Mc Lc

Mc Lc Phn 1 :nh Ngha Chng 1. Khng gian metric.

2. Tp m, tp ng. 3.Ln cn. 4.Hp v giao cc tp m v ng. 5.Phn trong v bao ng. 6.Tp hp, tr mt, khng gian kh ly. 7.nh x lin tc. 8.Khng gian metric y. 9.nh x co v nguyn l im bt ng.

Chng 2. Khng gian nh chun

1.Khng gian banach. 2.Ton t tuyn tnh 3.Tnh cht Khng gian cc ton t tuyn tnh L(x,y): 6.Phim Hm tuyn tnh lin tc 7.Ton t song tuyn tnh lin tc. 8.Ton t song tuyn tnh b chn. 9.Phim hm song tuyn tnh b chn. 10.Phim hm song tuyn tnh lin tc. 11. Chun ca ton t tuyn tnh lin tc. 12. Khng gian i ngu: 13.Khng gian ton t tuyn tnh: 14+15+16+17.Sup ,Inf, cn trn, cn di.

Chng 3. Khng gian hilbert

1.KG hilbert 2.Vecto trc giao 3.H trc chun 4.H trc chun y 5.KG con ring

6.Ton t i xng 7. Tr ring vect ring 8.Ton t hon ton lin tc 9.Ton t i xng hon ton lin tc 10.Ton t lin hp 11.Phn b trc giao 12.H s Foucier chui 13.bao tuyn tnh 14.Ton t chiu

Phn 2: nh L 3.nh l Banach 4.nh L Cantor. 5.nh L Compac. 7.L(x,y) banach nu Y banach,X nh chun 8.nh l 5 mnh tng ng 9.Tnh cht vecto trc giao 10.Tnh cht ton t lin hp 11.IU KIN LIN TC 13.Mt ton t song tuyn tnh l lin tc khi v ch khi b chn 14.PHIM HM SONG TUYN TNH 15.NH L: F.RIESZ 16.nh l v hnh chiu ln KG con.

Gii Tch Hm
Phn 1 :nh Ngha

Chng 1. Khng gian metric.

KHNG GIAN METRIC

1.S hi t: Ta ni mt dy im x1,x2,... Ca mt khong gian metric

X hi t ti im x ca khng gian nu lim d(xn,x)=0 khi n->oo. V im x gi l gii hn ca dy {xn}. Tnh cht :1) nu xn ->x v xn -> x' ngha l gii hn ca mt dy im nu c l duy nht : CM:theo tin tam gic ta c: 0 d(x,x') d(x,xn)+d(xn,x') m d(xn,x)->0, d(xn,x') ->0. => d(x,x')=0 =>x=x'.( pcm) 2);nu xn ->x v yn ->y th d(xn,yn)->d(x,y) ngha l kc d(x,y) l mt hm lin tc i vi x,y CM: thc vy ,vi bt k cc im x,y,z ,u tin tam gic cho ta : d(x,y) d(x,z)+d(z,y) d(x,z)+d(z,u)+d(u,y) => d(x,y) -d(z,u) d(x,z)+d(y,u) Hon v x vi z ta c d(z,u) - d(x,y) d(x,z)+d(y,u) Kt hp hai bt trn ta c bt t gic | d(x,y) - d(z,u)| d(x,z) + d(y,u) V cho z=xn ,u=yn ,=> | d(x,y) - d(xn,yn)| d(x,xn)+d(y,yn) Chng t rng xn ->x, yn -> y => d(xn,yn) -> d(x,y)
2. Tp m, tp ng.

I) tp A gi l tp m nu n ch gm cc im trong Ii) tp A gi l tp ng nu n cha tt c c im bin

3.Ln cn.

Ln cn ca im a thuc X l mi tp con# ca X sao cho n cha mt hnh cu m tm a V(a) > s(a, ), >0. im trong: c mt ln cn x nm trn trong tp A ngha l ch cha ton nhng im ca A. Khi x gi l im trong ca tp A. im ngoi: c mt ln cn x nm trn ngoi A ,ngha l khng cha im no ca A.khi x gi l im bin ca tp A
4.Hp v giao cc tp m v ng.

1: giao ca 1 s hu hn cc tp m l tp m 2: hp ca 1 s hu hn cc tp ng l tp ng CM 1: Gi m ,(i=1,..,n) G = Gi ly x bt k G=> x Gi mi i=(1,...n) Do Gi m => Si =S(x,ni) Si Gi => mn ri =r, S(x,r) Gi => x l im trong ca G => G m IM T: xt tp A # , A X, x X gi l im t ca A nu mi ln cn ca x cng cha t nht 1 im thuc A # x
i =1 n

5.Phn trong v bao ng.

1: phn trong ca A l tp tt c cc im trong ca A 2: bao ng ca A l tp tt c A A . NH L:int A l m ln nht A Bao ng ca A l tp ng nh A.

6.Tp hp, tr mt, khng gian kh ly.

