trnh khi bt u thc hin chng trnh con v ly li khi kt thc chng trnh con ...
+ Con tr d liu DPTR (Data Pointer):
Con tr d liu (DPTR) c dng truy xut b nh ngoi l mt thanh ghi
16 bit a ch 82H (DPL: byte thp) v 83H (DPH: byte cao).
Ba lnh sau s ghi 55H vo RAM ngoi a ch 1000H:
MOV A , #55H
MOV DPTR, #1000H
MOV @DPTR, A
Lnh u tin dng np 55H vo thanh ghi A. Lnh th hai dng np a
ch ca nh cn lu gi tr 55H vo con tr d liu DPTR. Lnh th ba s di chuyn
ni dung thanh ghi A (l 55H) vo nh RAM bn ngoi c a ch cha trong DPTR
(l 1000H)
- Cc thanh ghi Port (Port Register):
Cc Port ca AT89C51 bao gm Port 0 a ch 80H, Port1 a ch 90H,
Port2 a ch A0H, v Port3 a ch B0H. Tt c cc Port ny u c th truy xut
tng bit nn rt thun tin trong kh nng giao tip.
- Cc thanh ghi Timer (Timer Register):
AT89C51 c cha hai b nh thi/b m 16 bit c dng cho vic nh thi
c m s kin. Timer 0 a ch 8AH (TLO: byte thp) v 8CH ( THO: byte cao).
Timer1 a ch 8BH (TL1: byte thp) v 8DH (TH1 : byte cao). Vic khi ng
timer c SET bi Timer Mode (TMOD) a ch 89H v thanh ghi iu khin
Timer (TCON) a ch 88H. Ch c TCON c a ch ha tng bit.
- Cc thanh ghi Port ni tip (Serial Port Register):
AT89C51 cha mt Port ni tip cho vic trao i thng tin vi cc thit b ni
tip nh my tnh, modem hoc giao tip ni tip vi cc IC khc. Mt thanh ghi m
d liu ni tip (SBUF) a ch 99H s gi c hai d liu truyn

l d liu nhp. Khi truyn d liu ghi ln SBUF, khi nhn d liu th c SBUF. Cc
mode vn khc nhau c lp trnh qua thanh ghi iu khin Port ni tip (SCON)
c a ch ha tng bit a ch 98H.
- Cc thanh ghi ngt (Interrupt Register):
AT89C51 c cu trc 5 ngun ngt, 2 mc u tin. Cc ngt b cm sau khi b
reset h thng v s c cho php bng vic ghi thanh ghi cho php ngt (IE) a
ch A8H. C hai c a ch ha tng bit.
Thanh ghi iu khin ngun PCON (Power Control Register):
Thanh ghi PCON khng c bit nh v. N a ch 87H cha nhiu bit iu
khin. Thanh ghi PCON c tm tt nh sau:
1 Bit 7(SMOD): Bit c tc Baud mode 1, 2,3 Port ni tip khi set.
2 Bit 6, 5, 4: Khng c a ch.
3 Bit 3 (GF1): Bit c a nng 1.
4 Bit 2 (GF0): Bit c a nng 2.
5 Bit 1* (PD): Set khi ng mode Power Down v thot reset.
6 Bit 0*(IDL): Set khi ng mode Idle v thot khi ngt mch hoc reset.
Cc bit iu khin Power Down v Idle c tc dng chnh trong tt c cc IC h
MSC-51 nhng ch c thi hnh trong s bin dch ca CMOS.
c. B nh ngoi (External Memory)
AT89C51 c kh nng m rng b nh ln n 64K byte b nh chng trnh
v 64K byte b nh d liu ngoi. Do c th dng thm RAM v EPROM nu cn.
Khi dng b nh ngoi, Port 0 khng cn chc nng I/O na. N c kt hp gia
bus a ch (A0 - A7) v bus d liu (D0 - D7) vi tn hiu ALE cht byte ca bus
a ch ch khi bt u mi chu k b nh. Port2 c cho l byte
cao ca bus a ch.
d. Cc tp lnh ca AT89C51
Tp lnh caAT89C51 c chia thnh 5 nhm:
S hc.
Logic.
Chuyn d liu.
Chuyn iu khin.
Chi tit tp lnh ca h 8051 c th tham kho trong H vi iu khin ca tc
gi Tng Vn n v Hong c Hi.

