VI Sinh Vat Hoc Thu y

1
LI NI U NHN DP TI BN LN TH NHT
(Phin bn in t)
Vi sinh vt hc l mt trong nhng khoa hc pht trin mnh m nht. V vy, nh k bin son li ti bn vi nhng kin thc mi v cp nht l vic rt cn thit. Gio trnh Vi sinh vt hc th y ny c xut bn nm 2002 bi Nh xut bn Nng nghip v trng i hc Nng Lm Hu. Nay ti bin son li trn c s chnh l v cp nht kin thc mi p ng yu cu ng ti di dng gio trnh in t nhn dp D n tng cng nng lc o to mc C ca i hc Hu nhm phc v ging dy v hc tp ca gio vin v sinh vin cc khoa, b mn th y v chn nui - th y cng nh cc trng i hc lin quan sinh hc. Trong ln ti bn ny ni dung nhiu chng c vit mi, nhiu chng khc c s thay i. Cc mc h Pasteurellaceae, thuc phn Vi khun hc v tt c cc chng thuc phn Virus hc u c chnh l li. Xut hin mt s tn h mi nh h Asfarviridae, h Papillomaviridae, h Polyomaviridae ph hp vi kin thc v phn loi hc hin i, khng cn chng "i din cc virus cha phn loi" m thay th bng chng "Prion...", mt s bnh c b sung. Cc k thut nghin cu trc y b b khi bn tho do qu dy nay c phc hi vi ng k l phi. Cc hnh nh minh ha ring l cng khng a li vo phin bn in t ny. Cch ghi cc thut ng c ngun gc nc ngoi khng phi gc Hn ln ny c s thay i so vi ln xut bn trc. Cc thut ng ch tn ha cht ch yu s dng chnh t (khng phi ng php) ting Anh, p ng yu cu ca d n mc C i hc Hu. Ti cm n ca cc ng nghip v s h tr v kin ng gp xy dng. Nhn y, ti mun by t cm n GS o Trng t ng gp nhiu kin xy dng nhn dp hiu nh bn tho cho ln xut bn th nht. Tc gi
TS. Phm Hng Sn *** Gio trnh Vi sinh vt hc th y *** Hu 2006
LI NI U NHN DP XUT BN LN TH NHT (2002)

Trong nhiu nm qua, cc trng i hc khi nng nghip nc ta c mt s gio trnh vi sinh vt hc th y. Nhng ti liu ging dy ng gp quan trng trong o to i hc ngnh th y. Tuy nhin, theo thi gian, cng vi s xut hin nhng bnh nguy him mi (nh Nipah, Manangle,...) v s pht trin ca khoa hc k thut, c bit l sinh hc phn t, nhiu kin thc thuc cc mn sinh vt hc ni chung v vi sinh vt hc th y tr nn c nhu cu c cp nht ha. Ngy nay, vi chnh sch i mi ca ng ta, giao lu vn ha, du lch v thng mi,... gia nc ta v cc nc trn th gii ngy cng m rng v pht trin, dn n s tng cng xut nhp khu hng ha trong c sn phm ng vt. Thc tin a li cho chng ta nhiu mt li, trong c vic nng cao mc sng ca nhn dn nhng cng a chng ta gn hn vi nguy c nhim cc bnh truyn nhim c hu ca cc vng a l khc, i hi Nh nc ta phi c nhng lut l lin quan n kim dch th y. Trong bi cnh hi nhp th gii, ni dung gio trnh mn hc vi sinh vt hc th y ang s dng trong trng i hc nc ta hin nay tr nn bt cp. Chng hn, sau my nm hc i hc th y, do ni dung trong chng trnh i hc chnh thng thiu ht, sinh vin tt nghip thnh bc s th y vn cn xa l vi tn cc bnh lit k trong "Danh mc bnh phi kim dch" ban hnh km theo Quyt nh s 607 NN-TY/Q ngy 9 thng 6 nm 1996 ca B trng B Nng nghip v Cng nghip thc phm (nay l B Nng nghip v Pht trin nng thn). Nu nhn cng tc kim dch quc t, nhng chuyn gia th y nh th kh c th m nhim c chc nng nhim v ca mnh. Trong khi , kt cu ni dung gio trnh vi sinh vt hc th y thng ging nh mt phin bn ct ngn ca gio trnh bnh truyn nhim gia sc, nn gia hai mn ny c nhiu kin thc thng trng lp khng cn thit. Mn Bnh truyn nhim cung cp cho sinh vin nhng hiu bit v bnh truyn nhim v cch khng ch (phng, chng) bnh truyn nhim, cn mn Vi sinh vt hc th y li c mc ch l gip ngi hc xy dng th gii quan v bnh truyn nhim v cch tip cn cc ngun gc gy bnh truyn nhim. Nhm khc phc nhng vn nu trn, gp phn lm gim nh s thiu ht trong chuyn mn ca sinh vin ta so vi th gii, B mn Th y trng i hc Nng Lm Hu t ra nhim v son li ni dung mt s hc phn i hc, trong c Vi sinh vt hc th y, trong khun kh Chng trnh khung do B Gio dc v o to v Chng trnh Gio dc ca trng i hc Nng Lm Hu. l l do ra i quyn gio trnh ny. Mc d bin son cho ngnh th y nhng gio trnh ny cng dng cho vic ging dy ngnh chn nui th y, lm ti liu tham kho cho cn b nghin cu vi sinh vt, cc nh chuyn mn th y,... y l hc phn th ba trong nhm cc hc phn lin tc Vi sinh vt hc i cng, Min dch hc, Vi sinh vt hc th y, Dch t hc v Bnh truyn nhim gia sc, v vy, nhiu vn khng th
m t gio trnh ny th c th gp nhng gio trnh cn li, cng nh cc gio trnh thc tp lin quan. Ni dung gio trnh gm ba phn: Vi khun hc, Virus hc v Nm (chn khun hc) th y. Chng trnh gm bn n v hc trnh ny i hi sinh vin u t t nht hai ln thi lng (120 gi) t chun b ngoi ging ng, tng ng vi chng trnh o to cc nc pht trin. - Phn I: Vi khun hc th y, gii thiu cc nhm vi khun, bao gm c mycoplasma, rickettsia, chlamydia v bnh truyn nhim tiu biu do vi khun trong nhm gy ra. - Phn II: Virut hc th y, gii thiu cc nhm virut v bnh truyn nhim do cm nhim virut ng vt, theo trnh t nhm cc h virut ADN khng c o ngoi, cc h virut DNA c o ngoi, cc h virut ARN c o ngoi, cc h virut ARN khng c o ngoi v cc virut cha phn loi. Do vai tr ca cc ng vt gip xc (tm, cua,...) i vi nn kinh t Vit Nam ngy cng tng, chng ti b sung h Baculoviridae l h cc virus k sinh ng vt chn t. - Phn III: Nm (chn khun hc) th y, gii thiu mt s nm gy bnh nm v bnh trng c nm ng vt. Hai phn trn c trnh by theo nhm phn loi vi sinh vt hin i da trn c tnh sinh hc ca chnh vi sinh vt m t da theo c tnh dch t hc hay c tnh bnh l. Phn III, ngc li, c trnh by theo vai tr th y ca nm (nm gy bnh v nm sinh c t gy ng c nm) m khng theo cc nhm phn loi, do s chng loi nm l rt ln m s nm gy bnh th y th ch c s lng hn ch. Do t ra nhim v gii thiu vi sinh vt gy bnh th y hin c bit trn ton cu, nn gio trnh ch cp nhng kin thc chung nht, c bn nht v vi sinh vt hc th y lm c s cho cc mn hc tip theo trong chng trnh o to th y nh Bnh truyn nhim gia sc, V sinh gia sc, Kim nghim th sn,... Nhng k thut phn loi v chn on (thc ra l ng nh: identification) vi sinh vt b ct xn so vi bn tho u gi cho quyn sch khng qu dy th chng ti s chnh l v gii thiu trong cun "Vi sinh vt th y thc hnh" trong thi gian ti. Cn nhng mc thuc ni dung ging dy hc phn Bnh truyn nhim gia sc nh "Phng bnh v cha bnh" cng khng c a vo gio trnh ny. Vic ghi cc thut ng Vit ha khng c ngun gc t thun Vit hay t Hn - Vit, ch yu c ngun gc phng Ty v Nht Bn (t ch kana), l mt vn ln, phc tp trong ting Vit hin i, lm kh khn cho vic lp bng tra cu t kha. Hin nay, trn thc t tn ti ng thi nhiu cch ghi m khc nhau. y chng ti tm p dng cc quy tc sau: - Cc thut ng ni trn c vit lin, khng c du ni (tr t trng hp theo nguyn gc). - Cc thut ng c ghi li y nguyn phn thn t (cng vi tin t, nu c) vn c ca chng trong cc ngn ng h Romantic hay Latin (ghi erythromycin, ethanol, cadaverin, hydro-, khng ghi eritrmicin, tann, caaverin, hir- [c kin rng nn thay ch "d" trong chnh t ting Vit bng
ch "z" [Hong Ph, Chnh t ting Vit, NXB Nng, 1999], nhng cn c vn bn quy phm php lut chnh thc ha), tr mt s ch hai m tit c dng tng t t ghp Hn - Vit v qu thng dng nh axit (khng ghi acid), baz (khng ghi base), virut (khng ghi virus), hydr (tc hydrogen), xy (tc oxygen),... cn phn ui t (v t), th thng c lc b a s thut ng tr tn vi sinh vt v cc ui "a" hay "ia" sau ph m (ghi vaccine, penicillin,... khng ghi vaccine, penicillinum,... nhng ghi salmonella, rickettsia,...), hoc ring tn cc enzym v ng vn c ui t "-ose" trong ting Anh v "- " v trong ting Nga th ghi "-aza" (saccharose, proteinaza,...), ui "-ol" ca mt s ng thng c lc b (ghi mannit, sorbit,... khng ghi mannitol, sorbitol,...). - Tn khoa hc nh danh ca vi khun v nm th vit hoa ch ci u (tn chi) v in nghing theo quy tc danh php sinh hc quc t p dng t nm 1992 theo "Bacteriological Code (1990 revision)" ca International Committee on Systematic Bacteriology (ICSB: y ban quc t Vi khun hc phn loi h thng) v cc hi sinh vt hc phn loi khc, ch sau vit lin, khng c gch ni, khng c khong trng (ghi Salmonella choleraesuis, khng ghi Salmonella cholerae-suis). Tn "tam danh" ch dng ( loi hay loi ph) c ch "subsp." (subspecies) hoc "var." (variety) vit trc ch th ba (Salmonella choleraesuis subsp. choleraesuis, H. capsulatum var. duboisii). Trng hp tn sinh vt c Vit ha th vit bnh thng (salmonella). Tn loi virus khng p dng nguyn tc "nh danh" m dng tn ting Vit c tham kho tn ting Anh theo ngh ca International Committee for Taxonomy of Viruses (ICTV: y ban quc t v phn loi virut), mc d trong mt s trng hp c b sung tn loi theo quy tc nh danh quc t. Tn mt s ha cht, thuc nhum c th c vit ( ln lp li) bng ting Anh tin tra cu ha cht thng phm. gip ngi c tra cu cc bnh truyn nhim ghi trong "Danh mc bnh phi kim dch" ca Nh nc ta, chng ti ch thm sau cc tn bnh thch hp k hiu "BKD" (bnh kim dch) tip theo l s th t ca bnh ghi trong danh mc sau tn ting Anh dng k hiu bc ly tha, trng hp bnh c nhiu s th t th lit k cc s t s b n s ln, v d: bnh vim gan virut vt (duck virus hepatitis)BKD12,66, bnh dch t vt (duck virus enteritis)BKD11,73. Bn cnh , mt s thut ng gc ch Hn phin m li Vit ch tn t chc, b phn vi sinh vt hoc tn bnh c th c vit km trong ngoc kp, thng sau t ting Anh tng ng nh l ngun thut ng tham kho. Vic bin son gio trnh ny c ch o bi ng li ca ng v Pht trin Vn ha, Gio dc - o to, Khoa hc cng ngh v Mi trng "i mi cn bn v ton din v ni dung, phng php dy v hc theo hng chun ha, hin i ha v dn ch ha... pht huy ni lc t hc v nghin cu khoa hc ca sinh vin" v phng chm do Lut Gio dc nc CHXHCN Vit nam quy nh "Gio trnh i hc phi th hin mc tiu, nguyn l gio dc, c th ha ni dung ('phi c tnh hin i v pht trin') v phng php ging dy ('phi coi trng vic bi dng nng lc t hc, t nghin cu, to iu kin cho ngi hc pht trin t duy sng to, rn luyn k nng thc hnh, tham gia nghin cu, thc nghim, ng dng') quy nh trong chng trnh o to ca trng i hc". Chng ti c gng th hin tnh hin i, tnh h thng, tnh
c bn v tnh pht trin ca chng trnh mn hc. Tuy vy, do kh nng c hn, ngi vit kh trnh khi nhng sai st, c bit trong vic chn lc nhng kin thc thit yu gi cho gio trnh khng qu di. Chng ti rt mong nhn c s ng gp kin qu bu ca cc thy gio, c gio, cc qu v ng nghip, anh ch em sinh vin v bn c sch ny s tr nn hon thin hn trong dp ti bn. Nhn y, chng ti mun by t li cm n vi nhng thnh vin trong cc gia nh ca chng ti, cc ng nghip, bn b v tin bi trong khoa KHVN khuyn khch, ng vin chng ti bin son quyn sch ny. Bn cnh , s ra i ca quyn sch ny gn vi Chng trnh vit gio trnh v bi ging ca trng i hc Nng Lm Hu, trong mt s kinh ph, tuy khim nhng, dnh cho vic bin son. Chng ti nh gi cao s quan tm ca nh trng n vn nng cao cht lng o to. Chng ti chn thnh cm n GS. o Trng t, ngi khch l v b rt nhiu cng sc trong vic hiu nh quyn sch ny. Cui cng, chng ti co li cng tt c bn c v t thi gian sch hon thnh n khi ln khun in ko di gn mt nm nn nhiu thng tin cn cha cp nht kp thi.
Tc gi
PHN I VI KHUN HC TH Y
Pasteurella multocida (nhum Gram)
Campylobacter jejuni (nhum Gram)
Clostridium perfringens (nhum Gram)
Streptococcus suis (nhum Gram)
Bacillus anthracis (nhum Gram)
Fusobacterium necrophorum (nhum Gram)
Hnh 1: Mt s vi khun tiu biu gy bnh ng vt
Chng 1 TRC KHUN GRAM M YM KH TY TIN A. H TRC KHUN NG RUT ENTEROBACTERIACEAE I. C IM CHUNG CA H ENTEROBACTERIACEAE
1. Phn loi H Enterobacteriaceae (h trc khun ng rut) c s lng ln chi khc nhau. Cho n nm nay (2001) xc nhn c 105 loi thuc 30 chi, trong c 6 chi vi khun c ngha trong th y v y hc, Escherichia, Salmonella, Shigella, Edwardsiella, Yersinia v Klebsiella (bng I-1 n bng I14). Bn cnh cn c cc chi Buttiauxella (1 loi), Cedecea (3 loi), Citrobacter (3 loi), Enterobacter (8 loi), Ewingella (1 loi), Kluyvera (2 loi), Koserella (1 loi), Leclercia (1 loi), Leminorella (1 loi), Moelerella (1 loi), Morganella (1 loi), Proteus (3 loi), Providence (4 loi), Raknella (1 loi), Serratia (7 loi), Tatumella (1 loi),... 2. Hnh thi y l nhng vi khun hmh que nh (0,4 - 0,6 2 - 4 m), hai u trn, Gram m, tt c, tr Shigella v Klebsiella, do c lng roi (tim mao) v u l chu mao khun. Mt s vi khun mt kh nng hnh thnh tim mao, nh Salmonella pullorum-gallinarum (cng cn c coi l hai loi khc bit Salmonella pullorum v Salmonella gallinarum hay 2 dng huyt thanh hc serovar). Cc trc khun ng rut u khng hnh thnh nha bo. 3. Tnh trng sinh ha Nhng tnh trng chung l ym kh ty tin, ln men ng glucose, catalase dng tnh, oxidase m tnh, hon nguyn nitrate thnh nitrite, hm lng guanine+cytosine (G+C) (mol%) trong khong 39 n 59%. Trong s cc tnh trng trn th "oxidase m tnh" l tnh trng quan trng trong vic phn loi. Da vo tnh trng ny, cc trc khun Gram m c chia thnh hai nhm ln. Tt c cc loi oxidase m tnh c xp vo h Enterobacteriaceae. Cc trc khun Gram m cn li gm nhiu h khc nhau c xp chung vo nhm "cc vi khun Gram m hn hp (miscellaneous gram-negative bacteria)". Cc tnh trng ca cc loi khc nhau thuc h ny c lit k bng II-1, cc bin th trong mt loi ng nht biu hin mt s tnh trng khc bit c coi l cc dng sinh hc (biovar) hoc dng ha hc (chemovar). Phn ng catalase xy ra d dng khng cn c yu t hu c nhn xy (organic oxygen receptor) nh trong phn ng peroxidase, v rt n gin: Cho H2O2 3% ln khun lc (tp lc ca vi khun hoc chn khun) qut trn phin knh hoc giy thm, nu thy si bt trong vng 10 giy chng t phn ng dng tnh. kim tra phn ng oxidase ta ly khun lc qut (bng gc phin knh hay tm tre hay tm g, khng dng que cy kim loi v c th
cho phn ng dng tnh gi) ln giy thm t trn mt phin knh ri lm t giy bng thuc th oxidase ch bng cch ha 10 mg diethyl(hoc tetramethyl-) p-phenylenediamin HCl vo 1 ml nc ct (trnh nh sng, c th ct c 2 - 3 ngy). C th nh tng git thuc th ny ln khun lc trong a Petri hoc tm thuc th vo giy thm, sy kh trong khng kh ch ti, y kn, khi dng th bi khun lc ln ri lm t giy. Cc trc khun ng rut c phn ng oxidase m tnh: khun lc khng chuyn sang mu tm en trong vng 10 giy. Mi trng kim nghim hon nguyn nitrate c ch bng cch ha 3 g cht chit tht b (cao tht: beef extract), 5 g Bacto peptone v 1 g KNO3 vo 1 lt nc ct, chnh n pH 7,3 - 7,4, rt khong 5 ml mi ng t mt ng Durham ln ngc v hp p sut cao 115 C trong 20 pht (ch : phi nc si khong 5 - 10 pht y ht kh ra khi ng Durham ri mi ng van tng p sut si). Sau khi cy 24 gi (thng thng) hoc 3 ngy (tiu chun) th kim tra kh trong ng Durham, ri cho vo ng 0,1 ml dung dch A (ch bng cch ha tan nh un nng nh 8 g acid sulphanilic vo acid acetic 5 N [ha 300 ml acid acetic m c vi 700 ml nc], [ct gi 4 C]) v 0,1 ml dung dch B (ch bng cch ha tan 5 g -naphthylamine [hoc dimethyl -naphthylamine] vo 1 lt acid acetic 5 N), v quan st s chuyn mu trong 1 pht, nu khng c chuyn mu th phn ng c th l m tnh hoc dng tnh nhng nitrate chuyn ht thnh N2 (hi trong ng Durham) cn xc nhn s hin din ca nitrate bng cch cho bt km vo ng phn ng. Mu vi bt km xut hin, chng t c nitrate, ch phn ng m tnh. V cu trc khng nguyn, cc loi, loi ph (hay loi: subspecies) biu hin tnh cht nht nh. Ni chung c cc khng nguyn thn (khng nguyn O) chu nhit v khng nguyn lng (lng roi, hay tim mao: flagellum) (khng nguyn H) khng chu nhit v khng nguyn nhung mao (lng nhung: fimbria hay pili) (khng nguyn F) chu nhit mc trung gian. Ph thuc vo c tnh khng nguyn m cc bin th trong cng loi hoc di loi ( loi) c gi l cc dng/type huyt thanh hc (serovar). Khng nguyn O (xut pht t ch Ohne Hauch - khng c mng hi) l cc hp cht lipopolysaccharide c trong thnh phn vch t bo, l cht gy st rt c i vi ng vt, chu nhit (100 C, hn 2 gi), khng b ethanol 50 ph hy nhng b formol 0,5% lm bin tnh. Cc khng nguyn thn u nm trn b mt nn c th tip xc vi h thng min dch ca c th ng vt tr mt s trng hp b khng nguyn b mt che lp. Khi trn khng nguyn thn vi khng th tng ng, th xut hin phn ng ngng kt gi l ngng kt O: thn t bo vi khun dnh vi nhau, hnh thnh nhng ht nh lc rt kh tan, huyn dch vi khun trong. Khng nguyn H (xut pht t ch Hauch - mng hi) l nhng phn t protein flagellin gn ging myosin trong c ca ng vt, khng chu nhit, d b ethanol 50 v enzyme proteinase ph hy, nhng bo tn trong formol 0,5%. Khi gp khng th tng ng, khng nguyn H hnh thnh ngng kt gi l phn ng ln bng do cc t bo vi khun dnh nhau gin tip qua cc lng roi nn hnh thnh cc khi nh khng bn, d v khi lc.
Khng nguyn K (xut pht t ch Kapsule - v bc) l khng nguyn bao bc thn vi khun. Tuy gi l khng nguyn v nhng v mt hnh thi hc li c ngun gc t nhng hp cht c trn b mt t bo ch khng phi trong thnh phn ca v nhy. iu ng ch l nhng khng nguyn ny c ch phn ng ngng kt O rt mnh, v vy khi th nghim vi cc khng th O phi rt lu . Bng I-1. Cc tnh trng gim bit ca cc chi ch yu h trc khun ng rut
Enterobacter Edwadrsiella Providencia Escherichia Salmonella Tatumella + + Klebsiela Kluyvera Cedecia V + + + + + + V D + Yersinia Shigella Serratia Proteus Erwinia V V V V + + + + + + Hafnia Chi Tnh trng Nhit ti thch (oC) Catalase Oxidase Hon nguyn nitrate Sinh indol Phn ng MR Phn ng VP Simon's citrate Sinh H2S Di ng Urease Gelatinase Phenylalanine deaminase Lysine decarboxylase Arginine dehydrogenase Ornithine decarboxylase DNase Lipase Mc 0.0075% KCN S dng malonate ONPG Glucose (acid) (hi) Lactose Saccharose D-mannit D-adonit D-sorbit Hm lng G+C (mol%) Morganella Citrobacter
+ + +d + +d + V -d + + + + D +d D
+d + D + V -d D + -d -d D V
+ + D D D + + + + D D D -
+ + + +d + + + + + -d D + +d -d -d + D
+ + -d + + +d + V V V D -d + + + V V + V +
35 - 37 + + + + D D + + +d + - + + -d V + D V + + + V + + + -d -d + V +d + + + V + + V D
+ + V + + + + D + + + V + -
+ + -d + + + + +d D + V V V + + -d V V + V +d
+ + D + D +d + + + + + D V + + -d + V V -
+ + + + + + +d + + + V V D D -
+ + + + + + + + + + V -
25 - 30 + + + D D D + V D + - D - + +d + +d -d + - D -d D D V + V V D + D 50
+ + + + + + V + + + + + + + + + V
35 - 37 + + + + - + - + - + - + + -
50 1 50 2 50 1 50 3 50 2 53 8 52 60 48 49 52 60 38 41 40 42 50
Ghi ch: +, 90% tr ln dng tnh; -, 90% tr ln m tnh; V, phn ng khng n nh; D, phn ng ph thuc loi; +d hay -d, mt s loi ngoi l dng tnh hay m tnh.
Khng nguyn K bit r nht l Vi Salmonella (virulence: c tnh, do khng nguyn ny ch c khi vi khun mi phn lp t c th bnh), khng
53 4 48 -
50 8 55
10
nguyn M (t ch mucoid, c ch phn ng ngng kt O v ngng kt H) khng nguyn "5" ging khng nguyn thn v khng c ch phn ng ngng kt O, khng nguyn L, A v B Escherichia. Hin nay, ngi ta pht hin c rng bn cht ca nhiu khng nguyn K l cc si lng nhung (hay fimbria) nn ngi ta gi cc khng nguyn nhm ny l khng nguyn F (F antigen), v vy xut hin cc k hiu F1, F2,... 4. Tnh gy bnh Cc nhn t gy bnh vi khun h ny gm c tnh kt bm (adhesiveness) vo nim mc k ch, tnh xm ln (invasiveness), kh nng sn sinh cc c t rut, c t gy cht, tnh khng huyt thanh, nng lc sinh sn ni bo. Nhng c tnh ny hoc b chi phi bi cc gene trn nhim sc th vi khun hoc bi cc plasmid v thc khun th (bacteriophage).
II. ENTEROBACTERICEAE V BNH TRUYN NHIM