N: cho kgm (X,d) , A B X 1) A tr mt trong B nu bao ng ca A B 2) B tr mt khp ni nu bao ng ca B =X 3) Khhong gian metric X gi l kh li nu c mt tp hp khng qu dm dc trong X
7.nh x lin tc.

Cho hai khng gian metric M1=(x,d1),M2=(Y,d2), nh x f t khng gian M1 n M2 . nh x f gi l lin tc ti im xo X nu Mi > 0 , >0, mi x X :d1(x,xo)< , d2(f(x),f(xo))< 1: nh x f t khng gian M1 n M2 gi l lin tc trn tp hp A X nu nh x f lin tc ti mi im x A. Khi X=A th nh x f gi l lin tc. 2:nh x f t khng gian metric M1 n M2 gi l lin tc u trn tp hp A X nu: Mi > 0 , >0, mi x'.x'' A :d1(x',x")< , d2(f(x'),f(x"))< 3:cho nh x f t khng gian metric M1 en M2 .5 mnh sau tg g: 1) f lin tc. 2) To nh ca tp hp m bt k trong M2 l tp hp m trong M1 3) To nh ca tp hp ng bt k trong M2 l tp hp ng trong M1 4) Vi mi tp A X u c f( A ) f ( A) 5) Vi mi tp B Y u c f- -1(int B) int f -1(B).
8.Khng gian metric y.

N:cho kgm M=(X,d).dy im (xn) X gi l dy c bn trong M, nu Mi > 0 , n o N *, mi n,m>no d(xn, xm) < . Hay lim d(xn,xm)->0 khi n,m -> n: khng gian metric M=(X,d). Gi l khng gian y nu mi dy c bn trong khng gian ny u hi t

2;MT S NGUYN L C BN V KHNG GIAN Y A) nguyn l Cantor v dy hnh cu tht dn N: cho khng gian metric M =(X,d). Day hnh cu Sn, Sn c tm an v bn knh rn trong khng gian M, gi l tht dn nu Sn Sn+1 v lim rn =0 khi n-> +: Khng gian metric M=(X,d) l khng gian y khi v ch khi mi dy hnh cu ng tht dn u c im chung duy nht.
9.nh x co v nguyn l im bt ng.

Cho kgm X bt k,mt nh x P t X vo chnh n gi l nh x co nu c mt s <1 sao cho nu Px l phn t ng vi x trong nh x P th vi mi x1,x2 X ta c (Px1,Px2) (x1,x2) Trong mt php nh x t X vo chnh n c th c nhng im m nh ca n trng vi chnh n ,nhng im nh th gi l im bt ng trong nh x NH LI:(banach).mi nh x co P t mt khng gian metric X vo chnh n u c mt im bt ng duy nht.

Chng 2. Khng gian nh chun

1.Khng gian banach.

KG banach l KGC y ngha l mi dy cauchy trong KG u hi t

2.Ton t tuyn tnh

N:Cho 2 KG tuyn tnh bt k X v Y. Mt nh x A: X-> Y gi l 1 nh x tuyn tnh hay ton t tuyn tnh nu: 1) A( + ) = A + A vi mi x1 x2 X . 2) A(x1 ) = Ax vi mi x X v mi
3.Tnh cht Khng gian cc ton t tuyn tnh L(x,y):

1) Nu ||A|| = 0 th ta c Ax = 0 do vi mi x , tc A = 0 . Ngc li nu A =0 th d nhin ||A|| =0. 2) || A|| =||.||A|| l do vi mi x: || Ax|| =||.||Ax||. 3) ||A+B|| ||A|| +||B|| . 4.Ton t tuyn tnh lin tc l mt ton t A t X vo Y nu -> lun ko theo A -> A .

5.Ton t tuyn tnh b chn l 1 mt ton t X vo Y sao cho c mt

hng s K > 0 cho ( x X) ||A|| K||x||

6.Phim Hm tuyn tnh lin tc

-> -> x ,

lun ko theo f( -> y ta c A (

) -> f( ) , ) -> A(x, )

7.Ton t song tuyn tnh lin tc. 8.Ton t song tuyn tnh b chn.

Nu c 1 hng s K>0 sao cho: ( x X, y Y) ||A(x,y)|| K.||x||.||y||

9.Phim hm song tuyn tnh b chn.

Phim hm song tuyn tnh b chn nu n l ton t song tuyn tnh b chn.
10.Phim hm song tuyn tnh lin tc.

Phim hm song tuyn tnh lin tc nu n l ton t song tuyn tnh lin tc
11. Chun ca ton t tuyn tnh lin tc.

Cho (X,||.||) , (Y,||.||) A l t X vo Y, s k 0 nh nht ||Ax|| k||x|| gi l chun ca A, k hiu ||A||.