II.1.3.Cc linh kin thng dng cho ti:

1-i
n tr:
1-in

in tr l linh kin th ng c tc dng cn tr c dng v p.


in tr c s dng rt nhiu trong cc mch in t.
R =/S
Trong l in tr sut ca vt liu
S l thit din ca dy.
l chiu di ca dy.
in tr l i lng vt l c trng cho tnh cht cn tr dng in ca mt vt
th dn in. N c nh ngha l t s ca hiu in th gia hai u vt th vi
cng dng in i qua n:

Trong :
U : l hiu in th gia hai u vt dn in, o bng vn (V).
I : l cng dng in i qua vt dn in, o bng mpe (A).
R : l in tr ca vt dn in, o bng Ohm ().
2-Bin tr
L 1 in tr thay i c , c tc dng l thay i in p
theo yu cu ca ngi s dng. trong ti ny n c tc
dng kim sot sng ca Led pht quang v tc nhn tn
hiu ca led thu hng ngoi.

Nhm 05:lp TVTA_K3

Trang 20

3-Transistor:

C1815 l Transistor BJT gm ba min to bi hai tip gip pn, trong min
gia l bn dn loi p. Min c mt tp cht cao nht, k hiu n+ l min pht
(emitter). Min c mt tp cht thp hn, k hiu n, gi l min thu (collecter).
Min gia c mt tp cht rt thp, k hiu p, gi l min gc (base). Ba chn kim
loi gn vi ba min tng ng vi ba cc emitter (E), base (B), collecter (C) ca
transistor.
4-T in:

T in l mt linh kin th ng cu to ca t in l hai bn cc bng kim


loi ghp cch nhau mt khong d gia hai bn t l dung dch hay cht in mi
cch in c in dung C. c im ca t l cho dng in xoay chiu i qua, ngn
cn dng in mt chiu.
Cng thc tnh in dung ca t: C = .S/d
l hng s in mi
2

S l in tch b mt t m
d l b giy cht in mi

T in phng gm hai bn phng kim loi din tch t song song v cch
nhau mt khong d.
Cng in trng bn trong t c tr s
E=
0

= 8.86.10

-12

C / N.m l hng s in mi ca chn khng.

l hng s in mi tng i ca mi trng; i vi chn khng


tm du = 3,6, gm = 5,5; mica = 4 5

Nhm 05:lp TVTA_K3

= 1, giy

Trang 21

5-Di
ode:
5-Dio

Diode c cu to gm hai lp bn dn p-n c ghp vi nhau. Diode ch


hoat ng dn dng in t cc anot sang catot khi p trn hai chn c phn cc
thun (VP>VN) v ln hn in p ngng. Khi phn cc ngc (VP<VN) th Diode
khng dn in.
L diode thng dng nht, dng i in xoay chiu thng l in th
50Hz n 60Hz sang in th mt chiu. Diode ny ty loi c th chu ng c
dng t vi trm mA n loi cng sut cao c th chu c n vi trm ampere.
Diode chnh lu ch yu l loi Si. Hai c tnh k thut c bn ca Diode
chnh lu l dng thun ti a v i ngc ti a (in p sp ). Hai c tnh ny do
nh sn xut cho bit.

6- Led:
Led l mt dng diode pht
pht qua
quang, khi phn
phn cc thun th led pht
pht sang,
ng, phn
phn
cc nghch
ghch th led kh
khng sng.
K hi
hiu:

7- Led 7 on
on
L 7 con LED sp xp theo hnh mu. Mt chn ca cc con led c ni
ni chung
ung
vi
vi nhau
nhau (Anod
nod chung
ung hoc
hoc Katod chung)
ung), cc chn cn li c a ra ngoi
ngoi
phn
phn cc cho cc con led
led.