1. Escherichia coli * c im Escherichia coli: Chi Escherichia c 4 loi khc nhau, nhng loi ch yu l E. coli. Vi khun ny pht trin rt tt trn mi trng thch thng, 35 - 37 C sau 12 - 18 gi hnh thnh khun lc trn, li, khng trong sut, bng lng. Trn thch mu, a s chng khng gy dung huyt, nhng cng c chng dung huyt. phn lp thng nui cy khi u trn mi trng tuyn la nh mi trng Istrati, MacConkey, Endo, desoxycholate,... Mi trng Istrati c ch nh sau: Cho vo 100 ml thch thng (c th pha bt mi trng ch sn NA [nutrient agar base] thng phm vo nc ct theo ch dn trn v l, hoc ch nc tht peptone (canh thang) [mt phn tht b nc ngm trong hai phn nc trong 2 gi 50 C hoc qua m trong t lnh, un si 30 pht ri lc v thm nc ct cho hai phn dch, ri thm peptone 10 g/l v NaCl 5 g/l, iu chnh pH v mc 7,2 - 7,4 bng NaOH 1 N], v 1% thch (agar) ri hp hi di p sut cao 15 pht 121 C) cc cht sau: lactose 1,5 g, mt b kh (ch bng cch lc mt b ti qua giy lc ra khay trng men, sy 120 C trong khong 30 pht cho gim lng thy phn v kh trng ri sy tip nhit 45 C cho kh, co ra v ng vo l nt kn, dng dn) 0,8 g, citrate natrium (sodium citrate) 0,8 g, citrate st 0,2 g, hyposulfide (thiosulfate) natri (Na2S2O3.5H2O) 0,85 g, trn u ri un si khong 15 pht, chnh pH 7,2, ri cho thm 2 - 4 ml xanh bromothymol (bromothymol blue) 1% (ch bng cch nghin 1 g bromothymol blue trong ci s, nh tng git NaOH 0,1 N cho n 25 ml ri thm nc ct va 100 ml, cho vo l, nt kn dng dn) n khi mi trng c mu a vng khong 50 C. Li un si 15 pht, ngui n 50 C ri rt hp lng (a) Petri. a trn mt phng khong 15 pht cho thch rn li ri m np hp m hong cho mt thch ro nc (khong 10 - 15 pht, trong bung v trng) ri cho v bao polyethylene trnh cho thch kh khi bo qun m bo qun khong 1 - 8 C (thng sau khi qua m nhit 37 C kim tra v trng, loi b cc a b ngoi nhim). Sau khi nui cy vo mi trng, 37 C qua 24 gi th ly ra c
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kt qu. E. coli ln men ng lactose nn khun lc ban u c mu vng nht sau lu c mu xanh lc. Do vi khun ny khng sn sinh H2S nn khun lc khng chuyn sang mu en (nh cc Proteus). ch mi trng MacConkey, ngi ta ha 20,0 g peptone, 10,0 g lactose, 1,5 g mt kh (hoc 2,0 g desoxycholate natri), 0,03 g trung tnh (neutral red), 0,0001 g tm kt tinh [crystal violet], 5,0 g NaCl v 14 g agar vo 1 lt nc ct, un nng cho tan, iu chnh pH 7,2 - 7,4, hp tit trng (nu cn bo qun lu) 121 C trong vng 15 pht, a, hong ro mt thch, c th bo qun nhit phng hay t lnh 4 C. (C th dng 0,075 g neutral red thay th cho 0,03 g neutral red v 0,0001 g crystal violet nu trn). E. coli phn gii ng lactose nn khun lc c mu sau khong 18 - 24 gi nui cy. Cc vi khun khng ln men lactose c khun lc khng mu. Vi khun Gram dng khng pht trin trn mi trng ny. ch mi trng thch desoxycholate ta ha 10 g peptone, 10 g lactose, 5,0 g NaCl, 2,0 g K2HSO4, 1,0 g citrate st II, 1,0 g citrate natri, 1,0 g desoxycholate natri, 16 g agar v 0,033 g neutral red vo 1 lt nc ct, chnh n pH 7,3, un cho tan chy v trn u cc thnh phn, rt ra cc a lng petri m khng cn hp kh trng cao p. Khi pht trin, E. coli hnh thnh khun lc to, mu (tri vi Shigella v Salmonella c cc khun lc khng mu). Mi trng KIA (Kligler's iron agar: thch st Kligler) v TSI (triple sugar iron: mi trng ba ng - st) l nhng mi trng thng dng cy chuyn sau khi c la thun khit t cc mi trng thch nu trn. ch mi trng KIA, ha 20 g peptone, 3 g cao tht, 3 g cao men, 10 g lactose, 1 g glucose, 5 g NaCl, 0,5 g citrate st ammon, 0,5 g thiosulfate natri, 15 g agar v 0,025 g phenol (phenol red) vo 1 lt nc, un cho tan u, chnh (nu cn) pH n 7,4, rt vo cc ng nghim nh mt lng ln, hp cao p kh trng 121 C trong 15 pht, ngui t th nghing ng sao cho khi thch ha rn ta c phn nghing v phn y kh cao. Sau khi cy vi khun bng cch chc vo phn y v ria pht phn nghing v mt m c th thy mt s tnh trng nh sau: ln men lactose lm c phn nghing ln phn y chuyn sang mu vng (trng hp VP dng tnh th phn nghing c th tr li mu hng), nu vi khun ch ln men glucose th ch phn y c mu vng, nu vi khun sinh hi th lp agar thng b nt n v b y ln, nu hnh thnh H2S th phn y chuyn sang mu en. Bng I-2. Tnh trng gim bit ca cc loi ch yu thuc chi Escherichia
Loi Tnh trng Tnh gy bnh
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Lysine decarboxylase Ornithine decarboxylase KCN (0,0075%)
S dng malonate
Glucose (acid)
Glucose (hi)
(gia sc, gia cm v ngi) Saccharose Lactose Mannit Adonit + Sorbit + Gy bnh ng rut Xm nhp ng rut Sinh c t ng rut Sinh c t t bo vero - Phn lp t bnh phm - t bnh phm, thc phm - t bnh phm, thc phm
E. coli
Di ng +
Citrate
Indol
E. fergusoni
+ +
V -
+ + +
+ + +
V V V
+ V
+ V +
+ E. hermannii + V + + V + + E. vulneris Ghi ch: V, phn ng khng n nh.
Tnh trng ca E. coli l indol dng tnh, methyl red (MR) dng tnh, Voges-Proskauer (VP) m tnh, phn ng s dng citrate m tnh, phn ng sinh H2S m tnh, di ng dng tnh, lysine decarboxylase dng tnh, ln men lactose v mannit. Hm lng G+C (mol%) l 50 - 51%. Hin ti, khng nguyn ca chi Escherichia c bit gm trn 167 loi khng nguyn O, 72 loi khng nguyn K, 54 loi khng nguyn H v 12 loi khng nguyn F. Indol hnh thnh trong mi trng nh phn gii tryptophan (do thm vo mi trng di dng tinh ch hoc do phn gii peptone) c pht hin bng thuc th Ehrlich (p-dimethyl aminobenzaldehyde) nhng trong phng php tiu chun phi dng thuc th Cova. c mi trng th indol ta ha 10 g peptone v 5 g NaCl vo 1.000 ml nc ct, chnh n pH 7,2 - 7,4 rt vo ng hp ri kh trng 121 C trong 20 pht. th s hin din ca indol, ta cho 0,2 ml thuc th Cova (ch bng cch ha tan, nh h nng nh, 5 g p-dimethyl aminobenzaldehyde vo 75 ml isoamyl alcohol, sau cho thm mt lng acid HCl m c bng 1/3 th tch dung dch . Dung dch ny c th bo qun trnh nh sng c 2 thng) ri lc u vi canh khun. E. coli pht trin hnh thnh indol lm cho lp thuc th c mu m (ngc vi mu vng nht trong phn ng m tnh). Mi trng th MR-VP c ch bng cch pha 7 g peptone, 5 g glucose v 5 g K2HPO4 vo 1 lt nc, chnh pH 7,5, rt vo ng hp 2 - 3 ml ri hp kh trng di p sut cao 115 C trong vng 20 pht. Thuc th MR c ch bng cch ha tan 0,25 g methyl (methyl red) vo 100 ml ethanol. Sau khi nui cy vi khun 2 ngy (thng dng) hoc 4 ngy (tiu chun) 37 C, ly ra nh 1 git thuc th MR. E. coli c phn ng MR dng tnh lm ng c mu (pH duy tr di 4,5) sau v tip tc gi mu sau mt thi gian nui cy na (tri vi cc vi khun MR m tnh ng nghim c mu vng, hoc nu th cng chuyn vng sau khi nui cy
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tip, v d Serratia marcescens). Phn ng VP c thc hin sau khi nui cy vi khun trong mi trng MR-VP 2 (thng dng) hoc 4 (tiu chun) ngy, bng cch nh 0,6 ml dung dch -naphthol trong cn tuyt i (5 g -naphthol, 100 ml ethanol tuyt i [ch bng cch cho sulfate ng khan nh nung qua m 160 C cho n khi c mu trng vo mt l c nt kn ri rt ethanol 95 hoc 99 vo, ch tnh sao cho lng Cu(OH)2 d ht ht nc trong cn v chuyn thnh Cu(OH)2.5H2O c mu xanh], dung dch c mu rm m) v 0,2 ml dung dch KOH (KOH 40 g, nc ct 100 ml). t nghing ng ri c kt qu sau 15 v 60 pht. E. coli c phn ng VP m tnh: khng c phn ng mu, i khi c mu ng hay hng nht (tri vi VP dng tnh, mu ng chuyn sang m, v d Enterobacter cloacae). Mi trng citrate c hai loi nhng thng dng mi trng ammonium citrate ca Simmon (Simmon's citrate). Mi trng ny c ch bng cch ha 5 g NaCl, 1 g NH4H2PO4, 1 g K2HPO4, 0,2 g MgSO4.7H2O, 2 g sodium citrate v 9 g agar vo 1 lt nc, thm 40 ml dung dch 0,2% bromothymol blue (xanh bromothymol, ch bng cch ha 2 g bromothymol blue vo 50 ml NaOH 0,1 N v 950 ml nc ct), chnh pH 6,8, rt ra ng ri kh trng 115 C trong 20 pht, t nghing ch ngui c mi trng c vi phn y ngn v phn nghing di. Cy lng nh vi khun v n 4 ngy. E. coli khng mc v khng lm thay i mu xanh lc ca mi trng (ngc vi Citrobacter freundii, chng hn, mc v chuyn mi trng sang mu xanh dng). * Bnh cm nhim Escherichia coli: Vi khun E. coli gy vim rut, tiu chy ngi v cc loi ng vt khc nhau c gi l E. coli sinh tiu chy (diarrhogenic E. coli), ngi c chia thnh 4 nhm ln: Bng I-3. Cc dng huyt thanh, tnh sinh c t v tnh khng nguyn ca E. coli
K ch Dng huyt thanh hc O8:K85:H-:F5 O9:F5 O20:K+:H-:F5 O101:K28:H-:F5 O115:F5 O26 O111 O119 O141:H4 O157:H7 O8:K87:H-:F4 O149:H10:F4 O149:F5 O157:F4 O78:F4 O101:F4 O149:H10:F4 O9K103:H-:F5 O9:K103:H-:F6 LT + + + + + + + c t ST VT + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + Bnh trng
Bnh do E. coli b ngh s simh (tiu chy, vim d dy - rut, bnh trng c huyt ng rut (enterotoxemia), vim v
Ln
Bnh E. coli ln con s sinh (tiu chy phn trng) Bnh E. coli ln sau cai sa (vim d dy rut, tiu chy)
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O20:K101:H-:F6 + O101:F41 + O157:F4 + O138:H14 + Bnh ph u, vim huyt qun no ty O139:K82:H1 + O141:H4:F4 + + O2 O8 Nhim khun mu, bi huyt (vi khun pht O78 trin trong mu) O114 O137 O1 O2 Bi huyt cp tnh, vim tng mc cp Gia tnh, u tht mn tnh (i khi, vim rut xut O9 cm huyt) O26 O78 Chut O115a,c:K(B) Bnh ph i rut (megaenteron) Ghi ch: Tnh sinh c t LT: heat-labile enterotoxin (c t ng rut khng chu nhit), ST: heat-stable enterotoxin (c t ng rut chu nhit), VT: verocytotoxin (c t [gy c] t bo vero).
E. coli bnh nguyn ng rut (enteropathogenic E. coli - EPEC) thuc vo mt nhm huyt thanh hc ring bit, c tnh kt bm (bm dnh). E. coli xm ln ng rut (enteroinvasive E. coli - EIEC) c kh nng xm nhp ng rut, do plasmid chi phi. E. coli c t nguyn ng rut (enterotoxigenic E. coli - ETEC) c nng lc hnh thnh cc khng nguyn lng F2 (tn c CFA/I), F3 (CFA/II), F4 (K88), F5 (K99), F6 (987P) v cc c t rut (enterotoxin) do plasmid chi phi. E. coli sinh c t t bo vero (verocytotoxin-producing E. coli - VTEC) hay E. coli xut huyt rut (enterohemorrhagic E. coli - EHEC) c nng lc sn sinh c t vero gy c t bo do bacteriophage chi phi. Tt c cc vi khun trn u gy bnh cc b. Ngoi ra, i khi E. coli xm nhp kt bm v pht bnh cc c quan khc nhau ngoi ng rut. a. Tiu chy phn trng do E. coli b ngh (enteric colibacillosis in calves) Bnh ny do ETEC gy ra b ngh mt tun sau sinh, nh c khng nguyn lng (ch yu l khng nguyn F5 - tc K99) m vi khun kt bm v sn sinh enterotoxin. b. Vim v do E. coli (coliform mastitis) Trong thi k b cho sa E. coli trong mi trng c th xm nhp vo bn trong bu v, pht trin v pht bnh. Tuy tn sut xut hin nh nhng cng c nhiu trng hp vim v hoi t cp tnh v cp tnh. L chng bnh do ni c t vi khun Gram m (>107 pg/ml sa), vim v hoi t c th gy ra bi cc vi khun khc, bn cnh E. coli, nh Pseudomonas
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aeruginosa, Klebsiella pneumoniae. c. Bnh E. coli ln (colibacillosis in pigs) Trong nhm ny gm bnh tiu chy phn trng (bch l) ln con, tiu chy (vim d dy - rut) hay ph mt ln sau cai sa, bi huyt (vi sinh vt sinh sn pht trin trong mu), vim huyt qun no ty. Bnh nguyn gy tiu chy l nhng ETEC khc nhau mang yu t kt bm l cc khng nguyn lng (khng nguyn F4 - tc K88, F5 - K99, F6 - 987P, F41) cng vi cc E. coli sn sinh cc enterotoxin ST-I v ST-II chu nhit, LT-I v LT-II khng chu nhit. d. Bnh E. coli g (colibacillosis in chicken) Bn cnh nhiu bnh trc khun i trng g khng phi l bnh ng rut nh bi huyt cp tnh, vim tng mc cp tnh, u tht mn tnh,... i khi c bnh vim rut xut huyt. Bnh ng rut do E. coli g thng c trng bi phn nho, mu xanh thm, rt hi thi ("ct g sp"). e. Bnh to rut chut (megaenteron of mice) Bnh ny do cc E. coli thuc dng huyt thanh hc O115a, c:K(B) gy ra chut con cai sa 2 - 3 tun tui, c trng bi s hnh thnh qu mc ca t bo thng b nim mc rut, tiu chy dng nc vi t l t vong cao. 2. Escherichia coli v trng c thc phm Trng c (thc ra l chng tiu chy) do E. coli kh ph bin v thng xut hin tp on ngi cng s dng mt loi thc phm nhim khun. Trong a s trng hp, sau khi n thc n nhim E. coli gy tiu chy 10 - 15 gi th pht bnh, c trng bi nn ma, au bng, tiu chy, pht st, hi phc sau 2 - 3 ngy. C khi ty thuc vo s gia tng s lng vi khun pht trin ng rut v lng c t khuych tn trong ng rut m trng c c thi k tim n khong 6 - 72 gi, dng ny c th phn bit l trng c dng cm nhim. Cn cc trng hp khc sau khi n thc n nhim khun trong c th bt u hnh thnh c t dn n hin tng trng c th gi l trng c c t ni sinh. Cc E. coli sinh bnh ng rut (EPEC) do c kh nng kt bm vo t bo HeLa, cho nn c th kim nh E. coli kt bm ng rut (enteroadherent E. coli - EAEC) hay E. coli lin quan n tnh gy bnh ng rut. Cc E. coli c tnh xm nhp t chc ng rut gy nn cc triu chng ging bnh l (tc kit l, hay hng l) trc trng thng khng sn sinh lysine decarboxylase. Cc E. coli sinh c t (ETEC) c cc khng nguyn lng (khng nguyn F2 - CFA/I hoc F3 - CFA/II) v sn sinh enterotoxin nhng c ba loi l ETEC sn sinh ch LT, ch ST hoc c hai loi LT v ST. Triu chng lun lun l tiu chy nh bnh dch t (cholera) do Vibrio cholerae gy ra. Cc triu chng trng c do VTEC thng l tiu chy ra mu dng kit l v au bng d di.
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3. Salmonella v bnh truyn nhim * c im: Salmonella l mt chi vi khun ln thuc h trc khun ng rut. Vic phn loi chi ny khng thng nht gia cc nh vi sinh vt hc cc khu vc khc nhau. nhiu nc, cc i din Salmonella c c tnh khc nhau thng c coi l cc loi khc nhau, v tn vi khun ny c vit theo quy tc "nh danh" (binomial name) in nghing gm tn chi (c ch ci u vit hoa) v tn xc nh loi (vit thng). Chng hn, Salmonella abortusequi. Nhng vi Hi sinh vt hc mt s nc khc th chi ny li c coi ch gm hai loi l S. choleraesuis v S. bongori (bng I-3), trong loi u gm 6 loi ph (subspecies) khc nhau tng ng vi cc dng huyt thanh hc khc nhau. Vic t tn, do vy, cng khng thng nht vi danh php ni trn. Tn loi ph in nghing gm tn loi cng thm phn ph sau ch subsp. (vit tt ca ch "subspecies") khng in nghing, chng hn, S. choleraesuis subsp. choleraesuis, cn tn gi theo dng huyt thanh hc li vit hoa ch ci u v khng in nghing t sau ch Salmonella trc tip hoc thm ch serovar khng in nghing, v d Salmonella serovar Typhi hoc Salmonella Typhi. Ngoi S. choleraesuis subsp. choleraesuis ra, cn c cc loi ph khc nh S. choleraesuis subsp. arizonae, S. choleraesuis subsp. diarizonae, S. choleraesuis subsp. salamae, S. choleraesuis subsp. houtenae v S. choleraesuis subsp. indica. S. choleraesuis subsp. choleraesuis (S. enterica),... Chng pht trin tt trn mi trng thch thng, 35 - 37 C, sau 20 - 24 gi hnh thnh khun lc trn t trong sut khng mu n hi c, hi li hoc c dng git sng, bng lng. nui cy phn lp thng dng mi trng tuyn la nh thch MacConkey, SS, EMB,... hoc l sau khi nui cy bi dng trong mi trng 50% dch mt (b, ln,...) ri dng mi trng tuyn la nui cy khi u phn lp. Salmonella c phn ng indol m tnh, MR m tnh, VP m tnh, s dng citrate dng tnh, hon nguyn nitrate dng tnh, di ng, lysine decarboxylase dng tnh, adonit m tnh, ln men mannit, thng khng ln men lactose, saccharose tr mt s ngoi l dng huyt thanh hc, dng sinh hc nht nh. Hm lng C+G (mol%) l 50 - 53. Mi trng SS c ch bng cch ha 5 g cao tht, 5 g peptone, 10 g lactose, 8,5 g desoxycholate natri, 8,5 g citrate natri, 1 g citrate st, 2,5 ml neutral red 1%, 0,33 ml lc sng (brilliant green) 0,1%, v 13, 5 g agar vo 1 lt nc ri un si cho tan, khng cn kh trng bng cao p, a Petri. Salmonella v Shigella pht trin to khun lc khng mu, cn cc vi khun ln men lactose thng b c ch, nu c pht trin th c mu mn chn hoc mu . Vi khun sn sinh H2S c th hnh thnh khun lc mu en. Cc vi khun Gram dng th pht trin c trn mi trng ny. Mi trng thch EMB (eosine-methylene blue agar) c ch bng cch ha 10 g peptone, 10 g lactose, 2 g K2HPO4, 0,2 g eosine Y, 0,5 g xanh methylene (methylene blue) v 15 g agar vo 1 lt nc, chnh pH 6,8, hp cch thy kh trng 15 pht 121 C, rt a Petri ngui cho thch ha rn. Mi trng c mu hng. Trn mi trng ny E. coli c khun lc hi nh, mu lng chut hoc en tm c nh kim. Cc vi khun ln men lactose nh Klebsiella c khun lc ln, mu xanh lam khng c
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nh kim. Vi khun khng ln men lactose, nh Salmonella, khng lm thay i mu ca mi trng, khun lc c mu hng ca mi trng. Mi trng Endo c ch bng cch un chy 100 ml thch Martin (ly d dy ln hoc d c b ti mi, ra sch, ct b m, gn, xay nh, thm 4 ln th tch nc, ri thm 1% th tch HCl, ngm qua m nhit 50 C, trung ha bng dung dch NaOH 20% n khi c phn ng kim, hp cao p kh trng 120 C trong 15 pht, ha vi lng tng ng nc tht c bn, un si 10 pht, kim ha bng NaOH 20% n pH 7,9, un si 30 pht, lc, thm 2% agar ri hp cao p 110 trong 30 pht) ngui 70 C th ha vo 1 g lactose, ri 0,5 ml fuchsine kim bo ha trong cn ethanol 95, v 2,5 ml dung dch thiosulfate natri (sodium thiosulfate) 10%, lc u. ra a Petri, ngui cho thch ha rn. Lc u mi trng c mu hng nhng khi ngui s nht mu. Salmonella pht trin hnh thnh khun lc mu vng, E. coli c khun lc mu . Cc phn ng arginine, lysine, ornithine decarboxylase chuyn mi trng v pha kim tnh lm trung ha acid sinh ra trong qu trnh ln men nn nht thit phi c ng i chng bn cnh cc ng c mt trong ba loi amino acid nu trn. Mi trng amino acid-decarboxylase (Mller) c ch bng cch ha 5 g peptone, 5 g beef extract, 0,005 g pyridoxal, 0,5 g glucose, 2,5 ml dung dch cresol (cresol red) 0,2% v 5 ml ta bromocresol (bromocresol purple) 0,2% vo 1 lt nc ct, pH 6,0, thm amino acid (loi ny hay loi khc) cho 1% ri hp cao p 10 pht 115 C. (Dung dch bromocresol purple v cresol red pha bng cch nghin 2 g cht mu trong 50 ml NaOH 0,1 N ri thm 950 ml nc ct, ng chai, nt kn dng dn). Trc khi lm th nghim th rt lng nh (1 - 2 ml) mi trng vo cc ng nghim nh v trng, thm mt lp dy (5 mm) parafin lng v trng, cy vi khun bng cch m que cy xuyn qua lp parafin lng. Ngoi mi trng ny cn c th dng mi trng Falkow (5 g peptone, 3 g cao men, 1 g glucose, 0,02 g bromocresol purple, 1 lt nc) thay th. Phn ng kim tnh lm cho mi trng chuyn sang mu tm cn phn ng acid lm mi trng chuyn sang mu vng. kim tra cc phn ng ln men ng ca vi khun, ngi ta thng dng cc dy ng nc peptone pH 7,1 - 7,3 c hm lng peptone thp lng NH4 sinh ra do phn gii amino acid khng trung ha lng acid sn sinh ra (2 g bacto peptone, 5 g NaCl, 0,3 g K2HPO4 ha vo 1 lt nc), thm ng (loi ny hay loi khc) 0,5%. Nc peptone ng (mi trng Barsiekow) c th ch bng cch ha 0,5 g ng v 1,2 ml bromothymol blue 0,2% vo 100 ml nc peptone, phn ra ng ri hp ba ln mi ln 1 gi nhit 100 C dit khun, hoc tt hn l hp cao p kh trng ring nc peptone pha bromothymol blue (1,2 ml/l) hoc thuc th Andrade 10 ml/l (Andrade's indicator: ha 5 g acid fuchsine vo 1 lt nc ct v 150 ml NaOH 1 N, nhit phng, c lc thng xuyn, ri thm NaOH 1 N thuc th mt mu t sang vng rm) trong ng nghim c t sn ng Durham ln ngc, cn ng tinh khit cc loi c pha thnh dung dch 10% (hoc 5% i vi ng tan km, d kt ta khi bo qun t lnh), lc qua mng lc vi khun, ct 4 C, trc khi lm th nghim th pha vo nc
18
peptone trong ng nghim v trng c hm lng ng 0,5%. Vi khun ln men ng lm mi trng chuyn t mu lc sang mu vng ri mu xanh (i vi bromothymol blue) hoc chuyn t mu sang mu vng (i vi ch th mu Andrade). Mi trng TSI: ha 3 g cao tht, 3 g cao men, 15 g peptone, 5 g peptone proteose, 5 g NaCl, 10 g lactose, 10 g saccharose, 1 g glucose, 1 g FeSO4.7H2O (sulfate st II), 0,2 g Na2S2O3.5H2O (thiosulfate natri), 12 g agar v 0,024 g phenol red vo 1 lt nc ct, un cho tan u, chnh pH 7,4, rt ng khong 5 - 6 ml khi nng, kh trng 100 C trong 15 pht, t ng nm nghing c phn nghing v phn y khi mi trng tr nn rn. Mi trng c mu . Cy bng cch chc su vo tm phn y v pht b mt phn nghing. Sau khi m, kt qu sinh ha tng t nh mi trng KIA. Mi trng Drigalsky c ch bng cch thm vo 1 lt mi trng thch thng 10 g lactose v 40 ml bromothymol blue 0,2%, chnh pH n 7,2 - 7,4. Tit trng cao p 15 pht 121 C, a Petri. Vi khun phn gii lactose to khun lc mu vng, Salmonella khng phn gii lactose nn to khun lc khng mu (mu mi trng). Hin ti, chi Salmonella c 67 loi (c ti liu cng b ti 80 loi) khng nguyn O, 94 loi khng nguyn H lp 1, hn 11 khng nguyn H lp 2, khng nguyn K l khng nguyn Vi (thng ch pht hin c khi vi khun mi c phn lp t bnh phm ng vt), nhng mt b phn khng nguyn do thc khun th chi phi (bng I-6). Trong loi ph S. choleraesuis subsp. choleraesuis c nhiu dng huyt thanh hc (serovar) khc nhau, phn bit da vo phi hp khng nguyn O v khng nguyn H. Trong cm nhim Salmonella, c cc loi k ch ng vt khc nhau ph thuc vo dng huyt thanh hc ca vi khun gy bnh. Da vo ngi ta chia vi khun ny thnh 4 nhm sinh hc khc nhau. Nhm 1 gm cc chng Salmonella gy mt s ng vt nht nh bnh thng hn (typhus) hay bi huyt (vi khun xm nhp v pht trin trong mu), trong nhiu trng hp vi khun c tnh kt bm t bo (nh nhung mao pili, fimbria), tnh xm ln (nh gene invA-E) v tnh sinh sn ni bo, hoc mt s khc gy bnh ph thng hn nh tnh khng huyt thanh, tnh sinh sn ni t bo h li ni b, tnh sinh c t gy cht. Nhm ny gm c Salmonella Typhi, S. Paratyphi A (gy bnh thng hn hoc ph thng hn ngi), S. Gallinarum-Pullorum (tiu chy - bch l g con, thng hn g trng thnh), S. Abortusequi (ph thng hn, bi huyt hoc sy thai (lu sn) truyn nhim nga), S. Abortusovis (ph thng hn cu non, bi huyt hoc sy thai truyn nhim cu),... Nhm 2 gm cc chng Salmonella bn cnh gy bnh thng hn mt s ng vt nht nh cn gy bnh vim d dy - rut cp tnh hoc bi huyt ng vt. Salmonella Paratyphi B (thng hn ngi), S. Typhimurium (thng hn chut), (ph thng hn b v chut), S. Choleraesuis (tiu chy ln), S. Typhisuis (thng hn ln), S. Dublin (salmonellosis b). Trong c hai nhm 1 v 2 u c vi khun cha plasmid
19
quyt nh tnh gy bnh c trng type huyt thanh hc (bng I-6). Nhm 3 gm cc Salmonella khng thuc dng huyt thanh hc nu trn, khng c tnh c hiu k ch, nhng gy bnh vim d dy - rut cp tnh ngi v ch. Nhm 4 gm cc Salmonella tr S. choleraesuis subsp. choleraesuis, trung tm l S. choleraesuis subsp. arizonae, S. choleraesuis subsp. salamae gy bnh ng vt mu lnh. Thng thng phn lp Salmonela, do lng vi khun trong bnh phm thng t v thng b cc loi vi khun khc p o, ngi ta thng phi nui cy trong cc mi trng chn lc tng sinh Salmonella trc khi nui cy vo mi trng khi u. Mi trng Muller Kauffman v mi trng selenite thng c s dng v mc ch ny. Mi trng Muller Kauffman c ch bng cch pha 5 ml mt b, 1 ml dung dch malachite green (hoc lc sng - brilliant green) 0,1%, 2 ml dung dch iodine (it) (20 g I, 25 KI g, 100 ml nc) v 10 ml dung dch thiosulfate natri 50%, ri lc qua mng lc hay nn lc vi khun c dch lc v trng. Mt khc, ha 5 g CaCO3 vo 90 ml nc tht thng pH 7,5, hp cao p kh trng, ngui, trc khi dng th pha dch lc nu trn, rt ng 3 - 5 ml. Sau khi vi khun mc trong mi trng ny th cy chuyn sang cc mi trng nui cy khi u nh SS, MacConkey, Istrati, Endo, EMB, Drigalsky, Kristensen hay Wilson Blaire,... Mi trng selenite: ha 5 g peptone, 4 g lactose, 10 g Na2HPO4 v 4 g natri bi-selenite (NaHSeO) vo 1 lt nc, chnh pH n 7,2, rt ng 10 - 15 ml, un tit trng 100 C trong vng 15 pht. Khi nui cy th cho vo mt lng bnh phm khong 1/10 n 1/5 mi trng. Mi trng ny tuyn chn bi dng Salmonella. Mi trng Wilson Blaire c ch bng cch trn 0,05 g cao tht (beef extract), 1 g peptone vo 100 ml nc ct, sa pH n 7,4, un si, thm 2 g agar, un tip cho thch tan u ri hp cao p 120 oC tit trng. a ra duy tr nhit 80 C, cho 2 g natri sulfide, 0,5 g glucose, 2,5 ml dung dch ch th bismuth (ch bng cch ha 12 g bismuth citrate vo 96 ml nc ct ri thm 4 ml nc ammoniac 28%, gi trong l nt kn), un cch thy 2 - 3 pht. Thm vo 5 ml dung dch Na2HPO4 10%, 0,05 g sulfate st v 0,25 ml dung dch brilliant green 1%. Trn u, ra cc a Petri. Lc sng ngn tr s pht trin ca cc vi khun Gram dng. E. coli b ngn tr pht trin bi bismuth citrate v natri sulfide, khun lc li, t, lc u trong sut sau chuyn sang mu nu. Proteus c khun lc mu lc sm. Salmonella sinh H2S nn khun lc c mu en do phn ng vi mi trng to FeS. Sau 48 gi nui 37 C th vi khun ny mi mc tt. Bismuth kim loi hnh thnh c mu ng nh. * Bnh cm nhim Salmonella: xy ra nhiu loi ng vt khc nhau, t ngi n cc ng vt mu lnh. a. Bnh ph thng hn b ngh (paratyphus) Bnh ny cn gi l bnh do salmonella b ngh (salmonellosis in
20
calves), gy ra b ngh trong vng 6 thng tui dng vim d dy - rut. Tc nhn gy bnh ch yu l Salmonella thuc cc dng huyt thanh Dublin, Typhimurium; ngoi ra c th gp dng Enteritidis (th vim rut), Newport, Heidenberg,... tru, b trng thnh, cm nhim Salmonella Typhimurium v Dublin thng dn n s mang trng trong thi gian ngn, nhng tru, b c cha thng gy sy thai v s mang trng n tnh. b. Bnh ph thng hn nga (equine paratyphoid)BKD52 Do Salmonella Abortusequi gy ra, nga trng thnh thng l nhim khun ng rut cc b, nga ci c cha bnh thng gy ra sy thai, nga c thng gy vim tinh hon, nga non thng l vim khp xng, ha m v tiu chy mn tnh. c. Bnh ph thng hn ln (paratyphus in swine)BKD60 Bnh ny cn gi l bnh salmonella ln (salmonellosis in swine), do Salmonella Choleraesuis, Typhisuis, Typhimurium,... gy ra. Cc vi khun ny ch yu pht sinh bnh ln con 2 - 3 thng tui. Cm nhim S. Choleraesuis v S. Typhisuis thng gy dng bnh bi huyt cp tnh, cn Salmonella cc dng huyt thanh hc khc, c bit l tiu chy cp tnh hoc mn tnh, sau tr thnh ln mang trng. d. Bnh bch l g con (pullorum disease)BKD69,70 Bnh ny gy ra bi Salmonella Gallinarum-Pullorum. Thng thng, triu chng ch yu l tiu chy phn mu trng g con, dn n cht do bi huyt cp tnh. g con my tun tui v g trng thnh c sc khng tng, cm nhim vi khun ny thng tri qua m khng c triu chng nhng nhiu trng hp g tr nn mang trng. kim tra g mang trng, ngi ta phi kim tra khng th c trong huyt thanh. Mt khc, cm nhim Salmonella biovar Gallinarum thuc serovar Gallinarum-Pullorum g gi l bnh thng hn g (fowl typhoid), g con xut hin triu chng bch l (tiu chy phn mu trng), cn g trng thnh trong nhiu trng hp gy nn bnh dng bi huyt. e. Bnh ph thng hn g (fowl paratyphoid)BKD69,70 Cm nhim cc Salmonella ngoi S. Gallinarum-Pullorum g gi l ph thng hn gia cm, cc loi chim khc ngoi g cng mc bnh. Thng thng g trong vng 1 thng tui xy ra tiu chy. Nu nhim cc vi khun bnh nguyn ny, tht g gy trng c thc n. Thng thng, chn on bnh ph thng hn g ngoi vic phn lp v ng nh vi khun bnh nguyn, ngi ta cn thng dng cc phn ng ngng kt pht hin g mc bnh hoc mang trng lm ngun bnh ly lan. Trong , phn ng ngng kt nhanh trn phin knh vi git mu nguyn l phng php ph bin, tin li, n gin c th thc hin ngay ti c s sn xut, v kh chnh xc. Khng nguyn chun c s dng l cc chng Salmonella Gallinarum-Pullorum c cu to khng nguyn y (Salmonella I, IX, XII2, XII3:-.-) v c nhum bng crystal violet (hoc Gentian violet). Dng ng ht nh 2 - 3 git khng nguyn ln b mt vng ( nh du) nh trc trn mt tm knh sch
21
(hoc tm gch men sch), dng que cy (c khuyn cy ng knh 2 - 3 mm) ly mt khuyn mu nguyn ha u vo khng nguyn, c kt qu sau khong 45 giy. Phn ng dng tnh cho hin tng ngng kt tc cc t bo vi khun kt cm li tng phn vi nn trong sut mu hng nht, thy c bng mt thng. Trong trng hp m tnh, hn dch khng nguyn - mu nguyn khng i tc c mu ng nht. Ch rng nh gi kt qu phn ng ch trong vng 2 pht, v mi ln ch nn lm 4 mu trnh hin vng vin trng nh ngng kt do git khng nguyn b kh. Bng I-4. Tnh trng ch yu ca cc loi, loi ph v dng sinh hc ch yu ca Salmonella
Loi (loi ph, dng huyt thanh hc) Salmonella cholaeraesius subs. cholaeraesius subsp. diarizonae subsp. arizonae subsp. salamae Tnh trng Typhimurium Abortusequi Abortusovis Paratyphi A subsp. houtenae
Choleraesuis
subsp. indica + + v + + v + + + + + + + + + v + + + +
Gallinarum
Glucose (acid) Glucose (hi) Lactose Sorbit Tartrate Citrate H2S -galactosidase Gelatinase Xylose Rhamnose Mannit Trehalose Melibiose S dng malonate Acid galacturonic KCN (0,0075%) -Glutamyla Lysine decarbob Arginine dehydroc Ornithine decarbob Acid muric Di ng
Phage Salmonella O1
+ + + + + + + + + + + v + v + + + +
+ + + + + + + + + + + + v + + + +
+ + + + + + + + + + +
+ + + v + v + + + + v + + +
+ + + + v + + + v + + +
+ + + + v + + + v + + v + + +
+ + + v v + + v + + +
+ + + + v + + + + + + + +
+ + (+)
v + v + v v + + +
+ + + v v + + v +
+ + + + + + + + + + v + +
+ + v + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + -
+ + v + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + v + v
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + v + + -
S. bongori + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + v
Typhisuis
Pullorum
Sendai
Dublin
Typhi
22
Ghi ch: a, -Glutamyl transferase; b, Lysine decarboxylase; c, Arginine dehydrogenase; d, Ornithine decarboxylase.
f. Bnh cm nhim salmonella gm nhm (salmonellosis in rodents) Cm nhim Salmonella chut nht, chut cng, chut lang,... gy nn nhim khun mu cp tnh, cm nhim ng rut mn tnh v thng hn thng tri qua cm nhim n tnh. Tc nhn gy bnh nht thng l Salmonella serovar Typhimurium v S. Enteritidis. Bn cnh , chut nht v chut cng mn cm cao vi cc Salmonella thuc dng huyt thanh hc khc. g. Cc bnh salmonellosis khc Cc loi ng vt c v v chim khc nhau cng cm nhim Salmonella nh gia sc, gia cm. Cc loi c v cn trng (rui, ong,...) cng c th nhim vi khun ny do ngun nc nhim v tr thnh cc ng vt ngun gc nhim thc phm. Bng I-5. Cc dng huyt thanh ch yu v tnh gy bnh ca Salmonella
Nhm KN O O2 Dng huyt thanh hc (loi ph) Paratyphi A Abortusequi Paratyphi B Abony Abortusovis Saintpaul Derby Agona Typhimurium Bredeney Heidelberg Paratyphi C Choleraesuis Typhisuis Livingstone Montevideo Oranienburg Thompson Postdam Infantis Bareilly Newport Blockley Sendai Typhi Enteritidis Dublin Gallinarum Pullorum Muenster Khng nguyn O 1, 2, 12 4, 12 1, 4, (5), 12 1, 4, (5), 12, 27 4, 12 1, 4, (5), 12 1, 4, (5), 12 1, 4, (5), 12 1, 4, (5), 12 1, 4, 12, 27 1, 4, (5), 12 6, 7, [Vi] 6, 7 6, 7 6, 7 6, 7, 14 6, 7, 14 6, 7, 14 6, 7, 14 6, 7, 14 6, 7, 14 6, 8, 20 6, 8 1, 9, 12 9, 12, [Vi] 1, 9, 12 1, 9, 12, [Vi] 1, 9, 12 1, 9, 12 3, 10, [15, 34] Khng nguyn H Lp 1 Lp 2 a [1, 5] e, n, x b 1, 2 b e, n, x c 1, 6 e, h 1, 2 f, g [1, 2] f, g, s Tnh gy bnh
O4
O7
O8
O9
O3,
Ph thng hn (ngi) Ph thng hn nga Salmonellosis (ngi) Ph thng hn tru b Ph thng hn cu Trng c thc phm Trng c thc phm nhim tht, trng Salmonellosis b, vim d dy-ru i 1, 2 ngi l, v 1, 7 Trng c thc phm r 1, 2 Nhim tht, trng c 1, 5 Salmonellosis (ngi) c 1, 5 Ph thng hn ln con c 1, 5 Ph thng hn ln con d L, w Nhim tht, trng g, m, [p], s [1, 2, 5] Trng c thc phm m, t [Z57] Trng c thc phm k 1, 5 Cm nhim tht, trng l, v E, n, z15 Nhim tht, trng, ch r 1, 5 Cm nhim tht, trng y 1, 5 Nhim tht, trng e, h 1, 2 Nhim tht, trng, ngi e, h 1,5 Cm nhim tht, trng a 1, 5 Salmonellosis (ngi) d Thng hn rut (ngi) Salmonellosis b, vim d dy ru [f], g, m, [p] [1, 7] ngi g, p Salmonellosis b Thng hn g Tiu chy (bch l) g con e, h 1, 5 Vim d dy vt, nhim thc phm
23
10
O1, 3, 19 O18, O21
Anatum Meleagridis London Give Liverpool Senftenberg Cerro Minnesota
3, 10, 15, 34 3, 10, [15, 34] 3, 10, [15] 3, 10, [15, 34] 1, 3, 19 1, 3, 19 6, 14, 18 21 a dng a dng
e, h e, h l, v [d], l, v d g, [s], t z4, z23 b a dng a dng
1, 6 1, w 1, 6 1, 7 e, n, z15 [1, 5] e, n, x -
S. subsp. arizonae S. subsp. diarizonae
Cm nhim tht, trng, cm nhim ch Cm nhim tht, trng Cm nhim tht, trng Cm nhim tht, trng nhim thc phm Bi huyt chim, nhim b st, lng th
a Cm nhim b st, lng th dng Ghi ch: [ ]: khng nguyn him; ch s gch chn: khng nguyn chi phi bi bacteriophage.
Cc dng huyt thanh hc Salmonella choleraesuis subsp. salamae, arizonae gy bnh truyn nhim ng vt b st (c bit, ra, thn ln, rn) v lng th (ch nhi). Salmonella choleraesuis subsp. arizonae i khi gy cm nhim gia cm, ngi v gia sc. Mt khc, cc ng vt lng th, b st c th cm nhim Salmonella choleraesuis subsp. choleraesuis v tr thnh ngun gc nhim v dch. 4. Salmonella v trng c thc phm Ngoi ba dng huyt thanh hc vi khun Salmonella l Typhi (trc khun thng hn ln), Paratyphi A (trc khun ph thng hn) v Paratyphi B, cc dng huyt thanh hc khc c th l nguyn nhn vim d dy - rut cp tnh, au bng, nn ma, tiu chy, st l nhng triu chng chnh; thi k tim n khong 18 - 36 gi. Ngoi ra, cn c trng hp nhim khun huyt, bi huyt, vim mng ty, vim mng xng,... Bng I-6. Plasmid c tnh c hiu dng huyt thanh hc Salmonella
Dng huyt thanh hc Typhimurium Dublin Naestved Enteritidis Choleraesuis Gallinarum-Pullorum ln (kb) 90 75 75 54 50 85 Biu hin tnh gy bnh ch yu c tnh gy cht, gim thiu tnh thm thu ca cc cht k thy c tnh gy cht, tnh khng huyt thanh, nng lc tng trng trong t bo h li ni b Ging nh plasmid serovar Dublin c tnh gy cht c tnh gy cht, gy chng nhim khun mu chut c tnh gy cht
Cc vi khun Salmonella gy trng c ch yu l Salmonella serovar Typhimurium, Enteritidis, Thompson,... thng gy nhim t nhiu loi gia sc gia cm khc nhau, cc ng vt cnh, cc ng vt hoang d, chim, b st, lng th,... n nc sng sui, nc thi, c bit l vn nhim thc n gia sc, tht trng, dng c ch bin sa,... Plasmid thng c phn ly bng nhiu phng php nhng ph bin nht l phng php kim Birmboim v Doly (1979). Nguyn tc ca phng php ny l gy dung gii t bo bng dung dch kim (c hoc khng c x l protease hoc lysozyme), sau a nhanh pH ca dch v
24
trung tnh. Do c phn t lng ln, DNA nhim sc th v RNA b ri vi cc protein b bin tnh, cn DNA plasmid th do c cu trc siu xon nn vn gi c tnh tan trong nc v c phn tch khi ta nh ly tm. DNA tan ca plasmid c tinh khit ha b sung bng cch cho thm vo dch lng nh RNase phn gii RNA cn st li, sau c in di trong gel agarose thun khit v xc nh phn t lng nh i chiu vi nng lc di ng trong in trng ca cc on DNA "du phn t lng" (DNA molecular weight marker) c phn t lng bit trc cng c in di song song. S hin din ca cc phn t DNA trong gel (c DNA mu ln DNA du c xc nhn nh nhum bng thuc nhum pht hunh quang ethidium bromide v quan st di bc x t ngoi. Phn gel cha DNA c th c ct ra khi tm gel tinh ch DNA bng nhiu phng php khc nhau. 5. Trc khun l Shigella v bnh truyn nhim * c im Shigella: thuc chi ny c 4 loi vi khun, S. dysenteriae, (trc khun l Shiga - l nhm A), S. flexneri (trc khun l Flexneri - l nhm B), S. boydii (trc khun l Boyd - l nhm C) v S. sonnei (trc khun l Sonne - l nhm D) (bng I-7). * Bnh cm nhim Shigella: Hu nh ch xy ra cc loi linh trng, k c ngi. Tuy vy, cc loi ng vt khc nhau c th l cha ca vi khun ny. a. Bnh (hng) l kh (disentery in monkeys) Bnh nhim khun Shigella kh gi l bnh l hay hng l. S. dysenteriae hoc S. flexneri nhim qua ng n ung, sau khong 2 - 6 ngy nung bnh, dn n tiu chy phn nhy nh dch mi thng c mu, km pht st. Cm nhim S. boydii v S. sonnei thng i qua vi cc triu chng nh, kh b bnh thng tr thnh vt mang trng v l ngun gc bnh dch. b. Bnh (kit, hng) l ngi (disentery in human) Cc Shigella gy bnh l trc khun ngi, c th tr thnh dch. Thi gian nung bnh ngn (24 gi), bnh khi pht t ngt vi nhng triu chng thng gp l tiu chy, au bng, i phn nhy mi ln thng t nhng phi i nhiu ln trong ngy, nhiu khi ln mu. Cc th lm sng c th t cp tnh n th n vi nhng du hiu vim d dy - rut, thng nng tr em, c th tr thnh dch tiu chy. Th bnh nng nht l do trc khun l Shiga do c c t thn kinh. Bng I-7. Cc tnh trng gim bit ca Shigella
Loi Tnh trng Tnh gy bnh
25
Raffinose (Melitose)
Glucose (sinh acid)
S. dysenteriae S. flexneri S. boydii S. sonnei
V V V -
V V +
+ + + +
V -
V +
+ + +
A B C D
L 1 - 12 +++ 1 - 6, x, y ++ (Hng l 1 - 18 ++ hay kit l) ++
6. Edwardsiella v bnh truyn nhim * c im Edwardsiella: Chi ny gm 3 loi (bng I-8), trong bnh nguyn ch yu cho ng vt l Edwardsiella tarda. Vi khun ny c nhit pht trin ti thch vo khong 25 - 31 C, pht trin tt trn mi trng thch thng. 25 C, sau 24 gi nui cy vi khun pht trin thnh khun lc trn nh, mu trng tro, bng lng. phn ly vi khun ngi ta thng dng mi trng tuyn chn nh thch SS, thch DHL, XLD,... Do hnh thnh H2S, cc khun lc vi khun ny c mu en r tm. Edwardsiella c cc tnh trng sau: indol dng tnh, phn ng MR dng tnh, phn ng VP m tnh, citrate dng tnh, phn ng hon nguyn nitrate c th dng tnh hoc m tnh ty chng, phn ng di ng dng tnh, phn ng lysine decarboxylase dng tnh, khng phn gii cc ng saccharose, lactose, mannit, adonit. Hm lng G+C (mol%) l 50 - 51. Bng I-8. Cc tnh trng ch yu v c im gy bnh ca Edwardsiella
Tnh trng Glucose (sinh acid) Loi (dng sinh hc biovar) Pht trin 37C Glucose (sinh hi) Pht trin 25C
Sinh indol
Sinh H2S
Saccharose
Arabinose
Trehalose
Tnh gy bnh ( c, ng vt c v, ngi) Maltose Mannit
E. tarda 1 E. tarda 2
+ V
+ + + -
+ + -
MR
+ + + -
+ -
+ + + +
+ V
+ -
+ -
+ + -
+ + + -
+ + -
E. hoshinae + + E. ictaluri
Bnh do edwardsiella c Tiu chy, cm nhim vt thng Bnh do edwardsiella ln Bnh do edwardsiella c tr
V cu trc khng nguyn, vi khun ny c 17 loi khng nguyn O, 11 loi khng nguyn H, cc chng vi khun c phn loi thnh t nht 54 dng huyt thanh hc khc nhau. Yu t gy bnh ca vi khun ny cha c r.
Khng nguyn c hiu dng
Khng nguyn loi
Glucose (sinh hi)
( vn v ngi)
Ornithine d b l -galactozidase
Saccharose
Sinh indol
Lactose
Mannit
Xylose
Dulcit
26
* Bnh cm nhim Edwardsiella: Bnh do Edwardsiella ( c) - edwardsiella disease, edwardsiella septicemia (in fish) E. tarda gy bnh truyn nhim cc loi c, k c ln. Vi khun ny tuy tn ti trong ng rut ca cc loi b st v lng th, nhng thng ch gy bnh c: c chnh, c chp, c hanh, c nc,... hnh thnh nhng p xe thn v gan. min nam nc M bnh thng do E. ictaluri (l vi khun khng di ng) gy ra c tr (channel catfish) . Bnh cm nhim vi khun ny thng pht sinh v ma m p trong nm (nhit nc 20 - 30 C), vy v bng xut hin chm , hu mn trng cng v . Vi khun ny thng c phn lp ngi v ng vt, mc d du hiu gy bnh vn cha c xc nh nhng ngi ta nghi ng y l bnh nguyn bnh ly chung ngi v ng vt (zoonosis). 7. Yersinia v bnh truyn nhim * c im ca cc loi thuc chi Yersinia c k bng I-9. Trong s 11 loi thuc chi ny c 4 loi ch yu gy bnh cho ngi v ng vt: Y. pseudotuberculosis, Y. pestis, Y. enterocolica v Y. ruckeri. Vi khun ny pht dc tt 25 - 30 C, nhng 4 C cng nh 37 C u c kh nng sinh trng. C 4 loi gy bnh k trn u pht trin tt trn mi trng thch thng, thch mu, sau 24 - 48 gi nui cy 25 - 30 C hnh thnh khun lc dng S trn, li, trong nh git sng n hi c, n mu xm tro, t, bng lng. Nui cy 37 C hnh thnh khun lc R, b mt th nhm, phng, kh. phn lp, thng dng mi trng thch desoxychocolate, thch SS,... V tnh trng sinh l sinh ha, Yersinia c phn ng indol, VP khc nhau cc loi khc nhau. Phn ng MR dng tnh, citrate m tnh, nhng Y. ruckeri li c phn ng ny dng tnh, hon nguyn nitrate m tnh. V tnh di ng, ch c Y. pestis l m tnh chc chn, cn cc loi Yersinia khc di ng khi nui cy 30 C, nhng khng di ng khi nui cy 35 - 37 C. Cc phn ng urease, -xylosidase, rhamnose, cellobiose th khc nhau ty loi. Ln men mannit, cn adonit m tnh. Hm lng G+C (mol%) l 50. Bng I-9. Cc tnh trng gim bit ch yu v tnh gy bnh ca Yersinia
Tnh trng Hon nguyn nitrate Lysine decarboxylase Tnh gy bnh (3)
Phn ng VP
Saccharose
-Glutamine
-Xylodase
Rhamnose
Gelatinase
Cellobiose -
Urease
DNase
Ornithine
Xylose
Melobiose v +
Arabinose
Trehalose
Sinh indol
Loi (dng sinh hc)
Di ng
Citrate
Lypase
Y. pestis Y. pseudotub* Y. enterocolica
v +
+ v
+ +
+ +
+ +
+ +
Sorbit
- (1) - (2)
27
biovar 1 + + - + + + - - + - + - + + + - + + + - + biovar 2 + + - + + + - - + - - - + + + - + + + - + biovar 3 - + - + + + - - + - - - + + + - + + + - + biovar 4 - + - + + + + - + - - - + - + - + + + - + biovar 5 - + - - + + + - + - - - + - + - - v + - + + + + + + + - - + - v - + + + + + + + + + Y. intermedia + + v + + + - v + - v - + + + + + + + - + Y. fredriksenii v - - + + + - - + - v - + + + - + - + - + Y. kristensenii - v + + v - - - + + v + + - - - + - - - - (4) Y. ruckeri Ghi ch: Tnh gy bnh (1), bnh dch hch [ngi]; (2), bnh gi lao [ cc loi gm nhm]; (3), vim d dy - rut, trng c thc phm, vim khp [ ln, gm nhm, ch, ngi]; (4), bnh ming [ c hi]; Y. pseudotub* = Y. pseudotuberculosis.
kim tra tnh di ng ca vi khun ngi ta c th hin vi tiu bn soi ti (git treo, git p) hoc cy vi khun theo ng chch su vo mi trng thch bn c th (na lng, cha 0,5% agar). Khi nui cy trong mi trng ny, nhng loi vi khun khng di ng ch mc theo ng cy cn vi khun di ng mc lan rng lm c dn c mi trng. Vi khun c phn loi trn c s huyt thanh hc thnh cc nhm huyt thanh hc (serogroup) nh c cc khng nguyn O chu nhit, cc khng nguyn K, H, khng nguyn "envelope" khng chu nhit. Y. pseudotuberculosis c 8 nhm huyt thanh hc. Y. enterocolica c chia thnh 57 dng huyt thanh hc (serotype) v 5 dng sinh hc (biovar). cc vi khun ny c cc yu t gy bnh chung l kh nng tng hp purine, adhesin, cng nh khng nguyn V - W do plasmid chi phi, protein Yersinia ngoi mc (YOP: Yersinia outer membrane protein), tnh khng huyt thanh,... nh vy chng biu hin nng lc pht trin bn trong cc t bo thc bo k ch hay tnh k sinh ni bo. * Bnh cm nhim Yersinia: kh ph bin. a. Cm nhim Yersinia ln (yersinia infection in swine) L bnh truyn nhim do Y. enterocolica hoc Y. pseudotuberculosis gy ra. Bnh ny ln v bo trong thi k u biu hin tiu chy nh, st, i khi gy vim khp xng, bi huyt. Cc dng huyt thanh hc gy bnh ch yu l Y. enterocolica biovar 3, 4 (serovar O3), biovar 2 (serovar O5, O27, O9), biovar 1 (serovar O4, 32; O8; O13; O18; O20; O21). Sau thi k s nhim ln hnh thnh min dch phng v cm nhim, c kh nng ngn cn s cm nhim cc dng huyt thanh hc khc. Ln mc bnh bi xut lng ln vi khun trong phn, tr thnh nhim trng. b. Bnh gi lao (pseudotuberculosis) L bnh truyn nhim gy ra bi vi khun Y. pseudotuberculosis (bnh ny cn do Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis - xem phn "Cc trc khun lin quan x khun"). Yu t gy bnh ca vi khun ny l plasmid ph thuc nhit (37 C), cc khng nguyn V - W do gene nhim sc th chi phi (ph
28
thuc Ca: biu hin khi khng c Ca trong mi trng), tnh khng huyt thanh, khng nguyn YOP, tnh hp ph cng-g (congo red), tnh xm ln t chc,... Bnh gi lao do Y. pseudotuberculosis ch yu gy ra th v cc loi gm nhm nh chut lang,... Ngoi ra, ln, d, tru b, hu, ch, mo, ngi v chim hoang,... cng cm nhim, gy st, pht ban, chm khp, sng cc hch lympho (lm ba) mng rut, p xe gan v lch dng casein, vim cc khp, bi huyt,... d ci c cha thng gy sy thai. c. Bnh ming hay "bnh ming - rut" (enteric red-mouth disease ERM) Gy ra bi vi khun Y. ruckeri cc loi c thuc h Hi. Vi khun ny c c tnh pht trin 37 C nn vo thi k m p trong nm cm nhim nh, hnh thnh cc hoi t lch v thn, xut hin cc chm sung huyt, xut huyt vng quanh ming v mang. d. Bnh dch hch (pest, plague) L bnh truyn nhim cp tnh do Y. pestis gy ra cc loi gm nhm v ngi. Vi khun ny, ngoi cc yu t gy bnh chung ca chi ra, cn c nng lc hnh thnh khng nguyn "envelope" gip m (phn on 1 - fraction 1), nng lc chim st, cc c t chi phi bi plasmid, sn sinh coagulase, fibrinolysin, tnh khng thc bo v pht trin ni bo. Vi khun ny pht trin phn trc d dy ca rn. Rn va ht mu ng vt gm nhm mang trng truyn tc nhn gy bnh cho ngi. T vt t ca rn mang trng hoc t nim mc, vi khun xm nhp gy chng vim xut huyt cc hch lympho, gy sng, mng m, lot hch lympho v pht st th gi l dch hch th hch (hay th tuyn), cn nu hnh thnh cc im xut huyt n tnh, ph thng, hoi t do chng bi huyt, vim kh qun - ph qun th sinh th gi l dch hch th phi. S pht bnh thng lin quan n c t dch hch. 8. Yersinia v trng c thc phm Y. enterocolica gy ra trng c thc phm ngi thng qua thc n, nc ung. Thi k tim n ca trng c dng cm nhim do Yersinia 5 - 7 ngy, bnh thng a dng. tr b sa a s trng hp l vim d dy rut cp tnh vi triu chng ch yu l tiu chy, pht st, ngi ln thng vim hi trng vi triu chng ch yu l au d di vng bng di bn phi, vim hch lympho mng rut dng t ngt nh vim rut tha. Ngoi ra, bnh c th tin trin dn n hnh thnh ban m dng nt hch, vim khp, chng bi huyt. 9. Klebsiella v bnh truyn nhim * c im Klebsiella (bng I-10): Trong chi ny c 5 loi vi 3 loi ph. Bnh nguyn ch yu l K. pneumoniae subsp. pneumoniae. Cc vi khun chi ny pht trin tt trn mi trng thch thng, sau khi nui cy trn mi trng ny 15 - 20 gi 35 - 37 C hnh thnh khun lc mu trng tro, rt nhy, bng lng. V tnh trng sinh vt ha hc, vi khun ny khng pht trin nhit 10 C, hnh thnh gip m, phn ng indol m tnh, phn ng MR m tnh, phn
29
ng VP m tnh, citrate dng tnh, khng sn sinh H2S, khng di ng, ln men lactose, ln men mannit. Hm lng G+C (mol%) trong khong 53 - 58. Bng I-10. Cc tnh trng gim bit v tnh gy bnh ca cc loi Klebsiella ch yu
Tnh trng Arginine dehydrogenase
Lysine decarboxylase
Glucose (sinh acid)
Lactose (sinh acid)
Mc 10C
Sn sinh indol
Loi (loi ph)
S dng malonate
Glucose (sinh hi)
Lactose (sinh hi)
Gelatinase
Tnh gy bnh (ng vt, ngi) Pectin + (A) Vim mi Vim mi (B)
Urease
Citrate
K. pneumoniae subsp. pneumoniae ozaenae rhinoscleromatis K. oxytoca K. terrigena K. planticola
+ + +
+ V
+ + V + +
+ + + +
+ V + + +
+ + +
+ + + +
+ + + +
+ + + + + +
+ + +
+ V + + + +
+ V . . .
Dulcit V V V
MR
VP
+ + + + V +
Ghi ch: (A): Vim v hoi th b sa, ha m, vim phi nga non, vim t cung nga ci, nhim niu o, phi ch; (B): Cm nhim c hi.
Cc vi khun chi Klebsiella c 8 loi khng nguyn O, tn ti t nht 77 loi khng nguyn K, thng khc nhau v dng khng nguyn. Vic hnh thnh gip m c s chi phi ca c nhim sc th ln plasmid v lin quan n tnh khng s thc bo. Gip m ca vi khun c th quan st c di knh hin vi trong tiu bn nhum mc tu (nhum m bn, nhum sng) bng cch nh mt git nh mc tu ln phin knh ri ha vo mt git nh huyn dch vi khun, y bng l knh (lamen) ri quan st di knh hin vi. Gip m thy di dng vng trong sut gia khong en ca mc tu v t bo c tnh chit quang cao hn. Gip m c thy r hn nu c nhum dng bn. Phng php Hiss nhum gip m nh sau: nhum tiu bn ln mng ( kh v c nh) bng dung dch Gentian violet (5 phn dung dch Gentian gc [5 g Gentian violet trong 100 ml ethanol] v 95 phn nc), gia nhit cho n khi thuc nhum bc hi chng 30 giy. Sau ra li bng dung dch sulfate ng 20%, khng ra nc, ch thm cho bt dung dch trn phin knh ri hin vi. * Bnh cm nhim Klebsiella (bng I-10): a. Bnh vim v do Klebsiella b (klebsiella mastitis in cattle) Cm nhim Klebsiella pneumoniae b ci trong thi k vt sa gy ra vim v hoi t cp tnh hoc qu cp tnh, nhiu b v vy phi loi thi. Bnh ny lin quan n ni c t ca vi khun.
30
b. Cm nhim klebsiella nga (klebsiella infection in horse) Klebsiella pneumoniae cm nhim nga con gy mng m, vim phi, thng ko theo chng bi huyt. Nga ci thng b vim t cung hoc vim c t cung, cn nga c cha cm nhim vi khun ny dn n sy thai. Bng I-11. Cc tnh trng gim bit ca cc loi ch yu thuc chi Citrobacter
Arginine dehydrogenase Tnh trng Ornitine decarboxylase KCN (0,0075%) (mc) S dng malonate
Loi Sinh indol Sinh H2S
Tnh gy bnh Adonit + + Cm nhim c hi (nhim ng tit niu, kh qun, vt thng, vim v b ci,...)
C. freundii C. diversus C. amalonaticus
+ +
+ -
V + +
V + +
+ +
+ -
10. Cc vi khun khc thuc h Enterobacteriaceae a. Chi Citrobacter Bng I-12. Tnh trng gim bit v tnh gy bnh ca cc loi Enterobacter ch yu
Arginine dehydrogenase Ornithine decarboxylase Tnh trng KCN (0,0075%) (mc) Lysine decarboxylase
Acid mucic
Gelatinase
Loi Urease
Tnh gy bnh Adonit Arabit V + + Cm nhim c hi (phn b ng rut ng vt , mi trng) Sorbit V + -
E. cloacae E. aerogenes E. gergoviae E. sakazakii
V + -
(+) -
+ -
+ + +
+ + + +
+ + +
V + -
V + -
Chi Citrobacter gm 3 loi (bng I-11), trong C. freundii l vi khun gy cm nhim c hi (opportunistic infection) c th phn lp, ngoi ng rut ra, t cc chng vim v b ci, cc hi chng mt sa sau sinh ln,.... Ngoi ra, vi khun ny cn gy nhim trng th cp nhiu loi ng vt thy sn. b. Chi Enterobacter Chi Enterobacter gm 12 loi (bng I-12), phn lp c ng rut, trong E. cloacae v E. aerogenes l nhng vi khun gy cm nhim c hi, i khi gy vim c quan sinh dc, sy thai nga, gy vim v, sy thai b, hi chng mt sa sau sinh ln ni.
31
c. Chi Proteus, chi Providencia v chi Morganella C cc c tnh ch yu nh bng I-13. Chi Proteus gm 4 loi. P. mirabilis v P. vulgaris l nhng vi khun gy bnh cm nhim c hi, gy vim bng quang (bng i), c phn lp vi tn sut cao t cc chng bnh tit niu, b gy vim ni mc t cung, sy thai, vim d dy - rut b ngh, vim khp, chng bi huyt, ln gy hi chng mt sa sau sinh, cm nhim ng tit niu, tiu chy, ch v mo, gy vim bng quang, cm nhim ng tit niu, lin quan n vim tai ngoi. i khi Proteus c phn lp nh l nguyn nhn gy trng c thc phm. nhiu loi c, P. rettgeri gy bnh xut huyt. Bng I-13. Cc c tnh gim bit v tnh gy bnh ca cc loi ch yu chi Proteus, chi Providencia v chi Morganella
Tnh trng Trn (swamming)
Phn ng VP
Loi
Gelatinase
Sinh indol
Trehalose
Mannose
Tnh gy bnh Mannit Adonit Inosit
+ + - + v - + v v + - + v P. vulgaris (A) + - v + v + + + + + - + P. mirabilis (+) - + v - + v v + - + v P. penneri - + - + - + - + P. alcalifaciens (B) - + - + - v - + - + + P. stuartii - + - + - + - + - + + + P. rettgeri - + - + + - + (C) M. morganii Ghi ch: (A), cm nhim c hi (vim bng quang, ng tit niu, vim tai, trng c); (B), (C), cm nhim c hi.
Chi Providencia c 5 loi, chi Morganella ch c 1 loi. P. rettgeri v M. morganii l nhng vi khun gy bnh c hi, ngoi ng rut ra, cc vi khun ny i khi phn lp t t chc bnh phm. d. Chi Serratia Bao gm 10 loi khc nhau (bng I-14) nhng ch c S. marcescens v S. liquifaciens thng phn lp c t bnh phm vim kt mc nga, vim phi, chng bi huyt nga con, vim v v sy thai b nh nhng vi khun gy bnh c hi. Ngoi ra, c th phn lp c S. liquifaciens t c mc bnh xut huyt, cn S. plymuthica c th gy chng nhim trng th cp nhiu loi c. e. Chi Hafnia, chi Kluyvera, chi Tatumella, chi Cedecea, chi Erwinia Hafnia alvei l vi khun gy cm nhim c hi, phn lp c, ngoi ng rut ra, t bnh phm t chc nh sy thai nga, vim v b, vim kt mc nga. Kluyvera ascorbata, Tatumella ptyseos l vi khun gy cm nhim c hi lin quan n cc chng cm nhim ng h hp, vim ng
H2S
Maltose
Ornitine
Urease
Lipase
Citrate
Xylol
32
tit niu ca ng vt v ngi. Cedecea davisae phn lp c t bnh phm, thc phm. Trong chi Erwinia c 17 loi, l nhng tc nhn gy bnh thc vt, cn ng vt th khng biu hin tnh gy bnh. Bng I-14. Cc c tnh gim bit v tnh gy bnh ca cc loi ch yu chi Serratia
Tnh trng Lysine decarboxylase Mc Glucose (sinh hi) Tnh gy bnh (trng c thc phm, cm nhim c hi) + +
Loi Sinh indol 37 C 42 C
Rhamnose
Arabinose
Ornitine d b DNase
Xylose
Lipase
S. marcescens S. liquifaciens S. plymuthica S. adorifera
+ + +
+ + v -
+ -
+ + +
+ + v
+ + + +
+ + v v
+ v -
+ + +
+ + +
v +
+ + v +
B. PHY KHUN (H VIBRIONACEAE) I. C IM CHUNG CA PHY KHUN

1. Phn loi Phn loi cc phy khun c k bng I-15. H phy khun Vibrionaceae c 6 chi, phn nhiu phn b trong nc ngt v nc bin, phn lp c t cc loi c. 2. Hnh thi Cc phy khun l trc khun ngn Gram m, trong c dng un khc hnh du phy, nhiu khi mt s t bo xp st nhau nn c dng ch S. Chng khng hnh thnh nha bo v gip m. y l nhng vi khun cc n mao (Vibrio, Aeromonas) hoc n tng mao khun (Plesiomonas). Aeromonas salmonicida khng c kh nng vn ng.
nhum lng (lng roi) vi khun c th s dng mt s phng php nhum. Trong tt c cc phng php (Leifson, Toda, Ryu) u dng bin php khuych i kch thc ca lng bng acid tannic v phin knh tiu bn phi tht sch. y ch gii thiu phng php Leifson (Leifson's flagella stain): Trc ht lm cht vi khun trong canh khun bng cch cho thm 0,25 ml formalin (dung dch thng phm formaldehyde khong 37%) vo 4 ml canh khun, lc nh ri yn khong 15 pht, ly tm 2.000 vng/pht trong 5 pht, phn nc trong trn, thm 8 ml nc ct, ly tm ri li nc trn, thm nc ct v lc huyn dch ha cho n khi c dch c nh. H nng nh phin knh trn ngn la. Nh mt git huyn dch vi khun gn u phin knh ri
Arabit -
Sorbit
4 C
33
nghing phin knh khong 80 cho dch chy dc b mt knh. Loi b dch tha bng giy thm. Khng cn c nh bng nhit, tiu bn s c c nh bng chnh thuc nhum. Ph tiu bn bng dch thuc nhum Leifson (ch bng cch pha 100 ml basic fuchsine trong cn ethylic [0,8 g basic fuchsine, 100 ml ethanol 95%] vo 200 ml dung dch acid tannic - mui n trong nc [3 g acid tannic, 1,4 g NaCl, nc ct 200 ml]) trong vng 5 - 15 pht ph thuc vo nhit phng cho n khi thuc nhum kt ta sng trong dung dch. Khng b thuc nhum, ra nh bng nc, vy bt nc ri kh trong khng kh. 3. Tnh trng sinh ha Cc phy khun l nhng vi khun ym kh ty tin, i a s cc chng c phn ng oxidase dng tnh, nhiu loi vi khun thuc chi Vibrio yu cu 0,5 - 3.0% NaCl pht trin. 4. Tnh gy bnh Trong s cc phy khun c nhiu loi c tnh gy bnh ngi, gy vim d dy - rut, tiu chy, bi huyt, nhim trng vt thng. Phy khun t (Vibrio cholerae) v cc phy khun gy vim rut thng gy trng c thc phm. i vi gia sc, khng c i din no trong h ny gy bnh nhng nhiu loi nht nh thuc chi Vibrio, Listonella v Aeromonas biu hin tnh gy bnh c, c ng vt gip xc k sinh v ng vt thn mm hai mnh (trai, hn,...).
II. VIBRIO V TRNG C THC PHM

Chng ng thc n do phy khun gy vim rut Vibrio parahaemolyticus xy ra vi tn s cao cc nc hay n gi c. Ngoi ra, V. mimicus, V. fluvialis, Aeromonas sorbia, A. hydrophila, Plesiomonas shigelloides c ch nh l nhng vi khun gy ng c thc phm. Trng c thc phm l do n nhng thc phm l c nhim cc vi khun ny. Tiu chy, au bng, nn ma, st l nhng triu chng ca nhim c th cm nhim.
III. BNH CM NHIM VIBRIO

1. Bnh cm nhim vibrio (vibriosis) Cm nhim Listonella anguillarum v V. ordalii cc loi c thuc h hi, c mng, l bnh truyn nhim th bi huyt cp tnh. Ton thn xut huyt, vi nhng triu chng in hnh nh c v ton b mt thn th hnh thnh nhng vt lot c m. L. anguillarum trc y c xp vo chi Vibrio nn cc ti liu thng vn gi bnh ny l vibriosis (bnh do Vibrio). 2. Bnh nht c (furunculosis, non-motile aeromonas infection, boil-like ulcer, carp erythrodermatitis ( c chp chu u), ulcer disease ( c hi chu M) L bnh truyn nhim cp tinh, cp tnh do cm nhim A. salmonicida. cc c h Hi thng hnh thnh nhng vt lot c m dng t khp. Thc ra bnh tch hnh thnh trong c v trong cc c quan ni tng. cc loi c
34
thuc h Chp, hnh thnh nhng vt vim da chm , da hoi t lm trc vy m hnh thnh nhng l. ln thng hnh thnh vt lot u. Bng I-15. Phn loi h Vibrionaceae
Chi Vibrio G+C (mol%) Loi 38 - 51 V. alginolyticus V. ordalii V. vulnipicus V. harveyi V. parahaemolyticus Tnh gy bnh Bnh dc thn u trng tm, bnh dc thn v n mn v chitin tm, bnh xut huyt c Bnh pht sng, thn v n mn v chitin gip xc Bnh pht sng, thn v n mn v chitin gip xc, trng c thc phm ngi Bnh dch t, trng c thc phm ngi,
Aeromonas
57 - 63
Plesiomonas Photobacterium Listonella Shewanella
51 40 - 44 44 - 47
V. cholerae Ngoi ra, c 25 loi khc Mng m, hnh thnh lot c (bnh nht A. salmonicida c) Bnh vim xut huyt m c, bnh A. hydrophila m nu tm cng xanh A. sobria, A. caviae P. shigelloides P. phosphoreum Ngoi ra, c 3 loi khc Bi huyt xut huyt c, bnh thn v L. anguillarum n mn v chitin tm Ngoi ra, c 2 loi khc S. putrefaciens Ngoi ra, c 2 loi khc
3. Bi huyt do aeromonas di ng (motile aeromonas septisemia) A. hydrophila di ng gy bnh truyn nhim cc loi c nc ngt khc nhau, ln gy chng vy, c mng v cc loi thuc h Chp thng gy chng m . cc c b bnh, cc c, ni tng v rut xut huyt. Vi khun ny cn gy bnh m nu tm cng xanh. 4. Nhng bnh do Vibrio khc Ngi ta cho rng V. parahaemolyticus v L. anguillarum gy bnh truyn nhim cc loi tm (bnh thn v n mn chitin v tm), bnh xut huyt c, cua, cn L. anguillarum, V. ordalii, V. vulnipicus v V. alginolyticus gy bnh dc thn u trng tm, bnh thn v n mn chitin v tm, bnh xut huyt c bin, bnh cc loi thn bng hai mnh (trai, hn,...), V. harveyi gy bnh pht sng, thn v n mn v chitin gip xc.
C. H PASTEURELLACEAE I. C IM CHUNG CA H PASTEURELLACEAE