12. Khng gian i ngu:

Cho X l mt khng gian nh chun. Khng gian lin hip (hay cn gi l khng gian i ngu) ca X, k hiu X* l tp hp tt c cc phim hm tuyn tnh lin tc trn X.
13.Khng gian ton t tuyn tnh:

Cho X,Y l 2 khng gian vecto, L(X,Y) = { A| A l ton t tuyn tnh t XY}. Trong L(X,Y) c th nh ngha cc php ton tuyn tnh nh sau: +) ta gi tng ca 2 ton t A v B l ton t A+B sao cho: ( vi mi x thuc X) (A+B)x = Ax + Bx V tch ca ton t A vi s l ton t A sao cho: ( vi mi x thuc X) (A)x = Ax Khng gian cc ton t tuyn tnh lin tc:

Cho X,Y l cc khng gian nh chun, L(X,Y) = { A| A l ton t tuyn tnh t XY}. a vo khng gian php ton cng v nhn nh trn, ngoi ta a vo chun : ||A|| = Sup (||A||/||x||) x0
14+15+16+17.Sup ,Inf, cn trn, cn di.

Khi nim: xt R, A l tp con khc rng ca R +) nu tn ti m sao cho m a, vi mi a A m gi l cn di ca A +) nu tn ti M sao cho M a, vi mi a A th M gi l cn trn ca A nh ngha : +)Cn di ln nht ca tp A ( nu tn ti) gi l cn di ng ca A, k hiu : InfA +)Cn trn nh nht ca A ( nu tn ti) gi l cn trn ng ca A, k hiu : SupA

Chng 3. Khng gian hilbert

1.KG hilbert

Ta gi mt tp H gm nhng phn t x,y,z.. no y l kg Hilbert,nu tp H tha mn cc iu kin: 1)H l kg tuyn tnh trn trng P 2)H c trang b mt tch v hng(.,.) 3)H l khng gian Bannach vi chun || x ||= ( x, x ), x H Ta gi mi kg tuyn tnh con ng ca kg hilbert H l khng gian Hilbert con ca khng gian H.
2.Vecto trc giao

-n 1:Cho kg H,2 phn t x,y H gi l trc giao ,k hiu x y ,nu (x,y)=0 -n 2:Cho kg Hilbert H v tp con A H ,A .Phn t x H gi l trc giao vi tp A,nu x y ( y A ),v k hiu x A

3.H trc chun

Cho kg Hilbert H,Mt tp(cn gi l h thng)gm hu hn hay m c cc phn t (en)n>=1 H gi l h trc chun nu (e i,e j ) = ij . ij l k hiu Kroneckes, ij =0 vi i j , ij =1 vi i=j,(i,j=1,2,)
4.H trc chun y

Mt h trc chun {en} gi l y khi ch c vecto 0 mi trc giao vi ht cc phn t ca h: x en (n=1,2,3,)x=0

5.KG con ring 6.Ton t i xng

Mt ton t tuyn tnh lin tc A gi l i xng nu ta c vi mi mi x,y : (Ax,y)=(x,Ay)

7. Tr ring vect ring

Cho X KGV A la tt X X - l tr ring ca tt A : X X Nu Ax = x c t nht 1nghim ko tm thng ( x X ,x 0 , Ax = x) x-l vet ring ca A ng vi tr ring
8.Ton t hon ton lin tc

T ni mt ton t tuyn tnh A trong kg Hilbert X l hon ton lin tc nu n bin 1 tp b chn thnh 1 tp hon ton b chn.V kg Hilbert ,nn mt tp con ng ca n l hon ton b chn khi v ch khi n l compact.Vy cng c th ni mt ton t tuyn tnh A hon ton lin tc nu n bin mi tp b chn,ng thnh tp compact ngha l nu ||xn||<= K(n=1,2,)ko theo s tn ti ca mt dy {Axnk} hi t
9.Ton t i xng hon ton lin tc

-Mt ton t i xng hon ton lin tc A bao gi cng c 1 tr ring vi | |=||A||

-Tp cc tr ring ca ton t i xng hon ton lin tc cng lm l m c.Nu l m c th tp lm thnh mt dy hi t n 0.
10.Ton t lin hp

Cho 1 ton t tuyn tnh lin tc A trong kg Hilbert X.(,y) l mt phim hm song tuyn tnh lin tc cho nn c 1 ton t tuyn tnh lin tc duy nht A* cho (Ax,y)=(x,A*y) Ton t A* gi l ton t lin hp ca A.
11.Phn b trc giao

Tp tt c cc vecto trc giao vi mt tp M X cho trc lm thnh mt kg con ng ca X.Kg con ny c k hiu M v gi l phn b trc giao ca M.
12.H s Foucier chui

Cho h trc chun {e}ni=1 i = <x,ei > i= 1, 2 ,.. i l h s foucier ca x vi h trc chun {ei} chui

i =1

i ei l chui foucier ca x vi h trc chun {ei}

13.bao tuyn tnh

S={v1,...,vn} l mt tp hu hn cc vect, mt t hp tuyn tnh ca S l mt tng cc vect nhn bi cc h s theo dng: a1v1+...+an vn vi cc s a1,...,an nm trong trng F ca khng gian vect cha v1,...,vn. Tp hp ca cc t hp tuyn tnh xy dng t cc vect trong S c gi l bao tuyn tnh ca S (hay khng gian con sinh bi S) v k hiu l span(S) hay . Ni mt cch chnh xc: span(S) = {v thuc V: v= a1v1+...+an vn vi cc s a1,...,an nm trong trng F