Nhm 05:lp TVTA_K3

Trang 22

U1
7
6
4
2
1
9
10

a
b
c
d
e
f
g

U2
cc
cc

Dp
led 7 doan Katod chung

8
3

7
6
4
2
1
9
10

a
b
c
d
e
f
g

8
ca 3
ca

Dp

led 7 doan Anod chung

y l lai n dng hin th cc s t 0 n 9, n gm 7 an a, b, c, d, e, f,


g, bn di mi an l mt led (n nh) hoc mt nhm led mc song song (n
ln).Qui c cc an cho bi:
Khi mt t hp cc an chy sng s to c mt con s thp phn t 0 - 9.

Led 7 on c hai loi l loi anot chung v catot chung:

Nhm 05:lp TVTA_K3

Trang 23

LED anot chung


LED catot chung
i vi led 7 on ta phi tnh ton sao cho mi on ca led 7 on c dng
in t 10....20mA. Vi in p 5V th in tr cn dng l 270; cng sut l 1,4
Watt. Bng gi tr Led 7 on

II.2.Thit k v thi cng


II.2.1 Thit k phn cng
1. S khi ca sn phm
KHI NGUN

BN PHM

KHI
X
L

KHI HIN TH

KHI CM BIN

2. Chc nng cc khi


*Khi ngun: l h thng in p cung cp cho mch , gip cho mch lun
hot ng, in p cung cp cho mch l :+5V v OV.Khi ngun c th l 1 mch
ngun hoc l 1 bin th chuyn t dng xoay chiu sang dng 1 chiu c ip p +5V
*Bn phm: l 1 h thng gm 16 phm (dng bn phm hexa). Thng tin s
lng sn phm s c nhp y v tc ng n khi x l bit sn sng sau
khi nhp xong

*Khi cm bin : cm nhn mi sn phm i qua th cm bin phi c


phn thu v phn pht. Phn thu pht ra nh sng hng ngoi , phn thu nhn nh
sng hng ngoi. Hai b phn pht v thu hot ng chung tn s.Bnh thng khi c
nh sng chiu vo th led thu thng.Khi c sn phm i qua gia phn pht v phn
thu , nh sng hng ngoi b che led thu b ng , qua tranzito s c 1 tn hiu c
chuyn n tc ng vo b vi x l .

*Khi x l :l b phn c 2 chc nng:


+Phi ghp cc khi khc nhau trong mch , gip cho cc khi hot
ng theo theo 1 chu trnh nht nh.
+Nhn tn hiu t bn phm phn tch v gi 1 xung kch thch cho khi
cm bin bt u m, sau nhn nhn tn hiu ngc li t khi cm bin, phn tch
v chuyn ti khi hin th.

* Khi hin th: bo gm h thng 4 Led 7 thanh v b phn bo hiu:


+H thng Led 7 thanh hin th s lng sn phm nhp vo v gim
dn khi khi cm bin m.
+B phn bo hiu :sng trc khi m v sau khi m bo hiu
cho ngi s dng bit m xong.

3. S nguyn l ca mch

II.2.2 Thit k phn mm

Chng trnh np cho IC :


index

equ

20h

donvi

equ

21h

chuc

equ

22h

tram

equ

23h

nghin

equ

24h

bien

equ

25h

dem_dv

equ

26h

dem_ch

equ

27h

dem_tr

equ

dem_ng

equ

28h
29h

org 00h
ljmp main
org 03h
ljmp ngat_ngoai
org 40h
main:
mov sp,#5fh
setb ea
setb ex0
setb it0

mov nghin,#0ffh
mov tram,#0ffh
mov chuc,#0ffh
mov donvi,#0ffh
mov dptr,#table
mov dem_dv,#1
main_loop:
lcall hien_thi
lcall quet_phim
ljmp main_loop