1. Phn loi Gn y h mi Pasteurellaceae c thit lp gm ba chi Pasteurella, Actinobacillus, Haemophilus thng gi chung l nhm HAP, chi mi Histophilus (G+C 37 - 39 mol%) v mt s chi mi khc (bng I-16).
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2. c im chung ca h Pasteurellaceae H Pasteurellaceae bao gm cc vi khun nh, Gram m, thng hnh trng bt mu m hai u (bt mu lng cc) khi nhum bng cc loi thuc nhum khc nhau, nhng nhiu khi, c bit khi nui cy ko di trn mi trng nhn to, c th c dng si, cu c vch t bo khng chc chn. Bng I-16: Phn loi hc Pasteurrellaceae
Chi, loi Chi I. Pasteurella (type genus) Pasteurella multocida (type species) Pasteurella multocida subsp. multocida Pasteurella multocida subsp. gallicida Pasteurella multocida subsp. septica Pasteurella pneumotropica Pasteurella testudinis Pasteurella aerogenes Pasteurella canis Pasteurella dagmatis Pasteurella langaaensis Pasteurella stomatis Pasteurella bettyae Pasteurella caballi Pasteurella mairii Pasteurella trehalosi Pasteurella skyensis Chi II. Actinobacillus Actinobacillus lignieresii (type species) Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans Actinobacillus equuli subsp. equuli Actinobacillus equuli subsp. haemolyticus Actinobacillus capsulatus Actinobacillus suis Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae Actinobacillus hominis Actinobacillus ureae Actinobacillus muris Chng lu tr Type strain: NCTC 10322T (=ATCC 43137T =CCUG 17976T) Type strain: NCTC 10204T (=CCUG 17978T) Type strain: NCTC 11995T (=CIP A125T =ATCC 51687T =CCUG 17977T) Type strain: NCTC 8141T (=ATCC 35149T =CIP 6616T =CCUG 12398T) Type strain: CCUG 19802T (=ATCC 33688T =NCTC 12150T) Type strain: ATCC 27883T (=CCUG 9995T =CIP 80.14T =DSM 10153T) Type strain: ATCC 43326T (=NCTC 11621T =CCUG 12400T) Type strain: ATCC 43325T (=NCTC 11617T =CCUG 12397T) Type strain: ATCC 43328T (=NCTC 11411T =CCUG 15566T) Type strain: ATCC 43327T (=NCTC 11623T =CCUG 17979T) Type strain: CCUG 2042T (=NCTC 10535T =ATCC 23273T) Type strain: ATCC 49197T =CIP 103915T =CCUG 28833T) Type strain: ATCC 33393T (=CCUG 27189T =NCTC 10699T) Type strain: NCTC 10370T (=ATCC 29703T =CCUG 27190T) Type strain: ATCC 13204T (=NCIMB 13593T) Type strain: NCTC 4189T (=ATCC 49236T =CCUG 41384T) Type strain: ATCC 33384T (=CIP 52106T =CCUG 13227T =NCTC 9710T) Type strain: NCTC 8529T (=ATCC 19392T =CCUG 2041T) Type strain: CCUG 19799T (=NCTC 13195T =CIP 107709T) Type strain: NCTC 11408T (=CIP 103283T =CCUG 12396T =ATCC 51571T) Type strain: ATCC 33415T (=CIP 103354T) Type strain: ATCC 27088T (=CCUG 41656T) Basonym: Haemophilus pleuropneumoniae Type strain: CCUG 19800T (=NCTC 11529T) Type strain: NCTC 10219T (=DSM 5568T =ATCC 25976T =CCUG 2139T). Basonym: Pasteurella ureae Type strain: CCUG 16938T (=NCTC 12432T =CCUG
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Actinobacillus seminis Actinobacillus indolicus Actinobacillus minor Actinobacillus porcinus Actinobacillus rossii Actinobacillus delphinicola Actinobacillus scotia Actinobacillus succinogenes Actinobacillus arthritidis Chi III. Haemophilus Haemophilus influenzae (type species) Haemophilus haemolyticus Haemophilus aegyptius Haemophilus parainfluenzae Haemophilus ducreyi Haemophilus haemoglobinophilus Haemophilus aphrophilus Haemophilus parahaemolyticus Haemophilus paraphrophilus Haemophilus parasuis Haemophilus paraphrohaemolyticus Haemophilus segnis Haemophilus paracuniculus Haemophilus felis Haemophilus pittmaniae Chi IV. Lonepinella Lonepinella koalarum (type species) Chi V. Mannheimia Mannheimia haemolytica (type species) Mannheimia glucosida Mannheimia granulomatis Mannheimia ruminalis Mannheimia varigena Chi VI. Phocoenobacter Phocoenobacter uteri (type species) Chi VII. Gallibacterium Gallibacterium anatis (type species) Genus VIII. Histophilus Histophilus somni (type species)
23134T) Type strain: ATCC 15768T (=NCTC 10851T =CCUG 27187T =CIP 105315T) Type strain: CIP 105316T Type strain: CCUG 38923T (=CIP 105314T) Type strain: CCUG 38924T Type strain: ATCC 27072T (=CCUG 12395T =CIP 102634T =NCTC 10801T) Type strain: NCTC 12870T (=CCUG 41362T) Type strain: ATCC 27072T (=NCTC 12922T =CIP 105697T) Type strain: ATCC 55618T (=CCUG 43843T =CIP 106512T) Type strain: CCUG 24862T (=ATCC 13376T) Type strain: ATCC 33391T (=NCTC 8143T =DSM 4690T) Type strain: NCTC 10659T (=ATCC 33390T =CCUG 12834T) Type strain: NCTC 8502T (=CCUG 25716T =ATCC 11116T) Type strain: ATCC 33392T (=CCUG 12836T =NCTC 7857T =DSM 8978T) Type strain: CIP 54.2T (=NCTC 10945T =CCUG 4438T =ATCC 33940T) Type strain: NCTC 1659T (=ATCC 19416T) Type strain: ATCC 33389T (=CCUG 3715T =NCTC 5906T) Type strain: NCTC 8479T (=ATCC 10014T) Type strain: ATCC 29241T (=CIP 70.22T =NCTC 10557T) Type strain: NCTC 4557T (=CCUG 3712T =ATCC 19417T) Type strain: NCTC 10670T (=ATCC 29237T) Type strain: ATCC 33393T (=CCUG 12838T =NCTC 10977T) Type strain: ATCC 29986T (=CIP 107045T =CCUG 43573T) Type strain: ATCC 49733T (=CIP 103890T) Type strain: CCUG 48703T (=NCTC 13334T) Type strain: ATCC 700131T (=DSM 10053T) Type strain: NCTC 9380T (=ATCC 33396T =CCUG 12392T =DSM 10531T). Basonym: Pasteurella haemolytica Type strain: CCUG 38457T (=CIP 106063T) Type strain: ATCC 49244T (=CIP 103433T) Basonym: Pasteurella granulomatis Type strain: CCUG 38470T (=CIP 106062T) Type strain: CCUG 38462T (=CIP 106064T) Type strain: NCTC 12872T (=CIP 106491T =ATCC 700972T =CCUG 47322T) Type strain: ATCC 43329T (=NCTC 11413T =CCUG 26456T =CCUG 15563T) Basonym: Pasteurella anatis Type strain: CCUG 36157T (=ATCC 43625T)
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Chi IX. Volucribacter Volucribacter psittacicida (type species) Volucribacter amazonae Avibacterium gallinarum (type species) Avibacterium avium Avibacterium paragallinarum Avibacterium volantium Chi XI. Nicoletella Nicoletella semolina (type species) Cc nhm phn loi khc c cc chng trong cc b su tp vi khun Pasteurella sp. A Pasteurella sp. B Actinobacillus genomosp. 2 'Actinobacillus porcitonsillarum' Gallibacterium genomosp. 1 Taxon 2 Taxon 3 Taxon 5 Taxon 6 Taxon 7 Taxon 8 Taxon 10 Taxon 14 Taxon 16 Taxon 17 Taxon 26 (Avian haemolytic Actinobacillus-like)
Type strain: CCUG 47536T (=DSM 15534T) Type strain: CCUG 47537T (=DSM 15535T) Type strain: NCTC 11188T (=ATCC 13361T =CCUG 12391T) Basonym: Pasteurella gallinarum Type strain: NCTC 11297T (=ATCC 29546T =CCUG 12833T) Basonym: Haemophilus avium Type strain: NCTC 11296T (=ATCC 29545T =CCUG 12835T) Basonym: Haemophilus paragallinarum Type strain: NCTC 3438T (=ATCC 14385T =CCUG 3713T) Basonym: Pasteurella volantium Type strain: CCUG 43639T (=DSM 16380T)
CCUG 18782 CCUG 19794 CCUG 15571 CCUG 46996 CCUG 23139 CCUG 15564 (=CCUG 36325 =NCTC 11414) NCTC 11412 (=CCUG 15565) CCUG 16493 CCUG 15568 CCUG 24852 CCUG 16494 CCUG 15572 CCUG 16499 CCUG 17204 CCUG 17206 CCUG 28015
Cc vi khun thuc h ny pht trin chm trn cc mi trng dinh dng, nhiu loi v chng yu cu yu t sinh trng. Khun lc thng nh, trn, biu hin mu sc v hnh dng b mt khc khc nhau.
II. H PASTEURELLACEAE V BNH TRUYN NHIM

1. c im vi sinh vt hc ca cc Pasteurella Thuc chi ny c t nht 11 loi khc nhau bn cnh mt s chng cha xc nh chi (bng I-16). Bn cnh , loi trc y tng c gi l "Pasteurella anatipestifer" nay c sp xp li v thuc chi mi thit lp Riemerella, tc l loi ny c tn mi l R. anatipestifer, thuc nhm vi khun thng gi l "t hp Flavobacterium-Cytophaga" (Flavobacterium-Cytophaga complex) khng phi l i tng ca phn ny (xem phn "Trc khun Gram m ym kh ty tin khc").
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a. Hnh thi Pasteurella l nhng vi khun nh bt thng (0,3 - 1 1 - 2 m), hnh cu, hnh trng hoc hnh que, Gram m, khng di ng, khng hnh thnh nha bo, phn b ring l hoc chui ngn, i khi a hnh thi, thng biu hin tnh bt mu lng cc (hai mu nhum mu r hn). i a s cc vi khun mi phn lp c gip m. Trn mi trng thch thng, khun lc c ng knh 1 - 4 mm, hnh trn, hi c, mu trng xm, i khi xut hin cc khun lc ly gii. Nhng vi khun hnh thnh gip m thng rt nhy, nu chiu xin gc khun lc v quan st qua knh hin vi c phng i nh th thng thy s pht mu hunh quang (hin tng dung quang). b. Tnh trng sinh ha Cc Pasteurella pht trin tt iu kin ym kh ty tin trn cc mi trng c thm mu hoc cc sn phm protein phn gii. Chng phn gii cc ng nh ln men, hnh thnh acid nhng khng sinh hi. Phn ng hon nguyn nitrate dng tnh, oxidase v catalase dng tnh, ty loi c th sinh indol v phn gii urea. Gelatinase m tnh. Hm lng G+C (mol%) l 37 - 45. Pasteurella multocida c 5 loi khng nguyn gip m k hiu A, B, D, E v F (theo phn loi ca Carter, 1957) v 16 loi khng nguyn thn, k hiu t 1 n 16 (theo phn loi ca Heddleston et. al, 1972), kt hp cc loi khng nguyn ny c th phn cc vi khun ny thnh cc dng huyt thanh hc khc nhau. P. hemolytica do cc i din c tnh trng sinh ha v sinh vt hc xa nhau nn c phn thnh hai nhm (A v T), c n 16 loi khng nguyn gip m, 4 loi khng nguyn thn (A, B, C, D) tn ti, c th phn thnh cc nhm huyt thanh hc khc nhau tng t nh trn. Gn y, dng sinh hc (biovar) T ca P. hemolytica c phn loi li thnh loi mi c lp ca chi ny: loi P. trehalosi. Bng I-17. Cc loi Pasteurella k sinh v k ch ch yu
Loi P. multocida P. dagmatis P. gallinarum P. volantium P. species A P. species B P. canis P. stomatis P. avium P. langa P. anatis P. pneumotropica P. haemolytica P. trehalosi P. piscicida" Loi ph multocida septica gallicida ng vt k ch ch yu ng vt c v, ngi, chim ng vt c v, ngi, chim Chim Ngi, ch, mo G G, ngi Gia cm Ch, mo,ngi Ch, ngi, b, ngh Ch, mo, ngi G G Vt Chut nht, chut cng B, tru, cu, d Cu, tru, b C
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c. Tnh gy bnh Cc Pasteurella gy bnh cm nhim cc loi ng vt, chim v c khc nhau vi nhng th bnh khc nhau. P. multocida v P. trehalosi l nhng vi khun gy bnh nguyn pht, gy cc chng bi huyt xut huyt (bnh t huyt trng) cc loi ng vt khc nhau, gy bnh teo mi truyn nhim (atrophic rhinitis - AR) ln, vim phi, cc bnh ng h hp v bi huyt nh l nhng yu t gy bnh nguyn pht hoc th pht. Cc loi Pasteurella khc thng phn lp c nh nhng yu t gy bnh th pht. Tnh gy bnh ca cc Pasteurella lin quan n dng huyt thanh hc cng nh dng sinh hc. Cc chng c gip m c c tnh cao hn cc chng khng c gip m, do kh nng khng b th khc nhau. Ni c t do vi khun sn sinh lin quan n t l cht do chng bi huyt. c t (gy) hoi t da (dermonecrotic toxin - DNT) do P. multocida sn sinh ra l c t khng chu nhit gy ra chng teo mi ln. Cn P. hemolytica li c bit l sinh ra cytotoxin (c t c t bo) v ngoi c t ny cng lin quan n tnh gy bnh. 2. Bnh cm nhim Pasteurella a. Bnh t huyt trng (pasteurellosis, hemorrhagic septisemia - bi huyt xut huyt)BKD26 Do cc vi khun P. multocida c khng nguyn gip m B v E cm nhim tru b cc nc nhit i l bnh truyn nhim bi huyt cp tnh, hm di sng to do ph thng, tuyn lympho sng to, xut huyt, di da, ni tng b mt cc tng mc ton thn thng xut huyt im. Bng I-18. Cc bnh ng vt tiu biu do cm nhim Pasteurella
Tn bnh T huyt trng tru b Vim phi tru b (st chuyn ch) Bnh do pasteurella d cu Bnh t huyt trng ln Bnh t huyt trng gia cm Bnh ngt mi th Bnh do pasteurella ng vt th nghim Bnh gi lao c Bnh nguyn P. multocida P. multocida P. haemolytica P. haemolytica P. trehalosi P. multocida P. multocida P. multocida P. multocida P. pneumotropica "P. piscida"* ng vt cm nhim B, tru B, tru B, tru D, cu Cu non Ln Chim Th Chut lang Chut nht, chut cng C nc, c bin khc Bnh trng Sng hu, bi huyt xut huyt Vim phi Vim phi Vim phi, bi huyt Bi huyt Vim phi, vim mi teo dn Tiu chy, bi huyt xut huyt hoc khng xut huyt Vim mi, vim phi Vim phi nung m im trng nh ni tng
b. Vim phi tru b (pneumonia in bovine)BKD26 P. hemolytica c lp hoc phi hp cc vi khun khc gy ra. Thng thng, y l bnh cm nhim hn hp gy ra bi Pasteurella, virus v Mycoplasma, thng c gi l "st chuyn ch (shipping fever)" ph bin b hn tru.
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c. Bnh do Pasteurella d cu (pasteurellosis in sheep and goat)BKD26 Cng cn gi l bnh t huyt trng d cu, thng l chng vim phi do P. hemolytica v chng bi huyt do P. trehalosi d cu non. d. Bnh do Pasteurella ln (pasteurellosis in swine)BKD26,40 Vim phi v teo mi hoi t truyn nhim ln do l nhng bnh trng yu, cn gi l (cc th) bnh t huyt trng ln. Chng vim phi thng do P. multocida n c hoc phi hp cc loi vi khun. Chng teo mi hoi t truyn nhim (atrophic rhinitis of swine) ch yu l do cc vi khun P. multocida dng D huyt thanh hc (serotype D) sn sinh c t hoi t da gy ra mt cch n c hoc phi hp vi vi khun Bordetella bronchiseptica l bnh tin trin mn tnh lm teo dn xng xoang mi ca ln b cm nhim. e. Bnh t huyt trng gia cm (fowl cholera)BKD26 L bnh truyn nhim do P. multocida gy ra hu ht tt c cc loi chim khc nhau. Trong trng hp cp tnh, gia cm thng cht do chng bi huyt xut huyt. Mc d y l mt trong nhng i tng ch vaccine phng bnh u tin nhng cho n nay vic ch vaccine hiu qu phng bnh ny vn cn l mt trong nhng vn nan gii nht ca min dch hc hin i. f. Bnh do Pasteurella ng vt th nghim (pasteurellosis in experimental animals)BKD26 Gy ra bi P. multocida th bnh ngt mi (snuffles) v P. pneumotropica chut nht, chut cng chng nung m. Bnh ngt mi th thng km theo vim tai, vim kt mc, vim phi, i khi cht do chng bi huyt. g. Bnh gi lao c nc (pseudotuberculosis in yellowtail, pasteurellosis in yellowtail) L bnh c trng bi nhng m trng nh (hch lao gi) xut hin nhiu lch v thn. Yu t gy bnh l "Pasteurella piscicida" hin nay khng cn xp vo chi Pasteurella na. (Du ngoc kp ca tn khoa hc trong ch rng tn cha c cng nhn chnh thc, tc l cha ng k tp ch "International Journal of Systematic Bacteriology", trc 1/2000, nay i thnh "International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology", t 1/2000 ca Hi Vi sinh vt hc Quc t).
III. HAEMOPHILUS V BNH TRUYN NHIM

1. c im chung ca Haemophilus a. Phn loi Haemophilus l nhng trc khun Gram m, i hi yu t V (hemin hoc mt porphyrin khc) hoc yu t X (NAD: nicotinamide adenosine dinucleotide) hoc c hai yu t pht trin. Nh cc th nghim tnh tng ng DNA m loi ny c tch ra ring bit. "Haemophilus somnus" l loi khng cn hai yu t pht trin k trn, ng thi cng nh cc th nghim v tnh tng ng DNA m vi khun c tch khi chi Haemophilus. Mc d vy, thun tin
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ngi ta cn s dng tn c ny. b. Hnh thi Gram m, hnh cu nh hay hnh que ngn (0,2 - 0,5 0,5 - 1,5 m), thng thng c tnh a hnh thi v tnh lng cc, i khi biu hin dng si. a s loi c gip m, khng hnh thnh nha bo, khng c tim mao. Kh nng ngng kt hng cu ca cc chng H. influenzae l nh c cc lng nhung (fimbria hay pili). Trn mi trng thch (c cha yu t sinh trng cn thit) hnh thnh khun lc sau 48 gi nui cy, c ng knh 0,5 - 2,0 mm, hi dt hoc trn li. S pht trin cng c thc tin di iu kin kh quyn c 5 - 10% CO2. Nh sn sinh yu t V, khun lc t cu vng Staphylococcus aureus thng thc y s pht trin ca khun lc Haemophilus vng cn k (hin tng v tinh). c. Tnh trng sinh ha Cc Haemophilus l nhng trc khun nh khng di ng, khng khng acid, hiu kh hoc ym kh ty tin, a s loi i hi mt hoc c hai yu t sinh trng V v X. Cc Haemophilus phn gii cc ng nh ln men. Cc phn ng oxidase v catalase khc nhau ty thuc loi v chng. Phn ng hon nguyn nitrate dng tnh. Chng c tnh k sinh ng vt, kt bm nim mc v pht trin . Ph thuc vo cu trc khng nguyn hp cht a ng gip m v khng nguyn thn cng nh cc c tnh sinh vt ha hc m c phn thnh cc dng huyt thanh hc (serovar) hoc cc dng sinh hc (biovar). Hm lng G+C (mol%) l 37 - 44. nui cy cc vi khun yu cu yu t V v X, ngi ta thng dng mi trng thch mu un (chocolate agar). Mi trng ny c ch nh sau. Sau khi hp cao p kh trng 121 C trong vng 15 pht, ngi ta gi mi trng thch thng nhit 50 C, thm 5 - 10% mu ( loi t huyt), trn u cn thn trnh to bt, un 75 - 80 C cho n khi c mu nu en, ngui v 48 C ri thm 30 ml Bacto Supplement A hoc B, hoc Isovitalex, cho mi 300 ml mi trng, ra a Petri kh trng, yn cho thch ha rn. Ngoi ra, ngi ta cn dng cc a giy tm sn mt trong hai hp cht trn t ln a thch dn u vi khun b kim, cc a giy c th c t ring r hoc st bn nhau. Bng cch , ta bit c vi khun i hi yu t no trong hai yu t hay l c hai yu t . d. Tnh gy bnh Trng hp phn lp c vi khun ny nh l yu t gy bnh nguyn pht cc bnh h hp, bi huyt v vim tng mc l ph bin. Ngi ta cho rng chng bi huyt lin quan n ni c t. Gip m c vai tr trong vic khng hin tng thc bo v qu trnh kt bm ln t bo k ch, l mt trong nhng yu t gy bnh quan trng. 2. Bnh cm nhim Haemophilus a. Bnh do "Haemophilus somnus" b ("Haemophilus somnus" infection
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in bovine) "H. somnus" gy b vim no mng no, vim phi, vim khp,... vi nhng c trng ch yu l bi huyt cp tnh, cho n nay vn gi l bnh vim no - mng no huyt khi tiu cu truyn nhim (infectious thromboembolic meningoencephalitis). b. Bnh do Haemophilus ln (haemophilosis in swine) H. parasuis gy ra vim tng mc t huyt t, c bit nng ln nui v nhim bnh nguyn xc nh (SPF: specific pathogen free). Da vo kt qu phn tch in di protein thn t bo vi khun trong gel polyacrylamide c dodecyl sulfate natri hay sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS-PAGE) a s cc chng gy bnh phn lp c thuc nhm II. c. Bnh sng mt truyn nhim g (infectious coryza) Bnh ny do H. paragallinarum gy ra g vi nhng triu chng ch yu l chy nc mi, mt sng, ngng trng,... Da vo ngng kt t, vi khun ny c chia thnh ba dng huyt thanh hc l A, B v C, da vo ngng kt t hng cu th c chia thnh 7 dng huyt thanh hc t HA-1 n HA-7. Cc khng nguyn HA lin quan n tnh min dch phng bnh.
IV. ACTINOBACILLUS V BNH TRUYN NHIM

1. c im chung ca Actinobacillus a. Phn loi Vi khun ny u tin c phn loi ring bit bt ngun t vi khun Actinobacillus lignieresii phn lp t b mc bnh tng t nh bnh x khun (actinomycosis). Loi ny thng tr b mt nim mc ng h hp, tiu ha, sinh dc tit niu ca nhiu loi ng vt khc nhau k c ngi, nhng li c phn lp t nhiu b phn bnh tch khc nhau. V mt phn loi, chi ny rt gn gi vi chi Pasteurella v Haemophilus. V vy, ngi ta hay gi chng l cc vi khun nhm HAP (t cc ch ci u ca Haemophilus, Actinobacillus v Pasteurella). b. Hnh thi Actinobacillus l vi khun Gram m, rt nh, thng hnh cu, hnh trng hoc hnh que ngn (khong 0,4 - 1,0 m). Cc dng hnh thi di thng l do cc dng hnh cu kt ni li m thnh, khng hnh thnh nha bo, khng c lng nn khng di ng, bt mu thng khng ng u. c. Tnh trng sinh ha Actinobacillus khng di ng, khng khng acid, ym kh ty tin, khi pht trin thng nhy. Trn mi trng thch mu hoc thch mu un (chocolate blood agar) di iu kin kh quyn 5 - 10% CO2 th pht trin tt, 37 C sau 48 gi hnh thnh khun lc trn mu tro trng trong sut, bng lng. Phn gii cc ng nh ln men sinh acid nhng khng sinh hi. Hon nguyn nitrate, khng sn sinh indol, hu ht cc chng pht trin trn mi trng thch MacConkey, sn sinh phosphatase, -galactosidase, urease. Tn ti cc khng nguyn thn polysaccharide chu nhit v cc khng nguyn b mt khng chu
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nhit, nh c th phn bit v mt huyt thanh hc. Hm lng G+C (mol%) l 40 - 43. d. Tnh gy bnh Cc vi khun ny cng k sinh cc ng vt bnh thng, c th gy cm nhim c hi. V vy bnh do vi khun ny thng c tnh l t, tn pht, nhng nh cc yu t tc ng ngoi lai ng lot m c th pht sinh c tnh tp on. Hn na, bnh ny cn c th cm nhim theo chiu dc (t m sang con), thai hoc gia sc non thng gy t vong. Yu t gy bnh c bit l dung huyt t, c t t bo v ni c t ca A. pleuropneumoniae. 2. Bnh cm nhim Actinobacillus a. Bnh actinobacillosis tru b (actinobacillosis in bovine) Cm nhim Actinobacillus lignieresii l bnh mn tnh hnh thnh u tht ha m cc t chc phn mm ca vng u c v li. Thng thng vi khun t khoang ming, nim mc d c hoc cc vng tn thng ca da xm nhp vo cc tuyn lympho v pht trin m gy nn bnh. t khi cm nhim lan sang phi, c hay hch lympho ni tng. Nhiu trng hp bnh b trng thnh. b. Bnh actinobacillosis ln (actinobacillosis in swine) A. pleuropneumoniae gy vim phi - mng phi ln vi triu chng vim phi vim mng phi c t huyt v sy thai ln v bi huyt ln con do A. suis l nhng bnh truyn nhim trng yu. Trong s A. pleuropneumoniae c biovar 1 yu cu biovar 2 khng yu cu yu t V, trong vim phi mng phi ln do biovar 1 gy ra. C n 12 dng huyt thanh hc c bit.
D. TRC KHUN GRAM M YM KH TY TIN KHC

Streptobacillus v bnh chut cn (bnh do Streptobacillus moniliformis) Chi Streptobacillus l nhng trc khun ngn, Gram m, ym kh ty tin, nhng v tr ca chng trong h thng phn loi th cha c r. Chi ny c bit ch c mt loi l S. moniliformis. Vi khun ny l trc khun di, ln (0,3 - 0,7 1 - 5 m), thng hnh thnh chui di, Gram m, khng khng acid, khng c gip m, khng di ng, khng hnh thnh nha bo. Nu cy nhiu i ko di s hnh thnh dng L khng c vch t bo, qua c lc vi khun. Streptobacillus cn mu, huyt thanh hoc nc bng pht trin. Nui cy khi u thng yu cu kh quyn giu CO2. Khi nui cy trn mi trng mu sau 48 - 72 gi hnh thnh khun lc trn u n hi th n trn lng, mu tro, c m, khng dung huyt. Phn gii cc ng hnh thnh acid nhng khng sinh hi. Cc phn ng lm ng sa b, lm tan chy gelatin, tiu ha casein v huyt thanh ng, phn gii urea, hon nguyn nitrate u m tnh. Vi khun, thy phn arginine, t thy phn esculin, phn ng phenylalanine deaminase v phn ng phosphatase dng tnh, khng sn sinh indol cc phn ng oxidase, catalase v benzidine u m tnh. Hm lng G+C
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(mol%) l 24 - 26. Phn ng gelatinase c th thc hin bng nhiu cch: nhng tm phim nh (phng php khng quy chun), hoc a gelatin - than (phng php chun) vo canh khun hoc cy vi khun vo mi trng gelatin 22 - 25 C (phng php chun). a gelatin than c ch bng cch ha 48 g bt gelatin vo 340 ml nc my, gelatin ht nc k, un cch thy trong nc si, thm 14 g bt than v lc trn u, lm ngui hn hp xung 37 C, ra a thy tinh c y trng sn vaselin sao cho c lp gelatin than khong 3 mm, lm lnh nhanh bng cch cho vo t lnh trnh hin tng bt than b tch ring. Sau khi hn hp cng, ph ln mt lp dy formalin pha long (1 ln formalin thng phm vi 2 ln nc) v ngm nhit phng 24 gi. Ct lp keo rn bng dao hoc bm c l giy, bc vo vi mn v ra di vi nc my trong 24 gi loi formalin tha. Chia cc a giy (mnh giy) vo cc l nh (20 - 30 mnh), thm nc ngp v hp trong hi nc 100 C trong 20 pht. Ct t lnh. Khi dng th dng kp ly mt a cho vo canh khun v n 14 ngy. Phn ng dng tnh cho thy bt than c tch ri v chm xung y. Mi trng thch phenylalanine deaminase (phenylalanine deaminase) c ch bng ha 3 g cao men (yeast extract), 2 g DLphenylalanine, 1 g Na2HPO4.2H2O, 5 g NaCl v 12 g agar vo 1 lt nc ct, un cho tan u, rt 3 ml mi ng, kh trng 115 C trong 20 pht, ngui t th nghing ng c thch nghing di. Sau khi nui cy qua m th nh vo la cy 3 - 4 git thuc th (ch bng cch ha 5 g FeCl2 vo 10 ml HCl 0,1 N ri thm nc ct cho 100 ml). Kt qu dng tnh l mu thuc th trn phn nghing v dch ng di ng tr nn xanh trong vng 1 pht, trng hp m tnh thuc th khng phn ng nn gi mu vng nht. Phn ng phosphatase c pht hin da trn kh nng gii phng phenolphthalein chuyn sang mu trong mi trng kim t phenolphthalein diphosphate khng mu c thm vo mi trng. Mi trng ny c ch bng cch thm 10 ml dung dch phenolphthalein diphosphate 1% trong nc vo mi trng thch thng c gi 45 C sau khi hp cao p kh trng, a Petri, rn. Cy vo mi a mt loi vi khun, 2 ngy (nh Staphylococcus,...) hoc 1 - 2 tun (nh Mycoplasma,...). Nh 0,1 ml nc ammoniac (NH4OH) vo np a ri c kt qu sau 20 - 30 giy. Nu phn ng phosphatase dng tnh, khun lc c mu hng, ngc li, m tnh th khng mu. Phn ng thy phn esculin (aesculin) hnh thnh esculetin v glucose. Esculetin nu kt hp vi st th ty nng m to phc hp mu nu m hoc en. ch mi trng ta ha 15 g peptone, 1 g esculin v 0,5 g citrate kp ammoni st II, hoc citrate st II, vo 1 lt nc ct, chnh pH 7, rt vo ng nh, hp tit trng 115 C trong 20 pht. Cy vi khun ri n 7 ngy. Vi khun esculinase dng tnh chuyn mi trng sang mu nu m hoc en, m tnh khng ha en mi trng.
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Vi khun ny ch c tnh gy bnh i vi ngi. Ngi c th do chut hoc ng vt khc mang trng cn, do tip xc vi ng vt b nhim hoc n ung phi thc n nc ung b nhim nng m b bnh pht st cp tnh. Bnh chut cn (rat-bite fever, soudoku, "th gio nhit") ngi do vi khun Streptobacillus moniliformis gy ra, thng sau 2 - 3 ngy (thi k nung bnh c th t 1 n 22 ngy) t nhin pht bnh, st cao, cm hn, au u, da ni mn dng my ay, au bp c v khp xng, sng cc hch lympho,... (Bnh chut cn cn do Spirillum minus gy ra, xem phn "Xon th...").
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Chng 2 TRC KHUN GRAM M HIU KH

Thuc nhm cc trc khun hiu kh c n 17 chi thuc 7 h v 16 chi cha c phn (loi cp) h. Phn ny m t ch 1 chi c tnh gy bnh i vi ng vt v 16 chi khc thuc 1 h.
A. PSEUDOMONAS (H PSEUDOMONADACEAE) I. C IM CHUNG CA H PSEUDOMONADACEAE

1. Phn loi Thuc h Pseudomonadaceae gm c 4 chi Pseudomonas, Xanthomonas, Frateuria v Zoogloea, l nhng vi khun phn b rng ri trong t nhin: trong t, trong nc, trong ng rut ca ng vt,... Trong s , ch c chi Pseudomonas l c tnh gy bnh cho ngi v ng vt. Thuc chi Pseudomonas, trc y cn c trc khun t th v gi t th (trc na c gi l chi Maleomyces xp trong h Parvobacteriaceae cng vi Pasteurella, Brucella, Bordetella v Francisella), v 5 loi khc, nhng n nm 1993 cc vi khun c phn loi vo chi mi thit lp Burkholderia (bng I19). Nh vy h Pseudomonadaceae tr nn c 5 chi (Pseudomonas, Burkholderia, Xanthomonas, Frateuria v Zoogloea). 2. Hnh thi L nhng trc khun Gram m, kch thc trung bnh (0,5 - 1,0 1,5 3,0 m), thng l n mao i khi l tng mao khun c 2 - 3 lng, ring trc khun t th v trc khun bnh m trng c chp (cha phn loi) th khng c lng. Cc vi khun ny u khng sinh nha bo v gip m. 3. Tnh trng sinh ha Pht trin tt trn mi trng thch thng, khng ln men ng glucose, xy ha cc ng, cc acid hu c v amino acid thu nng lng. Hu ht cc loi c phn ng oxidase dng tnh. P. aeruginosa (trc khun m xanh) gm c cc chng sinh sc t xanh lc pyocyanin v sc t pyorubin v cc chng khng sn sinh sc t. Cn P. fluorescens sn sinh sc t vng pyoverdin (fluorescin). Bng I-19. Phn loi h Pseudomonadaceae
Chi Pseudomonas (v Burkholderia) Hm lng G+C (mol%) 58 - 71 Loi P. aeruginosa (trc khun m xanh) P. fluorescens (trc khun hunh quang) P. putida P. anguilliseptica P. (B.) mallei (trc khun t th)* P. (B.) pseudomallei (trc khun gi t th)* 86 loi khc
Ba chi khc Ghi ch: *, Pseudomonas khi u c tn chi l Malleomyces, thuc h c Parvobactariaceae, t nm 1993 li chuyn thnh chi mi Burkholderia (gm 7 loi).
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4. Tnh gy bnh Trc khun m xanh sn sinh elastase, ngoi c t A, protease, bacteriocin (pyocin),... Cc protein c t ny lin quan n vic hnh thnh cc hoi t t chc phi cng nh bnh da. cc bnh, m hoc cc cht tit xut c mu xanh lc. Trc khun m xanh c c lc thp, phn b rng ri trong t nhin v l vi khun cm nhim c hi. Vi khun ny c sc khng cao vi cc cht tiu c v cc cht khng sinh nn thng pht huy tnh gy bnh nhng c th mn cm. Cn cc trc khun t th th c c lc cao, c tnh gy bnh r rt i vi nga, la, la v ngi nhng khng yu vi cc yu t l ha nh cht tiu c, s lm kh v nhit cao.
II. BNH CM NHIM PSEUDOMONAS

Cc bnh cm nhim tiu biu do Pseudomonas ng vt c k bng I-20. 1. Bnh t th (glanders)BKD50 L bnh do cm nhim Burkholderia (P.) mallei gy ra nga, thng mn tnh, vi nhng triu chng c trng l hnh thnh cc lot t th (ra cao, gia lm cha m dng ph mt mu vng) xoang mi, nim mc ng h hp, hch lympho, cc c quan ni tng v da. y l bnh ly chung ngi v ng vt. Ty thuc v v tr hnh thnh bnh tch m phn bit 3 th khc nhau l t th th phi (ph t th), t th (ch Hn "t" c ngha l mi) v t th th da. Nu tim vi khun ny vo phc mc chut lang c th sau 3 - 4 ngy vi khun gy vim tinh hon mt cch c hiu. y c gi l phn ng Strauss c th s dng ng nh vi khun (mc d cn phn bit tip vi vi khun gi t th v Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis). Bng I-20. Bnh cm nhim Pseudomonas tiu biu ng vt
Bnh T th Gi t th Bnh trc khun m xanh ln Bnh vim phi xut huyt chn vizon Bnh cm nhim Pseudomonas c Bnh nguyn P. (B.) mallei P. (B.) pseudomallei P. aeruginosa P. aeruginosa P. fluorescens hoc P. putida P. dermoalba P. anguilliseptica, P. chlororaphis Pseudomonas spp. ng vt cm th Nga, la, la, ngi Gm nhm, ng vt khc Ln Chn vizon (mink) C nc, c hanh,... C Ln, c chnh C chp Bnh trng Hnh thnh hch t th xoang mi, phi, da,... Hnh thnh hch dng t th hch lympho nga Bi huyt ln con, vim ha m thng mu xanh Vim phi xut huyt Da v mang xut huyt, lot (bnh ng du c) Bnh trng ui c ging Bnh m (xut huyt) ca ln, c chnh Bnh m trng do vi khun
chn on ngi ta thng dng phn ng d ng (phn ng mallein). Khng nguyn mallein l nc lc canh khun (la cy vi khun lng) t th trong mi trng nc tht c 4% glycerin 37 C. Phn ng c th lm
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vi 3 phng php: nh mt, tim di da v tim trong da. Phng php nh mt th phn ng mallein c dng ph bin v tin li, pht hin c cm nhim t tun th 2, 3 (khng thc hin nu vt b vim mt). Buc gia sc ch khng c gi la, nh 2 - 3 git mallein vo ti trong kt mc ca mt mt, mt kia khng nh lm i chng m. c kt qu sau 3 gi. Nu kt mc c m, sng hoc hi sng, u khe mt c m chy ra thnh hnh si nh l phn ng dng tnh. Ch rng i khi phn ng xy ra chm hn v vy cn kim tra phn ng n 24 gi. Nu kt mc mt , sng, chy nc mt, u khe mt ch c t m (nh ht u nh) l phn ng nghi ng. Trong trng hp ny cn lm li phn ng sau 6 ngy. Nu mt khng thay i hoc kt mc ch hi l phn ng m tnh. Phng php tim di da th phn ng mallein ch tin hnh sau khi kim tra nhit gia sc hai ngy lin tc v thy khng vt qu 38,5 C, thc hin bng cch tim 1 ml mallein vo di da c hoc da ym, sau 6 - 8 gi theo di nhit v bin i ni tim. Nu thn nhit gia sc tng v t n mc cao nht (khng di 39,5 C) vo khong sau 15 gi, ng thi ch tim sng, nng, au v din tch ch sng tip tc tng n 24 - 36 gi t n 10 - 20 mm v gi nguyn trong 2 - 3 ngy, con vt thng mt, khng n, mch p nhanh l phn ng dng tnh. Nu thn nhit tng n trn 39 C nhng khng c phn ng cc b l phn ng nghi ng. Nu thn nhit khng qu 39 C l phn ng m tnh. Phng php tim trong da (ni b) th phn ng mallein t c s dng vi mallein do phn ng khng r rt. Tim 0,2 ml mallein vo trong da v c kt qu sau 6 gi. Nu thy sng ch tim tn ti 1 2 ngy l phn ng dng tnh. Phng php nh mt chnh xc hn c, t ti 92 - 96%, nu nh ln 2 cch ln th nht 6 ngy th phn ng cng nhy. C th phi hp phn ng kt hp b th nu phn ng m tnh trong khi nghi ng c bnh v mt lm sng. 2. Bnh gi t th (melioidosis)BKD53 L bnh gy ra do P. (Burkholderia) pseudomallei ch yu cc loi ng vt gm nhm, nhng thnh thong gp ng vt nhai li, nga, ch, ngi,... vi s hnh thnh nhng hch dng sa kh vn (hch gi t th) cc hch lympho, cc kh quan, v cc khp,... 3. Bnh trc khun m xanh ln (pseudomonas infection in swine) Pseudomonas aeruginosa gy ln cc la tui cc mng m da v cc kh quan, ln con thng dn n bi huyt. 4. Bnh vim phi xut huyt chn vizon (haemorrhagic pneumonia in mink) Do P. aeruginosa gy ra, l bnh gy t vong cao ca chn vizon (mink) nui ly da lng, vi triu chng ch yu l vim phi xut huyt. Hin ti, trn th gii s dng vaccine v hot phng bnh ny.
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5. Bnh do Pseudomonas c (pseudomonas disease, pseudomonas septicemia [in fish]) Tt c cc loi Pseudomonas u gy bnh truyn nhim cc loi c khc nhau nh c nc, c hanh, c mng, ln v nhiu c khc, gy xut huyt v lot da, vy, mang,...
B. BORDETELLA V BNH CM NHIM I. C IM CHUNG CA BORDETELLA

1. Phn loi i din gy bnh trong chi Bordetella c bit c 4 loi l B. pertussis (vi khun ho g ngi, ch yu tr em), B. parapertussis (vi khun gi ho g), B. bronchiseptica (vi khun vim ph qun bi huyt, cn c tn l B. bronchicanis), v B. avium. Hai vi khun u gy bnh ngi cn hai vi khun sau gy bnh ng vt. 2. Hnh thi Bordetella l nhng cu trc khun nh (0,2 - 0,3 0,5 - 1,0 m), Gram m, trong B. bronchiseptica, B. avium l nhng chu mao khun, di ng, cn B. pertussis v B. parapertussis l nhng v mao khun v khng di ng. 3. Tnh trng sinh ha y l nhng vi khun hiu kh bt buc, khng ln men ng glucose. B. bronchiseptica khi bt u phn lp thng kh pht trin trn mi trng thch thng, cn trn mi trng Bordet-Gengou v thch mu th pht trin tt. Khi mi phn lp t bnh phm th c gip m, nhung mao (fimbria) v gy dung huyt dng (beta), nhng sau khi cy truyn i th thng mt cc c tnh ny cng nh c lc. Sn sinh urease, phn ng oxidase dng tnh, c kh nng s dng citrate v hon nguyn nitrate. Hm lng G+C (mol%) l 66. B. avium c phn lp t chim v c cc c tnh ging nh vi khun trn nhng phn ng urease m tnh, oxidase dng tnh chm, hm lng G+C (mol%) l 61. 4. Tnh gy bnh Vi khun bm dnh vo khong gia nhung mao thng b ca nim mc ng h hp ng vt m biu hin tnh gy bnh. ng vt b bnh ch yu l sc vt non, bnh trng thng tr nn c ha bi cc cm nhim th pht. ng vt cao tui cm nhim thng khng pht bnh nhng ng vt tr nn mang trng tr thnh bnh. T l t vong thp nhng t l cm nhim cao.
II. BNH CM NHIM BORDETELLA

1. Bnh vim teo mi ln (atrophic rhinitis - AR)BKD40 Trc khun B. bronchiseptica ("ph qun bi huyt khun") gy khi pht bnh ny ln con nh c kh nng kt bm vo nim mc xoang mi, gy vim, to iu kin cho P. multocida sinh c t hoi t da (DNT - dermonecrotic toxin) khng chu nhit kt bm v sn sinh c t lm cc t bo xng xoang
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mi teo vim mn tnh tin trin, i khi bnh ny kt hp vi bnh vim phi ph qun. phng bnh ngi ta dng vaccine v hot ch t chng mi phn lp hoc vaccine thnh phn ch t HA (khng nguyn ngng kt hng cu) hoc vaccine sng ch t cc chng bin d nhc c mn cm nhit. 2. Bnh cm nhim Bordetella bronchiseptica (B. bronchiseptica infection) L bnh ng h hp cc ng vt nh dng lm th nghim vi nhng triu chng ch yu l chy nc mi, ht hi,... Bng I-21. Cc bnh ng vt tiu biu do cm nhim Bordetella
Bnh Bnh vim teo mi (ln) Bnh cm nhim B. bronchiseptica Bnh s mi g ty Bnh nguyn B. bronchiseptica phi hp vi P. multocida B. bronchiseptica B. avium ng vt cm th Ln Chut lang, chut,... G ty Bnh kh Vim teo mi, vim ph qun, vim phi Vim ph qun Vim mi, vim kh qun
3. Bnh s mi g ty (turkey coryza) G ty con nu cm nhim B. avium s vim mi cata (vim mi chy thanh dch), vim ti kh, vim phi - ph qun,...
C. BRUCELLA V BNH CM NHIM I. C IM CHUNG CA BRUCELLA

1. Phn loi Cc vi khun thuc chi Brucella ch yu ty thuc vo loi k ch m phn loi thnh 6 loi khc nhau nh B. melitensis (d), B. suis (ln), B. abortus (b), B. canis (ch) B. ovis (cu) v B. neotomae (chut). Nhng v gia cc loi cc c tnh sinh ha hc, di truyn hc c tnh tng ng rt cao nn vo nm 1985 ngh coi y ch l mt loi (loi B. melitensis) chnh thc pht biu. T cc "loi" trc y c coi l cc dng sinh hc (biovar), v c vit di dng B. melitensis biovar Abortus, B. melitensis biovar Suis,... (bng I-22). 2. Hnh thi Brucella l nhng vi khun Gram m hiu kh dng cu trc khun hoc hnh que ngn (0,5 - 0,7 0,6 - 2,0 m), khng hnh thnh gip m, lng, cng nh nha bo. C th nhum phn bit vi khun Brucella theo phng php Kozlovsky (1939). Sau khi dc dn mng, kh v c nh bng h nng, tiu bn c ph dung dch thuc nhum safranin 2% (trong nc), h nng cho xut hin bt hi, ra nc ri nhum li bng dung dch malachite green 0,75 - 1%. Brucella bt mu cn cc vi khun khc v t chc bt mu xanh.
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3. Tnh trng sinh ha Brucella l nhng vi khun hiu kh, pht trin chm trn mi trng thch thng, nui cy phn lp cn gia thm vo mi trng huyt thanh hoc mu. Cc tnh trng gim bit cc biovar Brucella c k bng I-21. Cc c tnh nh yu cu CO2 pht trin, tnh hon nguyn nitrate, phn ng oxidase, kh nng pht trin mi trng c gia thm cht mu,... l nhng c tnh phn bit biovar trng yu. Hm lng G+C (mol%) l 56 - 58. 4. Tnh gy bnh Bnh do Brucella (thng gi l bnh sy thai truyn nhim hay brucellosis)BKD27 l bnh nhiu loi ng vt khc nhau: b, tru, d, cu, ln,... l bnh truyn nhim phn b rng khp th gii. Vit nam trc y tng pht hin mt s trng hp bnh ny ng vt nhp ni, song c pht hin kp thi v x l loi thi trit nn t khng c thng bo pht hin. Hu ht cc chng u c phn lp t cc trng hp ng vt c cha b sy thai. Tuy vy, si (ng vt ci khng th c cha), vim tinh hon, vim ph hon v cc khp,... l nhng trng hp thng gp. Hn na, do vi khun c th i qua cc tuyn lympho m bi xut ra sa, cho nn y l bnh truyn nhim ly chung ngi v ng vt quan trng trong th y v sinh cng ng. Bng I-22. Cc tnh trng gim bit v tnh gy bnh ca Brucella melitensis
Dng sinh hca Abortus Yu cu CO2 +d Sn sinh H2S +d Phn ng Pht trin khi c oxidase Thioninb Fuchsine basicc + + ng vt cm th B, ngi Bnh trng
Sy thai, vim tinh hon Melitensis + + + Cu, d, ngi Sy thai, vim tinh hon Suis -d + +d -d Ln, ngi Sy thai, vim tinh hon Canis + + Ch, ngi Sy thai, vim tinh hon Ovis + + Cu Sy thai, vim tinh hon Neotomae + Chut cy Khng r Ghi ch: a, trc y coi l cc loi v vit B. abortus, B. melitensis, B. suis, B. canis, B. ovis v B. neotomae, thm vo c s phn loi nh hn, B. abortus c 8, B. suis c 4, B. melitensis c 3 dng sinh hc; b, nng thionin 1:25.000; c, nng fuchsine basic 1:50.000; +d, hn na s biovar dng tnh; -d, hn na s biovar m tnh.
ng vt, s lan truyn bnh ch yu thng qua ng da, nim mc t thai, nhau thai, kh dung nhim trng, hoc qua ming do nut phi thc n nc ung hay lim da b nhim khun, hoc t ng vt c truyn sang ng vt ci qua giao cu. Ngi b nhim Brucella do nhim cc cht bi xut t cc ng vt cm nhim qua da, ng ming, hoc ng h hp, c th b chng bi huyt, biu hin st tng gim dng ln sng. Vi khun ny c nng lc khng s thc bo ca cc bch cu trung tnh v cc i thc bo v pht trin bn trong cc t bo (k sinh ni bo ty tin).
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D. FRANCISELLA V BNH CM NHIM I. C IM CHUNG CA FRANCISELLA

1. Phn loi Trong chi Francisella c hai loi c bit l F. tularensis (vi khun bnh th hoang, hay bnh tula) v F. novicida. Trong loi F. tularensis c hai dng sinh hc khc nhau l biovar Tularensis c tnh cao i vi ngi v biovar Palaearctica nhc c i vi ngi. F. novicida thng phn lp c t cc ng vt gm nhm. 2. Hnh thi F. tularensis l trc khun ngn (0,2 0,2 - 0,7 m), Gram m, nhng nu bi dng (nui cy) ko di th tr thnh a hnh thi. Vi khun khng c nha bo v tim mao (lng roi), nhng khi trong c th ng vt k ch th hnh thnh gip m, bt mu lng cc. 3. Tnh trng sinh ha Francisella l vi khun hiu kh bt buc, i hi mi trng nui cy nghim ngt, khng pht trin mi trng thch thng, pht trin cn cysteine v hemoglobulin, thng s dng mi trng non hong (lng trng), mi trng thch mu c gia thm glucose v cysteine. Phn ng oxidase m tnh, phn gii glucose hnh thnh acid nhng khng sinh hi. Hm lng G+C (mol%) l 33 - 36, gn gi vi cc Pasteurella. 4. Tnh gy bnh Bnh th hoang (cn gi l bnh tula hay tularemia)BKD82 phn b ch yu bn cu Bc, nc ta cha thy c thng bo v bnh ny. y l bnh ly chung ngi v ng vt, lu hnh gia th hoang, cc loi gm nhm nh chut hoang, sc,... v ngi. Vi khun ny c phn lp t hn 100 loi ng vt khc nhau. Cc gia sc nh cu, ch, mo, nga, ln,... u cm nhim vi khun ny. ng vt v ngi b cm nhim t th mang trng hoc thng qua ve bt qua da, qua ng h hp hoc qua ng ming m b bi huyt rt nng, gan v cc hch lympho sng to, hnh thnh cc hoi t.
E. NHNG TRC KHUN GRAM M HIU KH KHC

1. Bnh vim t cung truyn nhim nga (contagious equine mastritis) Trong chi Taylorella ch c mt loi T. equigenitalis. y l trc khun nh, bt mu Gram m, a hnh thi, c cc phn ng oxidase v catalase dng tnh, yu cu CO2 pht trin, c th pht trin trn mi trng mu un (chocolate agar) nhng khng yu cu cc yu t X v V. Hm lng G+C (mol%) l 36,5. Bnh vim t cung truyn nhim nga do T. equigenitalis l bnh ng sinh dc ca nga, vim c t cung, vim m o v vim ni mc (mng trong) t cung l nhng triu chng ch yu. Sc ly lan ca bnh rt ln, truyn ly ch yu qua giao cu. 2. Bnh cm nhim trc khun Riemerella anatipestifer gia cm
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(Riemerella anatipestifer infection in poultry, infectious serotitis, new duck disease, duck septisemia) y l bnh truyn nhim nhiu loi thy cm, gia cm khc nhau nh vt, g ty,... cng nh chim hoang d, gy ra bi trc khun Riemerella anatipestifer. Vi khun ny trc y c tm xp chi Pasteurella ch yu do c im hnh thi, di tn gi (khng chnh thc) "Pasteurella anatipestifer". y l nhng vi khun hiu kh, Gram m, hnh trng hay hnh que, kch thc trung bnh, khng di ng. 3. Bnh cm nhim Ornithobacterium rhinotrachae (Ornithobacterium rhinotrachae infection) L bnh truyn nhim thy g v g ty. Bnh nguyn cn phn lp c t nhiu loi chim khc nhau: chim ct, qu, b cu,... Ornithobacterium rhinotrachae l trc khun Gram m ym kh ty tin, a hnh thi, khng hnh thnh nha bo, khng di ng. Tn vi khun ny mi c xng nm 1994 (Opengard et al.), trc c tn l "Pasteurella-like organism Taxon 28". Bnh g thng thy c triu chng bnh c quan h hp, gim n, trng gim st, cht lng trng gim, t l cht thp (khong 2 - 4 %). g ty 14 tun tui tr ln, thy chy nc mi rt nng, mt sng ph, lng tr nn x v dng ngc, bing n, t l cht kh cao (khong 11%). 4. Bnh cm nhim Chryseobacterium meningitidis (Chryseobacterium meningitidis infection) L bnh ngi, gy vim mng no tr s sinh. Cc vi khun thuc chi Riemerella v Ornithobacterium, cng vi Cytophaga, Chryseobacterium, Bergeyella, Flavobacterium, Flexibacter, Empedobacter,... c xp chung vo nhm ln gi l "t hp FlavobacteriumCytophaga" (Flavobacterium-Cytophaga complex). Mt s chng vi khun c phn lp g, k hiu PS3, lu tr ti Trng i hc th y Azabu, Nht bn, ang xut loi mi "Haloanella gallinarum" (xem DDBJ/EMBL/GenBank nucleotide AB0535150) cng thuc nhm ny. 5. Bnh mang nhim vi khun c (bacterial gill disease) Chi Flavobacterium c chng 6 loi khc nhau nhng ch c loi F. branchiophila c suy nh l bnh nguyn bnh mang c nhim vi khun ca cc loi c ch yu thuc h Hi. y l nhng trc khun trung bnh (0,5 1,0 - 3,0 m), Gram m, cc phn ng oxidase v catalase dng tnh, khng do ng, hiu kh, phn b rng ri trong t nhin, l nhng vi khun thng tr trong t, trong nc. 6. Bnh cm nhim Flexibacter c (Flexibacter infection) Flexibacter l nhng trc khun thuc nhm vi khun trn (gliding bacteria), Gram m, khng c tim mao nhng t bo c nng lc un khc m di ng trn. a. Bnh tr (columnaris disease) Cm nhim F. columnaris ch yu cc c nc ngt, l bnh hnh thnh nhng vt lot mang, quanh khoang ming v ui.
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b. Bnh cung ui (peduncle disease) hay bnh nc lnh (cold-water disease) c L bnh truyn nhim cc c thuc h Hi gy ra bi F. psychrophilus. Bnh c gi l "bnh cung ui" do c nhng bnh tch thy r phn cung ui. Do bnh xut hin khi nhit nc xung di 12 C nn c tn bnh nc lnh. c. Cm nhim vi khun trn c bin (gliding bacteria infection in sea water fish) Bnh do F. maritimus gy ra vi nhng triu chng nh bi km, thn c ha en, vi nhng vt rn trng c vng quanh ming, mang, trn thn v cung ui. Bnh nng c th lm rng ui, vi khun pht trin ch tn thng. Nu cm nhim hn hp vi Vibrio th hnh thnh nhng vt rn, xut huyt, lot v rng vy mang hoc ton thn.
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Chng 3 CU KHUN V TRC KHUN GRAM M HIU KH (H NEISSERIACEAE) I. C IM CHUNG CA H NEISSERIACEAE