14.Ton t chiu

M KG con ng ca 1KG hilbert X . bt k x no ca X cng co th biu din mt cch duy nht di dng : X =y + z vi y M , z M u Trong y l phn t ca M gn x nht , tc l x y x vi mi u M t y=Px Ta xc nh mt ton t P gi l ton t chiu ln M 15.KG ng cu : 2 KG kilbt X,X gi l ng cu nu c 1 ax 1-1 t X ln X bo ton cc php ton tuyn tnh v bo ton tnh v hng ngha l sao cho: 1) (x+y) = (x) +(y) ; (x) = (x) 2) (x , y) = (x,y)

Phn 2: nh L 1.nh l Hausdoff: Mt tp compac th ng v hon ton b

chn. Ngc li 1 tp ng v hon ton b chn trong 1 Kgm th compac. CM:
1) Ta thy rng 1 tp compac th phi ng. By gi ta gi s tp M compac nhng ko hon ton b chn .Th th c 1 >0 no sao cho ko th no ph c M bng mt s hu hn hnh cu bn knh . Ly 1 im bt k x1 M . Hnh cu tm x1 bn knh ko ph c M nn t nht 1 im x2 M vi p(x1, x2) . 2 hnh cu tm x1, x2 v bn knh cng ko ph c M nn c t nht im x3 M vi p(x1, x3) , p(x3, x2) . Tip tc cch ta s c 1 dy xn M vi p(xn, xm) (n m, n,m =1,2,). R rng , bt c dy con no ca {xn} cng ko th l dy c bn , do ko th hi t. Nh vy mu thun vi gi thit M compac. Nn M compac, th phi ng v hon ton b chn.

2) Ngc li, gi s M ng v htbc trong 1 KG X, v xt 1 dy v hn bt k ={ xn} M . V tp M c th ph c bng 1 s hu hn hnh cu bn knh 1, nn mt trong cc hnh cu ny, chng hn S1, phi cha v s phn t ca dy . Gi dy con ca cha trong S1 l 1. Tp hp M cng c th ph c bng 1 s hu hn hnh cu bn knh , nn 1 trong cc hnh cu ny , chng hn S2, phi cha v s phn t ca 1. Gi dy con ca 1 cha trong S2 l 2, Tip tc theo cch mi th s c nhng dy 1, 2, 3, vi 1 2 3 v k Sk ( k=1,2 ) trong Sk ch hnh cu bn knh 1/k . V mi dy k c v s phn t nn c th chn trong 1 mt phn t xn1 , ri trong 2 mt phn t xn2 vi n2> n1 ,trong 3 mt phn t xn3, n3>n2. Dy xnk l 1 dy con ca = { xn}, v c th thy rng l 1 dy hi t ( trong X ). Tht vy, vi k<l th 1 < Sk nn xn1, xnk cng hnh cu Sk do p(xn1, xnk) < 2/k 0 khi k,l , chng t { xn } l 1 dy c bn tc hi t, v theo gi thit X l Kg . Tm li mi dy { xn } M u cha 1 dy con hi t .V M l tp ng nn gii hn ca dy con ny M. M l tp compac. PCM.

2.nh L nh X Lin Tc: i vi 1 nh x f t Kgm X vo KGm

Y th 3 mnh sau tng ng: (i) f lin tc. (ii) Nghch nh ca mi tp ng (Y) u l tp ng (X). (iii) Nghch nh mi tp m (Y) u l tp m (X). CM: (i) (ii) : Cho F l 1 tp ng bt k ca Y, f^(-1) (F) l nghch nh ca n bi f. Nu xn f^(-1) (F), xn xo th f(xn) F , v f(xn) f(xo) do gi thit f lin tc. Nhng F l ng trong Y nn f(xo) F , do xo f^(-1) (F) chng t rng f^(-1) (F) l ng trong X. (ii) (iii): Cho G l tp m bt k ca Y, f^(-1) (G) l nghch nh ca n bi f. V G m nn Y\G ng trong Y. Vy nu c (ii) th f^(-1) (Y\G) ng trong X . Nhng f^(-1) (Y\G) = X\ f^(-1) (G) => f^(-1) (G) m. (iii) (i): Cho 1 im bt k xo X. V c (iii) nghch nh mi ln cn ca f(xo) l 1 tp W m trong X . D nhin xo W nn theo tnh cht tp m , phi c 1 ln cn no ca xo nm trn trong W. nh ca ln cn ny nm trn trong ni trn ca f(xo) , do x X: px (x, xo) < => py (f(x), f(xo)) < . V ty => f lin tc. PCM.