;**************************************
hien_thi:
lcall lay_ma
lcall sosanh
lcall quet_led
ret
sosanh:
mov a,dem_ng
cjne a,#0,thoat_ra
mov a,dem_tr
cjne a,#0,thoat_ra
mov a,dem_ch
cjne a,#0,thoat_ra
mov a,dem_dv
cjne a,#1,thoat_ra
clr p3.7

ret
thoat_ra:
setb p3.7
ret
quet_led:
mov p0,donvi
clr p2.3
lcall delay
setb p2.3

mov p0,chuc
clr p2.2
lcall delay
setb p2.2

mov p0,tram
clr p2.1
lcall delay
setb p2.1

mov p0,nghin
clr p2.0
lcall delay
setb p2.0

ret

lay_ma:
mov a,dem_dv
movc a,@a+dptr
cpl a
mov donvi,a

;------------------mov a,dem_ch
movc a,@a+dptr
cpl a
mov chuc,a
;------------------mov a,dem_tr
movc a,@a+dptr
cpl a
mov tram,a
;-----------------mov a,dem_ng
movc a,@a+dptr
cpl a
mov nghin,a
ret
;chuong trinh con dich so sang trai
dich_so:
mov a,dem_ng
jz dich
ret

;neu nghin=0 cho phep dich tiep


;neu nghin#0 thi khong dich nua

dich:
mov a,dem_tr
jnz tiep_tuc
mov a,dem_ch
jnz tiep_tuc
mov a,dem_dv
cjne a,#1,tiep_tuc
sjmp khong_dich
tiep_tuc:
mov a,dem_tr
mov dem_ng,a
mov a,dem_ch
mov dem_tr,a
mov a,dem_dv
mov dem_ch,a
mov a,bien
mov dem_dv,a
ret
khong_dich:
mov a,bien
mov dem_dv,a
ret
;chuong trinh con xoa so cho phim delete
lui_so:
mov a,dem_ng
jnz lui
mov a,dem_tr

jnz lui

mov a,dem_ch
jnz lui
mov a,dem_dv
cjne a,#1,ve_0
ret
lui:
mov a,dem_ch
mov dem_dv,a
mov a,dem_tr
mov dem_ch,a
mov a,dem_ng
mov dem_tr,a
mov dem_ng,#0
ret
ve_0:
mov dem_dv,#1
ret
;chuong trinh con quet phim
quet_phim:
mov p1,#00001111b; setb cac hang len 5v
nop
jnb p1.0,hang1
jnb p1.1,hang2
jnb p1.2,hang3
khong_bam:

nop
ret

hang1:
mov p1,#11111110b ;dat hang1 la dau ra
phim0_:
jb p1.7,phim1_
phim0_1:
lcall hien_thi
jnb p1.7,phim0_1
lcall phim0
;---------------phim1_:
jb p1.6,phim2_
phim1_1:
lcall hien_thi
jnb p1.6,phim1_1
lcall phim1
;-----------------phim2_:
jb p1.5,phim3_
phim2_1:
lcall hien_thi
jnb p1.5,phim2_1
lcall phim2
;----------------

phim3_:
jb p1.4,khong_bam
phim3_1:
lcall hien_thi
jnb p1.4,phim3_1

lcall phim3
;--------------sjmp khong_bam

hang2:
mov p1,#11111101b ;dat hang2 la dau ra
phim4_:
jb p1.7,phim5_
phim4_1:
lcall hien_thi
jnb p1.7,phim4_1
lcall phim4
;---------------phim5_:
jb p1.6,phim6_
phim5_1:
lcall hien_thi
jnb p1.6,phim5_1
lcall phim5
;-----------------phim6_:

jb p1.5,phim7_
phim6_1:
lcall hien_thi
jnb p1.5,phim6_1
lcall phim6
;----------------