1. Phn loi Cc vi khun Neisseria, Moraxella, Branhamella, Acinetobacter v Kingella u thuc h Neisseriaceae. Chi Neisseria ngoi N. meningitidis, N. gonorrhoeae cn c 9 loi khc. Cc vi khun hai loi ny thng c bit nh no cu khun (meningococcus) v lu cu khun (gonococcus), sng ng h hp trn, c quan sinh dc - tit niu,... ca ngi v ng vt. Chi Moraxella c 6 loi, trong c M. bovis, cn chi Branhamella c 4 loi trong c B. ovis v u phn lp c t kt mc mt v ng h hp trn ca ngi v ng vt. C ngi cho rng nn coi Branhamella l "chi ph" (hay " chi") ca chi Moraxella. Chi Acinetobacter ch c 1 loi nhng c n 6 dng phn loi theo tnh tng ng DNA (DNA homology). y l nhng vi khun hoi sinh ph bin trong t nhin nh t, nc,... Thuc h Neisseriaceae cn c chi Kingella gm 3 loi. 2. Hnh thi Cc vi khun chi Neisseria l nhng cu khun Gram m, ng knh 0,6 - 1,0 m. Thng c dng hnh ht u, xp thnh i gm 2 t bo hnh bn cu vi cc mt phng tip gip nhau. Cc t bo c gip m v tim mao nhng khng hnh thnh nha bo. Cc vi khun chi Moraxella l nhng trc khun ngn, c kch thc 0,5 1,0 1,0 - 2,0 m, cn cc Branhamella li l nhng cu khun c ng knh 0,6 - 1,0 m, thng quan st thy dng song cu. Cc vi khun ny u c gip m v nhung mao (fimbria hay pili) nhng khng hnh thnh nha bo v tim mao (flagellum). Cc vi khun chi Acinetobacter l nhng trc khun ngn (0,9 - 1,6 1,5 - 2,5 m), thng hnh thnh dng song lin cu hoc song cu. Khng c nhung mao, khng hnh thnh nha bo nhng hnh thnh gip m. 3. Tnh trng sinh ha Cc tnh trng sinh ha ch yu ca cc loi vi khun ch yu thuc h Neisseriaceae c k bng I-23. Cc loi u l nhng vi khun Gram m nhng cng c th gp mt s t bo bt mu m bt thng, yu cu dinh dng nghim ngt, pht trin cn m v CO2 trong kh quyn. Thng s dng mi trng thch mu hay mi trng mu un (chocolate agar) nui cy. Cc phn ng catalase, oxidase dng tnh, khng di ng, phn gii ng theo phng thc xy ha. N. gonorrhoeae v N. meningitidis c sc khng thp, 55 C b hy dit sau 5 pht. nhit thp v kh cng rt yu, bc l trong khng kh 1 - 3 gi cng khng th tn ti. Trn mi trng nui cy cng d dng b cht, thng t ly gii sau 2 - 3 ngy.
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Chi Moraxella c phn ng oxidase dng tnh, nhng M. bovis c phn ng catalase ty thuc chng, khng di ng, phn gii ng theo phng thc xy ha, khng sn sinh indol v urease, khng s dng c citrate. pht trin M. bovis cn m thch hp, yu cu dinh dng nghim ngt, trn mi trng thch mu v thch mu un th hnh thnh nhng khun lc nh, nhng khng yu cu cc yu t V v X,... nh nhng yu t c bit tng cng s pht trin. Nu bi dng trn thch mu 24 gi th pht trin thnh khun lc dung huyt beta (). C th phn bit thnh 3 loi da v c im khun lc v s hin din ca nhung mao. Do , c khun lc dng R tng i ln, phng, n vo mi trng, t bo vi khun c nhiu nhung mao. Khun lc dng S tng i nh, trn li, khng n su vo mi trng, t bo vi khun khng c nhung mao. Ngoi ra cn c dng trung gian R - S. Pht trin rt km mi trng thch thng v canh thang, nu nui cy trn mi trng canh thang thm mu th lc u c u, sau tri qua thi gian m t bo vi khun lng xung y, mi trng tr nn trong. Phn ng hon nguyn nitrate m tnh, gelatinase dng tnh, sn sinh protease, phn ng non hong (lecithinase) dng tnh, phn gii tween 80 (tc phn ng lipase dng tnh), khng pht trin trn mi trng MacConkey. Chi Branhamella c cc phn ng oxidase, catalase, gelatinase dng tnh, urease m tnh, phn bit vi Neisseria nh khng sn sinh sc t, khng phn gii ng, phn ng hon nguyn nitrate dng tnh. Acinetobacter biu hin tnh yu cu mnh i vi xy, c th pht trin trn mi trng thch thng v thch MacConkey. Phn ng catalase dng tnh, oxidase m tnh, khng di ng, khng phn gii hoc phn gii cc ng nh xy ha, khng hon nguyn nitrate. Vi khun ny gn ging Moraxella, Brucella, Pseudomonas, Bordetella,... nhng khc cc c tnh: khng di ng, phn ng oxidase m tnh, khng sn sinh sc t, pht trin trn mi trng MacConkey v khng penicillin. Bng I-23. Cc c tnh ch yu ca h Neisseriaceae c ngha th y
Tnh trng Hnh thi Catalase Oxidase Di ng OF (glucose) Hon nguyn nitrate G+C (mol%) Loi ch yu Neisseria Hnh cu + + O 46,5 - 53,5 N. gonorrhoeae N. meningitidis v 9 loi khc Moraxella Hnh que ngn + + 40 - 47,5 M. bovis v 5 loi khc Branhamella Hnh cu + + D 40 - 47,5 B. bovis v 5 loi khc Acinetobacter Hnh que ngn + O/38 - 47 A. calcoaceticus
4. Tnh gy bnh Cc bnh do cc vi khun ch yu thuc h Neisseriaceae c k bng I-24. Trong chi Neisseria, vi khun gy bnh ch yu l N. meningitidis v N. gonorrhoeae. N. meningitidis l nguyn nhn bnh vim no - mng no lu hnh ngi, i khi k sinh hng hu ca ngi khe mnh. N. gonorrhoeae
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l vi khun lu ngi, n ng gy vim niu o, ph n gy vim niu o v c t cung. Cc Neisseria khng biu hin tnh gy bnh ng vt. Cc vi khun trong chi Moraxella c phn lp kh thng xuyn t kt mc, c quan h hp ca ng vt, nhng trong s lin quan n lnh vc th y ch c M. bovis gy chng vim gic mc - kt mc truyn nhim b. Cc chng mi phn lp biu hin dung huyt, cc chng dung huyt c c tnh cao hn cc chng khng dung huyt. Cc chng c nhung mao cng c c lc cao hn cc chng khng c nhung mao, tnh dung huyt v nhung mao lin quan mt thit vi c lc ca vi khun. Vi khun ny sn sinh ni c t hoi t da, hnh thnh bnh kt mc in hnh kt mc b ngh. Branhamella ch yu c phn lp t xoang mi, xoang ming v ng h hp trn ca ng vt v ngi. B. ovis tuy c phn lp t chng vim gic - kt mc truyn nhim ca cu v b nhng tnh gy bnh thp. Acinetobacter ni chung khng c tnh gy bnh nhng khi ngi v ng vt gim sc khng vi khun pht huy tnh gy bnh, to nn bnh cm nhim c hi. Vi khun ny thng phn lp c trong thai g b ung nn c th coi phi thai g cht do cm nhim Acinetobacter. Bng I-24. Bnh tiu biu ng vt do cm nhim vi khun thuc h Neisseriaceae
Tn bnh Bnh lu Bnh vim no mng no ty Bnh vim gic - kt mc truyn nhim Bnh cm nhim Acinetobacter Bnh nguyn N. gonorrhoeae N. meningitidis M. bovis B. ovis A. calcoaceticus ng vt cm nhim Ngi Ngi B Cu, b Trng g pht dc Bnh trng Vim niu o, vim c t cung Vim mng no - ty Vim gic mc, vim kt mc Vim gic mc, vim kt mc Phi thai g b ung
II. BNH CM NHIM MORAXELLA

Bnh vim gic - kt mc b (infectious bovine keratoconjunctivitis) L mt bnh cp tnh hoc mn tnh ca b vi triu chng ch yu c trng l vim kt mc v vim gic mc. B nui n tp trung, c bit trong thi gian chn th ma xun cc nc n hn i bnh thng a pht, chy nc mt, s nh sng, sng m mt, trng c gic mc, lot gic mc,... l triu chng thng thy, cc mch mu chung quanh gic mc thng sng, sung huyt, trng trng ca mt c mu nht. Bnh ny ch yu a pht b chn th ma xun, dng canh khun M. bovis n c tuy khng to c bnh cm nhim thc nghim nhng nu trc khi gy nhim m chiu tia t ngoi vo b th nghim th rt d thit lp c cm nhim thc nghim. Do , nh sng mt tri, bi, kh,... lm mt b kch thch v tn thng l nhng yu t cm ng quan trng cho vi khun pht bnh. Do vi khun ny thng phn lp c t mt v xoang mi ca b nn b c coi l ngun bnh.
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Chng 4 TRC KHUN V CU KHUN GRAM M YM KH (H BACTEROIDACEAE V HVEILLONELLACEAE) I. C IM CA BACTEROIDES, FUSOBACTERIUM, VEILLONELLA
1. Phn loi Chi Bacteroides gm hn 44 loi v chi Fusobacterium gm 10 loi thuc h Bacteroidaceae, l nhng vi khun thng tr ca ng tiu ha v c quan sinh dc tit niu ca ng vt v ngi. c bit Bacteroides l vi khun ch yu cu thnh nn khu h vi khun ng rut, trong phn vi khun ny chim n hn 80% v s lng. Gn y, loi B. nodosus c ti phn loi vo chi mi thit lp, c tn loi mi l Dichelobacter nodosus. Chi Veillonella thuc h Veillonellaceae, hin ti c 7 loi, l nhng vi khun thng tr ca ng vt, sinh sng khoang ming, ng tiu ha v ng h hp trn. Cc vi khun ny tuyt i ym kh, hn na, do khng c nha bo nn nhanh chng b hy dit khi tip xc vi khng kh, v vy, chng khng th sinh sng bn ngoi c th ng vt v ngi. 2. Hnh thi Cc vi khun nu trn u Gram m, khng hnh thnh nha bo. Bacteroides l nhng trc khun, cng c trng hp a hnh thi. C nhng chng hnh thnh gip m. B. fragilis v B. (Dichelobacter) nodusus c nhung mao. Fusobacterium l nhng trc khun di, thng a hnh thi. c bit, F. necrophorum c kch thc 0,5 - 1,75 0,5 - 500 m, ph thuc vo iu kin nui cy m c dng cu trc khun n dng si ko di, trong t bo c nhng ht bt mu xanh methylene (methylene blue) rt tt. Veillonella l nhng cu khun rt nh, kch thc 0,3 - 0,5 m, khng nha bo, tim mao v gip m, thng xp i thnh dng song cu khun hoc to nhng khi cc cu khun. Tuy l nhng vi khun Gram m, nhng nhiu trng hp bt mu m bt thng, khng u. 3. Tnh trng sinh ha Tnh trng sinh ha cc vi khun ny c k bng I-25. Cc vi khun ny u l nhng vi khun ym kh bt buc. Bacteroides l vi khun sn sinh acid acetic, acid propionic, acid succinic,... nh l nhng sn trao i cht. B. flagilis thng thng c nui cy mi trng nui cy vi khun ym kh, hnh thnh mu trng tro bng lng, hi c, kch thc 1 - 3 mm. Dch mt ng vt tng cng s pht trin vi khun ny. Cc phn ng sinh indol, hon nguyn nitrate u m tnh, khng cc thuc khng sinh neomycin, kanamycin v gentamycin. Nhiu chng sn sinh -lactamase v biu hin tnh khng cc cht khng sinh h penicillin v h cephalosporin.
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B. (D.) nodosus c th phn loi thnh 3 dng da vo hnh thi ca khun lc trn mi trng thch. Cc phn ng hon nguyn nitrate, sn sinh H2S v dch ha gelatin u m tnh. S dng peptone hoc glucose th hnh thnh acid butyric. F. necrophorum di ng, sn sinh indol, khng pht trin trong mi trng cha 20% dch mt, trn mi trng thch hnh thnh khun lc trn li, mu t trng tro n xm tro. C th dung huyt hon ton hoc khng hon ton mu nga v cu. Loi ny chia thnh 3 dng sinh hc (biovar). Dng A gy dung huyt , ngng kt hng cu, trong mi trng bn c th th pht trin thnh dng tn la, c tnh gy bnh i vi chut. Dng B hu nh khng c tnh ngng kt hng cu, trong mi trng bn c th thng pht trin thnh dng ht, c tnh gy bnh yu i vi chut. Dng C khng c tnh dung huyt v tnh ngng kt hng cu, khng c tnh gy bnh i vi chut. Bng I-25. Phn loi v cc tnh trng ch yu ca Bacteroides, Fusobacterium v Veillonella
Tnh trng Hnh thi Catalase Oxidase O/F (glucose) Hon nguyn nitrate Indol Pht trin trong 20% mt Sn vt trao i cht ch yu Hm lng G+C (mol%) Loi ch yu Bacteroides Cu khun D F/D D A, S, P, L Fusobacterium Trc khun F D D B Veillonella Cu khun D + . .. A, P
28 - 61 26 - 34 36 - 43 B. fragils F. necrophorum V. parvula 8 loi khc 6 loi khc B. (D.) nodosus 42 loi khc Ghi ch: A: acid acetic; B: acid butyric; D: khc nhau ty loi; F: ln men; L: acid lactic; P: acid propionic; S: acid succinic.
4. Tnh gy bnh Tnh gy bnh ca cc vi khun Gram m ym kh khng sinh nha bo c nu bng I-26. Trong s cc vi khun thuc chi Bacteroides ch c B. fragilis v B. (D.) nodosus l nhng loi trng yu trong lnh vc th y. B. fragilis l vi khun thng tr ca ng tiu ha ngi v ng vt, thng tr thnh yu t cm nhim c hi. Vi khun ny ch chim mt phn khng ln trong phn (1 - 9%) nhng li phn lp c t cc bnh phm lm sng vi tn rt cao. a s vi khun ny c tnh khng cao i vi cc cht khng sinh v biu hin c lc cao. Nng lc hnh thnh gip m c coi l yu t gy bnh, trn c th ng vt th nghim, cc cht chit t gip m tng cng vic hnh thnh cc mng m. Ngoi ra, kh nng hnh thnh nhung mao, catalase, SOD (superoxide dismutase),... cng c coi l c vai tr trong qu trnh hnh thnh bnh. Vi khun ny cm nhim hn hp vi cc loi vi khun khc hnh thnh nhng mng m gia sc, thng phn ly c t bnh vim v b. ngi vi khun ny l mt trong nhng yu t gy bnh c hi trng yu, hnh
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thnh cc mng m cc v tr khc nhau trong c th. B. (D.) nodosus gy bnh thi lot k mng cu, d, gy vim da k mng tru b. Vi khun ny c c lc khc nhau ph thuc vo ngun gc ca chng. Cc chng c ngun gc t cu c c lc cao, biu hin hnh thi khun lc dng 1, c nhung mao. Cc chng phn lp t b thng c c lc thp, biu hin hnh thi khun lc dng 2, t nhung mao hn. Bng I-26. Cc bnh cm nhim Bacteroides v Fusobacterium tiu biu ng vt
Bnh Bnh cm nhim Bacteroides Bnh thi lot k mng Bnh thi lot k mng p xe gan Bnh nguyn B. fragilis B. (D.) nodosus F. necrophorum F. necrophorum ng vt cm th Ngi, gia sc Cu, d, b Bnh trng p xe Vim hoi t c m Vim hoi t c m p xe
F. necrophorum sn sinh c t dung huyt c tnh dung gii t bo i vi cc bch cu, c coi l lin quan n kh nng gy bnh. Ni c t biu hin c tnh i vi th. Vi khun ny l mt trong nhng vi khun ca khu h vi sinh vt thng tr ca ng vt n c v ln, phn lp c t d c ca ng vt nhai li. i vi tru b, d, cu v ngi c th gy bnh nguyn pht hoc th pht vi triu chng ch yu l hoi t t chc v hnh thnh mng m: p xe gan b, tru, vim hng hu c mng gi, thi lot k mng b ngh. Veillonella thng phn lp c t cc dng bnh phm lm sng khc nhau nhng tnh gy bnh th cha r.
II. BNH CM NHIM FUSOBACTERIUM

p xe gan (hepatic abscess) L chng bnh mng m do cm nhim F. necrophorum ch yu b, tru, c bit a pht b c t v bo nui tp trung. Vi khun ny cn l nguyn nhn cc chng bnh ha m cc loi ng vt khc. y l bnh cm nhim t pht nn cc bnh tch trn b mt nim mc d dy nh chng x cng d c (rumen parakeratosis),... hoc do kim loi hoc cc vt cng khc to iu kin cho vi khun kt bm, xm nhp, vt qua tnh mch ca vo gan m hnh thnh bnh. T bn ngoi khng th thy c s bin i nhng khi kim sot git m ngi ta thy nhiu p xe.
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Chng 5 XON TH GRAM M HIU KH HOC VI HIU KH I. C IM CHUNG CA XON TH

1. Phn loi Xon th (spirillum) (hay xon dng khun) l nhm vi khun Gram m hiu kh hoc vi hiu kh, di ng, c dng xon, gm 7 chi vi hn 37 loi, nhng vi khun gy bnh th ch c 4 loi thuc chi Campylobacter, 1 loi thuc chi gn gi Helicobacter (bng I-27) v 1 loi thuc chi khng th nui cy Spirillum. Trc y cc Campylobacter c xp vo chi Vibrio, v sau chng c xp vo nhm spirillum do c cc vng xon y cc vi khun ny khc bit c vi cc phy khun. V mt hnh thi cc xon th khc cc vi khun nhm xon khun (spirochaeta) do s vng xon t hn, vng xon ca chng khng lm cho ng knh c th tng ln, nhng im khc ch yu l ch cc xon th khng c cu trc si trc chu cht (periplasmic axial filament), lp bao ngoi (outer layer) nh xon khun, m ngc li c vch t bo cng v di ng mnh nh c tim mao cc t bo. Bng I-27. Cc tnh trng gim bit ch yu ca cc loi Campylobacter v loi gn gi
C. sputorum subsp. sputorum Loi (loi ph) C. fetus subsp. venereales
C. fetus subsp. fetus
C. sputorum subsp. bubulus
C. jejuni
C. coli
Khun lc (mu vng m) Yu cu H2:fumarate Yu cu mu Pht trin 25 C 31 C 37 C 42 C Glycine 1% NaCl (3,5%) Oxidase Catalase Sn sinh H2S Hon nguyn nitrate Urease Thy phn hippurate
+ + + + + + + -
+ + + + + + -
+ + + + + + + +
+ + + + + + + -
C. lari
Tnh trng
+ + + + + + + -
(+) + + + + + + + + -
(+) + + + + + + . -
+ + + + + + + + -
+ + + + + + + + + . -
v + + + + + . -
2. Hnh thi Campylobacter l nhng vi khun Gram m, c dng ch S hoc du
Helicobacter pylori + v + (+) + + + -
C. hyointestinalis
C. mucosalis
C. concisus
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phy, n mao khun mt cc hoc hai cc, di ng theo dng vn nt chai. Kch thc vi khun 0,2 - 0,8 0,5 - 5,0 m nhng i khi li c dng cu khun. Thng thng khng c gip m nhng C. jejuni c khi li thy c gip m. Cc vi khun Helicobacter c dng xon, tng mao n cc (c chm lng mt cc) hoc tng mao lng cc (c chm lng roi hai cc), vi khun Spirillum l nhng tng mao khun lng cc. 3. Tnh trng sinh ha Cc tnh trng sinh ha ca cc xon th c trnh by bng I-26. C. fetus khi nui cy trn mi trng thch mu 37 C di iu kin 5 - 10% CO2 sau 2 - 5 ngy th hnh thnh khun lc khng dung huyt, mu tro trng hi c. C. mucosalis, C. hyointestinalis u pht trin 25 C v 42 C nhng C. fetus 42 C v C. jejuni 25 C th u khng pht trin. Phn ng oxidase dng tnh, khng phn gii carbohydrate. Cc c tnh nh pht trin 1% glycine v thy phn hyppurate th ty loi m khc nhau. Hm lng G+C (mol%) l 29 - 36. V mt huyt thanh hc, C. fetus c 5 loi khng nguyn O chu nhit, C. jejuni c 40 loi khng nguyn O chu nhit v 108 loi khng nguyn H khng chu nhit. 4. Tnh gy bnh Cc vi khun Campylobacter thng thng tn ti trong ng rut, xoang ming v c quan sinh dc, khng yu vi s kh, nng, ha cht tiu c, vi khun nui cy cng d dng b hy dit, nhng C. fetus l vi khun k sinh bt buc c quan sinh dc, c tnh truyn nhim mnh gia ng vt c v ci. C. coli thng tr ln, C. mucosalis v C. hyointestinalis biu hin tnh cm nhim ng rut. C. jejuni sn sinh c t vero (gy) c t bo chu nhit, enterotoxin khng chu nhit, c t dung huyt, l nguyn nhn bnh cm nhim ng rut v trng c thc phm. Helicobacter pylori l vi khun c nng lc kt bm t bo b mt d dy ngi, l nguyn nhn vim lot d dy (peptic ulcers).
II. BNH CM NHIM CAMPYLOBACTER

Cc bnh cm nhim Campylobacter tiu biu c k bng I-28. Bng I-28. Cc bnh cm nhim Campylobacter tiu biu ng vt
Tn bnh Bnh do campylobacter Bnh nguyn ng vt C. fetus subsp. fetus B, cu C. fetus subsp. venerealis B, tru Ch C. jejuni Chim Ngi Ln C. mucosalis Ln C. hyointestinalis Ngi Helicobacter pylori Bnh trng Sy thai gia k V sinh (si) Vim rut (tiu chy) Vim gan Trng c thc phm Vim rut xut huyt tng sinh, sng tuyn rut Vim lot d dy
Hi chng sng tuyn rut ln Lot d dy do vi khun
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1. Bnh do campylobacter sinh dc b (bovine genital campylobacterosis) Cm nhim vi khun ny thng c gi tng qut l campylobacterosis (bnh do campylobacter). Bnh do C. fetus subsp. fetus gy ra b v cu ci thng c c trng l sy thai, b sy thai thng a pht vo k gia k mang thai (thai 5 - 6 thng), vi khun ny cng cm nhim ngi. C. fetus subsp. venerealis cm nhim c quan sinh sn b gy chng v sinh, i khi gy sy thai. 2. Hi chng sng tuyn rut ln (porcine intestinal adenomatosis complex) Cc bnh vim rut xut huyt tng sinh (proliferative hemorrhagic enteropathy) v bnh sng tuyn rut (intestinal adenomatosis) do cm nhim C. mucosalis v C. hyointestinalis ln v bo v ln trng thnh c gi chung l hi chng sng tuyn rut ln. Bnh vim rut xut huyt tng sinh c th c triu chng thiu mu, a ra mu, trng hp cp tnh c th lm cht ln. Bnh sng tuyn rut thng khng biu hin triu chng, nhng nim mc phn cui ca hi trng thng b dy ln kh r. 3. Bnh campylobacter ch (canine campylobacterosis) L bnh cm nhim ng rut ch do C. jejuni gy ra. Triu chng ch yu l tiu chy do vi khun kt bm v pht trin phn trn ca rut non, sn sinh enterotoxin (c t rut) v c t t bo m gy ra bnh. Thi k nung bnh thng 1 - 7 ngy. 4. Bnh campylobacter gia cm (campylobacterosis in poultry) Bnh ny cn c gi l bnh vim gan do vibrio chim (avian vibrionic hepatitis) do trc y cc campylobacter c xp trong chi Vibrio. C. jejuni sinh sng bnh thng vi s lng ln trong ng rut ca chimnhng i khi c th xm nhp vo gan m gy vim gan. Bnh ny c triu chng ch yu l sng gan, gan c mu nht, hoi t. Trong cc trng hp mn tnh, gan b cng, teo, cn thn th sng v tr nn nht mu cc l triu chng thng thy.
III. CAMPYLOBACTER V TRNG C THC PHM

Vi khun thuc chi ny gy trng c thc phm dng cm nhim do n ung phi thc n nc ung nhim khun hin ti ch nh gm 2 loi l C. jejuni v C. coli, nhng C. jejuni quan trng hn. Vi khun ny c th kim xut c t ng rut ca hn 70% g khe mnh, cng thng tr ng rut ca b, ch, ln,... l ngun cm nhim trng c thc phm ch yu c T chc y t th gii (WHO) ch . Chng trng c ny ch yu xy ra tr em b sa hoc thiu nhi, vi triu chng ch yu l nn o, au bng v tiu chy, thng thng bnh nh, hi phc sau 2 - 3 ngy. Trng hp bnh nng c th a phn c mu nhy, st, chng mt nc, bi huyt. Thi k nung bnh thng l 2 - 11 ngy.
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Nh c tim mao nh l yu t gy bnh, C. jejuni hp ph, kt bm ln b mt nim mc rut, sn sinh enterotoxin khng chu nhit m gy qu trnh mt nc t bo, nh tnh xm nhp ca cht protein mng ngoi vi khun, tc dng ca c t dung huyt chu nhit v c t t bo chu nhit m gy hoi t t bo thng b ng rut.
IV. SPIRILLUM V BNH CHUT CN

Spirillum minus cn c gi l spirillum bnh chut cn, l vi khun dng xon c kch thc 0,1 - 0,2 3 - 5 m, thng tr trong xoang ming, hu hng ca cc loi gm nhm, khi b chut cn ngi b cm nhim vi khun ny. Bnh ny thng gi l bnh chut cn hay "th gio nhit" (rat-bite fever) thng c chng vim ch vt cn, pht ban ton thn, vim cc hch lympho v st hi qui. Thi k nung bnh thng 1 - 2 tun. (Ch rng bnh "th gio nhit" cn do trc khun Gram m ym kh ty tin Streptobacillus moniliformis gy ra).
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Chng 6 XON KHUN (SPIROCHAETA) I. C IM CHUNG CA B SPIROCHAETALES

1. Phn loi Cc xon khun c xp thnh mt b, b Spirochaetales (bng I-29), tn spirochaeta c dng ch chung cc vi khun trong c b bn cnh vic ch cc thnh vin trong h Spirochaetaceae. Vic xp loi cng chnh l nhiu ln. Hin ti trong b ny c h Spirochaetaceae c 5 chi gm 40 loi, h Leptospiraceae c 1 chi gm hn 9 loi c cng nhn, nhng thng c coi ch c 2 loi (L. interrogans v L. biflex). ng vai tr trng yu trong lnh vc th y c cc chi Treponema, Serpulina v Borrelia thuc h Spirochaetaceae v chi Leptospira thuc h Leptospiraceae. 2. Hnh thi Cu trc c bn ca cc xon khun l mng t bo cht ca t bo ko di c bc trong mt mng phc hp ngoi thnh t bo to thnh ng t bo cht (cytoplasmic cylinder), xut pht t hai cc l nhng si tim mao chu cht (periplasmic flagella) hng t hai cc vo gia t bo v qun cht vo t bo, i khi hai si ngc hng chng ln nhau, hnh thnh hai si trc (axial filament) chu cht. T pha ngoi, t bo c bao bc bi bao ngoi (outer sheath) hay o ngoi t bo, lp v ngoi hay lp nhy (outer cell envelope, external membrane, outer layer, slime layer). Bng I-29. Nhng tnh trng gim bit ca cc xon khun thuc h Spirochaetaceae v h Leptospiraceae
Tnh trng Rng (m) Di (m) Hnh Xon thi S vng Si trc Nui MTTH* cy Nhit ** ym kh Tnh nng Treponema 0,1 - 0,4 5,0 - 20 Quy tc 8 - 14 3 - 7 si + 25 - 37 C Ym kh Cng sinh bt buc (k sinh ng vt) Spirochaetaceae Borrelia Spirochaeta 0,2 - 0,5 0,2 - 0,75 3,0 - 20 5,0 - 250 Bt quy tc Quy tc 3 - 10 45 - 65 15 - 20 2 + + 28 - 30 . Vi ym kh Ym kh hoc tu tin Sng K sinh Sng t do ng rut, ng vt (thng phn (nim mc, trong nc mu; ly cha H2S) nh ve, rn) Serpulina 0,3 - 0,4 7,0 - 9,0 Quy tc 3-8 8-9 + 36 - 42 Ym kh Cristispira 0,5 - 3,0 30 - 180 Bt quy tc 3 - 10 Hn 100 28 - 30 Cng sinh bt buc ( ng vt nhuyn th nc mn, nc ngt) Leptospiraceae Leptospira 0,1 6,0 - 20 Quy tc 40 - 50 1 + Hiu kh Sng t do hoc k sinh ng vt
Ghi ch: *MTTH: mi trng tng hp; **Nhit : nhit thch hp nht
Cc vi khun ny u Gram m nhng thng kh bt mu nn thng dng cc phng php nhum nhim bc Fontana-Trebondeau hay nhim bc Levaditi, hoc quan st tiu bn sng di knh hin vi nn en.
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Cc vi khun ny c dng di ng un khc, vn xon, un ln, sinh sn nh phn bo theo chiu ngang. 3. Tnh trng sinh ha H Spirochaetaceae l nhng vi khun xon ym kh bt buc n vi hiu kh, cc phn ng oxidase v catalase u m tnh, s dng carbohydrate hoc amino acid lm ngun thc n nng lng. H Leptospiraceae l nhng vi khun xon hiu kh bt buc, oxidase m tnh nhng catalase dng tnh, s dng cc acid bo chui di v cc ru bo chui di lm ngun thc n nng lng. 4. Tnh gy bnh Thng thng, nhiu xon khun sng t do trong nc, nhng nhiu xon khun li sinh sng xoang ming, ng rut, ng tit niu, trong mu ca ng vt. Vi khun bnh nguyn thng vt qua cc ch tn thng b mt da v nim mc ca ng vt, k sinh trong mu, nc tiu, da v cc c quan nhu m.
III. XON KHUN V BNH TRUYN NHIM

1. Treponema Cc vi khun Treponema l cc xon khun vi cc vng xon u n, c quy tc. Hm lng G+C (mol%) l 36 - 42. C th nui cy nhit ti thch hp l 25 - 37 C v iu kin ym kh. Cc bnh cm nhim Treponema tiu biu ng vt c k bng I-30. a. Bnh giang mai th (rabbit syphilis) L bnh c quan sinh sn v da th do cm nhim T. paraluiscuniculi. Vi khun ny cng gy hnh thnh bnh tch chut lang nhng khng hnh thnh bnh tch chut t vng (hamster). b. Bnh giang mai ( ngi) (syphilis) T. pallidum subsp. pallidum gy nn bnh ng sinh dc ngi gi l bnh giang mai. Bnh ny tri qua 3 k, k u xut hin cc hch (nt) cng khng au cc b ni cm nhim do tip xc, k 2 l k khng c triu chng hoc ton thn pht ban, k 3 c trng bi chng vim huyt qun v hch giang mai tin trin. Loi ph ny hnh thnh bnh tch th, chn on ngi ta dng phn ng Wassermann,... Bng I-30. Cc bnh do cc Spirochaeta tiu biu ng vt
Bnh Bnh do Spirochaeta Hng l ln Bnh do Borrelia Bnh nguyn T. paraluiscuniculi S. hyodysenteriae B. anserina B. theileri B. burgdorferi ng vt cm th Th Ln Ngng, vt, g ty, g (rn truyn bnh) B, nga (rn truyn bnh) Ch (rn truyn bnh) Bnh trng Bnh tch da, b my sinh dc Tiu chy xut huyt Thiu mu, bi huyt cp tnh Pht st hi quy: 3 - 4 ngy st xen 1 - 2 tun khng st Vim khp
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Bnh do Leptospira
L. interrogans SG* B Hebdomadis, Autumnalis L. interrogans SG* Autumnalis, Ln Canicola, Hebdomadis, Icterohaemorrhagiae, Pomona L. interrogans SG* Canicola, Ch, mo, gm nhm Icterohaemorrhagiae Ghi ch: *SG: serogroup, nhm huyt thanh hc
Tiu chy, hong n, thiu mu, huyt sc t niu Tiu chy, huyt sc t niu Leptospira niu, tiu chy, hong n
2. Serpulina Cc Serpulina l nhng xon khun c cc vng xon khng quy tc. Hm lng G+C (mol%) l 25 - 26. Khi nui cy trn mi trng thch mu 37 C iu kin ym kh vi 5 - 10% CO2, vi khun bnh (hng) l ln S. hyodysenteriae th sau 3 - 4 ngy hnh thnh khun lc dung huyt beta. Cc phn ng indol, H2S dng tnh. Bng phng php chit xut khng nguyn tan trong phenol nng ngi ta xc nh c 7 dng huyt thanh hc. Cc bnh cm nhim Serpulina tiu biu ng vt c k bng I-30. Bnh hng l ln (do treponema) (swine dysentery)BKD46 S. hyodysenteriae thng thng sinh sng ng rut ln nhng c th kt bm vo nhng ch tn thng nim mc rut gi m sinh sn v gy phn tiu chy nhy ln mu. 3. Borrelia Cc Borrelia l nhng vi khun xon tng i ln, c nhng vng xon bt quy tc, nhum aniline bt mu tng i tt. C th nui cy iu kin vi hiu kh nhit ti thch hp 28 - 30 C. Cc bnh cm nhim Borrelia tiu biu ng vt c k bng I-30. a. Bnh do borrelia chim (avian borreliosis) B. anserina cm nhim thin nga, ngng, vt, g ty v g gy ra bnh borreliosis vi nhng triu chng ch yu l lch sng to, hnh thnh nhng ban chm lm tm v thiu mu. b. Bnh do borrelia tru b v nga (borreliosis in cattle and hourse) Cm nhim B. theileri b nga chu Phi v Australia vi nhng triu chng ch yu l st hi quy nh . Bnh lan truyn nh ve bt. c. Bnh do borrelia ch v bnh Lyme (borreliosis in dog, Lyme disease in human) B. burgdorferi gy bnh ch vi nhng triu chng ch yu l vim khp. T vt mang trng l cc ng vt gm nhm hoang d, vi khun lan truyn qua ve bt. Mc d c trng hp pht st nhng nhiu trng hp cm nhim i qua khng thy triu chng. Cm nhim vi khun ny ngi gy bnh Lyme vi nhng triu chng ch yu l pht st, au u, au cc khp v pht ban. d. Bnh st hi quy (relapsing fever) B. recurrentis cm nhim v gy bnh st hi quy ngi vi nhng triu
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chng ch yu l st hi quy. Bnh ny c c im l s lun phin ca cc k st v khng st, sau k st ko di 3 - 4 ngy l k khng st ko di 1 - 2 tun, ri st li pht li. Rn ngi l tc nhn truyn ly bnh ny. 4. Leptospira Cc vi khun thuc chi Leptospira l nhng xon khun di mnh, xon c quy tc, u vi khun c on un khc dng mc cu. Chiu rng ca vng xon 0,2 - 0,3 m. Hm lng G+C (mol%) l 35 - 40. Trong chi ny c 2 loi l L. interrogans v L. biflex, nhng ch chi u, gm nhiu dng huyt thanh hc khc nhau, c tnh gy bnh i vi ngi v ng vt. Cc bnh cm nhim Leptospira tiu biu ng vt c k bng I-30. L. interrogans khi c nui cy hiu kh trong mi trng lng c gia thm huyt thanh v acid bo chui di, 28 - 30 C c th pht trin sau 1 tun nhng khng pht trin 13 C. Nh phn ng ngng kt vi khun ny c n hn 180 dng huyt thanh hc (serovar) khc nhau, cc serovar gn gi c ngh xp thnh nhm huyt thanh hc (serogroup), hin ti c 19 serogroup ca vi khun gy bnh ny. Cc nhm huyt thanh hc ca Leptospira c tnh c hiu k ch. Thng thng, cc vi khun ny xm nhp qua cc ch tn thng da hoc nim mc, i vo mu v pht trin trong mu, cng c khi t chng nhim khun huyt chuyn sang bi huyt thng tri qua nhanh chng, nhng khi trong mu xut hin khng th th vi khun t mu xm nhp vo tiu niu qun ca thn v sinh sn m bi xut theo nc tiu gy nhim mi trng t v cc ngun nc. cc loi gm nhm cc thi k mang trng di hn so vi b, ln. a. Bnh do leptospira (bnh lept) b (bovine leptospirosis)BKD57 Bnh nguyn bnh lept b l Hebdomadis (leptospira st 7 ngy), Autumnalis (leptospira dch ma thu) v Australis, nhng chu u gp nhiu trng hp do Gryppotyphosa, cn Bc M th nhiu Pomona v Hardjo. Bnh ny c cc triu chng ch yu l pht st, tiu chy, gim tit sa ng vt ci, hong n (chng vng da v nim mc), thiu mu, huyt sc t niu (nc tiu c hemoglobin), nhng cng c trng hp bnh tri qua m khng biu hin r triu chng. Cm nhim serovar Hardjo thng l cm nhim cp tnh gy sy thai, nhiu trng hp dn n v sinh (si). b. Bnh lept ln (swine leptospirosis)BKD57 Nguyn nhn gy bnh lept ln phn nhiu l L. interrogans serovar Autumnalis, Canicola, Hebdomadis, Icterohaemorrhagiae, Pomona. Cc dng Canicola, Hebdomadis v Pomona i khi gy sy thai, ng vt khng c cha th cm nhim thng n tnh, vi khun bi xut theo nc tiu ra ngoi. c. Bnh lept ch, mo (leptospirosis in dog and cat)BKD57 Nguyn nhn gy bnh lept ch mo thng l cc serovar Canicola v Icterohaemorrhagiae. Vit Nam, bng phn ng vi ngng kt tan thng pht hin c mu ch khng th c hiu cc serovar Bataviae, Javanica, Shermani, Icterohaemorrhagiae v Tarassovi. Cm nhim serovar Canicola c
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th din ra cp tnh, nhng trong nhiu trng hp bnh tuy khng c triu chng nhng vi khun vn c bi xut ra ngoi theo nc tiu. Dng Icterohaemorrhagiae gy bnh hai th: th xut huyt v th hong n. mo, bnh c th cc dng leptospira huyt, leptospira niu vi nhng bnh tch gan v thn nhng bnh trng thng t biu hin hoc n tnh. d. Cm nhim Leptospira khc nga i khi gp cm nhim Leptospira cp tnh do cc dng huyt thanh hc khc nhau gy ra. Ngoi cc triu chng in hnh th thng thy chng m trng (moon blindness). d v cu gp cm nhim serovar Hardjo gy thiu mu dung huyt cp tnh, vim thn nhu m, cm nhim L. Pomona pht sinh thiu mu dung huyt cp tnh v sy thai ng vt ci. Cm nhim Leptospira cc serovar Icterohaemorrhagiae, Copenhageni chut lang gy cht, cc nhm huyt thanh hc khc gy pht st, nhim khun huyt nhng thng t khi bnh. Chut vng hamster cm nhim ch t cc dng Pomona, Canicola. Cm nhim cc dng Leptospira khc nhau chut nht thng n tnh, vi khun bi xut theo nc tiu ra ngoi, tng cng s lan truyn ca vi khun.
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Chng 7 CU KHUN GRAM DNG A. H MICROCOCCACEAE: T CU KHUN (STAPHYLOCOCCUS) I. C IM CHUNG CA T CU KHUN

1. Phn loi Phn loi h Micrococcaceae c trnh by bng I-31. Thuc chi t cu khun Staphylococcus c 29 loi, l mt trong nhng chi ca h Micrococcaceae. Cc chi khc thuc h ny khng biu hin tnh gy bnh i vi ngi v ng vt. 2. Hnh thi y l nhng cu khun Gram dng c ng knh 0,8 - 1,0 m, trong tiu bn c th thy phn b ring l nhng thng to khi gm nhiu t bo thnh hnh chm nho, khng c tim mao, khng hnh thnh bo. Bng I-31. Phn loi h Micrococcaceae
Chi Staphylococcu s G+C (mol%) Loi Tnh gy bnh 30 - 39 S. aureus (t cu vng) Vim v, vim da ph thng, S. epidermidis (t cu khun biu b) vim ty xng S. felis Vim biu b xut dch ln S. hyicus S. intermedius 24 loi khc 65 - 75 9 loi 1 loi (G. tetragena) 1 loi (S. lutea)
Micrococcus Gaffkya Sarcina
3. Tnh trng sinh ha Cc vi khun h Micrococcaceae l nhng vi khun ym kh ty tin, pht trin tt trn mi trng thch thng, pht trin c trong mi trng cha nng cao mui n (3 - 10% NaCl). Phn ng catalase dng tnh, ln men ng glucose. Phn ng ln men ng mannit l c tnh quan trng phn bit t cu vng gy bnh. Khun lc t cu vng S. aureus c mu vng hoc mu trng, cn nhng vi khun khc c mu trng hoc mu vng chanh, nhng cng c ngoi l. T cu vng c thnh t bo cha mt cht gi l protein A kt hp mt cch phi c hiu vi phn Fc ca cc IgG (tr IgG2), IgA2 v mt s IgM. Cc vi khun ny c th phn loi da vo cc phage c min k ch c hiu. Hot tnh ln men ng mannit c xc nh bng cch nui cy vi khun (t cu) vo mi trng Chapman (mi trng No 110). Mi trng ny c ch bng cch ha 10 g peptone, 2 g cao men (yeast extract), 30 g gelatin, 2 g lactose, 10 g mannit, 70 g NaCl, 5 g K2HPO4 v 15
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g agar vo 1 lt nc ct, chnh pH n 7,2, hp kh trng 121 C trong 15 pht, a Petri, ngui cho thch rn. S. aureus hnh thnh khun lc c mu in hnh, sau khi ly khun lc nu nh vo ch dung dch bromothymol blue (0,04%) th ch tr nn vng. Ngoi ra, nu lm ngp bng dung dch (NH4)2SO4 bo ha v yn 10 pht th xung quanh khun lc t cu vng xut hin vng trong sut. Vi tc dng tng t, mi trng mui n - mannit cng c s dng. ch mi trng ny ngi ta ha 2,5 g cao tht, 10 g peptone, 10 g mannit, 75 g NaCl, 0,025 g phenol red, v 15 g agar vo 1 lt nc ct, chnh pH n 7,4, tit trng 121 C trong 15 pht, a Petri. Cc cu khun khng gy bnh hnh thnh khun lc nh c vin mu bao quanh cn cc khun lc t cu vng c vng mu vng bao quanh. 4. Tnh gy bnh Loi t cu khun c tnh gy bnh cao nht l t cu vng c phn ng coaggulase dng tnh, gy cc chng vim mng m, p xe, vim da l biu b cc loi ng vt khc nhau. Tuy nhin, vi khun ny phn lp c kh thng xuyn t ng rut, da v nim mc, v phn lp c vi tn s cao t bnh phm nh l mt nguyn nhn cm nhim c hi. Gn y, s xut hin cc chng t cu khun khng cc cht khng sinh h -lactam (t cu vng khng methicillin: MRSA, khng vancomycin: VRSA) nh l mt bnh nguyn ch yu lm vn cm nhim bnh vin cng nh s v hiu trong iu tr bnh bng thuc ngi cng thm trm trng. Cc t cu vng sn sinh cc loi enzyme ngoi bo (coagulase, fibrinolysin, hyaluronidase, protease, nuclease hay deoxyribonuclease (DNase)) v ngoi c t (c t dung huyt, c t ng rut, c t bch cu, c t l da) c coi l nhng nhn t hnh thnh bnh t pha vi khun. Coagulase cn c th c cc t cu khun khc (S. intermedius, S. hyicus) sn sinh v l enzyme lm ng c (ngng c) huyt tng (ca ngi hoc th). Hyaluronidase cn gi l yu t lan ta (spreading factor), cng vi fibrinolysin c coi l lin quan n s hnh thnh v khuych i bnh cm nhim t cu vng. c t dung huyt ph hoi mng t bo hng cu m gy dung huyt, gm 5 loi l , , v (alpha, beta, gamma v epsilon). c t ng rut (enterotoxin) l ngoi c t chu nhit (chu c 100 C trong 30 pht) c phn t lng khong 30.000 Da, c 5 loi t A n E phn bit nhau v mt khng nguyn. c t bch cu (leukocidin) l c t t bo gy tn hi cc bch huyt cu mt cch c hiu. c t l da (dermotoxin) c dng A do gene plasmid chi phi v dng B do gene nhim sc th chi phi, ph hy cc protein khp ni (anchoring junction) v cu sinh cht (plasmodesmodes) gn cc thnh t bo biu b m gy l da. Coagulase (enzyme ng huyt tng) c tc dng lm ng huyt tng ca ngi v th, do chuyn ha protein fibrinogen (tan) trong huyt tng thnh fibrin, to nn cc huyt khi trong huyt qun lin quan n c tnh gy bnh nhim khun huyt ng vt, l mt protein chu nhit c tnh khng nguyn yu. Phn ng ny c th thc hin trong ng nghim, phin knh hoc a (khay). Ly mt khuyn cy y vi khun t
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khun lc ha vo 0,5 ml huyt tng th (hoc huyt tng ngi) c pha long vi nc mui n sinh l theo t l 1:4, hoc ha vo dung dch fibrinogen-plasma (cha 2% th tch fibrinogen b [Armour Lab.,...] v 3% huyt tng th trong nc mui sinh l v trng), 75 C, c kt qu sau 3 gi. Nu c cc khi t huyt t tp l kt qu dng tnh. Hot tnh fibrinolysin c thc hin vi mi trng thch fibrin (fibrin agar) nhng cng c th tin hnh nh tnh vi dung dch fibrinogenplasma-coagulase. Sau mt thi gian nui cy, mt s chng t cu khun fibrinolysin dng tnh lm khi t huyt tan chy. Hot tnh nuclease c th c xc nh trn mi trng thch a c cha 2 mg DNA trong 1 ml mi trng. Sau 24 gi nui cy 37 C, mi trng thch c ph mt lp HCl 1 N. Cc chng nuclease dng tnh c khun lc c bao bc bi mt vng sng. Ngoi ra mi trng telluride kali (potassium telluride) cng l mt mi trng c s dng c hiu qu trong nui cy tuyn la t cu vng gy bnh.
II. BNH CM NHIM T CU KHUN

1. Bnh vim v (mastitis) Bnh vim v b l mt trong nhng bnh sinh sn gy ra bi hng lot nhn t khc nhau. Cc vi sinh vt lin quan n bnh ny c nhiu loi, trong c S. aureus l yu t ph bin nht, bn cnh , cn c S. epidermidis c th l tc nhn nguyn pht hay th pht gy bnh ny. Ngoi b, cc ng vt khc cng c th b vim v do t cu khun. 2. Vim biu b xut dch ln (exudative epidermitis) Bnh ny thng pht ln b sa trong vng 1 thng tui. Cho n nay vn cha r v mi quan h gia vic pht sinh bnh trng da v c t l da do S. hyicus sn sinh ra. 3. Bnh do t cu khun chim (avian staphylococcosis) Bnh ny ch yu gy ra do cm nhim t cu vng. g, y l tn chung ca cc chng bnh mng m, c phn thnh cc th khc nhau: th chng bi huyt, th cm nhim ni tng, th cm nhim da v th cm nhim ty - khp. Vim da ph thng v vim ty xng pht sinh tng i nhiu.
III. T CU KHUN V TRNG C THC PHM

Trng c thc phm do t cu khun thng gy ra bi c t rut ca S. aureus c sn sinh lng trong thc phm. y l c t chu nhit, v vy sau khi nhim c, un nng thc n cng khng lm thc n tr nn an ton. nhim thc phm c th bt ngun t ch mng m tay u bp hoc sa b vt t nhng b sa b bnh vim v. Thng thng, trong vng my gi sau khi n phi thc phm b nhim th xy ra chng vim d dy - rut vi triu chng ch yu l nn ma, tin lng thng tt, bnh nhn t hi phc sau my ngy.
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B. LIN CU KHUN V CC CU KHUN GRAM DNG KHC NGOI H MICROCOCCACEAE V BNH TRUYN NHIM I. PHN LOI CC CU KHUN GRAM DNG NGOI H MICROCOCCACEAE
Cc cu khun ngoi h Micrococcaceae gm 5 chi (bng I-32). Trong , cc loi thuc chi lin cu khun Streptococcus ( tng c xp vo h Micrococcaceae nhng khng thch ng), bao gm c l song cu khun Gram dng trc y thng gi l Diplococcus pneumoniae hay ph cu khun (pneumococcus), nhng vi khun ym kh ty tin, c ngha hn c i vi lnh vc th y. Chng phn b rng ri trong t nhin. C mt s loi ch yu l gy chng vim ha m ng vt nhng li l vi khun thuc khu h vi sinh vt thng tr da v nim mc (xoang ming, ng h hp, ng rut, c quan sinh dc - tit niu) ca ng vt, i khi tr thnh bnh nguyn cm nhim c hi. Ngoi ra, gy bnh ng vt cn c mt s loi thuc cc chi cu khun ym kh ty tin Enterococcus, chi ym kh bt buc Peptostreptococcus v chi cu khun hiu kh Melissococcus. Cc vi khun thuc chi Lactococcus l vi khun c li, c ng dng trong ch bin sn phm sa. Bng I-32. Phn loi cc cu khun Gram dng ngoi h Micrococcaceae
Chi Streptococcus G+C (mol%) 36 - 46 Loi S. pyogenes S. agalactiae S. dysgalactiae S. equi subsp. zooepidemicus S. equi subsp. equi S. zooepidermicus S. suis S. porcinus S. canis S. bovis S. mutans S. pneumoniae* S. uberis 31 loi khc E. fecalis 16 loi khc L. lactis 6 loi khc P. indolococcus 9 loi khc M. pluton Dng huyt thanh hc Lancefield A B C, L C C C D (R/S) E, P, U G D, E, N Mt s E Tnh dung huyt , khng dung huyt , , , khng dung huyt , , khng dung huyt , khng dung huyt
Enterococcus Lactococcus Peptococcus
34 - 42 34 - 43 27 - 45
D N
29 - 30 Melissococcu s Ghi ch: *:Tn ny t ln in th 8 ca Bergey's Manual (1971), trc c tn l Diplococcus pneumoniae.
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II. C IM CHUNG CA LIN CU KHUN