3.nh l Banach
Mi nh x c P t 1 Kgm X vo bn thn n u c 1 im bt ng duy nht. CM: Ly 1 im bt k xo X v nhng im x1 = Pxo x2 = Px1 xn = Pxn-1, Theo nh l nh x co: p(xn, xn+1) =p (p(xn-1, xn)) p(xn-1, xn), p(xn-1, xn) p(xn-2, xn-1),

 p(x1, x2) p(xo, x1), T suy ra n: p(xn, xn+1) ^n*p(xo, x1). Vy khi m>n , ta c: p((xn, xm) p(xn, xn+1)+ p(xn+1, xn+2)+.+ p(xm-1, xm) (^n+ ^(n+1)+ .+^(m-1))p(xo, x1)

k =1

(^n+ ^(n+1)++ ^(m-1) = ^n/(1- )* p(xo, x1).

V <1 nn r rng p(xn, xm) 0 khi m,n , tc l { xn } l 1 dy c bn trong X, v v X ( gi thit) nn xn phi dn ti 1 gii hn x. Ta c xn = Pxn-1 m xn xn , Pxn-1 Px v p(Pxn-1 , Px ) p(Pxn-1 , Px ) 0. Vy Px = x, ngha l x l im bt ng. l im bt ng duy nht v nu y cng l im bt ng th P(x,y) = p(Px,Py) p(x,y) Vi < 1 iu ny ch xy ra nu p(x,y) =0 tc l x=y. PCM.

4.nh L Cantor.
Trong 1 Kgm , mi dy hnh cu ng tht dn u c 1 im chung duy nht. CM: Gi s X l 1 Kgm v S1 , S2, S3 l 1 dy hnh cu ng tht dn. Cho xn , rn l tm v bn knh ca Sn . Nu m>n th , Sm Sm cho nn p(xn, xm ) < rn 0, vy { xn } l 1 dy s c bn trong X v do phi c 1 gii hn x. Vi mi n ta c x= limk xn+k nhng xn+k Sn (k=1,2,) v Sn ng nn x Sn , do x n=1 Sn. . Nu c 1 im chung th 2 , x n=1 Sn. , th n, c x, x cng Sn , cho nn p(x, x) rn 0, do x = x. Vy im chung l duy nht. PCM.

5.nh L Compac.
Mi Kgm compac l v tch c. CM: Cho { xn } l 1 dy c bn ca X. Theo gi thit compac, dy c cha 1 dy con { xnk } hi t ti xo X no . k ta c: p(xk, xo) p(xk, xnk ) + p(xnk, xo ) m p(xk, xnk ) 0 v dy { xn } l dy c bn, v p(xnk, xo) 0 theo trn cho nn p(xk, xo) , chng t rng xo l gii hn ca c dy { xn }, Vy X . CM X tch c, ta ly vi mi k = 1,2, mt (1/k) li hu hn Ak cho X . Tp A = i=1 Ak l m c v d thy rng n tr mt trong X , v cho trc 1 phn t x X v c 1 > 0 ty , trong ln cn ca x s c t nht 1 phn t ca Ak A vi 1/k < . PCM.

7.L(x,y) banach nu Y banach,X nh chun

Chng minh: Ly mt dy c bn bt k An L(X,Y),theo nh ngha: * ( >0) (n 0 N )(n, m n 0) || An Am || < (1) Nh vi mi x X ta c || Anx Amx ||=|| ( An Am) x |||| An Am |||| x ||< || x || (2) T 1 v 2 suy ra dy im(Anx) Y l dy c bn tng khng gian banach Y nn tn ti gii hn
n

lim

Anx=y Y

t y=Ax,nh tnh ht ca php chuyn qua gii hn ta nhn c ton t tuyn tnh A t khng gian nh chun X vo khng gian banach Y.Cho qua gii hn tng h thc (2) v ch n h thc (1) ta c:

A x A x ||< || x ||, n n , x X hay || ( A A ) x || || x || , n n , x X Do || A A || || x ||, n n

||
n 0 n m 0 n 0

T suy ra A=An1 -(An1 - A) L(X,Y) vi n1>n0 v || An A || 0 khi n .V vy ton t (An) L(X,Y) hi t ti ton t A trong khng gian L(X,Y),Vy L(X,Y) l khng gian Banach. nh l c chng minh.

8.nh l 5 mnh tng ng

Cho nh x f t ko gian metric M1=(X,d1) n ko gian metric M2=(X,d2) ,5 mnh sau y tng ng(Ngha l t mt mnh suy ra 4 mnh cn li) 1)f lin tc; 2)To nh ca tp ng bt k trong M2 l tp ng trong M1 ; 3)To nh ca tp m bt k trong M2 l tp m trong M1 ; 4)Vi mi tp A X u c f( A )= f ( A) ; 5)Vi mi tp B Y u c f (
-1

B ) f^ (-1)(B)