phim7_:
jb p1.4,khong_bam
phim7_1:
lcall hien_thi
jnb p1.4,phim7_1
lcall phim7
;--------------sjmp khong_bam
hang3:
mov p1,#11111011b ;dat hang2 la dau ra
phim8_:
jb p1.7,phim9_
phim8_1:
lcall hien_thi
jnb p1.7,phim8_1
lcall phim8
;---------------phim9_:
jb p1.6,phim10_
phim9_1:

lcall hien_thi
jnb p1.6,phim9_1
lcall phim9
;---------------phim10_:
jb p1.4,thoat
phim10_1:
lcall hien_thi

jnb p1.4,phim10_1
lcall delete
thoat:
ljmp khong_bam

phim0:
mov bien,#1
lcall dich_so
ret
phim1:
mov bien,#2
lcall dich_so
ret
phim2:
mov bien,#3
lcall dich_so
ret
phim3:

mov bien,#4
lcall dich_so
ret
phim4:
mov bien,#5
lcall dich_so
ret
phim5:
mov bien,#6
lcall dich_so

ret
phim6:
mov bien,#7
lcall dich_so
ret
phim7:
mov bien,#8
lcall dich_so
ret
phim8:
mov bien,#9
lcall dich_so
ret
phim9:
mov bien,#10
lcall dich_so

ret
delete:
lcall lui_so
ret

ngat_ngoai:

mov a,dem_ch
jnz ngo03
mov a,dem_dv
cjne a,#1,qua
sjmp thoat1

dec dem_dv
mov a,dem_dv
cjne a,#1,thoat1
mov dem_dv,#1
sjmp thoat1
ngo03:
dec dem_dv
mov a,dem_dv
cjne a,#0,thoat1
mov dem_dv,#10
;---------------------mov a,dem_tr
jnz ngo02
dec dem_ch

mov a,dem_ch
cjne a,#1,thoat1
mov dem_ch,#0
sjmp thoat1
ngo02:
dec dem_ch
mov a,dem_ch
cjne a,#0,thoat1
mov dem_ch,#10
;-------------------mov a,dem_ng
jnz ngo01

dec dem_tr
mov a,dem_tr
cjne a,#1,thoat1
mov dem_tr,#0
sjmp thoat1
ngo01:
dec dem_tr
mov a,dem_tr
cjne a,#0,thoat1
mov dem_tr,#10

;---------------------dec dem_ng

mov a,dem_ng
cjne a,#1,thoat1
mov dem_ng,#0
;---------------------thoat1:
reti

;***********************************

delay:
mov r1,#100
loop:
nop

nop
nop
nop
nop
nop
nop
nop
djnz r1,loop
ret
table:
db 00h, 0fch,60h,0dah,0f2h,66h,0b6h,0beh,0e0h,0feh,0f6h

; trang

0
end

3 4 5

8 9

MC LC
LI M U
Trang

HNG I: T VN
I.1 L do chn ti

.0
.04
I.2 Mc tiu ca ti

.0
.04
I.3 Vn cn gii quyt

.0
.04
CHNG II: GII QUYT VN

II.1.C s l thuyt

....
........
......
...05
II.1.1 Tng quan v h vi iu khin 8051

.
.......
......
........
......
.....05
1.Gii thiu chung v cu trc phn cng..................05
2.Gii thiu chung v cu trc bn trong...............07
II.1.2 Tm hiu IC AT89C52.....10
1.Cu trc phn cng .............10
2.Cu trc bn trong ....13
II.1.3.Cc linh kin thng dng cho ti...20
1-in
intr:

...
....
.20
2-Bin tr ..20
3-Transistor

..

.2
.21
4-T in

...
..
.21
5 -Dio
Diode

..
2
22
6- Led

22
7- Led 7 on
on

.
.

22
II.2.Thit k v thi cng
.
.

..
25
II.2.1 Thit k phn cng

...
..

..2
..26
1.S khi ca sn phm

..
...
2
26
2.Chc nng cc khi

..
..
26
3.S nguyn l ca mch

...

...
..27
II.2.1 Thit k phn mm

..
...
.28
.28

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