1. Hnh thi Streptococcus l nhng vi khun hnh cu, bt mu Gram dng, ng knh 0,6 - 1,0 m, thng xp thnh chui di hoc ngn, nhng cng c th c dng song cu ty thuc loi. Khng hnh thnh nha bo, mt s hnh thnh gip m, cng c t loi c tim mao. 2. Tnh trng sinh ha Streptococcus l nhng vi khun ym kh ty tin, pht trin tt mi trng thch mu, mi trng c huyt thanh nhng i hi cht dinh dng nghim ngt, pht trin rt km trn mi trng thch thng. Khng pht trin cc mi trng c thm 6,5% NaCl. Phn ng catalase m tnh, ln men glucose. C loi to vng dung huyt c hu xung quanh khun lc khi pht trin trn mi trng thch mu. Tnh dung huyt c th khc nhau, mt s chng c tnh dung huyt n tnh, thng c pht hin bi th nghim CAMP. C dng (type) dung huyt alpha, vng dung huyt hi trong bao quanh vng mu xanh lc st khun lc (lin cu khun ) v dng (type) dung huyt hon ton beta, vng dung huyt trong sut khng mu, c b r rng (lin cu khun ) v dng gamma hon ton khng dung huyt (lin cu khun ). Thng thng, ngi ta s dng mi trng c s nh thch thng,... ri gia thm 5% mu nga hoc mu cu loi b t huyt nui cy, nhng tnh dung huyt cng biu hin khc nhau ph thuc vo loi ng vt ca mu s dng. V d, S. suis gy dung huyt mi trng mu nga nhng li gy dung huyt mi trng mu cu. Cc lin cu khun ph thuc vo nhm khng nguyn th a ng tn ti trn thnh t bo m chia thnh 21 nhm huyt thanh hc t A n W (khng c I v J) nhng lin cu khun vim phi li khng thuc cc nhm ny (phn loi huyt thanh hc [theo] Lancefield). Ngi ta xc minh c rng khng nguyn cc nhm D v N l acid glycerol teichoic v khng nguyn nhm R v S l cht a ng tn ti gip m. i vi cc bnh cm nhim lin cu khun ngi th trng yu nht l cc lin cu khun nhm A (lin cu khun ha m) nhng gia sc th i khi vi khun ny ch gy vim v mn tnh v hon ton khng quan trng. Th nghim CAMP (CAMP test) l phn ng do Cristi, Atkins v Munch-Peterson, u ngi o, xut pht hin cc chng Streptococcus c tnh dung huyt n tnh (Streptococcus agalactiae). Trn mi trng thch mu trong a Petri ta cy chng Staphylococcus aureus dung huyt beta thnh di di, sau cch ng cy ny khong 2 - 3 mm ta cy chng Streptococcus b kim (c th 3 - 4 chng mi ln) theo ng vung gc, 37 C mt ngy m. Streptococcus agalactiae xut hin vng dung huyt gn ng cy S. aureus. Th nghim ny cn c p dng rng hn trong trng hp khc
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(xem Corynebacterium). 3. Tnh gy bnh Cc lin cu khun ha m sn sinh cc loi enzyme ngoi bo (fibrinolysin, hyaluronidase, DNase,...) v cc c t ngoi bo (streptolysine O, streptolysine S,...) khc nhau. Cc c t ngoi bo gip vi khun xm nhp vo t chc. Ngoi ra, trn b mt lin cu khun tn ti cht gi l protein M lin quan n s khng qu trnh thc bo ca bch cu trung tnh.
III. BNH CM NHIM LIN CU KHUN

Cc bnh cm nhim tiu biu ng vt do lin cu khun gy ra c nu bng I-33. 1. Bnh vim hch bch huyt nga hay vim h lympho truyn nhim (strangles, adenitis equorum)BKD51 L bnh do cm nhim S. equi subsp. equi thuc nhm C, gy dung huyt n tnh (phn ng CAMP dng tnh), l vi khun hnh cu, Gram dng, ng knh t bo 0,4 - 1,0 m, to chui ngn hay di thng hoc hi cong, trong canh khun c th a hnh thi, ngoi hnh cu cn c hnh gy to, thng c gip m. y l bnh cp tnh ca loi vt mt mng, vi triu chng c trng l chy nc mi c m, mng m nim mc mi v cc hch ln cn. Bng I-33. Cc bnh tiu biu do cu khun Gram dng ngoi h Micrococcaceae
Bnh Vim hch bch huyt truyn nhim nga Bnh lin cu khun ca ln Bnh lin cu khun gm nhm Bnh vim v do lin cu khun b Bnh lin cu khun c Bnh do lin cu g Bnh vim v ma h b Bnh h u trng ong Bnh nguyn S. equi subsp. equi S. suis, S. dysgalactiae, S. porcinus S. equi subsp. epizoodemicus S. agalactiae Cc Streptococcus E. serioricida E. fecalis,... P. indolicus,... M. pluton ng vt cm th Nga Ln Chut lang B C G, g ty, b cu,... B u trng ong Bnh trng Vim mi, vim hch lympho Vim ty xng, khp, bi huyt Bi huyt Vim v Bi huyt Bi huyt Vim v H u trng, bi huyt
2. Bnh do streptococcus ln (swine streptococcosis) L bnh cm nhim cc lin cu khun nhm C nh S. suis, S. dysgalactiae ("S. equisimilis"), v S. porcinus, cc tri ln nui qui m tp trung thm canh bnh thng do S. suis gy ra. Cm nhim vi khun S. suis thng gy ra vim mng ty sng, vim khp, vim phi, vim mng trong tim (ni tm mc vim), vim c tim, cn cm nhim S. dysgalactiae thng thy th bnh a dng nh vim khp,...
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3. Bnh do streptococcus chut (streptococcosis in roddent) Cm nhim S. equi subsp. zooepidemicus gy bi huyt chut lang, cn cm nhim S. pneumoniae chut nht, chut lang gy vim phi ha m c t huyt. 4. Bnh do streptococcus c (streptococcosis in fish) Cm nhim cc loi Streptococcus hoc Enterococcus pht sinh chng bi huyt cc loi c nui. 5. Bnh vim v do streptococcus b (streptococcal mastitis in cattle) Vim v b do cc loi Streptococcus gy ra l kh ph bin, trong thng gp hn c l cm nhim S. agalactiae, sau l S. uberis, S. dysgalactiae, i khi S. equi subsp. zooepidemicus.
IV. NHNG CU KHUN GRAM DNG KHC V BNH TRUYN NHIM

Chi Enterococcus l nhng cu khun ym kh ty tin, c tch ra khi chi Streptococcus nm 1986. Trong chi ny c 17 loi E. faecalis, E. faecium, E. avium, E. gallinarum,... tt c u thuc nhm D huyt thanh hc. Cc vi khun ny thng tr trong ng rut ca ngi v ng vt, i khi tr thnh bnh nguyn cm nhim c hi. Cc Enterococcus ging cc Streptococcus v mt hnh thi, nhng khc ch c kh nng pht trin trn mi trng thch c gia thm 6,5% NaCl 45 C. Bn cnh , cc Peptostreptococcus l nhng lin cu khun ym kh, cn cc Melissococcus l nhng cu khun hiu kh c dng mi thng. 1. Bnh do streptococcus chim (avian streptococcosis) L bnh cm nhim th bi huyt cp tnh g, g ty, ngng, b cu v cc loi chim nh khc do cc cu khun thuc chi Enterococcus v S. equi subsp. zooepidemicus v mt s cu khun khc gy ra. g thng do E. faecalis v S. equi subsp. zooepidemicus, i khi bnh chuyn thnh mn tnh nh vim khp, vim mng ty,... Do trc y cc Enterococcus thuc Streptococcus nn ngi ta vn thng gi cc bnh ny g l avian streptococcosis (bnh do streptococcus chim). 2. Bnh vim v ma h b (bovine summer mastitis) Bnh vim v k cn sa b ci cng vi bnh vim v b ci t thng a pht vo ma h, v vy hai bnh ny c gi chung l bnh vim v ma h b. Nguyn nhn gy bnh ny ch yu l Actinomyces pyogenes, cn Peptococcus indolicus cng l nguyn nhn nhng khng quan trng bng. 3. Bnh nh u trng ong chu u (European foulbrood)BKD84 L bnh truyn nhim ca u trng mt ong do cm nhim Melissococcus pluton.
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Chng 8 TRC KHUN GRAM DNG SINH NHA BO A. CHI BACILLUS (TRC KHUN GRAM DNG HIU KH SINH NHA BO) I. C IM CHUNG CA CHI BACILLUS
1. Phn loi Phn loi cc Bacillus c trnh by bng I-34. y l nhng vi khun to, hnh que, Gram dng, hiu kh hoc ym kh ty tin, hnh thnh nha bo. Chi ny c trn 34 loi nhng ch c 3 loi c ngha trong lnh vc th y l B. anthracis, B. cereus v B. larvae (gn y xp loi vo chi mi thnh Paenibacillus larvae), cng 1 loi tng t l vi khun bnh Tyzzer (B. piliformis) khng nui cy c thng c xp vo nhm ny v l do thun tin. Bng I-34. Cc tnh trng gim bit loi ch yu thuc chi Bacillus
Tnh trng Hnh Rng (m) thi Di (m) Nha bo in vivo Di ng Gip m in vivo Pht K ym kh trin Lysozyme 0,001% 7% NaCl Citrate Hon nguyn nitrate Phn ng VT (verotoxin) Arabinose Xylose Mannit Tinh bt Casein Phn ng non hong Pearl test (chui ngc) (penicillin 0,5 UI/ml) Cm th phage Phn ng Ascoli B. anthracis 1,0 - 1,2 3,0 - 5,0 + + + + v + + + + + + + + B. cereus 1,0 - 1,2 3,0 - 5,0 + + + + + + + + + + + Loi B. B. B. thuringiensis megaterium subtilis 1,0 - 1,2 1,2 - 1,5 0,7 - 0,8 3,0 - 5,0 2,0 - 5,0 2,0 - 3,0 + + + + + v + + + + + + + v + + + v + v + v + + + + + + + + + + B. (P.) larvae 0,5 - 0,6 1,5 - 6,0 + + + + v v + + +
2. Hnh thi Cc l nhng trc khun Gram dng ln (0,5 - 2,5 1,2 - 10 m), hnh thnh nha bo khng cao vi nhit. Thng thng l nhng chu mao khun nhng cng c nhng trng hp mt kh nng hnh thnh tim mao. Trc khun nhit thn B. anthracis khng c kh nng hnh thnh tim mao nhng hnh thnh gip m khi trong c th ng vt. Gip m c th nhum nha bo bng phng php Hiss (xem Klebsiella...), hoc bng xanh
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methylene. 3. Tnh trng sinh ha y l nhng vi khun dinh dng hu c hiu kh hoc ym kh ty tin, pht trin tt trn mi thng thch thng di iu kin nui cy hiu kh. Phn ng catalase dng tnh. hm lng G+C (mol%) l 32 - 69. 4. Tnh gy bnh Cc trc khun chi Bacillus phn b rng ri trong t nhin, phn nhiu l nhng vi khun hoi sinh sng da trn ngun cht hu c sn c trong t, nc,... cc vi khun gy bnh tn ti trong t dng nha bo gi c tnh gy bnh trong thi gian di. trc khun nhit thn, vic hnh thnh gip m dng polypeptide t acid D-glutamic phi t nhin do mt plasmid 60 MDa chi phi v vic sn sinh 3 c t do plasmid 110 MDa chi phi l yu t ph thng (edema factor - EF, factor I), khng nguyn phng ng (protective antigen - PA, factor II) v yu t gy cht (lethal factor - LF, factor III) l trng yu. EF v LF n c khng th hot ha, mt trong hai cht ny biu hin hot tnh mnh khi cho thm PA. B. cereus sn sinh c t gy nn, enterotoxin gy tiu chy,... cn Paenibacillus larvae B. larvae (tn c B. larvae) sn sinh enzyme phn gii protein.
II. BNH CM NHIM TRC KHUN NHIT THN

Cm nhim Bacillus anthracis cc ng vt n c, c bit l ng vt nhai li, ln v ngi,... gy bnh nhit thn (bnh than hay thn th: anthrax) l bnh truyn nhim bi huyt cp tnh. y l bnh ly chung ngi v ng vt nhng cc loi chim nh c thn nhit cao thng khng cao s cm nhim vi khun ny (bng I-35). Bng I-35. Cc bnh tiu biu ng vt do cm nhim Bacillus
Bnh Bnh nhit thn Bnh nguyn B. anthracis ng vt cm nhim B, cu, d Nga Ln Bnh thi u trng ong chu M Bnh Tyzzer P.(B.) larvae "B. piliformis" u trng ong mt ng vt gm nhm, th, ch, mo, vn Bnh trng Chng bi huyt siu cp tnh Vim hng cp tnh Vim hng cp tnh, vim rut Chng hoi huyt, h t Gan hoi t dng , Vim rut hoi t xut huyt
Bacillus anthracis pht trin tt trn mi trng thch thng to thnh dng chui di gm nhiu t bo, 35 - 37 C sau 16 - 24 gi hnh thnh khun lc dng nhm (R), mu trng tro, ra v b mt khun lc c cu trc si xon nh tc ri. Trn mi trng thch mu, trc khun ny c dng bng lng hn nhng khng bng lng hon ton nh khun lc ca cc trc khun ng rut, khng dung huyt. Trong mi trng lng, khng lm c u mi trng
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m to thnh nhng si nh si bng bm dc theo thnh ng sau chm xung y to thnh lp ta xp. Nha bo c kch thc nh hn t bo sinh dng, thng c dng trng, phn b gia hoc lch v mt cc, ch hnh thnh khi tip xc vi khng kh, cn trong c th ng vt th khng. gim bit trc khun Bacillus anthracis ngi ta ng dng 4 phng php: 1. Xc nhn iu kin hnh thnh gip m: Khi pht trin hiu kh trn mi trng thch thng, vi khun ny khng hnh thnh gip m, nhng nu cho thm vo thch thng 10 - 20% huyt thanh v nui cy trong 10% CO2 th hnh thnh, xc nhn c bng phng php nhum gip m (xem phn "Klebsiella"). 2. Phn ng "chui ngc (pearl test)": Nui cy vi khun nghi ng (cn kim) trong mi trng cha 0,5 - 0,05 IU/ml penicillin, ly vi khun sau 3 - 4 gi lm tiu bn nhum v hin vi, nu l Bacillus anthracis th thy cc t bo hnh cu ni lin nhau nh chui ngc, trong khi la cy i chng khng c penicillin th thy cc trc khun di u vung. Kt qu ny l do penicillin gy tr ngi s tng hp peptidoglycan vch t bo vi khun. 3. Phn ng thc khun th (phage test): Nu nh mt git phage pha long (1 - 100 ln liu thng dng) ln mi trng cy trc khun nhit thn s thy hnh thnh cc im dung khun. 4. Phn ng Ascoli: l phng php xc nhn s hin din ca khng nguyn chu nhit (khng nguyn gip m c bn cht l polypeptide acid D-glutamic bng vic s dng khng huyt thanh c cha ngng kt t (khng th ngng kt: agglutinin) tng ng. c khng nguyn Ascoli nghi ng (khng nguyn b kim), nu con vt mc bnh cht th ly bnh phm l lch em nghin nh, thm 10 phn nc sinh l, un cch thy trn nc si 15 - 20 pht, ngui, ly tm hoc lc ly nc trong, nu bnh phm l da, lng, xng,... th em hp t 120 C trong 30 pht kh trng, ct nh, thm 10 phn nc sinh l ngm 5 C trong 24 gi, lc ly nc trong. Khng nguyn m tnh cng lm tng t nhng vi lch, gan ca con vt bnh thng. Cn khng th l huyt thanh khng nhit thn chit t mu nga c gy ti min dch bng vi khun nhit thn. lm phn ng Ascoli, cn c hai ng nghim nh (mt lm th nghim, mt i chng m tnh. ng th nht cho sn 0,5 ml khng nguyn cn kim cn ng th hai cho 0,5 ml khng nguyn m tnh. Dng ng ht c u nh v di (ng ht Pasteur di) ht khng huyt thanh nhit thn cho vo tn y mi ng 0,5 ml, tht cn thn sao cho khng huyt thanh i c ct khng nguyn ln. yn 10 - 15 pht nhit phng th c kt qu. Vng kt ta trng xut hin ti ni tip xc gia khng nguyn v khng th gia ct cht dch chng t phn ng dng tnh, trong khi phn ng i chng m v phn ng m tnh khng hnh thnh ta. kim tra bnh nhit thn trong cc th sn phm nh da, lng, xng,... ngi ta dng phn ng Ascoli l chnh. Nui cy phn lp vi khun l ph ch khi cn xc nhn li.
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1. Bnh nhit thn tru b (anthrax in cattle)BKD21 Cm nhim B. anthracis tru b v cc ng vt nhai li khc thng dn n chng bi huyt qu cp tnh, nhiu trng hp sau khi pht bnh 1 - 2 gi thng l cht. Pht st, lch sng, xut huyt t cc l t nhin, mu kh ng l nhng triu chng c trng. S cm nhim trong t nhin l do cm nhim nha bo qua cc ch tn thng, qua ng ming, ng h hp. Sau khi ny mm, vi khun sinh sn cc hch lympho, lch, hnh thnh gip m khng thc bo v 3 loi ngoi c t gy ra bnh qu cp tnh. Thi k nung bnh thng 1 - 5 ngy. Do chng nhim c huyt, mch mu tng thm thu, dn n ph thng lm tc mao mch dn n sc th nguyn, ngt th v tc dng trc tip ca cc c t tn hi trung khu thn kinh dn n cht. phng bnh nhit thn ngi ta s dng vaccine nhc c. Trc y s dng cc vaccine Pasteur, nhng nay trn ton th gii thng s dng vaccine t chng bin d nhc c khng nha bo ca Sterne c tnh sn sinh khng nguyn bo v (PA) n nh v vaccine nha bo chng 34 F2. 2. Bnh nhit thn nga (anthrax in hourse)BKD21 Nga c tnh cm th tng i thp i vi B. anthracis, thng thng bnh din ra dng vim hng hu cp tnh. 3. Bnh nhit thn ln (anthrax in pig)BKD21 Tnh cm th tng i thp i vi B. anthracis cng thp, thng thng bnh tri qua dng vim hng hu cp tnh hoc dng vim rut vi nhng bnh tch nh ph thng v xut huyt hng hoc cc hch lympho ca ng rut. Rt him khi ln cht do bi huyt cp tnh.
III. NHNG LOI BACILLUS KHC V BNH CM NHIM

1. Trng c thc phm B. cereus c kh nng phn gii cc cht cao phn t nh protein v carbohydrate rt mnh gy h thi nhanh chng cc loi thc n, bn cnh li sn sinh c t gy nn v enterotoxin gy tiu chy. y l nhng trc khun di ng, phn ng chui ngc m tnh, khng cm th phage gamma, pht trin nhit t 10 n 40 C. Trng c do vi khun ny ch xy ra khi n phi thc n trong c lng ln t bo hnh thnh (104-6 CPU/g). Chng trng c c th l dng nn ma v dng tiu chy. Trng c dng nn ma c triu chng ch yu nn ma v tim lon nhp, l do vi khun pht trin trong thc n v sn sinh nhiu c t gy nn chu nhit (100 C, 30 pht). Thi k nung bnh khong 1 - 5 gi. Trng c dng tiu chy c triu chng ch yu l tiu chy, au bng, vi khun t thc n vo ng rut v pht trin m sn sinh enterotoxin khng chu nhit m gy trng c. 2. Bnh thi u trng ong chu M (American foulbrood)BKD83 Paenibacillus (Bacillus) larvae l trc khun di ng, khi hnh thnh nha bo thng hi trng to tr nn c dng ca bo t nang (sporangium). Vi
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khun pht trin tt trn mi trng hiu kh c thm thiamin 35 - 37 C, khng pht trin mi trng c thm 7% NaCl, thy phn mannit v casein, phn gii gelatin, khng thy phn tinh bt. Nha bo ca vi khun ny xm nhp vo u trng ong mt trong vng 2 ngy sau khi n, pht trin m gy bnh thi u trng. Bnh ny gy cht do bi huyt cc u trng k cha y np v cht do thi hy u trng y np. 3. Bnh Tyzzer (Tyzzer's disease) L bnh truyn nhim gm nhm, th, ch, mo, vn,... vi nhng triu chng ch yu l hoi t cc b gan, c tim, v hnh thnh nhng ch vim hoi t xut huyt ng rut, nhng nhiu khi bnh tri qua mt cch n tnh. Bnh nguyn ca bnh ny gi l vi khun Tyzzer hay "Bacillus (Actinobacillus) piliformis" l nhng vi khun khng nui cy c v v tr phn loi cn cha r (c xp vo mc ny v l do thun tin). Vi khun ny bt mu Gram m trong tiu bn vt in (print-smear) t vng bnh tch bnh phm, khng khng acid, PAS (periodic acid - Shiff's stain) dng tnh (c mu ), l trc khun chu mao kh di (0,3 - 0,5 2,0 20 m). Trong t bo cm nhim, nha bo c hnh ellip ko di (1,0 3,0 - 4,0 m), bng phng php nhum Mller hay phng php khc u thy c nha bo. Phng php nhum nha bo ca Mller nh sau: 1. Lm ln mng, hong kh, c nh bng nhit hay bng cn; 2. Ph ln mng bng dung dch acid chromic 1% (trong nc) trong vng 30 giy n 10 pht, ty loi vi khun; 3. Ra bng nc; 4. Ph ln mng bng dung dch Ziehl (30 ml dung dch fuchsine gc [3 - 7 g fuchsine +100 ml ethanol] 90 ml dung dch phenol 5% trong nc), h nng mnh trn ngn la (n mc thuc nhum bc hi nhng khng b kh) 3 - 4 pht; 5. Ra bng nc; 6. Ty mu trong 5 giy bng cn ethanol pha 3% acid chlorhydric; 8. Ra nc; 9. Nhum tng phn bng dung dch Loeffler (30 ml dung dch gc methylene blue [5 - 7 g methylene blue + 100 ethanol] pha vo 100 ml KOH 0,01%, lu cng tt) 1 - 2 pht; 10. Ra nc, hong kh, hin vi. Nha bo c mu ca fuchsine cn t bo sinh dng c mu xanh tng phn. PAS (periodic acid - Shiff's stain) l phng php nhum nm, t bo nm bt mu khi c nhum bng phng php ny (xem Phn II: Nm...").
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B. CHI CLOSTRIDIUM (TRC KHUN GRAM DNG YM KH SINH NHA BO) I. C IM CHUNG CA CHI CLOSTRIDIUM
1. Phn loi Phn loi Clostridium c trnh by bng I-36. Cc vi khun thuc chi Clostridium l nhng trc khun to Gram dng, ym kh bt buc, c nng lc hnh thnh nha bo. Trong chi ny c n hn 83 loi, nhng ch c khong 10 - 12 loi l c ngha quan trng trong lnh vc th y. 2. Hnh thi Clostridium l nhng trc khun ln Gram dng, hnh thnh nha bo. Dng sinh dng non thng bt mu Gram dng nhng qua 24 gi nui cy li bt mu Gram m. Nha bo hnh trng hoc hnh cu phn b lch tm ("bin ti") hoc cc t bo ("cc ti"), thng thng vng c nha bo trng ra c dng bo t nang, t bo tr nn c hnh thoi, hnh vt, hnh di trng,... a s trng hp hai u t bo c hnh trn, kch thc thng khc nhau, ng ring l hoc to thnh chui ngn. Thng thng cc t bo sinh dng c tim mao quanh thn v di ng, nhng cng c trng hp khng c nng lc hnh thnh nha bo. C. perfringens khng sinh nha bo nhng hnh thnh gip m. 3. Tnh trng sinh ha Clostridium l vi khun dinh dng hu c ym kh bt buc. nui cy thng dng thch lng Veillion c glucose,... cho vo bnh ri cho vo ti sinh gas (gas pack: trc khi dng ct gc bao b theo ng k sn, rt nc vo ti theo ch dn) kt hp nhm phoi st cha sn trong ti li mc np hp loi tr xy, vn kn bnh v t vo t m, hoc dng l c np vn cha sn hn hp kh (N2: 85%, H2: 10%, CO2: 5%), hoc t vo bnh bn cnh cc la cy (ng v/hoc a Petri) mt vi s cy nn ang chy, hoc dng mi trng c thm cc hp cht hon nguyn lm gim (in) th xy ha kh Eh < 0,2 V (mi trng thioglycolate natri, mi trng glutathione, nc tht gan ym kh, mi trng thch Wilson-Blair), hoc dng mi trng canh thang c ph lp dy parafin lng trong ng nghim hp sau khi c un nng loi ht xy ha tan. Nhiu Clostridium mn cm vi xy nhng C. histolyticum v C. perfringens li khng. Mi trng thch Wilson-Blair l mi trng sulfite st dng nui cy vi khun ym kh. Mi trng ny c ch bng cch thm 10 ml dung dch sulfite natri mi pha kh trng bng cch hp 1 gi trong hi nc v 1 ml chloride st II c pha trong nc v trng vo 10 ml mi trng thch thng hp cao p tit trng ang c bo n 80 C. Rt ra a Petri, t m 37 C 1 ngy m kim tra v trng. Nui cy vi khun bng cch m xuyn que cy qua ct thch hoc lm tan chy mi trng ri cy khi mi trng ngui.
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Cc vi khun ny u c phn ng oxidase m tnh, chng sn sinh H2S, v c th phn bit thnh 3 nhm da vo c tnh phn gii protein v tnh ln men ng. Nhm th nht c c hai hot tnh u mnh, nhm th hai c mt trong hai hot tnh , nhm th ba c c hai phn ng u m tnh. Hm lng G+C (mol%) l 22 - 34. Cc bnh do vi khun ny gy ra khi no cng lin quan n ngoi c t, c th chia thnh ba nhm theo tc ng ca c t. Th nht, bnh c d un vn do C. tetani gy ra vi tc ng c thn kinh - c c trng, th hai, trng c thc phm do C. botulinum gy ra v, th ba, chng thi nt, hoi th sinh hi, vim c v ph tng. Cc c t un vn do C. tetani v c t ng c tht do C. botulinum c hnh thnh trong t bo nh cc protoxin (tin c t) ch xut hin hot tnh c sau khi t bo b phn gii, nhng a s cc c t khc li c tit xut ra ngoi dng hot ng ng thi vi qu trnh sn sinh c t bn trong t bo. Trc khun un vn C. tetani sn sinh c t un vn (tetanospasmin: c t gy co git) v c dung huyt (tetanolysine). Tetanospasmin l cht do plasmid chi phi, trong c th n kt hp vi cc ganglion (hch) thn kinh tin ty sng, gy tng cng tit xut acetylcholin bn trong mt b phn t bo gy ra co tht (dng tng cng). c t ny c tnh c rt cao, 1 mg cht ny c th gy cht 10 triu chut nht. Cc c t do C. botulinum sn sinh, ngc li, tc dng c ch s tit xut acetylcholin t synap nn lm t lit (dng tr hon) cc thn kinh th gic, t lit cc c,... Nut, pht m v h hp kh khn m dn n t vong. 4. Tnh gy bnh Tnh gy bnh ca cc Clostridium c nu bng I-37. Chng l nhng vi khun Clostridium phn b rng ri trong t nhin, sinh sng trong cc iu kin ym kh nh t, nc tn ng, ng tiu ha ca ng vt,... nha bo ca chng sau thi gian di tn ti vn gi c kh nng pht trin v tnh cm nhim. Bng I-36. Cc tnh trng gim bit ca cc loi Clostridium ch yu
Loi (dng sinh hc) C. haemolyticum (C. novyi D)
C. botulinum ABF
C. botulinum CD
C. novyi type C
C. novyi type A
C. novyi type B
C. botulinum G
Tnh trng C. perfringens C. chauvoei C. septicum
C. botulinum BEF
C. sporogens
C. sordelii
C. colinum
C. difficile
Rng (m) Hnh Di (m)
0,6 1,3 1,1 1,2 1,4 - 1,2 0,9 1,3 0,4 1,0 0,5 1,6 1,6 2,5 1,6 - 3,1 - 3,0 - 1,6 - 4,7 - 1,6 - 2,4 - 3,1 - 1,4 - 4,4 - 3,4 - 1,6 - 1,6 3,4 14,1 9,0 10,1 22,5 10,1 6,6 4,5 6,6 8,6 7,9 9,4 9,4
1,3 - 1,0 0,5 1,6 1,1 3,1 - 2,0 - 2,4 6,4 15,4 5,0
C. tetani
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Dng nha bo V tr nha bo Gip m Di ng Lm lng gelatin Lm lng casein Phn gii urea Phospholipase Lipase Sinh indol Hon nguyn nitrate Glucose Mannose Maltose Lactose Saccharose Trehalose Mannit Salicin khng O2 Tnh dung huyt Sn sinh c t + + (+) + + v + + + + (+) + + + + + v + , , , , + + + + + (+) v + , , ,, + + + + (+)
Trng Lch tm + + v + + + v + , + + + + + + + v + v + + + + + + +/ v + + + + + + + v +/ + A, B, F + + + + + +/ + E, B, F + + + + v v v C, D + + + + + G + + (+) + + v + v + + + v + +/
Cu
C c
+ + v + c t tetanus
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + +/ +/ v + v +/ + + +/ , , , , , , , , , DN- , ase
Ghi ch: C. perfringens dng A: sinh c t , v enterotoxin; dng B: sinh c t , v , ; dng C: sinh c t v , enterotoxin; dng D: sinh c t v ; dng E: sinh c t v (tc C. novyi D).
C. chauvoei cm nhim cc ng vt nhai li gy hoi th c hi (bnh ung kh thn), sn sinh cc loi ngoi c t gy cht i vi chut, chut lang nhng khng gy cm nhim ngi. C. septicum gy cc bnh tch c tnh thy thng, hoi t t chc v hnh thnh hi ch yu b v cu, sn sinh 4 loi ngoi c t gy cht i vi chut, th, chut lang, cng gy cm nhim ngi. Bng I-37. Cc bnh tiu biu ng vt do cm nhim Clostridium
Bnh Bnh un vn Ung thn kh Thy thng c tnh Hoi th sinh hi Vim d dy - rut xut huyt Nhim c rut mu Bnh nguyn C. tetani C. chauvoei C. septicum C. novyi C. perfringens type A C. sordellii C. perfringens type A C. perfringens type B ng vt cm th Nga, b, d, ln, ch B, cu, d B, d, nga, ln B, cu, d, nga, ln Ch Cu s sinh Bnh trng Co tht c Kh thng khng au Thy thng di da, chng c huyt Ph thng t chc c, hoi t, sinh hi Vim d dy - rut cp tnh Hng l (lamb dysentery)
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Vim gan hoi t truyn nhim Bnh hemoglobin niu do vi khun Vim lot rut Trng c botulism
C. perfringens type C C. perfringens B, C C. novyi type B C. haemolyticum C. colinum C. botulinum c t type A, B, C, E c t type A, B, C, E c t type C
Cu non, trng thnh B ngh Cu Cu Chim ct, g Chn mink G, g li Vt, vt tri
Vim phc mc, vim c (struck) Vim rut hoi t xut huyt Vim gan hoi t Thiu mu do tan mu, hong n, hemoglobinuria Vim rut T lit, h hp kh khn T lit u c (limberneck) T lit
C. perfringens sn sinh 4 loi c t gy cht v 8 loi c t khng gy cht, nhng nng lc sn sinh c khc nhau ty chng, da vo kiu dng (pattern) c t ngi ta chia cc vi khun trong loi ny thnh 5 dng (type) sinh hc (biotype). C. perfringens type A, ngoi sn sinh c t (alpha) ra, cn bi xut c t rut enterotoxin l cht protein cu thnh v nha bo bi xut trong thi gian nha bo thnh thc tch khi t bo sinh dng. Type B ngoi lng ln c t (beta) cn c cc c t v (epsilon), type C ngoi sn sinh lng ln c t cn c c t hoc enterotoxin, type D ngoi sn sinh lng ln c t ra cn c c t , type E ngoi sn sinh lng ln c t (iota) ra cn c c t . C. novyi sn sinh 8 loi ngoi c t, da vo kiu sn sinh c t, tc thnh phn c t, ngi ta chia cc chng thnh 3 type sinh hc. Type A sn sinh cc ngoi c t , , v , type B sn sinh cc ngoi c t , , (zeta), (nu) v (theta), type C sn sinh ngoi c t (gamma). C. botulinum sn sinh 7 loi c t botulism (A, B, C, D, E, F v G) khc nhau v mt khng nguyn, c th s dng phn ng huyt thanh trung ha phn bit. Cc vi khun c c t type A, B v F c kh nng phn gii protein mnh, do bacteriophage chi phi. Cc vi khun c c t type B, E, F phn gii cc a ng, trong vi khun c c t type E sn sinh c t di s chi phi ca plasmid (gene c t E nm trn plasmid). Ngoi ra, cc vi khun type C v D khng gy dung huyt, nhng phn gii ng, di s chi phi ca bacteriophage, v vi khun type G khng phn gii ng di s chi phi ca plasmid 81 MDa m sn sinh c t. Cc c t botulism c hp thu t ng rut, nh mu vn chuyn n c v cc synap hay c cu tip ni thn kinh (synapsis) m tc dng c ch s tit xut acetylcholin t synap nn mt xung ng kch thch n thn kinh - c ngoi vi, dn n t lit (dng tr hon) cc thn kinh th gic, t lit cc c,... Nut, pht m v h hp kh khn m dn n t vong. Cc c t ny l nhng c t mnh nht, 1 mg c th gy cht 100 triu chut nht. Tnh cm th i vi c t ny khc nhau cc ng vt khc nhau. Ngi, chn v cc loi chim biu hin tnh cm th cao.
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II. TRC KHUN UN VN V BNH UN VN (TETANUS)

C. tetani l trc khun ym kh trit , mc tt nhit 28 - 30 C pH hi kim (pH 8,2 - 8,5), dung huyt sau 3 - 4 ngy nui cy, type A mnh hn type B, khng phn gii ng, hnh thnh nha bo phn b cc t bo, phn gii gelatin, cm nhim nga, b, cu, d, ln, ch, vn, ngi,... sinh c t, gy bnh un vn (tetanus) vi triu chng ch yu l co cng c vn, kch thch phn x. Bnh ny thng tri qua nh mt bnh truyn nhim cp tnh, nhng cm nhim vi khun ny ch yu l do cc nha bo t t ai xm nhp vo c th qua cc vt thng kn nh vt m xm nhp su vo t chc, gp iu kin ym kh m pht trin, hnh thnh c t gy co git, biu hin c tnh sau khi t bo b dung gii. Tnh cm th i vi c t ny khc nhau cc ng vt khc nhau. Nga mn cm nht, cn chim c tnh khng mnh. Thi k nung bnh thng l 4 - 5 ngy, nhng cng c trng hp cn n 1 - 2 tun. nga, co tht c nhai dn n rng nhe cng hm, l mi trng m, c vng c cng cng, ton thn co tht, cc khp t chi co cng khng cn kh nng co gp, ui ging cao, cc bp tht hn r di da, trng hp cp tnh th 12 ngy sau, cp tnh th 12 tun sau th cht, sau cht thn nhit c th tng cao n trn di 45 C. phng bnh, ngi ta dng gii c t un vn (toxoid: canh khun cha c t c c nh (gii c) 1 thng bng formalin nng 0,4%), iu tr th dng huyt thanh khng c t thng c hiu qu.
III. NHM TRC KHUN HOI TH SINH HI V BNH TRUYN NHIM

1. Bnh ung kh thn (blackleg, gangrena emphysematosa)BKD56 Trc khun ung kh thn C. chauvoei l vi khun ym kh trit , mc tt nhit 36 - 38 C, pH 7,2 - 7,4, khng mc trong cc mi trng nui cy trong iu kin hiu kh, hnh thnh nha bo lch tm, phn gii gelatin, khng phn gii colagen, ln men lactose v saccharose, sn sinh ngoi c t, cm nhim cc loi ng vt nhai li nh tru, b, d, cu,... gy bnh ung kh thn vi triu chng ch yu l kh thng thng khng au. Bnh ny l bnh cm nhim cp tnh pht st, thng kt thc bi ci cht. Vi khun gy bnh cm nhim thng qua cc vt thng su da v nim mc, hnh thnh nhng bnh t chc c, cng vi s pht trin ca vi khun, ngoi c t c sn sinh gy ra nhng bnh tch nh ph thng, bt kh trong t chc di da, khi nn nghe ting lo xo nh timg v tc. Thi k nung bnh thng 1 - 5 ngy, a s trng hp cht trong vng 24 gi sau khi pht bnh. phng bnh ung thn kh, vaccine C. chauvoei cht c hiu qu tt. Ngoi ra, thng dng vaccine hn hp 3 loi Clostridium gm, ngoi C. chauvoei ra, c trc khun thy thng c tnh C. septicum v C. novyi. Toxoid ca hn hp 3 loi ny cng c hiu qu tt.
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2. Bnh thy thng c tnh (malignant oedema) Trc khun thy thng c tnh C. septicum l vi khun sinh ngoi c t hnh thnh nha bo lch tm ("bin ti"), phn gii gelatin, ln men lactose v maltose, khng phn gii saccharose. Cm nhim vi khun ny b, d, cu,... gy bnh pht st cp tnh vi nhng triu chng ch yu l thy thng t chc di da v hoi t t chc gi l bnh thy thng c tnh. Bnh ny l bnh do nhm vi khun bnh hoi th sinh hi c tnh xm nhp t chc nn ngoi C. septicum ra th cn do cm nhim C. novyi, C. perfringens, C. sordellii,... cng gy nn. Nga, ln v ngi cng mc bnh ny. b v cu, v sn sinh cc loi c t khc nhau dn n chng nhim c huyt, nn nhiu trng hp thng t vong. Thi k nung bnh thng l 1 - 5 ngy, nhiu khi ng vt cht trong vng 24 gi sau khi pht bnh. ngi bnh thng c gi l hoi th sinh hi (gas gangrene). 3. Clostridium perfringens v bnh cm nhim khc C. perfringens (C. welchii) l vi khun khng vi xy, sinh nha bo khi trong c th ng vt hoc trn mi trng nui cy c huyt thanh. Nha bo lch tm, khng lm thay i hnh thi ca t bo (t bo khng tr thnh dng bo t nang [sporangium]). S hnh thnh nha bo ni chung lin quan n iu kin bt li v vic hnh thnh ny cn c cht ng v protein cng tn ti. C. perfringens phn gii gelatin v casein, phn ng phospholipase (lecithinase) dng tnh, ln men cc ng lactose, maltose v saccharose. Ph thuc vo kiu (pattern) sn sinh c t m chng c phn loi thnh 5 dng (type) khc nhau (A, B, C, D v E). Cc vi khun type A phn b rng trong t nhin, trong t, trong nc v ng rut ng vt,... nhng cc type khc, t B n E, ch thy tn ti gii hn trong cc bnh. Ph thuc vo c ch pht bnh, bnh ny c th chia, ngoi dng thy thng c tnh, thnh 4 th sau: - Hoi th sinh hi (gas gangrene): Th bnh ny ch yu do type A gy ra, vi cc triu chng ch yu thy thng, hoi t t chc c, hnh thnh hi v hi chng trng c ton thn, b, cu, d, nga, ln v ngi c tnh cm th cao, i khi ch, mo cng cm nhim. Vi khun ny cm nhim do nhim t, phn vo cc vt thng h v cng c th cm nhim hn hp cng vi cc vi khun khc (C. chauvoei, C. septicum, C. novyi, C. sordellii, C. sporogenes, C. histolyticum,...). - Vim d dy - rut xut huyt (hemorrhagic gastroenteritis): Th bnh ny nguyn pht gy bnh tch xut huyt hoi t rut hoc d dy, vi khun type A gy vim d dy - rut cp tnh ch, nn ma, a ra mu, tun hon tr ngi, nhiu trng hp cht trong vng 24 gi sau khi pht bnh. b ngh mi sinh vi khun type B, C gy vim rut hoi t xut huyt (hemorrhagic necrotic enteritis), b v bo vi khun type D, i khi type C gy chng c huyt. g cc type A v C gy vim rut hoi t (necrotic enteritis). - Mu nhim c rut (enterotoxemia, "trng c huyt"): l chng do cc loi c t vi khun sinh sn trong rut sn sinh ra hp thu vo mu (mu nhim c t rut), cc th bnh thng c hiu cc ng vt khc nhau ph thuc vo dng vi khun bnh nguyn khc nhau. cu non s sinh v ngi
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c t vi khun type B gy vim rut xut huyt cp tnh gi l hng l cu non (lamb dysentery). cu tr v trng thnh vi khun type C gy bnh (struck, Romney Marsh disease) vi cc triu chng ch yu l vim phc mc, vim c, chng c huyt. i khi n qu nhiu c, d, cu c th b chng c huyt, bnh nhn thn (pulpy kidney disease) do vi khun C. perfringens type D sinh sng ng rut gy ra. Vi khun type C ln con mi sinh, vi khun type A v D ln v bo gy chng c huyt, vi khun type A, i khi mt s type khc, gy chng c huyt, vim rut. - Trng c thc phm: Cc type C. perfringens (C. welchii) ch yu A v C, i khi D, c th sn sinh cc enterotoxin ngun gc nha bo v gy trng c thc phm th cm nhim. Bnh trng c thc phm ny do vi khun pht trin trong thc n xm nhp vo rut qua ming (do n vo). trong rut, cng vi s hnh thnh nha bo, cc c t enterotoxin c phng xut ra kt hp vi cc t bo thng b nim mc ca phn cui ca rut non m gy tn hi cu trc mng t bo. au bng v tiu chy l nhng triu chng ch yu, nhng phn nhiu bnh tri qua dng nh. Thi k nung bnh l 8 - 20 gi. 4. Bnh cm nhim khc do Clostridium C. novyi type B t rut trc tip hoc gin tip c ti vo gan theo sn l gan v pht trin m gy bnh, cu l bnh vim gan hoi t truyn nhim (infectious necrotic hepatitis) thng tri qua th cp tnh.
IV. TRNG C THT (NG C THT, DO C. BOTULINUM)

1. Clostridium botulinum v trng c tht C. botulinum l trc khun chu mao, kh ln (0,5 - 1,6 1,6 - 9,4 m), hnh thnh nha bo lch tm, i hi iu kin ym kh nghim ngt. Ni chung, nhit ti thch cho s pht trin l 30 - 37 C, gii hn nhit 25 - 45 C, nhng c t type E c sn sinh c nhit 3 C. Nha bo ca cc vi khun type c A, B v F chu nhit cao, ch b dit sau 5 pht 120 C, vi khun type c E, B, F chu c 6 pht 80 C, vi khun type c C, D b cht 100 C sau 15 pht. Vi khun type G hnh thnh nha bo rt km. Trng c do C. botulinum (botulism) l bnh trng c thc phm th c t in hnh, ngi pht chng trng c sau khi n phi c t sn sinh trong thc n. c t ny gy ra chng t lit thn kinh, t lit c dng tr hon. Thi k nung bnh thng l 12 - 24 gi. Ngi b trng c tht l do cc c t type A, B, E v F, cn cc c t C v D th khng hp th ng rut. Thng thng, ngi ln d n phi nha bo th vi khun cng khng th pht trin trong rut c do c khu h vi sinh vt thng trc cnh tranh, nhng nu tr em b sa nut phi cc nha bo ny th vi khun thng ny mm v pht trin m pht chng trng c th cm nhim (thng gi l chng ng c thc n tr s sinh: infant botulism). V vy, khng nn cho tr s sinh n mt ong vn c nhiu nha bo vi khun khc nhau.
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2. Trng c chim (limberneck) Cc loi chim biu hin tnh cm th cao i vi cc c t trng c tht, c bit g v g li, di tc dng c thn kinh ca cc c t C. botulinum type A, B, i khi C, E, biu hin s t lit vng c, thng h thp u xung t rt c trng (limberneck). Chim bnh thng cht. Cng thy vi khun pht trin trong ng rut. Nhiu loi thy cm nh vt, ngan, vt tri thng cm nhim C. botulinum type C v pht chng vo thi k m p khi lng cht dinh dng trong nc tng, lng xy ha tan trong nc gim.
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Chng 9 TRC KHUN GRAM DNG KHNG SINH NHA BO

Trong s cc trc khun Gram dng, hiu kh v ym kh, cn c c trc khun hnh thnh nha bo v trc khun lin quan x khun. Cc trc khun Gram dng khng hnh thnh nha bo khng thuc 2 loi ni trn c 7 chi khc nhau. Trong , c 3 chi c ngha quan trng trong lnh vc th y (bng I-38 v I-39). y l cc vi khun Gram dng khng sinh nha bo. Vic sp xp cc vi khun ny thnh nhm y tin so snh. (Trc y 3 chi trong nhm ny l Listeria, Corynebacterium v Erysipelothrix c nhm thnh h Corynebacteriaceae ch yu da vo kiu hnh, nhng y Corynebacterium li c xp vo nhm Cc vi khun lin quan x khun trnh by tit tip theo).
A. CHI LISTERIA V BNH CM NHIM I. C IM CHUNG CA CHI LISTERIA

1. Phn loi Cc vi khun chi Listeria phn b rng ri trong t nhin, phn lp c t ng vt c v, c, chim, gip xc,... t v nc. Thuc chi ny c 8 loi khc nhau nhng ch c 1 loi l bnh nguyn bnh truyn nhim gia sc, ng vt hoang d v ngi l L. monocytogenes, tc nhn gy bnh listeriosis (bnh tng bch cu n nhn). 2. Hnh thi L. monocytogenes l trc khun ngn (0,4 - 0,5 0,5 - 2,0 m), thng thng c 4 tim mao quanh thn, ym kh ty tin, khng hnh thnh nha bo. 3. Tnh trng sinh ha Nu nui cy 37 C tim mao hnh thnh rt km nhng nui cy 20 25 C th tim mao hnh thnh tt, s di ng tr nn hot bt. Vi khun ny c th pht trin 4 - 5 C. Trn mi trng thch thng th hnh thnh khun lc nh git sng nh. Pht trin tt trn mi trng thch mu v gy dung huyt . Khng nguyn O c 9 loi, k hiu bng ch s La M t I n IX. Khng nguyn H c 4 loi A, B, C v D. Phi hp cc loi khng nguyn, ngi ta c 13 dng huyt thanh hc (serovar) khc nhau. Bng I-38. So snh cc tnh trng ca vi khun Gram dng khng sinh nha bo
Loi Listeria Erysipelothrix Renibacterium Lactobacillus Sinh catalase + + Sinh H2S + + Ln men glucose + + + G+C (mol%) 36 - 38 36 - 40 53 34 - 53
4. Tnh gy bnh Vi khun L. monocytogenes thng tr ng rut ca th, chim, c,...
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gy bnh cm nhim phm vi k ch rt rng. ng vt nhai li thng thy vim no ha m, cm nhim phi thai c th dn n sy thai, sm, con cht. ln v nga c th chng bi huyt v sy thai, ch v gm nhm gy bi huyt, p xe gan (vim gan mng m). Ngi tip xc vi ng vt bnh m b cm nhim do tip xc, n phi thc phm b nhim (sn phm sa, rau qu, c, cua c,...) m cm nhim qua ming, hoc ht phi vi khun cng bi bm m cm nhim ng h hp. Bnh thng l bi huyt, vim mng ty, vim mng no - no,... cn ph n c thai th thng dn n sy thai, sm, cht. Nh vy, bnh listeriosis l mt bnh ly chung ngi v ng vt quan trng. Bng I-39. Cc bnh tiu biu cm nhim vi khun Gram dng khng sinh nha bo
Bnh Bnh listeriosis Bnh ng du ln Cm nhim vi khun ng du ln Bnh nguyn L. monocytogenes E. rhusiopathiae E. tonsillarum E. rhusiopathiae E. tonsillarum ng vt cm th Bnh trng ng vt nhai li Vim no c m, i khi sy thai, bi huyt ng vt khc Vim no, bi huyt,... Ln Bi huyt cp tnh, nt m sau chuyn tm ti, hnh vung hay hnh thoi da, vim khp, vim ni tm mc Ngi Ban da Cu Vim mng guc, vim khp Chim Chng bi huyt Cc c h Hi Xut huyt cc tng kh, thn ph,...
Bnh thn do vi khun R. salmoninarum
Nu tim vi khun ny vo ng mch tai ca th th nghim th sau mt s ngy s thy chng tng bch cu n nhn (monocytosis), cho nn vi khun c tn L. monocytogenes (ngha l "Listeria sinh t bo n nhn"). Tuy nhin, ng vt nhai li v ngi th hin tng ny khng nht thit xy ra. Vi khun ny cng vi trc khun lao Mycobacterium tuberculosis, Salmonella, Brucella,... l nhng vi khun k sinh ni bo ty tin, chng pht trin c trong cc i thc bo (macrophage). V vy, phng cc bnh ny th vic lm hot ha cc i thc bo trong min dch t bo l rt quan trng.
B. CHI ERYSIPELOTHRIX V BNH TRUYN NHIM I. C IM CHUNG CA CHI ERYSIPELOTHRIX