Chng minh: *(1)=>(2): Gs ax f lin tc v tp E Y l tp ng bt k trong M2>ly phn t ty x0 f-1(E)=>f(x0) E.V E l tp ng trong M2,nn tn ti ln cn U ca im f(x0) trong M2 sao cho U E= .V f lin tc nn f lin tc ti x0,do vi im ln cn U ca im f(x0) trong M2 tn ti ln cn V ca im x0 trong M1 sao cho f(V) U.Suy ra V f-1(E)= .V vy f-1(E) l tp ng trong M1 *(2)=>(3):Gs tp G Y l tp m bt k trong M2.do Y\G l tp ng trong M2.theo gi thit f-1(Y\G) l tp ng trong M1.Nhng: f-1(Y\G) =f-1(Y)\ f-1(G)=X \f-1(G) nn f-1(G) l tp m trong M1 *(3)=>(4):Ly mt tp bt k A X.V f ( A) l tp ng trong M2 nn Y\ f ( A) l tp m trong M2.Theo gi thit f-1(Y\ f ( A) ) l tp m trong M1.nhng f-1(Y\ f ( A) )=X\f-1( f ( A) ), nn f-1( f ( A) ) l tp ng trong M1. Suy ra: A= f-1(f(A)) f-1( f ( A) ) => ( A) f-1( f ( A) ) => f ( A) f ( A) 0 *(4)=>(5):ly mt tp bt k B Y.theo l ta c B =Y\ (Y \ B) . theo gi thit:f[ f 1 ( B) ] f [ f 1 ( B)] = B => f 1 ( B) f-1( B ) Suy ra f-1( B )=f-1(Y\ (Y \ B) )=X\f-1 (Y \ B) X\ f 1 (Y \ B) = X \ f 1 ( B) = f 1 ( B)
0 0

*(5)=>(1):Ly mt im bt k x0 X v U l mt ln cn bt k ca im 0 f(x0) trong M2 .V U l tp m tng M2 nn U =U.Theo gi thit:

1 1 1 f 1 (U ) f (U ) = f (U ) f 1 (U ) => f (U ) = f 1 (U ) Suy ra f 1 (U ) l mt tp m trong M1 v x0 f 1 (U ) do tn ti mt ln 0 0 0 0

cn V ca x0 trong M1 sao cho: x0 V f 1 (U ) =. f(V) U. V vy nh x f lin tc.inh l c chng minh.

9.Tnh cht vecto trc giao

nh ngha 1:Cho kg Hilbert H .hai phn t x,y H gi l trc giao,k hiu x y nu (x,y)=0. nh ngha 2: Cho kg Hilbert H v tp con A H,A 0.Phn t x H gi l trc giao vi tp A nu x y( y A),v k hiu x A T cc n suy ra mt s tnh cht n gin sau y:

1)Nu x y th y x .Ta c x x khi v ch khi x=0.Vecto 0 trc giao vi mi vecto x 2)Nu x y1,y2,,ynth x 1y1+ 2y2++ nyn Tht vy,(x, 1y1+ 2y2++ nyn)= 1(x1+y1)+.+ n(xn+yn) 3)Nu x yn,yn ->y(n-> ) th x y Tht vy(x,y)= nlim (x,yn)=0 (lin tc ca tch v hng) Ta ni mt vecto x trc giao vi mt tp M X nu x trc giao vi mi phn t ca M.T cc t/c 2 v 3 ta suy ra:tp tt c cc vecto trc giao vi mt tp M Xcho trc lm thnh mt khng gian con ng ca X.Khng gian con ny c k hiu M v gi l phn b trc giao ca M. 4)Nu tp M tr mt trong X th M gm 1 phn t duy nht l 0,ngha l x M =>x=0. Tht vy v M tr mt trong X nn mi x X u l gii hn ca 1 dy xn M:x=
n

lim xn . vy x M ko theo x xn vi mi n.do x x theo tnh

cht 3 ri x=0 theo tnh cht 1. 5)Nu x y th ||x+y||2=||x||2+||y||2 (nh l Pitago) Tht vy, ||x+y||2=(x+y, x+y)=(x,x)+2(x,y)+(y,y)= ||x||2+||y||2 v (x,y)=0 Bng quy np ta chng minh rng tng qut hn ,nu cc vecto x1, x2,. ,xn tng i mt trc giao nhau v x= x i th ||x||2= || x k ||
i =1 k =1 n n 2

6)Nu{xn} l mt h trc giao(ngha l cc vecto xn trc giao tng i mt) th chui

x
i =1

hi t khi v ch khi chui s

n n 2 k =1 k =1

|| xi||
i =1

<

Tht vy,cho sn= x k , n= || x k || .Vi n>m ta c,theo nh l Pitago: ||sn-sm|| =||xm+1++xn|| =||xm+1||2+.+||xn||2= n - m Do || n - m || 0 khi v ch khi n - m 0 .Nhng khong gian Hilbert l khng gian ,cho nn iu ny cng c ngha l n c gii hn khi v ch khi n c gii hn.
2 2

10.Tnh cht ton t lin hp

-/n:Cho kg Hilbert X v phim hm song tuyn tnh f(x,y) trong X.Theo l Riesz,tn ti A,A* lin tc trong X sao cho

f(x,y)=<Ax,y>=<x,A*y> ||f||=||A||=||A*|| A* l ton t lin hp ca A -Tnh cht: i)(A*)*=A cm:<Ax,y>=<x,A*y>=<A*y,x>=<y,(A*)*x> Ax=(A*)*x uungs vi mi xA=(A*)* ii)(A+B)*=A*+B*;( A)*= A*

iii)(AB)*=B*A* L h qu ca ng thc (ABx,y)=(Bx,A*y)=(x,B*A*y)