1. Phn loi Trc y c bit cc chng vi khun thuc chi Erysipelothrix lp nn ch 1 loi l E. rhusiopathiae ( cn c tn l E. insidiosa, E. muriseptica, E. erysipeloids). Nhng t nhm cc chng t c i vi ln thuc loi ny, nh th nghim v tnh tng ng DNA - DNA, ngi ta phn bit loi mi E. tonsillarum. Mc d vy, vn cn c nhng nghi vn xung quanh vic nh loi mi ny. Cc th nghim so snh gene RNA 16S ribosome ca chng cho thy rng chng c s tng ng rt cao. Trong gio trnh ny tn E. tonsillarum vn c gi li v l do thun tin. E. tonsillarum cng gy bnh ng du ln. Cc vi khun ng du ln rt ph bin trong t nhin, thng phn lp c t cc loi ng vt khc nhau nh ng vt c v, chim, c, ng vt
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gip xc,... 2. Hnh thi Erysipelothrix l nhng trc khun nh (0,2 - 0,4 0,5 - 2,5 m), nhng trong canh khun gi c th thy cc dng si di, Gram dng, khng sinh nha bo v tim mao, cn cu trc dng gip m th pht hin c di knh hin vi in t. 3. Tnh trng sinh ha Erysipelothrix l trc khun ym kh ty tin, pht trin yu trn mi trng thch thng, trn hnh thnh khun lc dng git sng nh, nhng nu thm mu, ng glucose v tween 80 vo mi trng th s pht trin tr nn tt hn. Trn mi trng thch mu vi khun ny biu hin dung huyt . Tnh cm th penicillin rt cao, khng h gp chng khng cht khng sinh ny. Nh tnh c hiu trong phn ng kt ta trong thch (agar gel) ca khng nguyn chu nhit ngun gc peptidoglycan m ngi ta phn loi c 26 dng huyt thanh hc khc nhau, cn cc chng khng c mt trong nhng khng nguyn c k hiu l dng N. 4. Tnh gy bnh Cc vi khun Erysipelothrix cm nhim ln, cu, b v cc ng vt c v khc, cng nh g ty, g v cc loi chim khc. Ngun gc dch l ng vt cm nhim v t b nhim. Vi khun thng tr hu hng khong 20 - 50% ln, thng bi xut ra ngoi theo nc tiu v dch nc bt ln. Ln 3 thng tui tr ln thng d pht bnh, ln bnh thng biu hin 4 th bnh: th bi huyt cp tnh, th m da cp tnh, th vim khp mn tnh v th vim ni tm mc, nhng ln ci c cha cn xy ra sy thai. Ngoi ln ra, tru, b thng vim mng, b ngh thng vim a khp khng ha m, g ty v g gy ra chng bi huyt. Ngi ch yu b cm nhim do tn thng, xut hin cc vt ban (erysipeloid) trn da (thng tay) sau c th chuyn sang mu sm v loang rng, i khi rt au, trong khi hch lympho khu vc c th b vim. Bnh ny l bnh ngh nghip, bnh thng pht nhng ngi tip xc vi gia sc v c (bc s th y, cng nhn l m, xng ch bin thy hi sn,...).
II. BNH CM NHIM ERYSIPELOTHRIX

1. Bnh ng du ln (erysipelas)BKD59 L bnh truyn nhim ca cc loi ln vi cc triu chng xut huyt, vim da, vim rut, thn, mng tng dch v nim mc xut huyt, lch sng to v bi huyt ton thn. Ln, c bit l ln con cho n ln 1 nm tui, rt mn cm vi khun bnh ng du ln. Vi khun thng k sinh c th ln, mt s loi ng vt khc cng mang vi khun nh b cu, g, chut, qu, cc loi nhai li nh,... Ngoi ra, vi khun cn c th c phn lp t ch nhi, b st, c, tm, cua, cn trng,... t m t, nc ng c bit l ni khut nng c nhiu cht hu c cng thng c vi khun ny. Erysipelothrix xm nhp vo c th ln qua vt thng, ng tiu ha vo mu m gy bnh. C th thy 3 th: th nhim khun huyt ln trng thnh vi cc chng st cao (42 - 43
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C), nim mc gt, da rt nng, a chy,... th trn da vi cc nt thng c gc, nng, au,... v th mn tnh thng km chng vim mng tim, ph thng phi, kh th, ph chn sau,... Bnh c th c phng nga bi s dng vaccine nhc c (mt s nc s dng chng nhc c khng acryflavine, mt cht gy t bin m b ba - frame shift), hoc vaccine v hot. nc ta thng s dng vaccine nhc c chng VR2 thuc type N, vaccine formol keo phn v vaccine nh gi t - du (t huyt trng v ng du ln). iu tr bnh ng du ln ngi ta s dng penicillin. Cc vi khun ny rt mn cm vi penicillin nn hiu qu iu tr thng rt cao. 2. Cm nhim vi khun ng du ln ng vt khc Cc loi chim c tnh cm th khc nhau i vi vi khun ng du ln theo th t sau: b cu, g, vt, ngan, ngng, vt, so, chim s,... chim thng thy triu chng mo ti, a chy, c th suy nhc,... bnh tch thng thy l xut huyt nim mc v c, gan v lch t mu, sng to. Tru, b, d, cu, ch cng cm nhim vi biu hin vim khp, vim rut chy mu nhng thng c tin lng tt. Ngi mc bnh ny (erysipeloid) vi cc biu hin nh st cao, ni nt trn da, u cc khp xng v cc hch thng sng. C th chia thnh 3 th lm sng: th da cc b (thng thy), th da ton thn v nhim trng mu (him khi gp).
C. CHI RENIBACTERIUM V BNH TRUYN NHIM I. C IM CHUNG CA CHI RENIBACTERIUM

1. Phn loi Thuc chi Renibacillus ch c loi duy nht R. salmoninarum. 2. Hnh thi y l trc khun Gram dng ngn, khng hnh thnh nha bo, gip m v tim mao. 3. Tnh trng sinh ha R. salmoninarum l vi khun hiu kh, pht trin tt trn mi trng c thm mu hoc huyt thanh, hnh thnh khun lc trn cc mi trng sau 2 - 3 tun nui cy 15 C. 4. Tnh gy bnh Vi khun ny gy bnh thn do vi khun cc loi c h Hi. y l bnh truyn nhim cp tnh hoc cp tnh vi cc triu chng ch yu l thn ph to, vng bng trng phnh, cc c quan trong bng c xut huyt v hnh thnh cc hoi t mu trng tro. Nhiu trng hp cm nhim n tnh, c cm nhim tr thnh ngun bnh mi. R. salmoninarum thng phn lp c t c hi (salmon) v c hi ch (trout).
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D. CHI LACTOBACILLUS (VI KHUN LACTIC)

Thuc chi c n hn 40 loi khc nhau. y l nhng trc khun Gram dng, kch thc ln (0,5 - 0,7 2 - 8 m), i b phn cc loi khng di ng. Vi khun ny thng tr ng rut nhiu loi ng vt khc nhau, c bit d c ng vt nhai li, khng c tnh gy bnh i vi ng vt. Mt s loi c s dng ch bin cc sn phm sa: sa chua, ph mt v nc ung cc loi t sa.
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Chng 10 CC VI KHUN LIN QUAN X KHUN (TRC KHUN C XU HNG SINH NHNH) A. CHI CORYNEBACTERIUM I. C IM CHUNG CA CHI CORYNEBACTERIUM
1. Phn loi Chi Corynebacterium bao gm hn 25 loi khc nhau, bt mu Gram dng, khng khng acid, khng hnh thnh nha bo, phn b rng ri trong t nhin. Rhodococcus equi, trc y c tn C. equi, tc nhn gy bnh vim phi c m, p xe hch lympho cung phi, hch lympho mng rut,... ch yu nga con, l loi c tch khi chi ny v c nhng c im ring l khng toan yu. 2. Hnh thi L cc trc khun Gram dng c tiu th (ht) d sc, nhiu khi a hnh thi, c dng cnh cy phn nhnh, dng l thng,... khng c nha bo v gip m. Cc Corynebacterium ng tit niu tru b (C. renale, C. pilosum, C. cystitidis) thng nhung mao (fimbria). 3. Tnh trng sinh ha Tnh trng sinh ha ch yu ca cc Corynebacterium c trnh by bng I-40. y l nhng vi khun ym kh ty tin, khng di ng, phn ng catalase dng tnh, oxidase m tnh, ln men glucose. Bng I-40. Cc tnh trng sinh ha ca mt s Corynebacterium ch yu
C. pseudotuberculosis Tnh trng Loi
Oxidase + Urease + + + + + Hippurate + + + + + Hon nguyn nitrate + D* + + Lm chy casein + Tween 80 + . . Xylose + Phn ng CAMP + . . . . G+C (mol%) 56,71,1 57,91,9 53,50,9 52,20,4 68,70,9 46,10,1 52 - 55 Ghi ch: *D, cc chng c ngun gc b l dng tnh, cn cc chng c ngun gc cu d th m tnh.
C 3 loi Corynebacterium ng tit niu tru b u pht trin trn mi
C. diphtheriae
C. kutscheri
C. cystitidis
C. pilosum
C. renale
C. bovis
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trng thch thng, nhng C. cystitidis thng pht dc mun hn 2 loi kia, hnh thnh khun lc nh mu trng tro, b mt kh sau 2 ngy nui cy trn mi trng ny. Cn 2 loi C. renale v C. pilosum sau 1 ngy nui cy th thy khun lc trn, hi vng, b mt hi kh. Nu nui cy C. renale trn mi trng thch mu b hoc cu vung gc vi ng cy chng S. aureus gy dung huyt th vng giao thoa pht sinh dung huyt hon ton (CAMP test dng tnh), nh vy c th phn bit vi 2 loi kia. C. pseudotuberculosis gy vng dung huyt yu, nhng c tnh dung huyt ca vi khun ny c tng cng nh vi khun Rhodococcus equi. 4. Tnh gy bnh Tnh gy bnh ca cc Corynebacterium c nu bng I-41. Trong s cc Corynebacterium ng tit niu ca tru b th C. renale l vi khun c c tnh cao nht, tip theo l C. cystitidis v C. pilosum. Chng gy bnh vim thn - b thn b v tru. c tnh gy bnh ca chng lin quan n cc nhung mao ca chng c nng lc bm ln b mt cc t bo thng b bng quang v b thn,... C. pseudotuberculosis sn sinh hemolysin, dch lng t canh khun ny biu hin hot tnh gy cht i vi chut. C. bovis l nhng vi khun k sinh bu v hay trong sa b, nhng c coi l khng c tnh gy bnh i vi ng vt. C. diphtheriae cm nhim cc b nim mc hu hng ca ngi, pht trin cc b vng ny nhng nh sinh ngoi c t (do bacteriophage chi phi) m gy bnh c hiu. Bng I-41. Cc bnh tiu biu do cm nhim Corynebacterium ng vt v ngi
Bnh Bnh vim thn - b thn b Bnh gi lao Bnh bch hu Bnh cm nhim Corynebacterium Bnh nguyn C. renale C. pilosum C. cystitidis C. pseudotuberculosis C. diphtheriae C. kutscheri ng vt cm nhim B, tru Cu, d Ngi Chut nht, chut cng Bnh trng Vim thn - b thn, vim bng quang Vim hch lympho casein ha Vim hng c mng gi, pht st Vim ha m, casein ha
II. BNH CM NHIM CORYNEBACTERIUM

1. Bnh vim bng quang v vim thn - b thn b (bovine cystitis and pyelonephritis) Bnh ny c triu chng ch yu l nc tiu c hoc nhim huyt niu. Thng ph bin nht l do C. renale gy ra, trng hp cm nhim do C. pilosum thng him. Cc vi khun ny t c quan sinh dc ngoi qua niu o m xm nhp vo bng quang gy vim bng quang, sau xm nhp vo niu qun v thn m gy chng vim thn - b thn. 2. Bnh gi lao (pseudotuberculosis) hay bnh vim hch bch huyt casein ha d v cu (caseous lymphadenitis in goat and sheep) C. pseudotuberculosis xm nhp t vt thng b mt c th hoc t
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khoang ming vo v gy cc ha m cc hch lympho ln cn. Sau hnh thnh cc bnh phi v gan. Cc bnh ban u l dch m mu xanh lc bao quanh bi lp t bo hnh trn v t bo a nhn ca t chc lin kt. V sau thy phn trong dch b hp thu, bnh tr thnh p xe dng casein mu vng nht nn c gi l gi lao. Tuy nhin, bnh nguyn nhng bnh gi lao ny b v nga cn l trc khun ng rut Yersinia pseudotuberculosis (xem h Enterobacteriaceae). 3. Bnh cm nhim Corynebacterium chut (murine corynebacteriosis) Cm nhim C. kutscheri chut, chut cng gy bnh gi lao, gy hnh thnh gan thn v ni quan khc ca cc loi gm nhm ny nhiu p xe nh c m.
B. CHI MYCOBACTERIUM V BNH TRUYN NHIM I. C IM CHUNG CA CHI MYCOBACTERIUM

1. Phn loi Vic phn loi c trnh by bng I-42. Cc vi khun Mycobacterium c gi l vi khun khng toan (khng acid: acid-fast) v sau khi nhum (phng php Ziehl Neelsen) bng thuc nhum anilin kim tnh nh phenol fuschine nng m ty mu bng cn pha acid (ethanol 95% pha 3% HCl) th mu ca thuc nhum trn cng khng b mt, vi khun ny bt mu trong khi cc vi khun khc c trong bnh phm li bt mu nn tng phn (mu xanh ca xanh methylene). Chi ny c cc loi khng gy bnh i vi ngi v ng vt, thng c phn lp nh nhng tp khun khng toan, nhng cng c nhng loi gy bnh tch n nh l hch lao ngi v ng vt v nhng loi c tnh gy bnh tim tng. Ph thuc vo nng lc pht trin ngi ta chia cc trc khun chi ny thnh 3 nhm: (1) nhm pht trin chm, (2) nhm pht trin nhanh v (3) nhm yu cu yu t sinh trng c bit hoc khng th nui cy c trn mi trng nhn to. Ngoi ra, ngoi nhm vi khun lao nh hnh nu trn, cn c cc vi khun khng toan phi nh hnh c chia thnh cc nhm I (sinh mu khi c chiu sng - quang pht sc), II (sinh sc t khi c che ti - m pht sc) III (khng sinh sc t - phi pht sc) v IV (pht trin cc nhanh - tn tc pht dc). 2. Hnh thi y l nhng trc khun di, mnh, Gram dng, biu hin tnh khng acid, hai u trn. Nu nhum th trong t bo thy c nhiu ht gi l ht Much (Much's granule), khng c nha bo, gip m v tim mao. Nu nui cy ko di th t bo cc vi khun ny c dng si di phn nhnh ging nm, v vy c tn l Mycobacterium (t ch "mycos" ngha l "nm" v "bacterium" l "vi khun"). c tnh khng acid (khng toan) ca vi khun c xc nh bng phng php nhum Ziehl Neelsen: 1) lm tiu bn ln mng, kh, c nh; 2) nhum bng dung dch phenol fuchsine Ziehl (xem nhum nha bo "Bacillus"); 3) ra bng nc; 4) ty mu bng ethanol pha 3% HCl; 5) ra nc; 6) nhum tng phn bng dch Loeffler (xem nhum nha bo
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"Bacillus") khong 1 pht; 6) ra nc, kh, hin vi. (Ch : dung dch phenol fuchsine Ziehl c th thay bng dung dch 0,1% auramin trong dung dch 5% phenol, do auramin pht hunh quang nn y l mt phng php nhum hunh quang kim xut vi khun khng acid). Ngoi ra cn c phng php nhum Ziehl Neelsen cho vi khun lao: Sau khi c nh, tiu bn c nhum bng dung dch hemotoxilin hi m hn bnh thng trong khong 10 - 20 pht, ri ph dung dch Ziehl 60 oC trong khong 30 pht n 1 gi, ra nh bng nc, ri ty mu bng ethanol pha 1% HCl cho n khi tiu bn c mu hng nht (mu o), gi tiu bn trong dung dch long litium phenolate cho n khi mu tm ca hemotoxilin xut hin, ra nh bng nc, loi nc bng cn, c nh bng xylol ri hin vi. Vi khun khng acid nhum mu . 3. Tnh trng sinh ha Mycobacterium l nhng vi khun hiu kh, c phn ng catalase khng n nh, oxidase m tnh, phn gii glucose bng phng thc ln men. So vi cc vi khun khc th t bo vi khun khng acid hm lng lipid ln hn nhiu. Trong s ch yu l cc cht sp, cha nhiu l acid mycolic v lin quan n tnh khng toan ca t bo vi khun. Bng I-42. Phn loi, tnh trng sinh ha ch yu v tnh gy bnh ca cc loi vi khun thuc chi Mycobacterium
68 C 20' catalase Theo Bergey Pht trin Theo Runyon Loi Tc Urease Nitrate Sc t Niacin
25C
30C
37C
Nhm VK lao I
M. tuberculosis M. bovis M. microti M. kansaii M. marinum
S S S S S S S S S S S S
+ + + + + + + +
+ + + + + + + + + + + +
+ + + + + + + + + + +
42C
Tn bnh,v tr bnh
ng vt cm th ch yu
+ + + + -
P P T T
+ + -
+ + + -
+ + + + + + +
+ + + + + + + + -
Vi khun pht trin chm
Vi khun khng acid v nh hnh
II
M. scrofulaceum M. goldonae
III M. avium subsp. avium M. intracellulare M. ulcerance M. xenopi M. gastri
+ -
Chim, ln, b Phi, hch Ngi lympho Lot su Ngi da Phi, hch Ngi, ln lympho (Khng gy bnh)
Bnh lao Bnh lao Bnh lao Phi, hch lympho m biu b Phi, hch lympho Khc m Bnh lao
Ngi, vn B, ngi Chut ng Ngi, b, ln C, ngi Ln, b, ngi Ngi
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VK PT nhanh
IV M. phlei M. fortuitum M. smegmatis
R R R
+ + +
+ + +
+ + +
+ + +
T -
+ + +
. + .
+ + +
(Khng gy bnh) Phi, hch Ngi, ln lympho Vim v (B)
i M. avium subsp. S . . + . . . . . . Bnh B, cu, d hi Johne paratuberculosis yu . . . . . . . . . Phong? Chut M. lepraemurium . t* . . . . . . . . . . Phong Ngi M. leprae Ghi ch: VKPT: vi khun pht trin nhanh; *: i hi yu t dinh dng c bit hoc khng nui cy c; S: chm (Slow); R: nhanh (rapid); P: quang pht sc; T: m pht sc.
M. tuberculosis v M. bovis u c kh nng pht trin trn mi trng nui cy n gin nhng glycerin (l cht chng mt nc mi trng) li cn tr s pht trin ca M. bovis cho nn thng s dng mi trng c pha thm tween 80. Pht dc thng cn n hn 2 tun nui cy. Trn b mt mi trng lng hnh thnh mng mng cha nhin vi khun. Dch lc t canh khun ca 2 vi khun ny u cha nhiu protein, tuberculin l sn phm c c t dch lc c s dng chn on bnh lao. BCG (Bacille de Calmette et Gurin) l chng bin d nhc c M. bovis, thng dng chng phng bnh lao ngi. M. avium subsp. paratuberculosis l vi khun khng c nng lc hp th st cho nn khng pht trin trn nhng mi trng thng dng cy vi khun lao, vic b sung vo mi trng t bo cht ca M. phlei hoc cht chit alcohol t vi khun (mycobactin) l khng th thiu. M. avium subsp. paratuberculosis pht dc rt chm, cn n 1 - 2 thng nui cy. M. laprae so vi cc vi khun khc th c tnh khng acid yu hn. Hin ti, y l mt trong nhng vi khun kh nui cy nht. nui cy vi khun lao ngi ta thng s dng mi trng Lowenstein-Jensen. Mi trng ny c ch bng cch ha 2,4 g KH2PO4, 0,24 g MgSO4.7H2O, 0,6 g magnesium citrate, 3,6 g asparagine v 12 ml glycerin tinh ch vo 600 ml nc ct, un nng v lc cho tan u, thm 30 g tinh bt khoai ty, trn u v un cho n khi dch tr nn trong sut th h nhit xung 56 C, thm 1 lt dch trng ton phn v 20 ml malachite green 2% ri rt vo cc ng nghim ng nghing v x l nhit 85 C trong 40 pht n ngy tip theo li x l nhit 30 C trong vng 40 pht c mi trng nghing. Vi khun lao mc sau 1 thng, to nhng khun lc kh, nhn nheo, nh hnh hoa sp l. 4. Tnh gy bnh M. tuberculosis, M. bovis, M. avium subsp. avium v M. intracellulare l nhng vi khun gy hnh thnh hch lao cc hch lympho v cc c quan ca ngi, b, chim, ln,... M. tuberculosis gy bnh ngi. Ngoi ra, vn, b, vt,... cng cm nhim. Trong s cc ng vt th nghim, chut lang l ng vt mn cm nht, cn th v chut nht biu hin tnh khng. M. bovis ch yu cm nhim b. Trng hp ngi cm nhim vi khun ny tuy t, nhng vn cc trng
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hp do ung sa ti sng t b b cm nhim. Chut lang, th, chut nht tng i mn cm, cn chut cng th khng mn cm. M. avium subsp. avium biu hin tnh gy bnh chim: gia cm v chim hoang u thy mc bnh do cm nhim vi khun ny. Th cm th, cn trng hp cm nhim t nhin M. avium subsp. avium ln th thy nhiu. Vi khun gy hnh thnh cc bnh cc b hch bch huyt. M. avium subsp. paratuberculosis gy bnh tiu chy mn tnh kh iu tr ng vt nhai li (bnh Johne). Cn M. laprae ch cm nhim ngi, gy bnh Hansen (bnh phong) kh cha ngi.
II. BNH CM NHIM MYCOBACTERIUM

1. Bnh lao b (tuberculosis in cattle)BKD28 L bnh truyn nhim mn tnh ca b do cm nhim M. bovis, c nhiu nc ch nh l "bnh truyn nhim php nh". bnh (hch lao) thng thy nhiu phi, hch lympho phi, hch lympho mng treo rut,... 2. Bnh Johne (Johne's disease)BKD25 L bnh mn tnh ca ng vt nhai li do cm nhim M. avium subsp. paratuberculosis (tc M. paratuberculosis) vi nhng triu chng ch yu l tiu chy kinh nin, rt kh cha tr. Tri qua thi k bnh rt di mi pht bnh. Nim mc khng trng, hi trng v manh trng hi ph i, hnh thnh nhng np nhn dng v no. 3. Bnh lao chim (avian tuberculosis)BKD28,78 L bnh do cm nhim M. avium subsp. avium. Bnh khng ch thy gia cm m cn cc loi chim nui v chim hoang d, thng vi s hnh thnh cc hch lao gan, lch, phi, ng tiu ha,... 4. Bnh lao ln (mycobacterial infection in swine)BKD28 Pht bnh do cm nhim cc trc khun lao v nh hnh xm nhp qua ng ming, ph bin nht l cm nhim M. avium subsp. avium. Thng thng vi khun xm nhp qua nim mc hnh nhn (hch amygdal) hay ng tiu ha i vo hch lympho hm di hay hch lympho mng rut,... pht trin v hnh thnh nhng bnh dng hch lao. 5. Bnh lao c (mycobacteriosis in fish)BKD28 Bnh ny do cm nhim M. marinum cc loi c nc mn v nc ngt, c bit nhiu vng nhit i. Trong cc c quan khc nhau nh thn, lch, gan,... hnh thnh cc mng m hoc u tht. 6. Bnh lao kh (tuberculosis in monkey)BKD28 L bnh ca cc kh nui vn th hay nui th nghim, ch yu do cm nhim M. tuberculosis, M. bovis gy ra. Do t pht hin bnh lao kh hoang nn ngi ta cho rng bnh cm nhim t ngi sang kh sau khi b bt.
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C. CHI ACTINOMYCES V BNH TRUYN NHIM I. C IM CHUNG CA CHI ACTINOMYCES

1. Phn loi Phn loi cc Actinomyces c trnh by bng I-43. Chi Actinomyces, thng gi l x khun, l tp on t bo bc thp gn ging nm, c phn nhnh to nn nhng khun ty th (mycelium), bao gm 12 loi vi khun khc nhau. Hu ht chng l thnh phn ca khu h vi sinh vt thng tr ca cc nim mc ca ngi v ng vt, c bit l nim mc xoang ming v c quan sinh dc, trong mt s loi c tnh gy bnh. (Ch "ty" [ch Hn] l "si ch", cn "khun" l mt dng sinh vt bc thp c coi l thc vt, khng phi l "trng" thng c coi l ng vt bc thp. "Khun" gm 2 loi: "vi khun" l khun nh v "chn khun" l khun to tc l cc nm. X khun c ngha l khun pht tia [pht x] l t bt ngun t hnh thi ca bnh phm ng vt khi quan st di knh hin vi. Trong tiu bn hin vi ch bng cch p hch bnh tch ln phin knh ri nhum ta thy nhng ht thun di hoc ngn bt ngun t mt tm hng ra ngoi nh cc tia sng pht x xung quanh mt tri. Tn khoa hc Actinomyces hm ch nm [mycos, ting Hy Lp l "nm"] pht tia do c s nhm ln v trc y phn loi hc ch yu da vo c im hnh thi). Bng I-43. Cc tnh trng sinh ha ca cc Actinomyces ch yu
Tnh trng Hnh thi Pht trin iu kin hiu kh Tnh dung huyt Hon nguyn nitrate Thy phn gelatin Thy phn casein Thy phn esculin Thy phn tinh bt Arambinose (sinh acid) Mannit (sinh acid) Raffinose (sinh acid) Ribose (sinh acid) Xylose (sinh acid) Hm lng G+C (mol%) Ghi ch: d: khc nhau ty chng A. bovis Hnh chy d d + d 57 - 63 A. israelii Di mnh, khun ty d d + d d d d + + 57 - 65 A. pyogenes Hnh chy + + + + d + 56 - 58
2. Hnh thi Actinomyces l nhng trc khun Gram dng, khng c tnh khng acid, khng hnh thnh nha bo, khng c tim mao v gip m, a hnh thi: c dng t hnh chy (dng trc khun bch hu) n dng phn nhnh hay dng si di (filament) thng gi l khun ty (hypha), thng hay phn nhnh tp hp li to thnh chm hay b gi l khun ty th (mycellium).
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3. Tnh trng sinh ha y l nhng vi khun ym kh ty tin, nhng pht trin tt iu kin ym kh. A. bovis v A. israelii pht trin khi nui cy iu kin vi hiu kh, hoc ym kh. pht trin tt, cn c CO2. Cc phn ng catalase, oxidase u m tnh, ln men glucose. Cc khun lc A. bovis bm cht trn mt thch, khng th ly ra mt cch d dng. A. pyogenes biu hin tnh dung huyt . S phn gii protein c tnh c hiu, tiu ha lactose, dch ha gelatin. 4. Tnh gy bnh Cc bnh do cm nhim Actinomyces tiu biu ng vt c trnh by bng I-44. A. bovis gy bnh x khun b, cn A. israelii gy bnh x khun ngi, thng thng t v tr tn thng xoang ming,... xm nhp vo t chc, pht trin v pht bnh. Trong dch lc canh khun A. pyogenes c cc ngoi c t gy dung huyt, gy cht v gy hoi t da, biu hin hot tnh gy cht i vi chut nht, gy hoi t i vi chut lang, hnh thnh cc p xe di da v cc ni quan hoc gy vim khp ha m. Bng I-44. Bnh tiu biu ng vt do cm nhim cc loi Actinomyces
Bnh Bnh x khun Bnh x khun Bnh cm nhim Actinomyces pyogenes Bnh cm nhim A. suis Bnh nguyn A. bovis A. israelii A. pyogenes A. suis ng vt cm th B Ngi Ln B Ln Bnh trng Vim tng thc sinh m Vim tng thc sinh m p xe, vim khp sinh m Vim v Vim bng quang, vim thn - b thn
II. BNH CM NHIM ACTINOMYCES

1. Bnh x khun b (actinomycosis in cattle)BKD55 L bnh truyn nhim do cm nhim A. bovis vi nhng triu chng ch yu l vim tng thc sinh m. Thng thng hnh thnh u tht hm di. Trong t chc u tht thng thy c cc ht lu hunh (sulfur granule) mu vng, nu hin vi s thy cc khun ty vng trung tm, cn xung quanh l nhng vt c dng i hoa cc (rosette). Trng hp bnh nko di thng thy xng tng kch thc v xp nh t ong. 2. Bnh cm nhim Actinomyces pyogenes ln (Actinomyces pyogenes infection in swine)BKD55 Cm nhim A. pyogenes gy p xe c m, vim khp c m ln. Vi khun t v tr tn thng n hoc do di cn t cc bnh khc m hnh thnh cc p xe c m di da hoc cc ni quan.
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3. Bnh cm nhim Actinomyces suis ln (Actinomyces suis infection)BKD55 Actinomyces suis u tin c gi l Corynebacterium suis, mt thi k li c xp vo chi Eubacterium, nhng trn c s c im hnh thi v cc tnh trng sinh ha m hin ti c phn loi vo chi Actinomyces ny. Trc khun ny gy bnh vim bng quang, vim thn - b thn ln, ngoi ra, gy vim t cung ln ni. Vi khun ny thng phn lp c t nc tiu ln khe mnh.
D. NHNG BNH CM NHIM VI KHUN KHC (DERMATOPHILUS, RHODOCOCCUS V NOCARDIA)

1. Bnh cm nhim Dermatophilus b (bovine dermatophilosis) L bnh cm nhim da ca tru, b do Dermatophilus congolensis gy ra. y l vi khun Gram m, ym kh ty tin, thng quan st thy c dng si. Sau khi hnh thnh, khun ty bt u phn ct, hnh thnh vch ngn. Trn mi trng c, hnh thnh nhng khun lc c mu trng tro hoc vng chanh, kh v li lm, gy dung huyt trn mi trng thch mu. Vi khun ny gy bnh da cp tnh hoc mn tnh tru b vi nhng triu chng ch yu l vim r dch v hnh thnh vy. Bnh ny c coi l bnh nhit i nhng li kh ph bin nhiu nc n i. 2. Bnh cm nhim Rhodococcus equi (Rhodococcus equi infection) Rhodococcus equi trc y tng c xp vo chi Corynebacterium, l trc khun hiu kh Gram dng, a hnh thi: c hnh que, hnh gy hoc dng cu trc khun, d nhum, c ht bin sc, biu hin tnh khng acid yu, c gip m nhng khng c tim mao. Khun lc thng c dng M (mucoid: nhy), S (smooth: bng lng), vin thng dung hp vi cc khun lc bn cnh. Sau 2 - 3 ngy nui cy hnh thnh khun lc mu trng tro hoc mu tm nht, nu lu thng chuyn sang mu vng nu. Vi khun ny sn sinh hp cht thng gi l "nhn t equi" c hot tnh lm tng tnh dung huyt ca C. pseudotuberculosis v L. monocytogenes (c s ca trc nghim "hin tng v tinh"). Vi khun ny gy bnh vim phi c m, vim hch lympho mng rut c m, vim lot rut, vim khp,... nga non 1 - 2 thng tui. Ngoi ra, Rhodococcus equi phn lp c t hch lympho hm di hoc t cc im bnh tch dng hch lao ln. 3. Bnh cm nhim Nocardia (nocardiosis) Chi Nocardia l cc vi khun hiu kh, Gram dng, c tnh khng acid yu. Hnh thnh khun ty v phn bo m thnh cc t bo a hnh thi: hnh que hoc hnh cu nh,... Khun lc a dng c mu t vng nht n mu hng, b mt vng cao hoc li lm, thng n su vo mi trng. N. asteroides cm nhim ch yu cu v ch, hnh thnh di da hoc cc loi ni quan cc u tht ha m mn tnh dng tin trin, rt ging cc hch lao, nhng khng calci ha. Nu cm nhim vi khun ny, cc loi c hnh thnh cc hch t chc m di da, c v ni tng (dng hch ton
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thn) hoc np mang (dng hch mang). Vi khun ny thng phn lp c t c nc, c bn,...
E. CC CHI LIN QUAN X KHUN KHC (KHNG GY BNH)

1. Propionibacterium L cc trc khun Gram dng, khng nha bo, khng di ng, biu hin dng hnh thi kiu bch hu (dng chy), t ym kh n chu kh ( khng xy). T glucose, thng qua chu trnh acid pyruvic m hnh thnh acid propionic v acid acetic. Vi khun ny nguyn lai c phn lp t cc ch phm sa nh ph mt nhng c th phn lp c t trn da ngi, ng rut ca ngi v ng vt. 2. Bifidobacterium L cc trc khun Gram dng, khng nha bo, khng di ng, ym kh, phn b trong ng tiu ha ca ngi v ng vt. Mt s loi thuc chi ny c li, c s dng trong vic ch sa chua v cc ch phm dc bifidus, hoc cc ch phm thc n b sung nhm mc ch tng cng s pht trin ca gia sc, gia cm. Ngoi ra, cn c s dng nh nhng ch phm dc vi khun sng vi mc ch phng v iu tr cc bnh ng rut. 3. Streptomyces L cc trc khun Gram dng, khng khng acid, hiu kh, hnh thnh khun ty vnh cu, bn trong khun ty hnh thnh 5 - 50 bo t sp xp lin nhau. Vi khun ny tn ti rng ri trong t nhin. i vi con ngi, y l nhng vi khun c ch, do chng sn sinh cc cht khng sinh, chng hn streptomycine,...
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Chng 11 CC MYCOPLASMA I. C IM CHUNG CA B MYCOPLASMATALES

1. Phn loi Cc vi khun ny cn gi l "dch khun bo" do khng c vch t bo, chng khng tng hp cc peptidoglycan v tin cht ca peptidoglycan (l mt trong ba nhm "vi khun nguyn thy") c ngh xp thnh b Mycoplasmatales thuc lp Mollicutes ngnh Tenericutes. Thuc b ny c h Mycoplasmataceae l nhng vi khun yu cu sterol pht trin, h Acholeplasmataceae khng yu cu sterol, v h Spiroplasmataceae yu cu sterol v biu hin dng hnh thi xon trong thi k sinh sn cp s nhn. Hai h sau u ch c 1 chi, cn h Mycoplasmataceae ph thuc vo nng lc sn sinh urease m c phn chia thnh chi Mycoplasma (urease m tnh) v chi Ureaplasma (urease dng tnh). Ngoi ra, trong b ny cn c hai chi Anaeroplasma v Thermoplasma u cha xc nh c v tr phn loi. 2. Hnh thi Cc Mycoplasma l nhng vi khun a hnh thi, c dng t cu trc khun ng knh 0,3 - 0,8 m cho n dng si phn nhnh di 150 m. ng knh ca n v ti sinh nh nht c ng knh 300 nm. Lp mng b mt t bo c cu to t lipid v protein, gm 3 lp dy 7,5 - 10 nm, gm 3 tng, nhng tng ngoi ch l tng nim dch hay tng vt cht c dng gip m, tng ny lin quan mt thit n tnh gy bnh. T bo cht ch yu c dng phi cu trc hoc dng ht vi th, ngoi genome v ribosome ra cha xc nhn c s c mt ca loi tiu kh quan (c quan con) no khc. Genome l DNA hai si c cu to vng khp kn in hnh, kch thc khong 500 MDa. Ngoi ra, ty loi vi khun m hai u trc di ca t bo c cu trc cc gi l "bleb" l cu trc trng yu trong vic kt bm ca Mycoplasma ln t bo k ch. 3. Phng thc phn bo V cn bn ging s phn i t bo cc vi khun khc. Tuy nhin, do s nhn i genome v nhn i t bo cht thng din ra khng ng u, cho nn cng c khi phn bo Mycoplasma khc qu trnh phn bo ca t bo thng thng. V t bo cht phn i mun hn s nhn i genome, t bo t dng cu trc chuyn dn thnh dng si cha nhiu cht dng nhn, sau t bo ny phn ct thnh nhiu t bo dng cu trc khun. 4. Tnh trng sinh ha Tnh trng sinh ha ch yu ca cc Mycoplasma c nu bng I-45. Ni chung cc Mycoplasma c hot tnh trao i cht thp, rt t tnh trng c hu ca loi. V vy, vic ng nh (hay gim bit) cui cng khng th khng da vo cc phng php huyt thanh hc, nhng cc tnh trng nh nng lc ln men ng glucose, nng lc phn gii arginine, hot tnh urease,... l nhng tnh trng n nh i vi c chi, nn chng c s dng nh nhng tnh trng gim bit c bn.
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i vi cc Mycoplasma ln men glucose th glucose v cc cht carbohydrate khc l nhng ngun nng lng, cc sn phm trao i cht cui cng ca chng thng l acid acetic, nhng mt s li sn sinh acid pyruvic, acid acetic, acetoin,... Cn i vi cc Mycoplasma khng ln men glucose th qu trnh phn gii arginine nh enzyme arginine decarboxylase l ngun cung cp ATP. Tuy nhin, ATP cng cn c tng hp t acetyl-coenzyme A qua cc phn ng do phosphotransferase v acetylkinase xc tc. Bng I-45. Cc tnh trng sinh ha v tnh gy bnh ca cc Mycoplasma ch yu
Loi M. mycoides subsp. mycoides M. bovis M. bovigenitalium M. canadense M. dispar M. diversum M. mycoides subsp. capri M. agalactiae M. capricolum M. conjunctivae M. ovipneumoniae M. hyopneumoniae M. hyosynoviae M. hyorhinis M. floculare M. gallisepticum Tnh trng sinh ha* K ch 1 2 3 4 5 + + B + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + . + . + + d + + + d W + + G, g ty V tr k sinh Kh qun, phi V, khp V, m o V Xoang mi, phi m o, bao quy u Phi, khp Bu v, khp Khp Mt C quan h hp, mt Phi Khp, xoang mi Xoang mi, phi Bnh Vim phi - mng phi truyn nhim Vim v, vim khp Vim v Vim v Vim phi Vim phi - mng phi truyn nhim Mt sa truyn nhim Bi huyt, vim a khp Vim kt mc Bnh suyn ln Vim khp Vim tng mc a pht, vim khp
D D, cu
Ln
Xoang mi, phi C quan h hp, Bnh h hp mn tnh khp + + + C quan h hp, Vim khp M. synoviae khp + + G ty C quan h hp Vim ti kh M. meleagridis + + + G, g ty CQ h hp, sinh dc Cht thai g M. iowae + + + + G, g ty CQ h hp, sinh dc Cht thai g M. lipofaciens + + G ng h hp, ng Gim t l trng n M. glycophilum dn trng + + + Chut Xoang mi, phi Bnh h hp mn tnh M. pulmonis + + Chut cng Khp Vim khp M. arthritidis + + Chut nht Xoang mi, phi "Rolling disease" M. neurolyticum + + + Ch Phi Vim phi M. cynos + + ng h hp, m M. canis o + + Mo m o, ming, mt Vim kt mc M. felis + + Ngi Phi vim phi Vim phi M. pneumoniae + + Hng, m o M. hominis + + CQ sinh dc, tit niu Vim niu o U. urealyticum + Cc loi Xoang ming, c A. laidlawii ng vt quan sinh dc + La cy m A. axanthum Ghi ch: *Tnh trng sinh ha 1: yu cu mu pht trin; 2: phn gii glucose; 3: sinh im mng (film spot); 5: phn gii urea; d: 11 - 89% dng tnh; W: dng tnh yu.
W -
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5. Tnh trng huyt thanh hc Cc tnh trng huyt thanh hc chim t trng cao trong phn loi v ng nh Mycoplasma. Cc phn ng huyt thanh hc thng c s dng th nghim ngn tr pht trin, v th nghim nh phng php trc tip ngn tr trao i cht nh s dng khun lc trn mi trng thch phng hoc phng php gin tip nh khng th hunh quang l nhng th nghim ph bin nht. Cc phn ng thng dng nh phn ng kt hp b th, phn ng kt ta trong gel do c nhiu phn ng cho gia cc loi nn phn loi v ng nh hu nh khng dng, nhng phn ng kt hp b th l phn ng c s dng tt nht trong chn on huyt thanh hc.
II. BNH CM NHIM MYCOPLASMA

Cc bnh cm nhim Mycoplasma tiu biu c nu bng I-45. Cc Mycoplasma l vi khun a sng k sinh cc c quan h hp, sinh dc, tuyn sa, khp xng, mt,... v gy vim cc v tr ny. a s c tnh c hiu k ch rt cao, him thy trng hp mt loi c th phn ly t nhiu loi k ch hay c tnh gy bnh cho nhiu loi k ch. Thng thng cc vi khun ny c tnh gy bnh thp, chng ch yu l tc nhn gy bnh cm nhim c hi. Di y lit k mt s bnh cm nhim do Mycoplasma theo loi ng vt. 1. b M. mycoides subsp. mycoides l Mycoplasma c phn lp sm nht, gy bnh vim phi - mng phi b truyn nhim (contagious bovine pleuropneumonia)BKD13 hay suyn b ("ngu ph dch") vi triu chng ch yu l vim phi gian cht v vim mng phi c sinh si t. Cc M. mycoides subsp. mycoides c phn loi theo hnh thi khun lc thnh 2 loi l cc chng LC (t ch large colony) c khun lc to v chng SC (t ch small colony) c khun lc nh. Loi LC lm ha lng huyt thanh ngng c, tiu ha casein v thi gian tn ti 45 C khc cc chng SC. M. bovis gy vim v v vim khp. Ngoi ra, vi khun ny thng l mt trong nhng nguyn nhn ch yu bnh vim phi b ngh v b t ly tht nui v bo tp trung. M. bovigenitalium v M. canadens gy vim v. 2. d, cu M. mycoides subsp. capri l nguyn nhn gy bnh vim phi - mng phi truyn nhim (contagious caprine pleuropneumonia: CCPP), bn cnh , bnh ny cn do cc chng LC ca M. mycoides subsp. mycoides gy ra. M. agalactiae l Mycoplasma gy bnh mt sa truyn nhim ca cu v d vi cc triu chng ch yu l vim v, vim mt, vim khp,... M. capricolum c phn lp t cc trng hp bnh t vong ca d vi cc triu chng ch yu l bi huyt, vim khp a pht sinh m c t huyt,... v bng cm nhim thc nghim cng ti hin tnh gy bnh mnh nh trong t nhin, nhng s pht sinh bnh do Mycoplasma ny ch c tnh tn
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pht. M. conjunctivae c phn lp t bnh vim gic kt mc d, cu, d ni nhng tnh gy bnh ca n c Mycoplasma ny vn cn nghi vn. M. ovipneumoniae c phn lp t ng h hp v mt ca cu b ly bnh vim phi, nhng cng c phn lp t cc cu khe mnh v thc nghim cm nhim cng cho t kt qu nn ngha bnh l ca vi khun ny cn cha xc nh. 3. ln M. hyopneumoniae l nguyn nhn gy bnh suyn ln (mycoplasmal pneumonia of swine - MPS: vim phi ln do Mycoplasma)BKD39 hay cn gi l vim phi lu hnh ca ln (swine enzootic pneumonia). M. hyosynoviae thng thng c phn lp vi tn sut cao t ng h hp trn ca ln 2 thng tui tr ln, c bit ln ging, nhng khng c quan h vi cc bnh ng h hp, cn ln 40 tr ln th gy bnh vim khp. Bnh vim khp do cm nhim Mycoplasma ny khc vi cm nhim M. hyorhinis ch khng km chng vim tng mc a pht. M. hyorhinis ngc vi M. hyosynoviae ch tn ti ng h hp trn ca ln con vi t l rt cao. i khi chng gy bnh vim tng mc a pht, vim khp ln. Cc ln mc bnh ny biu hin chng globulinemia (lng globulin tng cao trong mu), ngoi ra cn xc nhn c khng th khng globulin hm lng thp. Do hiu gi khng th ngn tr trao i cht trong hot dch khp thng rt cao so vi hm lng trong huyt thanh nn ngi ta cho rng cc khng th ny c sn sinh cc b. Lin quan n tnh gy bnh ca Mycoplasma ny cng c nhiu bo co ph nh, c th coi y l nhn t th nguyn ca bnh suyn ln. M. flocculare c phn lp t xoang mi v phi ln, c c im nui cy rt ging vi M. hyopneumoniae, ngoi ra chng cn c phn ng cho huyt thanh hc, nhng khng c tnh gy bnh vim phi. 4. gia cm c trng ca bnh cm nhim Mycoplasma gia cm (avian mycoplasmosis)BKD77 l sc thi bnh cm nhim c hi rt mnh, thm ch vi khun c xc nhn l c tnh gy bnh nh M. gallisepticum, M. synoviae cng ph thuc s c mt ca cm nhim phc hp, nh hng ca mi trng,... M. gallisepticum gy bnh c quan h hp mn tnh g v g ty vi nhng c trng l vim ng h hp trn v nim mc ti kh. M. synoviae gy bnh vim mng khp truyn nhim, ngoi ra cn c nhng Mycoplasma khc cng l nguyn nhn gy bnh c quan h hp mn tnh ng dng vi M. gallisepticum. M. meleagridis thng thng gy vim ti kh phi g ty nh hn 14 ngy tui, nhng cn thy c cc dng xng d thng, k hnh v vim khp cnh. M. iowae c phn lp t phi g ty, cm nhim thc nghim cho thy vi khun ny gy cht phi g ty, ngoi ra cn gy vim ti kh th nh g
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ty, gy bnh tch tit xut khp cnh v chn g ty non, vim khp, bao dy chng v cng dy chng. M. lipofaciens thc nghim chng t gy cht phi g v phi g ty. M. glycophilum gy t l p n ca trng g gim st. 5. chut nht, chut cng M. pulmonis gy bnh ng h hp mn tnh chut nht, chut cng. Thc nghim chng t triu chng bnh chut nht ph thuc vo liu gy nhim, cm nhim vi lng ln vi khun gy vim phi ch t, nhng chut cng khng thy xut hin cc bnh tch k cp tnh, hnh thnh chng vim phi cn thi k bnh ko di. M. arthritidis gy vim khp chut cng nhng cha thy trng hp no chut nht b bnh t nhin. Mycoplasma ny sn sinh gelatinase, c cht khng nguyn biu hin phn ng cho vi khng nguyn ca ging chut cng nht nh v cc chut cng b cm nhim thng sn sinh khng th khng DNA l nhng im bit. C th l nhng tnh cht lin quan n tnh gy bnh ca vi khun. M. neurolyticum gy "bnh quay cung (rolling disease)" chut nhng khng thy trng hp bnh t nhin.
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Chng 12 RICKETTSIA (B RICKETTSIALES) A. C IM CHUNG B RICKETTSIALES I. V TR CA RICKETTSIA TRONG H THNG PHN LOI
Do cc rickettsia cng nh cc chlamydia ch pht trin trong t bo (k sinh ni bo bt buc) v c kch thc nh hn vi khun thng thng nn c mt thi gian di ngi ta cho rng chng l vi sinh vt gn gi virus, l dng trung gian gia vi khun v virus, hay "vi khun nguyn thy". Tuy nhin, do c th nhum mu anilin v quan st c di knh hin vi quang hc dng cc tiu th a hnh thi t dng cu trc khun ngn n dng cu khun, do c acid muramic thnh t bo (chlamydia khng c), do c cu trc t bo v sinh sn trc phn, do c ng thi c DNA ln RNA, v do c h thng trao i cht d khng hon ton (chlamydia khng c) m chng c coi l nhng vi khun k sinh ni bo bt buc (bng I-46). Bng I-46. So snh cc tnh trng ca vi khun, rickettsia, chlamydia v virus
Tnh trng Hin vi quang hc Hnh thc sinh sn Tnh k sinh ni bo mi trng tng hp Cu trc v khng nguyn Acid nucleic C cu chuyn nng lng C cu sinh tng hp K bin mt (eclips phase) Hiu lc cht khng sinh V tr sinh sn trong c th ng vt Yu cu dinh dng pht trin in vitro ng vt mi gii Vi khun Thy c Trc phn Ty tin Sinh sn Rt phc tp RNA:DNA =3:1 + + + T bo hoc ngoi t bo n gin n hi phc tp Rickettsia Thy c Trc phn Bt buc Khng Phc tp RNA:DNA =3:1 + ? + H li, t bo ni b huyt qun Phc tp + Chlamydia Thy c Trc phn Bt buc Khng Phc tp RNA:DNA dng nh=1:1 dng ln=4:1 ? ? + T bo thng b Phc tp Virus Khng thy Tng hp mi Bt buc Khng t phc tp Hoc RNA hoc DNA + T bo thc cht Hi phc tp + hoc -
II. C IM CHUNG CA RICKETTSIA

Cc vi khun thuc b ny biu hin tnh a hnh thi, t hnh que ngn n hnh cu, bt mu Gram m. Kch thc ca chng khong bng 1/2 n 1/4 kch thc cu khun, khng c tim mao. Thnh t bo c acid muramic, sinh sn trong t bo cht hoc trong nhn ca t bo k ch. Tuy nhin, c vi (2 - 3) trng hp c bit c th pht trin trong mi trng khng t bo v bt mu Gram dng. B Rickettsiales c 45 loi thuc14 chi, 3 tc, 3 h. Phn loi v tnh trng ca chng c lit k bng I-47 v I-48.
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B. H RICKETTSIACEAE V BNH TRUYN NHIM

Rickettsia cm nhim v pht trin trong cc t bo ni b ng rut ca ng vt chn t, t bo h li v t bo h ni b huyt qun hoc hng cu ca ng vt c xng sng. Ngi v ng vt c v khc mc bnh ch yu l do cc ng vt chn t mi gii. Cc vi khun c nhng c trng c xp vo h Rickettsiaceae, v phn loi thnh 3 tc: Rickkettsieae, Ehrlichieae v Wolbachieae (bng I-47). Bng I-46. Phn loi b Rickettsiales
B (Order) Rickettsiales H (Family) I. Rickkettsiaceae Tc (Tribe) Rickkettsieae Ehrlichieae Wolbachieae II. Bartonellaceae III. Anaplasmataceae Chi (Genus) Rickkettsia Rochalimaea Coxiella Ehrlichia Cowdria Wolbachia Rickkettsiella Bartonella Grahamella Anaplasma Aegyptianella Haemobartonella Eperythrozoon Loi (Species) 13 2 1 5 1 3 3 1 2 4 1 3 5
Tc Rickettsiaceae biu hin tnh gy bnh ngi v ng vt c v. Ngi thng l k ch ngu nhin. Tc Ehrlichieae c tnh gy bnh ch yu i vi gia sc, ch 1 loi gy bnh cho ngi. Tc Wolbachieae c tnh gy bnh i vi cc ng vt chn t hoc ch l cc ng vt cng sinh. Chng khng c tnh gy bnh i vi ngi. Bng I-48. So snh tnh trng ba h thuc b Rickettsiales
Tnh trng 3 lp vch (thnh) t bo Pht trin mi trng khng t bo Loi t bo ng vt xng sng cm nhim - T bo c nhn - T bo hng cu Ghi ch: *Chi Rochalimaea pht trin c. Rickettsiaceae + -* + Bartonellaceae + + + + Anaplasmatacea e +
1. Chi Rickettsia Cc loi thuc chi Rickettsia l nhng vi khun a hnh thi c ng knh 0,3 - 2,0 m, khi nhum mu bng phng php Machievello hoc Gimenett th nhum mu phn bit. Thng thng sinh sn trong t bo cht ca ng vt chn t v ng vt c v, t khi trong nhn t bo. nui cy thng s dng phi g (trng g ang pht dc) v t bo nui cy. Chng
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tng i khng nhit thp nhng 56 C thng b bt hot nhanh chng. Huyt thanh ca ngi cm nhim Rickettsia c phn ng vi Proteus vulgaris (phn ng Weil-Felix). Phn ng Weil-Felix l phn ng ngng kt bi huyt thanh ngi cm nhim li dng khng nguyn cho gia Rickettsia v Proteus, s dng 3 chng vi khun l OX 19, OX 2 v OXK. Cc cht khng sinh h tetracycline c tc dng i vi Rickettsia. Trong chi ny c n 13 loi gy bnh cho ngi, chia thnh 3 nhm (bng I-50) da vo cc tnh trng sinh vt hc: nhm st pht ban, nhm st ban m (st hng ban) v nhm bnh tsutsugamushi (st sng Nht Bn, hay st rng r). Bng I-48. So snh cc tnh trng ca tc Rickkettsieae
Tnh trng Mi trng khng t bo V tr sinh sn - trong t bo cht - trong nhn - trong phagolysosome thc bo Hnh thnh cu trc dng bo t pH ti thch Sn sinh CO2 - t glucose - t acid glutamic - t acid succinic Hm lng G+C (mol%) Rickkettsia Khng pht trin + - hoc + 7,0 + Yu 29 - 33 Rochalimaea Pht trin 7,0 Yu + 39 Coxiella Khng pht trin + + + 4,5 Yu + + 43
a. St pht ban dch t (epidemic typhus) Bnh ny cn gi l dch pht ban. Vi khun bnh nguyn (R. prowazekii, R. typhi,...) c vng tun hon cm nhim l ngi, chy v rn (ch yu chy Pediculus humanus subsp. capitis v rn Pediculus humanus subsp. corporis). Bnh ny nu do cm nhim R. prowazekii, c cc triu chng ch yu l st cao, t pht ban sang ban xut huyt, tn hi trung khu thn kinh, v bnh thng c t l cht khong 10 - 40%. Nu st pht ban do cm nhim R. typhi (do b cht Xenopsylla cheopis mi gii) th t l cht thng thp hn. Bnh phn b mt phn chu , chu u, Bc M v Trung Nam M. b. Bnh st ban m (hay st hng ban) (spotted fever) Vi khun bnh nguyn (R. rickettsii, R. japonica,...) c vng tun hon cm nhim l cc ng vt nh, chim hoang d v ve bt. Ngi b ve bt (b Parasitoformes v b Acariformes) mang trng t th cng b mc bnh. Bnh st pht ban m ni (rocky mountain fever) do R. rickettsii gy ra (ve bt Dermacentor andersoni mi gii) thng pht ban m mu hng. Nht Bn t nm 1984 cn pht hin c loi Rickettsia mi, R. japonica, gy bnh ngi. Trong khong 10 nm tip theo c hn 120 trng hp bnh c thng bo. K ch t nhin ca vi khun ny l chut v cc loi ng vt nh khc.
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c. Bnh st tsutsugamushi (hay st sng Nht bn, hay bnh st rng r) (tsutsugamushi disease) R. tsutsugamushi (R. orientalis) c vng tun hon cm nhim l cc ng vt nh hoang d v gh (tsutsuga - mushi: "trng gh tsutsuga", c nhiu loi gh khc nhau: Trombicula akamushi, T. deliensis, T. chueffneri, T. scatellaris, T. pallida). Ngi b cc loi u trng ca gh mang khun t m b mc bnh. Cc hch lympho vng b t sng to, au u, sau khi pht st thng thy pht ban trn thn, dn dn ban lan sang t chi. Bnh ny phn b ch yu cc nc ng nam v Nht Bn. V vi khun ny c cc tnh trng sinh vt hc v di truyn hc khc vi cc loi khc thuc chi Rickettsia nn c ngh thit lp chi mi ring bit. Bng I-49. So snh cc tnh trng ca cc loi thuc chi Rickettsia
Nhm St pht ban Tnh trng Nhm St ban m (hng ban) Nhm tsutsugamushi R. tsutsugamushi R. rhipicephali
R. prowazekii
R. montana
Phn b - th gii + + + - ch ty bn cu + + + + + - ch ng bn cu + + + + + Phn ng vi Proteus - OX19 + + + - OX2 + - OXK + ng vt chn t mi gii - chy rn (louse) + - b cht (flea) + - ve bt (tick) + + + + + + + + . + - gh (mite) + . + V tr sinh sn trong t bo k ch - t bo cht + + + + + + + + + + + + + - nhn + + + + + + + + + ng vt th nghim - chut langa + ++ +++ +++ ++ ++ ++ ++ + + - chut nhtb + ++ ++ ++ ++c Trng g pht dc - 35 C + + + .d + + - 32 - 34 C + + + + + + + .d Hm lng C+G (mol%) 29 - 30 + + + 32 - 33 + + + + + + + + + + Ghi ch: a: "Phn ng m nang" (tim dch vi khun vo bu di), - : khng pht bnh tr khi dng liu cao, +: ch pht st, ++: pht st v bu di ph thng, +++: pht st v bu di hoi t; b - : ch cm nhim khi dng liu cao, +: cm nhim vi lu thp, ++ ~ +++: cm nhim ton thn; c: cm nhim khc nhau ty chng vi khun v ging chut; d: khng sinh sn.
R. japonica
R. australis
R. rickettsii
R. canada
R. sibirica
R. parkeri
R. conorii
R. akari
R. typhi
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2. Chi Rochalimaea Chi Rochalimaea c 2 loi u c hnh thi v tnh bt mu thuc nhum ging cc loi thuc chi Rickettsia nhng li c nng lc pht trin trn mi trng phi t bo, hnh thnh nhng khun lc nh. Trong cc mi trng t bo, vi khun ny pht trin trn b mt ca t bo. Bnh st chin ho (hay st 5 ngy) (trench fever, five days fever) R. quintana c vng tun hon cm nhim l ngi v chy rn Pediculus humanus, ngi cm nhim ch yu l do ht phi phn ca chy. Ngoi pht st c tnh hi quy, au u v au c cn pht ban nh. Trong thi k i chin th gii th nht c khong 1.000.000 ngi mc bnh. Mexico l ni pht sinh bnh vi t l cao. 3. Chi Coxiella Chi Coxiella ch c 1 loi C. burnetii, c cc tnh trng ging vi cc loi thuc chi Rickettsia nhng khc nhng im sau. Vi khun ny sinh sn trong cc tiu khng bo trong t bo cht. T t bo ln hnh thnh t bo nh c cu to dng bo t. C 2 loi t bo u c tnh cm nhim. V vy, vi khun khng rt cao vi cc tc nhn vt l, ha hc khc nhau. Ngoi ra, li c s bin d qua li ging nh bin d S - R trc khun ng rut. Huyt thanh ca ngi bnh cm nhim C. burnetii khng phn ng vi Proteus vulgaris. St Q (Q fever)BKD24 Bnh st Q c vng tun hon cm nhim l ng vt c v v ve bt, ch yu loi Haemaphysalis humerosa trong s 22 loi ve bt khc nhau i biu cho 6 loi thuc h Isodidae v 2 loi thuc h Argasidae mi gii. Mt s ve bt c th truyn bnh qua trng ca chng (truyn dc). Ngi cm nhim l do ht phi cc ht bi kh c cht bi xut ca cc ng vt c v b cm nhim, phn hoc xc ve bt kh mang khun. ng vt cm nhim khng biu hin bnh trng g ngoi st nh nhng khi mc chng nhim rickettsia huyt (mu nhim C. burnetii) th thng bi xut vi khun bnh nguyn theo sa, phn,... Nu ng vt ci c cha mc bnh, thng cn b tn hi sinh sn nh sy thai, thai cht,... Ngi b mc chng nhim rickettsia huyt biu hin triu chng ging bnh cm: st, n lnh, au c v mt mi, t l cht rt thp. Bnh ny phn b trn ton th gii. Bng I - 49. So snh cc tnh trng ca tc Ehrlichieae
Tnh trng K ch c v T chc k sinh ng vt mi gii Duy tr trong ng vt mi gii Phn b Ehrlichia Cowdria Ch, b, cu, d, nga, ngi Cu, d, b Bch huyt cu T bo ni b huyt qun Gh Gh Truyn ly qua trng Truyn ly chiu ngang (chiu ng) Ton th gii M Neorickettsia Cc loi thuc h Ch T bo mao qun Sn l Truyn ly qua trng (chiu ng) Bang Oregon (M)
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4. Chi Ehrlichia C 9 loi thuc chi Ehrlichia u l nhng tiu th a hnh thi t dng cu khun n dng trng, kch thc khong 0,5 m, ch sinh sn trong t bo bch cu ca ng vt c v, hnh thnh tiu th bao hm khong 4 m bn trong cc khng bo trong t bo cht. Mi gii ch yu l ve bt, gh nhng cng c nhng im cn cha r. a. St ve bt (tick-borne fever) Bnh ny do cm nhim E. phagocytophila, l bnh ca b, cu, d v ng vt c mng guc hoang d, vi nhng c trng l st khng quy tc hoc st lin tc. Lng sa gim cn trong thi gian cui ca k mang thai thng gy sy thai. Bnh ny phn b chu u v ng nam . b. Bnh rickettsia lnh tnh b (benign bovine rickettsiosis) L bnh ca b v cu do cm nhim E. bovis v E. ovina vi triu chng ch yu l st lin tc, lng dch bao tim tng, cc hch lympho v lch sng to. Bnh phn b M, Trung cn ng v Sri Lanka. c. St xut huyt b (bovine petechial fever) L bnh ca b hoc cu do cm nhim E. ondiri vi triu chng ch yu l st cao v xut huyt, nim mc li v xoang ming xut huyt, kt mc sng v xut huyt. Bnh phn b Kenya. Cn trng mi gii v cha cha r. d. St nga Potamac (Potomac horse fever) y l bnh ca nga do cm nhim E. risticii vi cc triu chng ch yu l pht st, b n, tiu chy ko di, au bng, chn sau ph thng, lng bch cu n nhn gim,... Trn b mt nim mc d dy v rut non thy sung huyt, xut huyt, ph thng v lot. S truyn lan bnh c th l do cc ng vt chn t. Bnh phn b M v Canada. e. Bnh Ehrlichia ch, hay ehrlichiosis ch (canine ehrlichiosis) y l bnh ca ch, cc ng vt thuc h Ch v cc ng vt hoang d do cm nhim E. canis. Bnh trng ch yu l pht st, gim sc khe, dch bi tit c m tng dch, hong n, bch huyt cu gim v thiu mu. Ch con bnh c t l cht cao. Lch, gan v cc hch lympho ton thn sng, phi v ng rut thy c m xut huyt. Bnh phn b trn ton th gii. Ly truyn nh ve bt Rhisicephalus sanguineus. Truyn dc qua cc th h ve qua trng. 5. Chi Cowdria Cc loi thuc chi Cowdria biu hin a hnh thi, t dng cu khun n dng trc khun, hnh thnh cc khi tp trung vi khun trong cc khng bo t bo cht ca cc t bo h ni b huyt qun. Khi nhum Giemsa vi khun ny bt mu xanh en. Khng sinh sn trong cc mi trng khng t bo, trng g pht dc cng nh la cy t bo. Truyn b nh gh.
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Bnh ph tim, hay bnh tim tch nc (heartwater) L bnh truyn nhim ca cu, d, b, tru v cc loi ng vt nhai li khc do cm nhim C. ruminantium vi triu chng ch yu l bao tim thy thng. Cc dch lng ngc, dch bao tim tng lng, phi ph thng, lch sng, tng mc v nim mc xut huyt im hoc xut huyt m, ng vt bnh thng cht. Bnh phn b M, Madagascar, chu u v cc o ty n dng. 6. Chi Neorickettsia Cc loi thuc chi Neorickettsia biu hin a hnh thi, t dng cu khun n dng trc khun, sinh sn trong t bo cht ca t bo ni b mao qun. Vi khun ny pht trin trong la cy t bo bch cu n nhn ca ch nhng khng pht trin trong trng g pht dc cng nh cc la cy t bo. Hi chng trng c c hi (salmon poisoning syndrome) L bnh ca ch v cc ng vt thuc h Ch do cm nhim Neorickettsia helminthoeca, cc ng vt ny n sng cc nang u trng ca sn l Nanophyetus salmincola k sinh c hi, c hi ch m b mc bnh. Nn ma, tiu chy ra mu, mt trong t chi pht ban. T l cht cao. Bnh ch thy pht sinh cc bang b ty nc M. 7. Chi Wolbachia Cc loi thuc chi Wolbachia k sinh trong ng rut ca mui, rui, rn, ve bt, gh v cc ng vt chn t khc, c hnh thi v tnh bt mu ging cc loi thuc chi Rickettsia. 8. Chi Rickettsiella Cc loi thuc chi Rickettsiella k sinh cc loi cn trng, gip xc, chu chu,... c chu k sinh sn c hu ging Chlamydia. Sinh sn din ra trong t bo m m ca ng vt k ch, t k u sinh n k thnh thc u c tnh gy bnh. i vi ng vt c v th chng khng tnh gy bnh.
C. H BARTONELLACEAE V BNH TRUYN NHIM

Cc loi thuc h Bartonellaceae l nhng vi khun Gram m, dng trc khun n cu khun, kch thc 0,25 - 1,5 m, k sinh trong t bo hng cu, t bo lympho hoc bch cu n nhn. Chng bt mu tm xanh khi nhum mu Giemsa. C th nui cy trong mi trng bn c th c thm huyt thanh th ti mi. 1. Chi Bartonella Chi Bartonella ch c 1 loi. Cm nhim B. bacilliformis gy ra bnh Peru hay bnh Carion (vervuca peruana) vi cc triu chng ch yu ngi l thiu mu, pht st (Oroya fever), u tht da,... l bnh phong th, phn b dy ni Andes ca chu Nam M v do rui ct Phlebotomus verrucarum mi gii. 2. Chi Grahamella Hai loi thuc chi ny c bit n, chng u l nhng vi khun k sinh trong t bo hng cu ca cc ng vt nh hoang d nh chut hoang,
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chut chi,...
D. H ANAPLASMATACEAE V BNH TRUYN NHIM

1. Chi Anaplasma Cc loi thuc chi Anaplasma k sinh trong hng cu cc loi ng vt nhai li. Trong cc tiu bn nhum Giemsa thy chng l nhng tiu th dng cu khun bt mu tm m, kch thc 0,3 - 2,0 m. Cc A. marginale v A. bovis k sinh ra (bin) t bo hng cu (bin trng), A. centrale k sinh trung tm, v A. candaum c chn ph, k sinh bin, l nhng loi c bit n. Bnh Anaplasma (anaplasmosis)BKD32 Gy thiu mu dung huyt k ch. cc trng hp cp tnh thng thy pht st, thiu mu, nhp tim tng, h hp thc bch, cc trng hp mn tnh biu hin thiu mu, hong n ko di, th trng gim st. Ngoi loi A. ovis k sinh cu v d, cn c 3 loi khc gy tc hi cho b trng thnh 3 tui tr ln nui chn th. 2. Chi Aegyptianella Chi ny ch c 1 loi, loi A. pullorum, k sinh trong t bo hng cu ca g, g li, ngng,... Khi nhum Giemsa, thy cc tiu th hnh cu n hnh trng bt mu tm , kch thc 0,3 - 0,4 m. Bn cc th ln c cc th c bn. Bnh Aegyptianella (aegyptianellosis) Biu hin triu chng ch yu l gim sc khe, t n, suy nhc, hong n,... g con, chim non t l cht cao. Bnh ny do ve bt mi gii, phn b M, ng nam v cc nc nam chu u. 3. Chi Haemobartonella Chi Haemobartonella c bit c 3 loi, H. felis, H. canis, v H. muris, u k sinh trong hng cu ng vt xng sng. Trong tiu bn nhum Giemsa bt mu tm n xanh tm, kch thc 0,1 - 0,8 m dng cu khun n cu trc khun nh. Tr i vi ch, cc vi khun ny biu hin tnh gy bnh thp i vi cc ng vt th nghim v ng vt nh hoang d. Bnh phn b khp th gii v do ng vt chn t mi gii. Bnh thiu mu truyn nhim mo (feline infectious anemia) L bnh do cm nhim H. felis, biu hin ch yu l gim sc khe, b n, h hp thc bch, nhp tim tng nhanh, thiu mu cc nim mc, lch sng,... thng thy chng huyt sc t niu v hong n qua nhanh. Mo phu thut b lch biu hin hong n, t l cht cao. 4. Chi Eperythrozoon Cc loi thuc chi Eperythrozoon c cc c im hnh thi, sinh thi v tnh gy bnh ging chi Bartonella, nhng khc ch c s kt bm hng cu yu, thng tch ly tn pht vo huyt tng v cn c hnh thi chuyn t dng cu khun sang dng bnh xe. Trong tiu bn nhum Giemsa thy cc tiu
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th 0,3 - 1,5 m bt mu xanh tm n tm. E. suis k sinh ln, E. ovis k sinh cu d,... E. wenyonii k sinh b, E. parvus k sinh nhng khng gy bnh ln, v E. coccoides k sinh ng vt hoang d v ng vt th nghim v nhiu loi khc c thng bo. Cm nhim do cc ng vt chn t mi gii v phn b khp th gii. a. Bnh Eperythrozoon b (bovine eperythrozoonosis) Vi khun E. wenyonii k sinh trong hng cu hoc tiu cu gy thiu mu nh. b b lch thy tng lng bch cu, pht st, gim sc khe, gim n, lng hng cu gim nguy kch. c trng hp t vong. b. Bnh Eperythrozoon ln (swine eperythrozoonosis) Bnh ny do E. suis gy ra, d ly nhim ln khong 20 - 30 kg th trng vo ma h. Biu hin pht st, gim n, gy thiu mu dung huyt km theo chng hong n. Trng hp cp tnh thng cht sau 10 ngy, trng hp mn tnh th pht st, thiu mu v hong n ko di dn n st cn.
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Chng 13 CHLAMYDIA (B CHLAMYDIALES) I. C IM CHUNG CA B CHLAMYDIALES

Bng I-52. So snh cc tnh trng ca tiu th c bn v th li ca cc Chlamydia
Tnh trng Tnh cm nhim Nng lc sinh sn trc phn ng knh (m) T trng (g/cm3) Mng ngoi b - tnh cm th x l c gii - tnh cm th p sut thm thu - tnh cm th trypsin - gai b mt - cu to hnh lc gic trong mng - penicillin ngn tr tng hp - protein mng ngoi ch yu (MOMP) - SDS dung gii mng ngoi ch yu - protein giu cysteine Acid nucleic - nucleotide - DNA:RNA - ribosome Hot tnh trao i - tng hp ATP - nng lc vn chuyn ATP/ADP - tng hp protein ph thuc ATP (in vitro) Th c bn + 0,2 - 0,4 1,21 ++ + + ++ Ngng t 1:1 t Th li + 0,5 - 1,5 1,18 + + + + + + + + Phn tn 1:3 Nhiu + +
Cc Chlamydia khng c h thng chuyn ha nng lng. Chng c vng i khp kn. Vng tun hon sinh sn bt u t dng cm nhim ng knh 0,2 - 0,4 m trong khng bo trong t bo cht ca t bo k ch (gi l th c bn: elementary body) chuyn ha qua dng trung gian phi cm nhim 0,6 - 1,5 m (gi l th li: reticulate boby), ri tr li dng th c bn sau qu trnh phn bo. Th c bn v th li c cc tnh trng sinh vt hc v vt l hc khc nhau (bng I-52). Th c bn cu to t nucleotid ngng t, t bo cht y ribosome v mng ngoi b bao bc chng. Mng ngoi b cu to t 2 lp: mng trong v mng ngoi, khng c lp peptidoglycan v lp nim mc. Mng ngoi c cc gai b mt vi mt u lin kt vi mng trong, c di 45 nm dng ng hnh tr ng knh 5 - 6 nm. Protein mng ngoi ch yu c phn t lng khong 40 kDa, nh lin kt disulfide m c cu to siu phn t kin c, mc d th li th chng ch tn ti dng monomer hoc oligomer. Cht protein ny lin quan n s min dch phng ng cm nhim. nui cy phn lp Chlamydia ngi s dng trng g ang pht dc, cc loi la cy t bo v ng vt th nghim nh. Vi khun ny mn cm vi nhit v cc cht ha hc, b hy dit kh nhanh trong thi gian tng i ngn. Cc cht khng sinh h tetracycline c hiu qu iu tr. B Chlamydiales c 4 loi thuc 1 tc 1 h, cc tnh trng nh ph k ch, tnh khng nguyn, ha
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min dch v di truyn hc ca chng khc nhau (bng I-53). Bng I-53. So snh cc tnh trng ca chi Chlamydia
Tnh trng ng vt cm nhim Tiu th c bn Dng th n nhp Glycogen Tng hp acid folic Dng huyt thanh hc G+C (mol%) tng ng DNA -C. trachomatis -C. pneumoniae -C. psittaci -C. pecorum Bnh C. trachomatis Ngi Hnh cu Hnh trn th + + 15 39,8 92 <7 <33 <10 Trachoma (bnh mt ht), bnh tnh dc, vim phi, u tht lympho (lymphogranuloma) C. pneumoniae Ngi Hnh l Hnh trn, chc 1 40,3 94 - 96 <8 <11 Vim phi C. psittaci Chim, ngi, ng vt c v Hnh cu Chc, a hnh ? 39,6 C. pecorum B, cu, ln, gu coala Hnh cu Chc, a hnh 3 39,3
94 - 95 <20 Bnh st vt (psittacosis), vim kt mc, sy thai
88 - 100 Vim rut, vim no, vim khp, vim phi
II. BNH CM NHIM CHLAMYDIA

1. Bnh sy thai lu hnh ca b (epidemic bovine abortion) L bnh do cm nhim C. psittaci, gy ra sy thai t nhin b khi thai t 6 - 8 thng tui. Thai sy cha nhiu dch trong bng, nim mc xut huyt, xut huyt im hng v kh qun, gan sng vi nhng nt mu trng tro. b c thy vim tinh hon. Bnh phn b Bc M v chu u, nhng gn y, mt s nc chu thng bo c bnh ny. 2. Bnh vim no - ty b tn pht (sporadic bovine encephalomyelitis) y l bnh ca b do cm nhim C. pecorum, vi cc triu chng ch yu l t nhin pht st, sau sc khe gim, t n, chy dch mi, ho, chy nc di, mt nc, t lit,... T l cht khong 30 - 50%. no v ty thy vim no khng ha m v vim mng no mm. Bnh phn b Bc M, chu u, chu v Newzealand. ph n c thai cm nhim vi khun ny gy sy thai cht. 3. Bnh sy thai cu do chlamydia (chlamydial abortion in ewes) L bnh do cm nhim C. psittaci, gy ra cu ci c cha vim nhau thai v sy thai cht, hoc sn sinh cu non yu t. Thai cht sy thng thy ph thng v sung huyt. Bnh pht sinh Bc M, chu u, chu v Newzealand. Cm nhim vi khun ny ph n c thai thng gy sy thai cht.
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4. Bnh vim khp cu do chlamydia (chlamydial polyarthritis in sheep) L bnh do cm nhim C. pecorum, vi cc triu chng ch yu l pht st, i khp khnh, vim khp, vim kt mc, vim tng mc, suy nhc,... Khi m khm thng thy cc khp c vim mng xng thanh dch (vim cata: catarrhal periosteitis) hoc t huyt (fibrinous periosteitis). Vng t chung quanh khp n bao c sng, sung huyt hoc xut huyt im. Bnh pht sinh bc M v chu u v thng 7 - 11. 5. Bnh vim tng mc truyn nhim (transmissible serotitis) L bnh truyn nhim lu hnh cu do cm nhim C. pecorum, gy vim mng phi - phi. Thng thng d c b cm nhim bnh cng t xy ra nhng cm nhim hn hp vi cc vi khun khc hoc virus hoc do stress m bnh th tr nn c ha. Cu m biu hin pht st, gim n ung, chy nc mi, chy nc mt, h hp d thng, vim ph qun v mng phi. Khi m khm thy phi ph thng, phi khng cha kh. Bnh pht sinh bc M v chu u v Newzealand, nhng nhiu ni khc li c th phn ly Chlamidia t phn cu nhng khng thy pht bnh. 6. Bnh chlamydia ln (chlamydial infection in swine) L bnh do cm nhim C. pecorum, gy vim phi, vim no,... ln con 2 - 3 tun tui b cm nhim thy pht st, n gim dn n pht trin km. Cng thy vim bao tim, mng phi, vim khp v tiu chy. ln c thng thy vim tinh hon, vim niu o, cn ln ci t c cha th gy sy thai cht. Bnh pht sinh c tnh pht tn Bc M v chu u, chu ,... 7. Bnh vim phi mo do chlamidia (chlamydial pneumonia in cat) L bnh mo do cm nhim C. psittaci vi cc triu chng ch yu l vim phi, vim kt mc. Thng thy mo bnh ht hi, chy nc mi, kt mc chy dch, ho v st nhng hi phc sau khong 2 tun. Tuy vy, cng c trng hp do vim phi mo bnh b cht ngt. Bnh phn b rng ri trn th gii. 8. Bnh chlamidia chim (avian chlamydiosis) Cho n nay c bit Chlamydia gy cm nhim 145 loi thuc 18 b chim k c 57 loi thuc b Vt. c bit loi vt xanh, g ty, vt v b cu l nhng loi chim cha quan trng i vi cm nhim bnh st vt (psittacosis)BKD79 ngi. Bnh st vt ngi biu hin cc bnh trng ca c quan h hp nh vim phi, vim ph qun,... i khi t vong. loi vt xanh sc khe gim st, b n ung, lng cnh x, gim th trng, t mt v mi chy cht bi xut tng dch, tiu chy phn mu trng lc. Cc trng hp cm nhim n tnh tr nn pht bnh thng do iu kin nui dng km, do cm nhim hn hp vi cc vi sinh vt khc, hoc cc yu t stress nh kh hu thay i, vn chuyn, nui nht qu cht. Vt v ngng bnh biu hin chng vim kt mc cata hoc m. T nm 1940 tr i bnh ny xut hin ton th gii. 9. Nhng bnh cm nhim Chlamydia khc chut lang cm nhim C. psittaci thng thy nhiu c th 4 - 8 tun
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tui vim kt mc. Triu chng c th a dng, t vim kt mc sung huyt n vim kt mc chy dch c m.
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PHN II VIRUS HC TH Y
Hnh 2: S m hnh cu to virion cc h v chi ca virus k sinh ng vt (RT ch virus cha enzyme phin m ngc).
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Chng 1 CC VIRUS DNA MT SI (KHNG C O NGOI) A. CIRCOVIRUS (H CIRCOVIRIDAE) I. C IM CHUNG CA H CIRCOVIRIDAE

Tn "Circovirus" bt ngun t t Latin "circus" ngha l vng, hm ch dng vng ca b gene (genome) ca virus ny. 1. Hnh thi v cc tnh trng l, ha Cc circovirus ln v virus bnh m - lng chim vt l nhng virus c dng hnh cu, khng c o ngoi, ng knh 15 - 17 nm, trong khi , nhn t (virus) gy thiu mu g thuc h ny cng c dng hnh cu nhng ng knh ln hn t nhiu, khong 23 nm. 2. Cu to b gene (genome) Genome ca circovirus l phn t DNA mt si, dng vng khp kn, khng c u t do, circovirus ln v virus bnh m - lng chim vt di khong 1,7 kb (kilo base: nghn nucleotide), trong khi , virus thiu mu g genome di khong 2,3 kb. 3. Protein Circovirus ln v virus bnh m - lng chim vt c 1 protein 50 kDa, nhng nhn t thiu mu g c 3 protein (VP1: 15 kDa, VP2: 24 kDa, VP3: 14 kDa), trong ch c VP1 phn ng rt mnh vi huyt thanh min dch. Ngoi ra, protein VP3 gy apoptosis (hin tng cht t nhin) ca t bo h huyt cu. 4. Ti sn Nhn t thiu mu g pht trin c trong cc la cy t bo thai g, h lympho T hoc t bo h ty xng c chuyn th bi virus bnh Marek hoc virus bnh bch huyt g, nhng n li khng pht trin c trn la cy t bo s phi g. Khi ti sn, hnh thnh DNA hai si dng vng, t 3 khung kh phin chng lp (overlapping ORF) cc protein VP1 VP2 v VP3 c phin dch. (Khung kh phin, hay khung c m - open reading frame - l on genome di (trn 150 nucletotide) bt u t mt m khi u v khng b gin on bi mt m dng, lm khun tng hp mt polypeptide di c chc nng protein). 5. Phn loi S thuc nhm cc circovirus gm 3 virus, c ngh xp thnh h mi: h Circoviridae gm 1 chi, chi Circovirus gm c cc circovirus ln, virus m - lng chim vt, v nhn t gy thiu mu g c bit n. Bng II-1. Cc virus thuc h Circoviridae v bnh cm nhim
Virus Circovirus ln K ch t nhin Ln Hi chng suy nhc a h thng sau cai sa
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Virus m - lng chim vt Nhn t gy thiu mu g
Vt G
Lng rng, m v mng bin dng Thiu mu, hnh thnh ty xng khng ton vn, teo tuyn c, ti Fabricius v lch
II. BNH CM NHIM CIRCOVIRUS (CIRCOVIRUS INFECTION)

Cc bnh cm nhim Circovirus tiu biu c k bng II-1. 1. Circovirus ln (porcine circovirus) c phn lp nm 1974 t la cy t bo thn ln chng ha (PK 15) nh l mt virus ngoi nhim, sau ngi ta thy rng t l ln khe mnh mang khng th chng virus ny rt cao. Trong nhng nm 1996 - 1997, Canada, M, Ty Ban Nha v Php pht sinh bnh suy nhc ln con, t circovirus b nghi c th l nguyn nhn ca hi chng suy nhc a h thng sau cai sa (multisystemic postweaning wasting syndrome - MPWS). Sau , Canada t ni bnh tch ca ln bnh ngi ta phn lp c virus vi t l cao nn mi quan h nhn - qu gia circovirus v hi chng suy nhc a h thng sau cai sa cng c xu hng khng nh. V mt triu chng bnh, ln con h hp kh khn, hong n, i khi km vim rut, c th t vong. Bnh tch ch yu l bnh hch lympho ton thn v vim phi gian cht. Du hiu t chc hc c trng bnh l xut hin nhiu t bo a nhn, chng vim dng u tht, c th n nhp trong t bo cht ca i thc bo (macrophages), cc th n nhp c dng hnh cu, ng knh 5 - 25 m, ng nht, a kim, phn b ring l hoc t tp thnh dng chm nho. 2. Virus bnh m - lng ca vt (psittacine beak and feather disease virus) Gy chng rng lng, lm m v mng bin dng ch yu chim non cc ging c ngun gc Australia. 3. Nhn t bnh thiu mu g (chicken anemia agent) c pht hin ln u tin ti Nht Bn vo nm 1979, sau c bit tn ti khp th gii. Virus bi xut theo phn g con b cm nhim, gy cm nhim qua ng mi (h hp) hoc qua ng ming. Ngoi ra, g mi b cm nhim thng truyn virus qua trng. G trng thnh khng biu hin bnh trng. g 2 - 3 tun tui, thiu mu, hnh thnh ty xng khng ton vn, teo tuyn c (thymus, hung tuyn), tuyn nhp (ti Fabricius) v lch. Cm nhim n c thng t khi biu hin triu chng nhng khi cm nhim hn hp vi cc virus khc th bnh trng tr nn c ha, t l t vong cao.
B. PARVOVIRUS (H PARVOVIRIDAE) I. C IM CHUNG CA H PARVOVIRIDAE

Parvovirus l virus DNA nh nht. Ch "parvo" bt ngun t t Latin "parvus" ngha l nh. 1. Hnh thi v cc tnh trng l, ha Virion khng c o ngoi, capsid l ht hnh cu i xng khi, ng
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knh 18 - 22 nm, cu to t 32 capsomer (n v hnh thi). y l virus c tnh khng cc k cao, khng vi cc dung mi hu c, acid, kim (pH 3 - 9), hu ht cc parvovirus gi c tnh cm nhim ngay c sau hn 1 gi x l 56 C. 2. Cu to b gene (genome) Cc virus thuc chi Parvovirus l virus cha DNA 5 kb (kilobase - nghn nucleotide), mt si m, dui thng, nhng cng thy khong 1 - 50% s virion cha DNA mt si dng. cc chi Dependovirus v Densovirus th s lng virion cha DNA chui m v virion cha DNA chui dng tng b v cn bn tng ng nhau. 3. Protein Ngi ta xc nh c rng chi Parvovirus v chi Dependovirus c 3 loi protein cu trc, cn chi Densovirus c 4 loi. Khng thy c hot tnh enzyme. 4. Ti sn Capsid c lp rp v thnh thc trong nhn t bo. S pht trin ca cc virus thuc chi Parvovirus ph thuc vo c nng t bo k S ca chu k phn bo ca t bo k ch, cho nn pht trin tt trong cc t bo lin tc phn bo nhanh chng. Trong s pht trin ca chi Dependovirus cn phi c s cm nhim ng thi ca virus tr gip (helper virus) l adenovirus hoc herpesvirus (tc dng tng b - complementation). 5. Phn loi Thuc h Parvoviridae c 3 chi: chi Parvovirus, chi Dependovirus v chi Densovirus (bng II-2). Chi Parvovirus c virus vi tiu ca chut (MVM: minute virus of mice) l loi quy chun, khi khng c mt ca virus tr gip cng c th pht trin nn cn c gi l "parvovirus t lc" (autonomous parvovirus). y l nhm virus c tnh c hiu k ch tng i cao. Mc d khng thy protein cu trc c s giao cho khng nguyn nhng xc nhn c c 2 - 3 protein phi cu trc ca virus c tnh khng nguyn giao cho. Chng hnh thnh cc th bao hm trong nhn t bo cm nhim. Chi Dependovirus thng thy cng vi adenovirus nn thng c gi l "virus ty adeno" (adeno-associated virus - AAV). Ch "depend" c ngun gc t t Latin "dependere" ngha l ty thuc, ph thuc. Trong trng hp khng c mt ca cc virus tr gip th chng l cc virus khuyt tn (defective virus). Ngc li, s pht trin ca virus ty adeno (AVV) c ch s pht trin ca cc virus tr gip (helper virus). Chi Densovirus l nhm parvovirus pht trin t lp trong c th u trng, nhng v thnh trng ca cn trng. "Denso" l ch bt ngun t t Latin "densus" l "dy c" hm kt qu ca s cm nhim virus rng trong nhn t bo cm nhim hnh thnh cc khi rn do cc virion t tp li.
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II. BNH CM NHIM PARVOVIRUS

Cc bnh cm nhim parvovirus tiu biu c trnh by bng II-3. V mt tnh gy bnh th trong c 3 chi ca h Parvoviridae ch c cc virus thuc chi Parvovirus l c vn . Do c tnh pht trin ca mnh nu cm nhim cc thai chng gy cc chng bnh tr ngi sinh sn nh thai cht, sy thai, thai k hnh,... nu cm nhim nim mc chng gy tiu chy v cc chng bnh c quan h hp, nu cm nhim cc c quan to huyt chng ch yu gy chng gim bch huyt cu, c ch min dch, thiu mu,... Bng II-2. Phn loi h Parvoviridae
Chi, loi (do ICTV ngh) 1. Chi Parvovirus Minute virus of mce (MVM) = Virus vi tiu ca chut Aleutian mink disease parvovirus B 19 = Parvovirus B 19 bnh chn (qun o) Aleutian (phn lp t ngi) Bovine parvovirus = Parvovirus b Feline parvovirus = Parvovirus mo, c cc chng bin d sau: - Feline panleukopenia virus (FPLV) = Virus bnh gim bch cu ton b ca mo - Mink enteritis virus (MEV) = Virus bnh vim rut chn vizon - Canine parvovirus (CPV) = Parvovirus ch - Raccoon parvovirus (RPV) = Parvovirus gu chn Goose parvovirus = Parvovirus ngng H-1 (parvovirus phn lp c t khi u gy cm nhim c ngi Hep 1; gn gi vi parvovirus gm nhm v mt huyt thanh hc) Lapine parvovirus = Parvovirus th Lu III (phn lp c t t bo phi ngi Lu 106) Porcine parvovirus = Parvovirus ln Rat virus = Parvovirus chut cng RT (phn lp c t h t bo s phi chut RT) TVX (phn lp c t ti i thai ngi) Chicken parvovirus = Parvovirus g HB (phn lp c t ung th ti bung trng , nhau thai, thai ngi) Minute virus of canines = Virus vi tiu ca ch RA-1 2. Chi Dependovirus Adeno-associated virus type 1-5 (AAV) = Virus ty adeno type 1 n type 5 Avian AAV= Virus ty adeno chim Bovine AAV= Virus ty adeno b Caprine AAV= Virus ty adeno d Canine AAV= Virus ty adeno ch Equine AAV= Virus ty adeno nga Ovine AAV= Virus ty adeno cu 3. Chi Densovirus Galleria densovirus = Densovirus Galleria Ngoi ra, c 14 loi densovirus khc
c pht hin vo nm 1974, Parvovirus B19 ca ngi bt u t nm 1980 c nhn thc nhanh chng l bnh nguyn quan trng. Hin ti hn 90% trng hp bnh khng hnh thnh ty xng l do virus ny gy ra, triu chng c th thy thng l hng ban a pht truyn nhim, xc nh thy cng lin quan n bnh v sinh n.
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1. ln Cm nhim parvovirus lnBKD44 ln cm th tr cc ln c cha nhiu trng hp thng l cm nhim khng th hin bnh trng (cm nhim n tnh). Cm nhim virus ny ln c cha thng dn n cht thai, sy thai nhng khng trc tip nh hng n ln m. Khng thy c hin tng tr ngi sinh sn ln c. 2. b Parvovirus bBKD44 thng gi l virus rut hp ph hng cu hay virus HADEN (HADEN virus: haemoadsorbing enteric virus), trong nhiu trng hp gy cm nhim n tnh. c phn lp nhiu t b b vim kt mc, vim phi rut (pneumoenteritis). Cng c th l nguyn nhn gy tr ngi sinh sn b c.
Bng II-3. Cc bnh ng vt tiu biu do cm nhim ParvovirusBKD44

Virus Parvovirus b Parvovirus ln Parvovirus bnh gim bch huyt ton b mo K ch t nhin B Ln ng vt h Mo Bnh Tiu chy, bnh h hp (vim rut, vim phi) Tr ngi sinh sn (cht thai, sy thai, v sinh) Gim lng bch huyt cu ton b, vim rut, hnh thnh tiu no khng hon chnh, vn ng thiu phi hp Gim lng bch huyt cu ton b, vim rut Bnh phc hp th min dch mn tnh, bnh tng gamma-globulin mu Gim lng bch huyt cu ton b, vim rut, vim c tim Tiu chy nh, vim rut, vim c tim Gim lng bch huyt cu ton b, vim rut Tr ngi thn kinh trung ng, chm pht trin sinh dc D thng bm sinh, hnh thnh tiu no khng hon chnh, vn ng thiu phi hp, vim rut Vim gan, vim c tim, vim rut
Parvovirus bnh vim rut chn Chn vizon (mink) Parvovirus bnh chn Chn vizon (mink) Aleutian Parvovirus ch ng vt h Ch Virus vi tiu ch Parvovirus gu hoang Virus vi tiu chut nht Virus chut cng Parvovirus ngng Ch Gu hoang Chut nht, chut vng hamster Chut cng, chut vng hamster Ngng
3. mo Cm nhim virus bnh gim bch cu ton b ca mo (feline panleukopenia virus)BKD44 mo con khng c min dch thng l bnh cp tnh dn n t vong sau khi tri qua mt s ngy bnh. Tui cng tng mo cng gim s cm th i vi virus. Cm nhim mo c cha v mo trong vng 2 tun sau sinh l nguyn nhn cht thai, sy thai, d hnh (hnh thnh tiu no khng hon ton) v vn ng khng phi hp (ataxia). 4. ch ch c 2 loi parvovirus. Virus vi tiu ch tuy c th nh hng t nhiu n ch con v thai ch nhng v mt lm sng khng phi l vn nghim trng. Khong nm 1978, parvovirus ch (canine parvovirus - CPV)BKD44 t nhin lu hnh nh mt virus bnh nguyn mi cc ng vt thuc h Ch,
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gy bnh truyn nhim ch t vi cc triu chng bnh ng tiu ha v gim lng bch cu. CPV-2 c tnh khng nguyn lin tc bin d (antigenic drifting). 5. chn vizon (mink) Virus vim rut chn vizon gy bnh virus cp tnh vi cc triu chng vim rut nng v gim lng t bo lympho. Bnh AleutianBKD44,88 chn vizon (mink) l bnh l do cm nhim mt loi parvovirus hon ton khc bit, a pht chn dng Aleutian, l bnh min dch d thng mn tnh ch t (chn bnh gy dn ri cht). 6. gm nhm Parvovirus gm nhmBKD44 nh virus vi tiu chut nht, parvirus chut cng v cc virus c ngun gc t ngi nh H-1, HB th hin tnh gy bnh chut vng hamster, l nhng virus c tnh gy k hnh gy hnh thnh tiu no khng hon ton. 7. chim Bnh dch t ngng (goose parvovirus infection)BKD44 do parvovirus ngng gy ra. Bnh ny cn gi l vim gan do virus ngng (goose viral hepatitis) hay bnh Derzy (Derzys disease). Bnh ny ph bin khp th gii, gy cht ngng con v ngan con, cn ngng v ngan trng thnh khng vi bnh. Cm nhim thng ly truyn theo chiu dc v chiu ngang. Bnh ny c tnh ly lan mnh, ch t. Virus ti sn trong thnh ng rut v sau mt chu k nhim trng huyt virus t n cc c quan, b phn khc nhau trong c th, c bit l gan v tim. Ti sn trong cc c quan ny gy ra nhng thay i mnh nh xut huyt dn n cht sau 2 - 5 ngy. tim phng cc quc gia v khu vc c dch lu hnh ngi ta p dng vaccine nhc c ch trn phi g hoc vaccine v hot c cht b tr.
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Chng 2 CC VIRUS DNA HAI SI KHNG C O NGOI A. ADENOVIRUS (H ADENOVIRIDAE) I. C IM CHUNG CA H ADENOVIRIDAE
Ch "adeno" c ngun gc t t Hylp c "aden" ngha l "tuyn", nguyn do virus ny u tin c phn lp t t chc dng tuyn ca ngi. 1. Hnh thi v cc tnh trng l, ha Virion c hnh thi dng cu trc i xng khi 20 mt tam gic u c kt thnh cc lc gic u (hexon) v ng gic u (penton), ng knh virion 70 - 90 nm, cu to t 252 capsomer (n v cu trc ca capsid) v li DNA. Trn cc nh c gai. 2. Cu to b gene (genome) Genome ca cc Adenovirus phn t DNA 2 si dui thng, hm lng G+C (mol%) l 48 - 61 Mastadenovirus v 54 - 55 Aviadenovirus. 3. Protein C t nht 10 loi protein cu trc. Cc khng nguyn ha tan c nhiu quyt nh khng nguyn (antigenic determinant) hay epitope, c phn ng c hiu chi, tc, loi v dng. Khng nguyn c hiu chi nm b mt gc ca hexon, khng nguyn c hiu loi ch yu nm b mt ngoi hexon. T cc gc (nh) ca hexon c mt gai thng c gi l si (fiber) cu to t mt protein (bng II-4). Bng II-4. Tnh khng nguyn ca cc protein cu trc ca Adenovirus
Protein ch yu Hexon Gc hexon Si gai (fiber) Protein ch yu ca li Protein quanh penton Nhm 9 hexon S hiu in di II III IV VII IIIa IX Khng nguyn Tn ring Tnh phn ng Alpha c hiu chi Epsilon c hiu loi Beta c hiu chi Gamma c hiu loi Delta c hiu tc c hiu chi, loi c hiu chi c hiu chi, loi c dim khc pha bn trong virion pha bn ngoi virion Biu hin c tnh vi t bo nui cy Khng nguyn ngng kt hng cu Gc ca fiber? Thy adenovirus ngi type 2 Nm gia penton v hexon Thy adenovirus ngi type 2 v 5
4. Ti sn Virus thng qua si gai (fiber) nh nhng th th virus m kt bm ln th th c hiu ca b mt t bo k ch, nh qu trnh m bo m c thu np vo trong t bo cht. Trong t bo cht, cc penton, sau cc hexon b tch ra l xut li virion. Li kt bm ln mng nhn hoc xm nhp nguyn vn vo nhn ri gii phng DNA virus. Cc qu trnh sao chp, ti sn DNA v s hp thnh cc virion con chu din ra trong nhn t bo k ch. S sao chp v biu hin c nng DNA virus c chia thnh 2 k sau khi cm nhim virus, k
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sm v k mun. Cc th virus thnh thc lm cho t bo k ch bin tnh m ph hoi t bo v gii phng ra ngoi. cc h t bo c th tan (kh dung) th cng vi s pht trin ca virus, ngi ta thng thy tc ng bnh l t bo (CPE) c trng: t bo bin ha thnh dng chm nho, t bo b hy hoi,... trong nhn xut hin cc th n nhp. cc h t bo khng th tan (phi kh dung) thy c cc virus gy bin np (transformation). S bin np c th l s biu hin c nng ca DNA virus c ti t hp vo DNA ca t bo k ch (thng l do cc protein ca cc min gene E1A v E1B). Cng c nhng virus biu hin tnh gy ung th cc ng vt gm nhm (chut vng hamster, chut nht, chut cng,...). Tuy nhin, khng thy c s lin quan vi s pht sinh ung th t nhin cc ng vt k ch t nhin. Cng c cc virus gy ngng kt hng cu ca cc loi ng vt khc nhau. Bng II-5. Phn loi v cc dng huyt thanh hc ca h Adenoviridae
Chi, loi 1. Chi Mastadenovirus Bovine adenovirus (adenovirus b) Ovine adenovirus (adenovirus cu) Caprine adenovirus (adenovirus d) Equine adenovirus (adenovirus nga) Porcine adenovirus (adenovirus ln) Canine adenovirus (adenovirus ch) Simian adenovirus (adenovirus vn) Murine adenovirus (adenovirus chut) Human adenovirus (adenovirus ngi) 2. Chi Aviadenovirus Chicken adenovirus (adenovirus g) Turkey adenovirus (adenovirus g ty) Pheasant adenovirus (adenovirus g li) Goose adenovirus (adenovirus ngng) Duck adenovirus (adenovirus vt) Dng huyt thanh hc bos 1 - bos 11 ovi 1 - ovi 6 cap 1 equ 1 sus 1 - sus 6 can 1 - can 2 sim 1 - sim 2 mus 1 - mus 2 h1 - h47 gal 1 - gal 12 mel 1 - mel 3 pha 1 ans 1 - ans 3 ana 1 - ana 2
5. Phn loi Phn loi h Adenoviridae c nu bng II-5. H ny c khng nguyn phn ng kt hp b th chung, c phn thnh 2 chi: chi Mastadenovirus k sinh ng vt c v v chi Aviadenovirus k sinh cc loi chim, khng thy tnh khng nguyn chung gia cc chi. Cc dng huyt thanh hc c xc nh bng phn ng trung ha cho vi cc loi khng huyt thanh min dch. Mt dng huyt thanh hc c xc nh khi khng c tnh phn ng cho vi dng khng huyt thanh ca cc dng huyt thanh hc khc, hoc trong trng hp t l hiu gi gia cp phn ng ng dng v d dng (homo-hetero rate: t l ng - d) ln hn 16, hoc trong trng hp nu t l ng - d nm trong khong 8 n 16 th (1) da vo tnh khng giao cho ca phn ng ngng kt hng cu (HI) hoc (2) so snh cc c tnh sinh vt hc, vt l, ha hc nh cc kiu dng phn ct bng enzyme hn ch (restriction enzyme pattern) ca DNA virus m phn nh.
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II. BNH CM NHIM ADENOVIRUS