P/s:Dkm,g lu vkl=))Chc anh em thi tt nh=))

11.IU KIN LIN TC

Mt ton t tuyn tnh A t X vo Y l lin tc <=> n b chn. CM: gi s ton t A lin tc. Ta cm trc ht phi c mt hng s K cho ||Ax|| K vi mi x c ||x||=1.tht vy nu tri li ,tc l mi n,tn ti xn ||xn|| =1, ||Axn|| >n, th ly x'n=xn/n ta c x'n --> 0 v ||Ax'n|| = ||Axn/n||= ||Axn||/n>1, tri vi gi thit A lin tc .Vy phi c s K vi tnh cht trn . Vi mi x # 0 ta co ||x/||x|| || =1, cho nn ||Ax||/||x||<K, do ||Ax|| K.||x||. Ngc li ,gi s c hng s K, xn ->xo .Ta c ||Axn-Axo||=||A(xn-xo)|| K||xn-xo|| ->0.Vy A lin tc ti xo S K 0 nh nht gi l chun ca ton t A, v c k hiu l ||A|| 1: mi x X ,||Ax|| ||A||.||x|| 2: mi x thuc X,||Ax|| K.||x|| th ||A|| K.

13.Mt ton t song tuyn tnh l lin tc khi v ch khi b chn

CM: Nu A lin tc th phi c mt s K >0 sao cho ||A(x,y)|| K vi mi x X , y thuc Y c ||x|| = ||y|| =1, v nu tri li th mi n tn ti xn, yn, :||xn||=||yn||=1 , ||A(xn, yn)|| n, v t x'n =xn / n ,y'n = yn/ n ta s c x'n ->0,y'n->0, trong khi ||A(x'n,y'n)||=1/n(||A(xn, yn)||) 1

Tri li vi gi thit A lin tc .Vy tn ti s K >0 vi tnh cht ni v vi mi x#0, y#0 ta s c ||A(x/||x||,y/||y||)|| K t suy ra ||A(x,y)|| K.||x||.||y||. (1) Ngc li nu A b chn ,ngha l tn ti K >0 vi tnh cht (1) th vi mi xn->x,, yn ->y ta c ||A(xn, yn) - A(x.y)|| ||A(xn, yn) - A(xn,y)||+||A(xn, y) - A(x.y)||=||A(xn, yn - y)||+ || A(xn- x,y)|| K ||xn||.||yn -y||+K||xn-x||.||y||. Biu thc ny dn ti 0 v dy xn b chn do hi t .Vy A lin tc . S K 0 nh nht gi l chun ca A => 1: mi x thuc X,ythuc Y ||A(x,y)|| ||A||.||x||.||y|| 2: ||A|| = sup{||A(x,y)|| : ||x|| =1, ||y|| =1}

14.PHIM HM SONG TUYN TNH

Cho mt khng gian nh chun X. Mt hm s f(x,y) xc nh trn X x X gi l mt phim hm song tuyn tnh ,nu vi mi x c nh n tuyn tnh theo x ,Nh vy phim hm song tuyn tnh l mt trng hp ring ca tom t song tuyn tnh Mt phim hm song tuyn tnh khi v ch khi n b chn ,tc l c mt s K>0 cho Mi x,y thuc X |f(x,y)| K||x||.||y|| Khi y K 0 nh nht tha mn k ny l s ||f|| = sup{ |f(x,y)| : ||x|| =1, ||y|| =1}. M phim hm g(x)gi l ton phng nu c mt phim hm song tuyn tnh f(x,y) sao cho g(x) = f(x,y). Cng nh i vi ton t ton phng , y c th gi thit f(x,y) l i xng ngha l f(x,y)=f(y,x). Mt phim hm ton phng g gi l lin tc khi v ch khi tn ti mt s K>0 cho mi x thuc X , |g(x)| K||x||2 .

15.NH L: F.RIESZ
Vi mi vecto a c nh thuc mt khng gian Hillbert X,h thc f(x)=(a,x) (1) xc nh mt phim hm tuyn tnh lin tc f(x) trn khng gian X, vi ||f||=||a||. (2) Ngc li bt k phim hm tuyn tnh lin tc f(x) =(a,x) r rng l mt phim hm tuyn tnh v do |f(x)| = |(a,x)| ||a||.||x|| (3). |f(a)| = |(a,a)| ||a||.||a|| (4) Nn phim hm y b chn v tha mn (2) chng minh phn ngc li ta xt mt phim hm tuyn tnh lin tc f(x) trn khng gian Hillbert X. Tp hp M = {x thuc X:f(x) =0} r rng l mt khng gian con ng ca X. Nu M ={0} th da vo cch phn tch x=y+z, vi y thuc M, z thuc M ,ta thy rng z=0, cho nn f(x) =(0,x), ngha l ta c cch biu din (1) vi a=0 . Vy ch cn phi xt trng hp M # {0}, tc l tn ti mt xo thuc M ,xo# 0 .ta c f(xo)#0 ,nn vecto a =f(xo)/(xo,xo)=0 . M xo thuc M , vy (y,xo) =0, tc l (x - f(x)/f(xo).xo, xo) = (x,xo) - f(x)/f(xo).(xo,xo) =0, Do f(x) c dng (1) .cch biu din trn l duy nht v nu f(x) = (a',x) th (a-a', x)=0vowis mi x thuc X, do (a-a', a-a') = 0, ngha l a-a' =0. Cui cng do (3),(4) nn phi c (2) nh l va cm cho php lp mt tng ng 1-1: f<->a gia cc phim hm tuyn tnh lin tc f trn X v cc vecto a thuc X. Tng ng l php ng c tuyn tnh , cho

nn nu ta ng nht phim hm f vi vecto a sinh ra n th ta c X* =X, ngha l khng gian Hillbert trng vi khng gian lin hp ca n.

16.nh l v hnh chiu ln KG con.

Cho M l 1 khng gian con ng ca 1 khng gian hilbert X. Bt k phn t x no ca X cng c th biu din 1 cch duy nht di dng x= y+z vi y M, z M , (1) M. trong y l phn t ca M gn x nht , tc l ||x-y|| ||x-u|| vi mi u

Chng minh: C th thy ngay rng phn tch (1) nu c , phi l duy nht v nu x= y+z= y+z vi y, y M, z,z M th y-y = z-z m M, M u l khng gian con nn y-y M, z-z M tc l (z z ) ( z z) , do y-y = z- z = 0 . Thnh th vn ch
yu l s tn ti ca phn tch (1). Ta nhn xet rng trong trng hp ring X = R^2 v M l mt ng thng th nh l ni ln 1 s kin quen thuc. Trong trng hp tng qut ta t d= inf(u M) ||x-u|| . Theo nh ngha cn di ng, tn ti 1 dy un M sao cho ||x- un || d(n ). p dng ng thc hnh bnh hnh cho x - un v x um , ta c ||2x- un + x||2 + || um - un ||2 = 2 || x - un ||2 +2 || x um ||2 Khi n,m th v phi dn n 4d2 , cn phn t u v tri bng: 4 || x u n v +um 2 ||2 4d 2

1 (um + un ) M .Vy khi n,m th || u n u m || 0 ,do un dn tin ti 1 gii 2 hn y no .Ta c y M v M ng v || x y ||= lim || x un ||= d
n

By gi ta t z=x-y(nh th x=y+z) v tm cch chng minh z M .Mun th,xt 1 phn t u bt k ca M.Ta c,vi mi s thc : ( z u , z u ) =|| z ||2 2 ( zu ) + 2 || u ||2 M y + u M nn ( z u , z u ) =|| z u ||2 =|| x ( y + u ) ||2 d 2 .Mt khc || z ||2 =|| x y ||2 = d 2 do vi mi s thc 2 ( z , u ) + 2 || u ||2 d 2 d 2 = 0 iu ny ch c th xy ra nu (z,u)=0,tc l z u .Vy z M v nh i hi.

17. nh l 6:(Hillbert), Nu A l mt ton t i xng hon

ton lin tc th mi x thuc X u c th biu din thnh mt tng trc giao : x= j trong mi ej l mt vecto ring ng vi mt tr ring khc 0, v Az=0. Do mi phn t c dng Ax u phn tch ra c theo cc vecto ring ng vi cc tr ring khc 0 Ax= j = j CM: ng nhin ta c th coi nh ||A||>0,v trng hp A=0 tm thng . Theo kt qu trn y ,tp cc tr ring khc 0 ca A rng v cng lm l m c ,mt khc theo tnh cht ton t hon ton lin tc ,khng gian con ring ng vi mi tr ring y l hu hn chiu ta ly trong mi khng gian con ring ny l mt c s trc chun v k hiu {e1,e2...,en,..} l hp ca tt c cc c s.theo tnh cht ca ton t x {en} cng l mt h trc chun .cho n l tr ring ng vi en ( nu en, em cng thuc mt khng gian ring th n = m ). Nh vy dy { n } bao gm tt c cc tr ring khc 0, mi tr ring c lp li mt s ln bng th nguyn ca khng gian con ring tng ng. Gi M l bao tuyn tnh ca h { en } , N l phn b trc giao ca n. V M ng nhin l khng gian con bt bin vi A, nn theo tnh cht ca ton t i xng , N cng bt bit i vi A. M N l mt khng gian con ng ca X, nn bn thn n cng l mt khng gian Hilbert. Vy ta c th xt ton t A thu hp trong N : d nhin trong N ton t A cng i xng v hon ton lin tc nn n cng phi c mt tr ring vi | | = || A ||N ( chun ca A xt trong N). Nhng theo cch xy dng ca ta, dy { n } bao gm tt c cc tr ring khc ) ri, cho nn = 0, tc l || A ||N = 0. Do Az = 0 vi mi z.

( x, ej )ej + z

( Ax, ej)ej

j ( x, ej )ej