Cc bnh tiu biu do cm nhim adenovirus c trnh by bng II-6. i b phn cc adenovirus c tnh gy bnh yu tr virus vim gan truyn nhim ch, virus vim rut xut huyt g ty, virus hi chng gim trng 1976 g,... thng thng c nhiu trng hp cm nhim n tnh, virus nm tim n cc hch lympho,... biu hin tnh gy bnh i vi ng vt k ch mt cch c lp hoc phi hp vi cc vi sinh vt khc, ph thuc vo tnh trng sc khe ca k ch. Ngoi ra c nhng virus mang hai c tnh va c tnh gy bnh vim n tnh (bnh tim ti) va c tnh sinh ung th. Cc type adenovirus ngi 2 v 5 khng sinh ung th, cn type adenovirus ngi 12 khng sinh ung th l m hnh phn t thch hp cho vic nghin cu sinh vt hc phn t. Bng II-6. Cc bnh ng vt tiu biu do cm nhim adenovirus
Virus Adenvirus b Adenvirus cu Adenvirus nga Adenvirus ln Adenvirus ch (can 1) Adenvirus ch (can 2) Adenvirus kh Adenvirus chim nhm 1* Adenvirus g (gal 1) Adenvirus g (gal 2, gal 3) Adenvirus g nhm 2* K ch t nhin B Cu Nga Ln Ch Ch Kh Bnh v bnh trng Pht st, tiu chy, vim phi, hi chng b yu Cm nhim hn hp vi cc vi sinh vt khc gy cc chng bnh h hp v tiu ha Cm nhim n tnh, chng bnh h hp nh Tiu chy, vim rut, vim phi Bnh vim gan truyn nhim ch Bnh vim thanh - kh qun truyn nhim ch Bnh h hp, vim kt mc
Chim ct Bnh vim ph qun chim ct G Bnh vim gan c th n nhp g G ty Bnh vim rut xut huyt g ty G li Bnh lch hoa ca g li G Bnh gan lch khng l g (lch hoa) Adenvirus g nhm 3 (EDS-76)* G Hi chng g gim trng 1976 Ghi ch: * cc adenvirus g c tnh khng nguyn v tnh gy bnh xa nhau nn c chia thnh 3 nhm (Nhm 1: gal 1 ~ gal 12, ana 1 ~ ana 2, ans 1 ~ ans 3; Nhm 2: Cc adenovirus g ngoi nhm 1 v nhm 3; Nhm 3: EDS-76).
1. b Cc virus thuc 11 nhm huyt thanh hc c phn thnh 2 nhm da vo tnh khng nguyn v tnh pht trin trn t bo nui cy. Nhm 1 (gm cc dng 1, 2, 3 v 9) pht trin trn c la cy t bo thn b v la cy t bo tinh hon b. Nhm 2 (gm cc dng 4, 5, 6, 7, 8 v 10) ch pht trin trn la cy t bo tinh hon b. Thng thng, cc virus trn gy tiu chy, vim phi, vim kt mc,... b. Hi chng b yu (weak calf syndrome) L do cm nhim hn hp adenovirus dng 5 vi virus tiu chy - mng nhy do virus b (bovine viral diarrhea-mucosal disease virus (xem mc "Flavivirus...") v cc yu t stress cm ng gy ra.
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2. cu Tt c 6 dng huyt thanh hc u c tnh gy bnh yu. Cm nhim hn hp vi cc vi sinh vt khc gy cc bnh chng h hp v tiu ha. 3. nga T ging nga Rp phn ly c nhiu chng adenovirus, chng u gy ngng kt hng cu ngi nhm mu O v hng cu nga v mt s ng vt khc. Thng thng cm nhim n tnh hoc tri qua vi bnh trng h hp nh, nhng nu cm nhim nga con ging Rp suy gim min dch th t l cht thng cao. 4. ln Virus c phn lp t khng ch t no, phi, hch lympho, phn tiu chy ca ln bnh m cn t ln khe mnh. Thng thy pht st, tiu chy nh,.. nhng khi gii phu thng thy nhiu trng hp vim rut r rng t khng trng n hi trng. ln con 1 - 2 thng tui c th thy bnh tiu ha rt nng. 5. ch a. Bnh vim gan truyn nhim ch (infectious canine hepatitis) L do adenovirus ch type 1 gy ra, v cn bn bnh c cc triu chng vim xut huyt v vim gan. th nh hnh, thy ch bing n, pht st, suy gim cm gic, kht, au qun vng bng, nn ma, tiu chy, gim lng bch huyt cu, t vong,... Virus ny c tnh hng t bo nhu m gan v t bo h li ni b, gy hnh thnh cc tiu th bao hm trong nhn cc t bo ny. b. Bnh vim thanh - kh qun truyn nhim ch (infectious canine laryngotracheitis) L do adenovirus ch type 2 gy ra, thng vi triu chng vim phn trn ng h hp v ho khan. C hai dng huyt thanh hc u l mt trong nhng yu t bnh nguyn bnh nh ng h hp gi l "ho ci ch (kennel cough)". Hai dng huyt thanh hc ny c tnh tng ng ca DNA mc 70% v gn gi v mt huyt thanh hc, nhng phn bit c nh kiu dng phn ct enzyme hn ch, tnh gy bnh v th nghim trung ha. 6. vn Nh tnh d ng ca kiu dng in di ca cc protein virus (virus protein electrophoretic pattern) m phn bit cc nhm (1, 2a, 2b, 3a, 3b v 4). Cc virus thuc cc nhm 3a v 4 c tnh sinh u mnh chut vng hamster s sinh v chut nht s sinh hn cc virus nhm khc. Cc adenovirus kh, tr type sim 16 (tn c: SA 7) ca nhm 4 ra, u gy ngng kt hng cu ca loi ng vt ny hay loi ng vt khc. 7. chim Do cc adenovirus chim c tnh khng nguyn v tnh gy bnh xa nhau nn chng c chia thnh 3 nhm (bng II-6). Nhm 1: Cc virus nhm ny phn b rng ri chim. Virus khng ch pht trin trong trng g ang pht dc m cn pht trin trong cc la cy t
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bo thn g, thn thai g, gan thai g c biu hin tc ng bnh l t bo (CPE). a. Bnh vim gan g c th n nhp (inclusion body hepatitis of chickens) L bnh truyn nhim c coi l do adenovirus g type 2 v 3 gy ra, a pht g nui tht 3 - 10 tun tui. y l bnh truyn nhim cp tnh vi cc triu chng ch yu l vim xut huyt v vim gan. Pht sinh bnh ny c th c tng cng bi cm nhim virus bnh Gumboro (tc virus bnh vim ti Fabricius truyn nhim: infectious bursal disease virus - IBDV, xem "Birnavirus..."). b. Bnh vim cung phi chim ct (quail bronchitis) Cc virus CELO (chicken embryo lethal orphan virus: virus m ci gy cht phi g) c coi l nguyn nhn ca bnh, l bnh c quan h hp cp tnh c t l cht cao gy vim kh qun nng chim ct. Nhm 2: Bnh do nhm ny gy ra cn gi l hi chng vim rut xut huyt - lch khng l. Virus pht trin trong t bo h li ni b ca chim cm nhim, nn thng pht hin thy lng ln khng nguyn virus trong lch. Cc virus bnh nguyn rt gn gi v mt huyt thanh hc nhng rt khc virus nhm 1 v 3 v c tnh . c. Bnh vim rut xut huyt g ty (hemorrhagic enteritis of turkeys) G ty mc bnh thng bi xut phn ln mu, tri qua cp tnh ri dn n t vong. Triu chng ch yu l vim rut xut huyt v lch sng to. d. Bnh lch hoa ca tr (marble spleen disease of pheasants) Pht sinh ch yu g li 3 - 8 thng tui, l bnh cm nhim cp tnh vi nhng triu chng ch yu l lch bin ha dng hoa v phi thy thng. e. Bnh gan lch khng l (big liver and spleen disease) Thng pht sinh g trng thnh 8 tun tui tr ln, l bnh truyn nhim c t l t vong tng i thp vi triu chng ch yu l l lch sng to. Nhm 3: thng gi l nhm virus hi chng gim trng 1976. f. Hi chng gim trng 1976 (egg drop syndrome 1976)BKD72 T khi c thng bo xy ra H Lan nm 1976 tr i, khp th gii u thy bnh pht sinh. Bnh ny c triu chng c trng l g trng d thng. Virus bnh nguyn khng c tnh giao cho khng nguyn vi cc adenovirus khc phn lp t g. Do virus ny cng phn lp c t cc loi thy cm nn c th suy nh rng k ch nguyn thy l cc loi chim hoang d.
B. PAPILLOMAVIRUS (H PAPILLOMAVIRIDAE) I. C IM CA H PAPILLOMAVIRIDAE

H ny vn nm trong thnh phn h Papovaviridae c mi tch thnh hai h mi l Papillomaviridae v Polyomaviridae. Cc papilomavirus gy cc u
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nm (warts) da v nim mc ca hu ht cc ng vt nng nghip v cc ng vt khc k c cc loi chim. 1. Hnh thi v cc tnh trng l, ha Virion c cu trc i xng khi 20 mt tam gic u, ng knh khong 55 nm, gm 72 capsomer. Virus ny khng vi ether, acid,... vi nhit th cng tng i n nh. 2. Cu to b gene (genome) Genome ca cc papillomavirus l mt phn t DNA hai si, vng khp kn, phn t lng khong 8 kbp m ha 12 protein trong c 2 protein gn lin vi capsid. Ch c mt chui DNA ca virus ny m ha gene. S dng DNA chit xut t bnh u nm, ngi ta thy rng c nhiu dng trnh t DNA cng tn ti. Trong t bo bin np, genome ca papillomavirus tn ti trng thi episome. 3. Protein C khong 12 loi protein tn ti trong cc virus ny, bao gm cc protein cu trc ch yu c phn t lng ln v cc protein histone c ngun gc t t bo k ch c phn t lng nh. Nhiu loi virus c phn ng vi cc th th cm th neuraminidase v gy ngng kt hng cu. 4. Ti sn Papillomavirus do cha xc lp c h pht trin virus in vitro, ng thi ti sn din ra chm nn qu trnh pht trin ca virus vn cha c r. Trong iu kin in vivo chng ch pht trin trong cc t bo thng tng dng ht ca biu b v tng ha sng. Cc DNA si i lm khun tng hp mRNA v DNA th h con trong nhn t bo nh h thng enzyme ca k ch. Dch m v lp rp virion cng din ra trong nhn t bo, cc virion c gii phng ra ngoi nh ph hy mng nhn v mng t bo. Khi ti sn, cc papilomavirus to cc t bo cha khng bo c ngha chn on. Bng II-7. Phn loi Papillomaviridae v cc bnh cm nhim tiu biu ng vt
Chi, loi, dng (do ICTV ngh) Chi Papillomavirus Bovine papilloma virus = Virus u nm b Type 1, 2 (dng 1, 2) Type 3 (dng 3) Type 4 (dng4) Type 5 (dng 5) Type 6 (dng 6) Equine papilloma virus = Virus u nm nga Sheep papilloma virus = Virus u nm cu Caprine papilloma virus = Virus u nm d Deer fibroma virus = Virus u x hu Pig papilloma virus = Virus u nm ln Canine oral papilloma virus = Virus u nm ming ch Cottontail rabbit papilloma virus = Virus u nm th ui bng (Shope papilloma virus = Virus K ch t nhin B, nga B B B B Nga Cu D Hu trng Ln Ch Th ui bng Bnh U x - nm da (b), u tht (sarcoid: nga) U nm da U nm ng tiu ha (i khi c tnh) U x - nm u v U nm u v U nm da U x - nm da U nm da U x da U nm da U nm khoang ming U nm da (i khi c tnh)
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u nm Shope) Rabbit oral papilloma virus = Virus u nm th nh Human papilloma virus type 1 - 100+ = Virus u nm ngi type 1 n type hn 100
Th nh Ngi
U nm khoang ming U nm da, nim mc,... (i khi c tnh)
5. Phn loi Cc virus thuc h ny lm thnh mt chi: chi Papillomavirus (bng II-7) gm c nhiu type khc nhau. Ring ngi c n hn 100 type.
II. BNH CM NHIM PAPILLOMAVIRUS

Cc Papillomavirus phn b rng ri ng vt c v (bng II-8), t ngi n chut. Virus u nm c phn lp t nhiu loi ng vt khc nhau, chng no cng gy cc k ch t nhin ca mnh chng bnh u nm (papilloma) lnh tnh, him khi u x, da v nim mc, i khi c ha.
C. POLYOMAVIRUS (H POLYOMAVIRIDAE) I. C IM CA H POLYOMAVIRIDAE

Tn ca h virus ny bt ngun t t "polyoma" ting Hy Lp c ngha l hin tng nhiu u hay a u, do virus quy chun ca h ny gy chng a u ngi v ng vt. H ny mi tch khi h c Papovaviridae cch y khng lu. 1. Hnh thi v cc tnh trng l, ha Virion c cu trc i xng khi 20 mt tam gic u, ng knh 40 nm, nh hn papillomavirus (40 nm so vi 50 nm), gm 72 capsomer. Virus ny khng vi ether, acid,... vi nhit th cng tng i n nh. Bng II-8. Phn loi polyomavirus v cc bnh cm nhim tiu biu ng vt
Chi, loi, dng (do ICTV ngh) Chi Polyomavirus (Chi Virus a hch) Polyomavirus muris 1 = Polyoma chut 1 SV 40 Polyomavirus maccacae 1 = Polyomavirus kh SV 40 (type 1) Rabbit kidney vaculating virus (Polyomavirus sylvilagi) = Virus hnh thnh khng bo thn th Polyomavirus hominis 1, 2 = Polyomavirus ngi type 1, 2 K ch t nhin Chut nht Kh Th Ngi Bnh U tuyn di tai Khng r (cm nhim n tnh) Khng r (cm nhim n tnh) Khng r (cm nhim n tnh)
2. Cu to b gene (genome) Genome ca cc polyomavirus l mt phn t DNA hai si, vng khp kn, phn t lng khong 8 kbp m ha 9 protein. DNA ca polyomavirus th sao chp t c hai chui. S dng DNA chit xut t bnh u nm, ngi ta thy rng c nhiu dng trnh t DNA cng tn ti. Trong t bo bin np, genome ca polyomavirus ti t hp trong DNA ca t bo k ch.
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3. Protein C khong 6 - 9 loi protein tn ti trong cc virus ny, bao gm cc protein cu trc ch yu c phn t lng ln v cc protein histone c ngun gc t t bo k ch c phn t lng nh. Nhiu loi virus c phn ng vi cc th th cm th neuraminidase v gy ngng kt hng cu. 4. Ti sn Polyomavirus kt bm vo th th t bo, xm nhp vo t bo v ci protein v ngoi gn mng nhn, DNA ca virus xm nhp vo nhn t bo. Phn bit 2 k biu hin ca genome virus: k trc v k sau. nhn t bo, trong qu trnh thnh thc, cc th virus thu np cc phn t histone ca k ch. Cc virion gy dung gii t bo v gii phng ra ngoi. 5. Phn loi H Polyomaviridae ch c mt chi: chi Polyomavirus (bng II-8).
II. BNH CM NHIM POLYOMAVIRUS

Cc polyomavirus phn b rng ri ng vt c v (bng II-8), t ngi n chut. Tuy nhin, tnh gy bnh ca cc virus ny khng cao. Sau k u pht trin c quan h hp v tiu ha Polyomavirus thng gy chng virus huyt, ri xm nhp n cc c quan bn trong nh thn, no, phi,... gy cm nhim n tnh nhng i khi cng pht bnh. Thng thng, chng khng gy cm ng hnh thnh khi u k ch t nhin nhng nu tip chng (tim truyn) cho k ch c bit nh chut vng hamster hay chut khc th thy hnh thnh khi u.
D. IRIDOVIRUS (H IRIDOVIRIDAE) I. C IM CA H IRIDOVIRIDAE

Ch "irido" bt ngun t t Hylp c "iridos" ngha l mu cu vng, do cc th virus tch ly trong t bo b nhim th lp lnh nh sc cu vng. 1. Hnh thi v cc tnh trng l, ha Virion ca cc Iridovirus l mt ht c li nucleocapsid c bao bc bi mt mng lipid c bin i do c thm cc phn t protein tiu n v (subunit protein), sau bn ngoi c bao bc thm o ngoi (envelope) c ngun gc t mng t bo k ch. o ngoi ca Iridovirus tuy hin din nhng khng thit yu i vi tnh cm nhim ca virus. Trong h ny c cc virus thuc chi Iridovirus v chi Chloriridovirus l khng vi ether, cn tt c cc chi khc mn cm vi ether cng nh cc cht hot tnh b mt phi ion ha. Virus n nh pH 3 - 10, bt hot 55 C sau 10 - 15 pht. 2. Cu to b gene (genome) DNA ca cc virus thuc chi Ranavirus v chi Lymphocystivirus v mt b phn thuc chi Iridovirus c s hon v vng (circular permutation) cc trnh t lp (on trt t nucleotide nhc li) nm trc tip hai u si. Ngoi ra, DNA ca hai chi Ranavirus v Lymphocystivirus c cc cytosine c methyl ha vi
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t l cao. 3. Protein Ngi ta xc nh c khong 13 - 35 polypeptide cu trc c phn t lng 10 - 35 kDa. Hu ht cc virus nghin cu u c nhiu enzyme lin kt virion, c bit l protein-kinase. Bng II-9. Phn loi h Iridoviridae v cc bnh cm nhim tiu biu ng vt
Chi (nhm virus), loi (do ICTV ngh) 1. Chi Iridovirus (Small irridescent insect virus group = Nhm virus cn trng nh, pht sc) 2. Chi Chloriridovirus (Large irridescent insect virus group = Nhm virus cn trng ln, pht sc) 3. Chi Ranavirus (Frog virus group = Nhm virus ch) 4. Chi Lymphocystivirus (Lymphocystis disease virus group = Nhm virus bnh nang lympho) 5. Cc virus cha nh chi (Goldfish virus group = Nhm virus c vng) K ch t nhin Nhiu loi cn trng Nhiu loi cn trng ng vt lng th Nhiu loi c C vng Bnh Gy hi u trng, u trng cm nhim v virus tinh ch c mu cu vng t xanh n tm Nh trn Cm nhim ch t ch yu ch con, nng nc, ch ln cm nhim n tnh Hnh thnh t bo khng l t chc lin kt Cm nhim n tnh
4. Ti sn Virus xm nhp vo t bo nh qu trnh m bo, ri din ra qu trnh ci v trong khng bo ca thc bo. Nhn t bo lin quan n qu trnh sao chp, phc ch DNA nhng mt b phn qu trnh tng hp DNA v hnh thnh virion thun thc din ra trong t bo cht. Hu ht cc virus h ny c "tnh ty thuc t bo", ty virus m o ngoi c th c hnh thnh nh qu trnh ny chi qua mng t bo cht hay qua mng khng bo. 5. Phn loi Phn loi h Iridoviridae c trnh by bng II-9. Cc iridovirus c phn thnh 4 chi: Chi Iridovirus, chi Chloriridovirus, chi Ranavirus v chi Lymphocystivirus cng vi mt nhm cc virus cha nh chi. Trc y virus bnh dch t chu PhiBKD2 c xp vo h ny nhng sau xp vo nhm cc virus cha phn loi cn hin nay xp thnh hc mi Asfarviridae.
II. BNH CM NHIM IRIDOVIRUS

Cc iridovirus c phn lp t nhiu ng vt c xng sng v khng c xng sng nhng cc virus c ngha th y ch thuc chi Lymphocystivirus (bng II-9). Bnh nang lympho (lymphocystis) do virus l bnh truyn nhim mn tnh thy c cc loi c nc ngt v nc mn, mt ngoi thn c bnh xut hin cc t bo khng l gi l lymphocystis (nang lympho) tch ly thnh mn u mu trng hoc i khi mu en.
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Chng 3 CC VIRUS DNA C O NGOI A. POXVIRUS (H POXVIRIDAE)

Ch "pox" c ngun gc t t "pock" ngha l vt d hnh l lot c m trn da do bnh u.
I. C IM CHUNG CA H POXVIRIDAE
1. Hnh thi v cc tnh trng l ha Poxvirus l cc virus ln nht trong s cc virus, c th xc nhn bng knh hin vi quang hc. Virion c dng hnh thoi hoc hnh vim gch, kch thc 220 - 450 140 - 260 nm, cu to kh phc tp, c o ngoi (envelope) cu to t lipid v cc protein hnh tr v hnh cu, li (core) trung tm cha genome bn trong v 1 - 2 cu trc gi l th bn nm di o ngoi dc theo li. Khc vi cc virus khc, o ngoi ca poxvirus khng vi ether. 2. Cu to b gene (genome) Genome ca poxvirus l 1 phn t DNA hai si dui thng. Kch thc 130 - 375 kbp (kilo base pair: nghn cp nucleotide). Cc chui DNA kt hp hai u to nn cu trc nh vng kp tc (hair-pin loop), ngoi ra vng cn k ca hai u cn c cc on nucleotide ng nht ngc hng (trt t lp o v). Hm lng G+C (mol%) cc poxvirus ng vt c xng sng l 35 64, cn poxvirus cn trng khong 20. 3. Protein C hn 100 loi protein trong th virus c nghin cu, bn cnh , ngng kt t hng cu Orthopoxvirus c xc nhn. trong li thy c cc enzyme tng hp acid nucleic, enzyme phosphoryl ha protein nh RNApolymerase ph thuc DNA, thymidine kinase,... tn ti. 4. Ti sn Virus hp bm ln b mt t bo k ch nh protein c trn b mt o ngoi, khi o ngoi virus v mng t bo cht k ch dung hp, li virus c phng xut vo trong t bo cht (ci v nguyn pht). Qu trnh sinh sn sau ca virus din ra hon ton trong t bo cht. Trong k u RNA thng tin (mRNA) c sao chp, ri cc protein k u nh enzyme ci v, DNApolymerase,... c tng hp. Nh tc ng ca enzyme ci v DNA c gii phng vo t bo cht (ci v th nguyn, hay ln 2), bt u s sao chp DNA. Cng vi qu trnh tng hp DNA, cc mRNA c sao chp, tip n cc protein mun nh protein cu trc virus, cc protein li,... c tng hp. Trong t bo cht, DNA v cc protein k mun tp hp li, bt u hnh thnh cc ht (th) virus. o ngoi virus c tng hp mi khng lin quan n mng t bo ca k ch v bao bc ly t hp DNA vi protein, to thnh virion cha thnh thc hnh cu, sau , cc protein hnh tr kt bm ln b mt ca o ngoi to thnh cc virion thnh thc. V tr hnh thnh virion nh vy c xc nhn nh l th n nhp dng B (viroplasm). Ngoi cc th n nhp dng B ca mt b phn poxvirus ng vt c xng sng ra, cn c cc th n nhp dng A cu
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to t cc cc protein virus. poxvirus cn trng cu trc ny thng c gi l "occlusion body" trong hm cha cc virion thnh thc. i b phn Poxvirus thnh thc c phng xut ra ngoi khi t bo b ph hy, nhng mt s li c phng xut t vi nhung mao hay c bao bc bi mng ca th Golgi ri c a dn ra ngoi mng t bo cht nh qu trnh bo xut (exocytosis). Bng II-9. Phn loi h Poxviridae
Tc, chi, loi (do ICTV*1 ngh) I. Chordopoxvirinae 1. Chi Orthopoxvirus (Chi virus u ng vt xng sng) Vaccinia virus = Virus vaccinia Cowpox virus = Virus u b Ectromeria virus = Virus u ectromeria Camelpox virus = Virus u lc Monkeypox virus = Virus u kh Buffalopox virus = Virus u tru Rabbitpox virus = Virus u th Racoonpox virus = Virus u gu chn Variola virus = Virus u ma 2. Chi Parapoxvirus (Chi virus u) Orf virus = Virus mn bc m da Pseudocowpox virus = Virus gi u b Bovine papular stomatitis virus = Virus vim ming c u ("khu chn") 3. Chi Avipoxvirus (Chi virus u chim) Fowlpox virus = Virus u g Canarypox virus = Virus u hong yn Pigeonpox virus = Virus u b cu Quailpox virus = Virus u chim ct Turkeypox virus = Virus u g ty Sparrowpox virus = Virus u chim s Starlingpox virus = Virus u chim so Juncopox virus =Virus u chim kim tc Psittacinepox virus = Virus u vt 4. Chi Capripoxvirus (Chi virus u d) Sheeppox virus = Virus u cu Goatpox virus = Virus u d Lumpy skin disease virus = Virus bnh u da ("vim da ni cc truyn nhim*2) 5. Chi Suispoxvirus (Chi virus u ln) Swinepox virus = Virus u ln 6. Chi Leporipoxvirus (Chi virus u th) Myxoma virus = Virus u nhy Hare fibroma virus = Virus u x th rng Rabbit fibroma virus = Virus u x th nh Hnh thi Hnh vin gch Kch thc (nm) 250 - 300 200 - 250 Khng ether + Genome virus G+C Kch thc (mol%) (kbp) 36 185
Hnh trng
220 - 300 140 - 170
64
130 150
Hnh vin gch
330 280 200
35
260
Hnh vin gch
300 270 200
150 160
Hnh vin gch Hnh vin gch
250 - 300 250 - 200 250 - 300 200 - 250
? 40
170 160
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260 370 11. Entomopoxvirus B (u cn trng B) Hnh trng 350 250 ? 18,5 225 12. Entomopoxvirus C (u cn trng C) Hnh trng 320 230 ? 18,5 250 380 Ghi ch :*1 ICTV: International Committee on Taxonomy of Virus (y ban Quc t v phn loi virus); *2: tn theo "Danh mc bnh phi kim dch" km theo Q 607 NN-TY ngy 9/6/1994 ca B trng B Nng nghip v Cng nghip thc phm.
Squirrelpox virus = Virus u sc 7. Chi Molluscipoxvirus (Chi virus u mn cc) Molluscum contagiosum virus 8. Chi Yatapoxvirus (Chi virus u linh trng) Yaba monkeypox virus = Virus u kh Yaba Tanapox virus = Virus u kh Tana 9. Cc Poxvirus cha phn loi Uasin Gishu disease virus = Virus bnh Uasin Gishu Camel contagious ecthyma virus = Virus l mp truyn nhim lc Chamois contagious ecthyma virus = Virus l mp truyn nhim sn dng Sealpox virus = Virus u hi cu Penguinpox virus = Virus u chim cnh ct II. Tc Entomopoxvirinae 10. Entomopoxvirus A (u cn trng A)
Hnh vin gch Hnh vin gch
320 250 250 - 300 x 200 x 250
? ?
60 33
188 146
Hnh trng
450 250
18,5
Nu dng nhit lm v hot mt chng virus no ri nui cy chung trong mt t bo vi Poxvirus hot tnh bnh thng th, di tc dng ca enzyme ci v ca Poxvirus bnh thng m virus mt hot tnh c th sinh sn. Hin tng c gi l s "ti hot ha bi virus u". 5. Phn loi Cc virus u c chia thnh hai tc: tc Chordopoxvirinae k sinh ng vt xng sng v tc Entomopoxvirinae k sinh cn trng (bng II-10). Tc Chordopoxvirinae c chia thnh 8 chi: Orthopoxvirus, Parapoxvirus, Avipoxvirus, Capripoxvirus, Suispoxvirus, Leporipoxvirus, Moluscipoxvirus v Yatapoxvirus bn cnh mt s virus cha phn loi. Ni chung, cc virus trong mt chi c tnh khng nguyn phn ng cho, bn cc enzyme hn ch ca genome, hnh thi virion v ph k ch ging nhau. Tnh tng ng ca trt t nucleotide ca cc virus khc chi l di 75%. Tc Entomopoxvirinae da vo cc tnh trng nh hnh thi virion, ph k ch, v ln ca b gene m c chia thnh 3 chi A, B v C. Cc virus ny khng c khng nguyn phn ng cho vi nhau cng nh vi cc virus thuc tc Chordopoxvirinae.
II. BNH CM NHIM POXVIRUS

Cc bnh tiu biu do cm nhim cc poxvirus c k bng II-10.
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ng vt c v v chim, cc poxvirus gy bnh cm nhim ton thn cng vi s pht nt u trn da v cc nim mc kh th. Mt s gy mn cc hoc sng lot. Nhn chung, cc virus ny c ph k ch, v tnh hng t chc hp, a s virus u l nguyn nhn ca cc bnh c hu ring bit ca loi. Mt s Orthopoxvirus cng vi cc Avipoxvirus c ph k ch tng i rng, c th s dng mt virus gn gi ch vaccine phng nga bnh cho nhiu bnh truyn nhim. V d, con ngi s dng virus vaccinia (ngun gc l u b) chng nga v thanh ton bnh u ma (u ngi). 1. b T b phn lp c 4 loi poxvirus. a. Bnh u b (cowpox) Gy bi virus u b (cowpox virus) thuc chi Orthopoxvirus, hnh thnh mn nc t bu v n u v nhng hu nh khng bao gi gy bnh ton thn. Mn nc cha bn trong dch trong sut nhanh chng ha m, sau tr thnh vy v bong ra. Ngi cm nhim u b thng pht u dng mn nc c tnh vim bn tay, cnh tay v bn mt. Ngi mc bnh u b th khng vi u ma, cho nn Jenner p dng phng php tip chng u b trn ngi. Mt mt sau nu cm nhim u vaccinia (chng vaccine phng u ma) th cng hnh thnh bnh ging nh cm nhim u b. Bng II-10. Cc bnh cm nhim poxvirus tiu biu ng vt
Virus Virus u b Virus gi u b Virus vim ming b ni mn (khu chn) Virus bnh da u (lumpy skin disease virus) Virus mn orf Virus u cu Virus u d Virus u ln Virus u g Virus u kh Virus u u ca kh Yaba Tanapoxvirus Virus u th Virus u nhy th Virus u x th hoang Virus u x th Virus ectromeria Virus lc K ch t nhin B B B B, tru Cu, d Cu D Ln G, g ty Kh Kh lng , kh n cua Vn, kh Th Th Th Th ui bng Chut Lc Bnh trng b ci bnh tch tri qua trnh t: mn nc, mn c m sau chuyn sang l da, ngi pht u tay Ging nh cm nhim u b nhng nh hn, ngi vt sa hnh thnh cc nt nh. Pht mn u nim mc khoang ming v da gn ming Pht ban nt hch da ton thn, sau chuyn sang ha u sng Vim da c bc m truyn nhim quanh ming Pht u ton thn ch yu vng khng lng Pht u ton thn ch yu vng khng lng Pht u vng da di bng, trong i Pht u vng u, vng khng lng (th da), hnh thnh mng gi nim mc ming (th nim mc) Bnh hch lympho ton thn. Pht u, cm nhim tr em c th gy t vong Pht sinh u da chuyn sang lot, teo ri khi bnh Pht st cng vi s hnh thnh 1 - 2 nt u Bnh hch lympho ton thn, pht u Sng thng dng gelatin di da ton thn Hnh thnh nhiu nt hch da mt Sng thng t huyt lnh tnh di da Vim phi, vim mng xng, vim gan, khim khuyt t chi mn tnh (bnh mng d hnh) Pht u vng quanh ming, i khi sy thai, th con cht
143
b. Bnh gi u b (pseudocowpox) v bnh vim ming ni mn (vim ming khu chn) b (bovine papular stomatitis) Gy ra bi cm nhim cc virus khc nhau thuc chi Parapoxvirus nhng c hai virus ny rt ging nhau v mt khng nguyn v nhng tnh trng khc, nn mt s nh nghin cu cho rng chng ch l mt loi. Bnh u ging bnh u b nhng i qua rt nh, ngi cng b mc bnh, cho nn virus cn c gi l virus ni nt (hch) ngi vt sa. Ngi mc bnh ny khng min dch vi bnh u ma. Virus vim ming ni mn b gy cc bnh tch nim mc xoang ming v vng quanh ming. c. Bnh da u hay bnh vim da ni cc truyn nhim (lumpy skin disease)BKD14 Gy ra bi virus bnh da u (lumpy skin disease virus) thuc chi Capripoxvirus (chi virus u d), l bnh ch thy c b chu Phi v tru. Cng vi pht st l ton thn ni ban dng nt hch sau 1 - 2 tun tr nn kh cng thnh hch thng da u. 2. d v cu T cu v d phn lp c 3 loi poxvirus. a. Bnh u d cu (goat pox and sheep pox)BKD38 Gy ra bi virus u cu v u d u thuc chi Capripoxvirus gy bnh bin, tng ng, cu v d dng mn u ton thn hoc i khi phn da khng lng. Gia hai virus ny c tnh phn ng cho khng nguyn. b. Bnh l mp truyn nhim (contagious ecthyma, sore mouth)BKD59 hay bnh vim da bc m truyn nhim (orf, contagious pustular dermatitis) Gy ra bi mt parapoxvirus gn gi vi virus gi u (pseudocowpox virus) v virus vim da bc m truyn nhim b (bovine papular stomatitis virus). Bnh l mp truyn nhim d gy ra bi virus khc v mt khng nguyn so vi virus bnh l mp truyn nhim cu. y l nhng bnh quan trng i vi d v cu do xut hin ph bin v ly lan nhanh. Bnh cn c th thy cc ng vt nhai li hoang d v ngi. Bnh ly lan do tip xc v rn. ng vt chn t c th l nhng tc nhn truyn ly c gii. Triu chng lm sng ch yu l xut hin cc nt ging nt u trn mi v mi, i khi cn thy cc vng da khc nh u v, bung v, m h, vnh mng . ng vt bnh him khi b nhng cng c th xy ra, ch yu d con, cu con do nui dng kh khn. Ngi chn nui v th y vin cn trnh tip xc vi bnh phm. Bnh biu hin ngi thng nng vi nhng nt bn tay, cnh tay v mt, thng lan rng hn d v cu nhng khng gy cht, lnh bnh trong vng hai thng. 3. ln T ln phn lp c virus u ln thuc chi Suispoxvirus. Bnh u ln (swinepox, variola suum)BKD61 Thng l bnh nh, sau khi pht st thp trong thi gian ngn th thy
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xut hin bnh tch pht u vng di bng v da trong i, sau hnh thnh vy, trc vy v lnh bnh. Cm nhim virus vaccinia ln cng hnh thnh ban c m bc nc khng th phn bit vi bnh u ln v mt lm sng nhng hin nay khng thy xut hin. 4. chim T cc loi chim phn lp c 9 loi poxvirus, tt c u thuc chi Avipoxvirus. Cc virus ny c quan h h hng mt thit vi nhau, ph k ch ca chng cng trng nhau, v vy cc bnh cm nhim Avipoxvirus c gi chung l bnh u g (avian pox)BKD74. Cc virus ny thng thng biu hin tnh gy bnh cao i vi cc ng vt ngun gc. G, g ty, g g, cng, b cu, v cc loi chim sn bn khc cng nh chim s rt d mc bnh. Thng phn bit hai th bnh: th da thng thy pht u da vng u v i khi vng khng lng. Th nim mc l th u g thng gp, th ny bnh tch thng l pht u nim mc ming v hnh thnh mng gi. Do ph k ch rng, ngi ta s dng cc vaccine d chng. 5. linh trng T vn kh ngi ta phn lp c 3 loi poxvirus. Bnh u kh (monkey pox) Gy ra bi virus u kh thuc chi Orthopoxvirus. Bnh biu hin t nhin pht st v bnh hch lympho ton thn, ty loi vn m thy pht u biu hin cc mc khc nhau. Kh n cua v kh ch (baboon hay kh xanh chu Phi) c tnh cm nhim cao, bnh thng nng . Virus u vn cng cm nhim cho ngi, biu hin ton thn pht u nh bnh u ma, c trng hp t vong. Thuc chi Yatapoxvirus c virus u kh Yaba, ch yu gy cm nhim kh n cua v kh lng , hnh thnh vt tng sinh dng u phn u v t chi. Cng thuc chi cn c Tanapoxvirus l virus gy bnh kh bt gi nui dng M, thng pht st vi 1 - 2 nt u. Virus ny cng cm nhim ngi. 6. th Vo cc nm 1930 v 1933 nc M c mt bnh ging bnh u ma lu hnh gia cc th nui th nghim do virus u th rt gn gi vi virus u vaccinia. Sau , t th phn lp c 3 loi c xp vo chi Leporipoxvirus. a. Bnh u nhy th (rabbit myxoma) L bnh m virus gy bnh m ch tr cc th thng tr mt vng Nam M ra, th nh cng nh th hoang u c tnh cm th cao, hnh thnh cc u dng gelatin di da ton thn. b. Bnh u x th hoang L bnh phn b th hoang bc Italia v min nam nc Php, hnh thnh da vng mt, mt v quanh tai nhiu nt hch u x (fibroma).
145
c. Bnh u x th Cn gi l u x Shope, l bnh u x lnh tnh pht sinh di da th ui bng (cottontail rabbit) lan truyn sang c th nh ln th hoang. 7. chut Bnh cm nhim ca chut th nghim do virus Ectromeria thuc chi Orthopoxvirus c gi l bnh mng d hnh truyn nhim. Hu nh tt c u l cm nhim n tnh, pht bnh thng do stress. U sng thy thng pht hin c mi, t chi v ui, hoi t gy khuyt tt. Th bnh ton thn thng kt thc t vong vi cc triu chng ch yu l vim phi, vim mng xng (ct mc) v vim gan. 8. ng vt khc Bnh u lc (camel pox) Gy ra bi virus u lc (camel poxvirus) thuc chi Orthopoxvirus. Xut hin bnh tch mn u mi, mi,... sau lan rng sang mi mt. Ni chung, bnh trng thng nh, nhng i khi thy sy thai, th non b cht. Lc cn cm nhim virus vaccinia v virus bao m orf. Cc ng vt thuc h Mo cng biu hin tnh cm th virus u b, xut hin bnh tch pht u. Ngoi ra, t voi, t gic, cng phn lp c cc virus rt gn gi vi virus u b. 9. Vaccine vector (vector vaccine) Virus vaccinia c ph k ch rt rng, v thng c tnh gy bnh rt thp. T hin thc ca qu trnh thanh ton bnh u ma, v u im d nui cy v bo qun ca virus vaccinia, ngi ta xng vic di np cc gene ngoi lai vo virus ny v s dng virus ti t hp c mang tnh cm nhim nh vaccine phng bnh. V mt nguyn l, phng php ny lm cho vic ch to nhiu loi vaccine phng bnh cm nhim tr nn kh thi, vaccine ny khng nhng c tnh sinh min dch th dch, m cn l vaccine di n v (subunit vaccine) him hoi gy min dch t bo. Nh di np gene ngoi lai vo v tr cc gene khng cn thit cho s pht trin ca virus nh gene thymidine-kinase, gene ngng kt t hng cu,... m nhiu protein khng nguyn virus vim gan B, virus cm, virus di,... c pht hin thnh cng. Trong cc cuc th nghim d ngoi v virus di min nam nc B, ngi ta trn virus vaccinia ti t hp DNA vi thc n gy c min dch qua ng ming, nh ct t c ng truyn ly bnh ny, t khng cn thy xut hin bnh di gia sc vng ln cn. S dng vaccine u g nh vaccine vector mt cch tng t, ngi ta cng pht hin c cc khng nguyn virus bnh Newcastle (Newcastle disease virus) v virus cm (influenza virus),...
B. ASFARVIRUS (H ASFARVIRIDAE) I. C IM CHUNG CA H ASFARVIRIDAE

Tn ca virus ny bt ngun t ch tt ting Anh "A.S.F." ca tn bnh dch t ln chu Phi (African swine fever).
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1. Hnh thi v cc tnh trng l, ha Virion hnh cu, ng knh khong 175 - 215 nm. trung tm c li nucleoprotein ng knh khong 70 - 100 nm c bao bc t trong ra ngoi bi mt lp ni mc cha lipid (lp mng trong) v v capsid cu to t khong 2.000 capsomer. Nucleocapsid ny li c bao bc bi o ngoi l lp cu trc mng th hai ca virion. 2. Cu to b gene (genome) Genome l phn t DNA hai si dui thng khong 170 - 190 kbp c cc trnh t nucleotide chng lp ngc hng v pha cc u. Hai u DNA khp kn. 3. Protein Trong t bo cm nhim, c n trn 100 loi protein virus c tng hp, trong s c n trn 30 loi protein cu trc c xc nhn. Ngoi RNA-polymerase cn c hng lot enzyme khc tn ti trong virion. 4. Ti sn Virus thng ch pht trin trong t bo bch cu n nhn v i thc bo ca ln (monocyte, macrophage: hai giai on ca mt loi bch cu n nhn), ngoi ra c th pht trin trn la cy t bo ty xng v bch cu khc ca ln. Tuy nhin, cc chng virus thun ha th cn c th pht trin trn cc la cy t bo Vero v BHK (baby hamster kidney) l nhng loi t bo ng vt khc loi. Cc virion sau khi xm nhp vo t bo nh qu trnh m bo u ci v, trong t bo cht cc mRNA c tng hp di tc ng ca enzyme RNA-polymerase. Qu trnh phc ch (ti sn) DNA cng tin hnh trong t bo cht di tc ng ca DNA-polymerase ca virus. Cc th n nhp hay tiu th bao hm (inclusion body) c hnh thnh trong t bo cht. Cc virion thnh thc v phng xut ra ngoi t bo nh qu trnh ny chi. 5. Phn loi Trc y virus bnh dch t ln chu Phi c xp vo h Iridoviridae nhng do cu trc genome v hnh thc ti sn hon ton khc nn c xp ring thnh nhm virus dch t ln chu Phi (African swine fever virus group) cha phn loi. Thi gian gn y cc virus ny c xp thnh mt h mi (h Asfarviridae) gm ch 1 chi: chi Asfivirus.
II. BNH CM NHIM ASFARVIRUS

Bnh dch t ln chu Phi (African swine fever)BKD2 chu Phi virus gy cm nhim n tnh hai loi ln rng, cn ln nh l bnh truyn nhim bi huyt, pht st v ton thn, biu hin bnh trng a dng t cp tnh n mn tnh. th cp tnh, sau khi cm nhim thng tri qua thi k nung bnh khong 5 - 15 ngy, sau khong 4 - 7 ngy pht bnh vi nhng triu chng nh pht st, b n ung, i li long chong, nm lit, thn mnh tm ti, vim kt mc, tiu chy, nn ma,... th cht. T l cht t n gn 100%. th cp tnh v mn tnh, bnh trng thng nh. Thi gian tri qua ca th bnh cp tnh khong 3 - 4 tun, cn th mn tnh c th ko di t
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my thng n 1 nm. Trong s ln mc bnh sng st thng c ln mang trng ko di. chu Phi trng hp bnh cp tnh thng nhiu, nhng cc khu vc khc, c l do virus qua lu hnh gia ln m tr nn nhc c, thng thy th bnh cp tnh v mn tnh. Virus cm nhim d dng qua ng ming, mi v tip xc. Ve bt ht mu cng lm lan truyn virus. ln b cm nhim thng thy chng tng -globulin trong mu. Khng th cng thng hnh thnh v c s dng chn on, nhng khng thy c khng th trung ha.
C. HERPESVIRUS (H HERPESVIRIDAE) I. C IM CHUNG CA H HERPESVIRIDAE

Ch 'herpes" bt ngun t t Hy Lp 'herpes" ngha l trn m t bnh bin trn da ca bnh st ni mn (herpes febrilis) do mt trong nhng virus ny gy ra. 1. Hnh thi v cc tnh trng l, ha Cc virus thuc h Herpesviridae l nhng virus c cu to kh phc tp, thng c dng hnh cu. trung tm c li (core) l phc hp th protein v DNA cun xon dng cun ch, c bao bc bi mt capsid cu to t 162 capsomer, hnh thnh nucleocapsid ng knh 100 - 110 nm. Mt ngoi capsid c lp vt cht dng cc qu cu nh bao bc gi l lp v bao (tegument). T pha ngoi, lp tegument c bao bc bi o ngoi (envelope) l lp mng t bo k ch bin ha, thm nhp trong lp kp lipid ny c cc glycoprotein c hiu virus. Virion c ng knh 120 - 200 nm. Trn b mt o ngoi c cc cu trc li hay peplome (gai). Ty loi virus m c phn ng ngng kt hng cu hay khng. Trn o ngoi c cc glycoprotein gy cm ng c th hnh thnh khng th trung ha v th th dnh cho vng Fc ca IgG. Ether v cc dung mi hu c lm dung gii cu trc mng ca o ngoi nn lm mt hot tnh ca virus. 2. Cu to b gene (genome) Genome ca cc virus ny l mt phn t DNA hai si dui thng. Trong trnh t t nucleotide ca n c cha cc on trt t lp. Ph thuc vo v tr cc on trt t lp v hng trt t ging nhau hay khc nhau (trt t lp o v) m cc virus h ny c chia thnh 6 nhm, A, B, C, D, E v F. 3. Protein Cho n nay thy hn 20 loi protein cu trc ca virus. Mt mt, ngi ta gii c trt t sp xp nucleotide herpesvirus gy simplex herpes (mn n thun) ca ngi, t c th suy nh rng virus ny c trn 70 ORF cho cc protein khc nhau, k c cc protein phi cu trc. 4. Ti sn Virus thng qua cc glycoprotein c nhiu trn b mt o ngoi (envelope) m kt bm trn t bo k ch. Tip o ngoi dung hp vi mng t bo v phng xut nucleocapsid vo trong t bo. Nucleocapsid di ng n l trn mng nhn t bo v bm acid nucleic vo trong nhn. cc mRNA
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(RNA thng tin) c hiu ca virus c tng hp, t u n cui u nh RNA-polymerase ph thuc DNA ca t bo k ch. Sau khi tng hp c mt lot mRNA, trn cc ribosome trong t bo cht bt u tng hp cc protein nhm . Cc protein ny li di hnh vo nhn. Di tc ng c ch ca cc protein ny, cc mRNA mi c tng hp v c chuyn ra ribosome tng hp cc protein nhm . i b phn protein trong c DNA-polymerase di hnh tr li vo nhn, bt u sao chp DNA virus. Tip , di s ch ng ca protein nhm , cc mRNA mi li c tng hp, t cc protein cu trc ch yu ca virus (cc protein nhm , a s l cc capsomer) c tng hp. Cc DNA virus c di nhp vo trong cc capsid ang hnh thnh t cc protein capsomer, m hnh thnh nucleocapsid. Khi ny chi (budding: "xut nha") ra khi tng trong ca mng nhn, nucleocapsid i lun c mt phn mng nhn m c o ngoi (envelope), nh vy m thnh thc v c c tnh cm nhim. Virus c tch t khong gia tng trong v tng ngoi ca mng nhn v trong cc th tiu bo, thng qua cc th tiu bo m phng xut ra ngoi t bo. Cc herpesvirus cm nhim c th d pht bnh hay khng u tn ti sut c i k ch trng thi genome trong kh quan hoc t chc c hiu. iu ny thng c gi l cm nhim n tnh. Cc virus cm nhim n tnh c ti hot ha khi c th k ch b stress, sc khng gim st, v bi xut ra ngoi tip tc ly nhim k ch mi. Cc c ch hnh thnh, duy tr v ti hot ha ca cm nhim n tnh cn nhiu im cha c r. 5. Phn loi Phn loi cc herpesvirus c trnh by bng II-11. Chi Herpesvirus c n hn 90 loi c bit n, phn b rng ri trong ng vt c v, chim, b st, lng th, c cho n cn trng. Da vo cc c im sinh hc (ph k ch, tnh duy tr k ch t nhin, tc ng n t bo cm nhim,...) m cc virus c chia thnh 3 tc, bn cnh cc chng cha th phn loi. Cc virus thuc tc Alphaherpesvirinae c ph k ch tng i rng, khi nui cy trn la cy t bo (t bo nui cy) thng c tc ng bnh l t bo (CPE: cytopathic effect) lm t bo dung gii rt nhanh chng. Trong c th ng vt, cm nhim n tnh trong t bo thn kinh. Cc virus thuc tc Betaherpesvirinae c ph k ch cc hp, pht trin trn la cy t bo thng rt chm, hnh thnh cc t bo khng l (cytomegalia). Trong c th ng vt, cm nhim n tnh trong tuyn nc bt, thn v ni quan khc. Cc virus thuc tc Gammaherpesvirinae c ph k ch hp, tt c pht trin cc t bo dng lympho, i khi pht trin trong t bo h thng b v t bo s phi (fibroblast). Trong c th ng vt, cm nhim n tnh mt cch trong t bo lympho T hoc lympho B, i khi gy u cc t bo ny. Tuy nhin, tnh trng sinh vt hc ca cc tc khng c s nht tr vi cu trc genome. Bng II-11. Phn loi h Herpesviridae
Tc, chi, loi (do ICTV ngh) I. Tc Alphaherpesvirinae Genome Nhm Hm lng genom G+C (mol%) e Kch thc (kpb)
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1. Chi Simplexvirus Human herpesvirus 1 = Herpesvirus n thun type 1 (ngi) Human herpesvirus 2 = Herpesvirus n thun type 2 Bovine herpesvirus 2 = Herpesvirus vim v b Virus B = Cercopithecine herpesvirus 1 (Herpesvirus kh u ch) 2. Chi Varicellovirus Human herpesvirus 3 = Virus thy u Suid herpesvirus 1 = Virus bnh Aujezsky (ln) Bovine herpesvirus 1 = Virus vim mi - kh qun truyn nhim b Equid herpesvirus 1 = Virus sy thai nga (herpesvirus nga 1) Equid herpesvirus 3 = Virus giao chn nga (herpesvirus nga 3) Equid herpesvirus 4 = Virus vim mi - phi nga 3. Virus khc thuc tc ny (cha xp chi) Caprine herpesvirus 1 = Herpesvirus d Felid herpesvirus 1 = Virus vim mi - kh qun virus mo 1 Canid herpesvirus 1 = Herpesvirus ch 1 Bovine herpesvirus 5 = Herpesvirus vim no b 5 Gallid herpesvirus 1 = Virus vim hng - kh qun truyn nhim g (Herpesvirus g 5) Anatid herpesvirus 1 = Herpesvirus vt Ictalurid herpesvirus 1 = Herpesvirus c tr II. Tc Betaherpesvirinae 4. Chi Cytomegalovirus Human herpesvirus 5 = Human Cytomegalovirus (Virus gy t bo khng l ngi) (Herpesvirus ngi 5, Virus c bo ngi) 5. Chi Muromegalovirus Murid herpesvirus 1 = Cytomegalovirus chut nht 1 Equid herpesvirus 2 = Cytomegalovirus nga 2 Suid herpesvirus 2 = Cytomegalovirus ln 2 Murid herpesvirus 2 = Cytomegalovirus chut cng 2 Caviid herpesvirus 1 = Cytomegalovirus chut lang 1 6. Chi Rosilovirus (mi xng) Human herpesvirus 6 = Herpesvirus ngi 6 Human herpesvirus 7 = Herpesvirus ngi 7 III. Tc Gammaherpesvirinae 7. Chi Lymphocryptovirus Human herpesvirus 4 = Epstein-Bar virus Pongine herpesvirus 1 = Herpesvirus tinh tinh (Chimpanzee herpesvirus) Cercopithecine herpesvirus 2 = Herpesvirus kh u ch (Baboon herpesvirus) hay kh xanh chu Phi 8. Chi Rhadinovirus Ateline herpesvirus 2 = Herpesvirus kh nhn Saimiriine herpesvirus 1 = Herpesvirus kh sc 9. Cc virus khc thuc tc ny (cha xp chi) Ovine herpesvirus 2 = Virus vim cata c tnh type chu M, hay virus bnh lot da qun tai type chu M, hay virus vim mng mi thi lot tru b type chu Phi Alcelaphine herpesvirus 1 = Virus vim cata c tnh type chu Phi, hay virus bnh lot da qun tai type chu Phi, hay virus vim mng mi thi lot tru b type chu Phi Meleagrid herpesvirus = Herpesvirus g ty* Pongine herpesvirus 2= Oranutan herpesvirus (Herpesvirus vn ngi ng nam ) Pongine herpesvirus 3 = Gorila herpesvirus (Herpesvirus kh t) Leporid herpesvirus 1 = Herpesvirus th
68,3 69 64 75 46 74 72 57 66 56 ? 46 32 72 46 ? 56 57 59 57 ? 47 57 42 ? 60 ? 67 48 67 ? 61 48 ? ? 33
E E E E D D D D D D ? D ? D D ? A E F A ? ? ? A ? C ? B B D B B E ? ? B
152 152 133 160 125 140 140 142 148 148 ? 134 215 140 165 ? 134 229 235 192 ? ? ? 162 ? 172 150 135 152 ? 160 150 ? ? 145
150
IV. Cc herpesvirus thuc (cc) tc cha r Galid herpesvirus 2 = Virus bnh Marek type 1* 47 Galid herpesvirus 3 = Virus bnh Marek type 2* ? Ranid herpesvirus 1 = Herpesvirus ch Lucke 46 Cyprinid herpesvirus 1 = Herpesvirus u c chp ? Salmonid herpesvirus 1 = Herpesvirus c hi ? Herpesvirus c hi = Salmonid herpesvirus 2 ? Ghi ch: *: Cc virus bnh Marek tng c xp thnh chi Thetalymphocryptovirus
E E ? ? ? ?
180 ? ? ? ? ?
II. BNH CM NHIM HERPESVIRUS

Cc bnh cm nhim herpesvirus tiu biu ng vt c k bng II12. Tnh gy bnh ca cc herpesvirus l rt a dng. C th chng khng c tnh gy bnh i vi cc k ch t nhin v cc ng vt khc m ch gy cm nhim n tnh hoc ch biu hin tnh gy bnh nh nh pht ban nh, hoc tnh gy bnh rt mnh nh hnh thnh bnh tch a dng b mt c th, xoang ming, nim mc, c quan h hp, c quan sinh dc, thn kinh,... tr thnh nguyn nhn t vong, sy thai, hoc gy cm ng hnh thnh cc u c tnh. 1. linh trng T cc loi kh ngi ta phn ly c hn 40 loi herpesvirus khc nhau. Virus B (B-virus = Cercopithecine herpesvirus 1: herpesvirus kh u ch [baboon] = African green monkey: kh xanh chu Phi [Cercopithecus aethiops]) l virus c phn ly t t chc thn kinh trung ng ca ngi b pht bnh vim no ty do b kh lng (rhesus monkey) cn. V vy nhng ngi tip xc vi kh, c bit l kh ngun gc l, cn phi c bit ch . Cm nhim virus B kh chu (macaque, c th cc loi kh Macaca mulatta, M. iris, M. fuscata, M. cyclopsis) cng c thng bo. Cc herpesvirus kh nhn (Ateline herpesvirus, spider monkey herpesvirus) phn lp c t kh nhn (spider monkey [Ateles geoffroyi]) v herpesvirus kh sc (Saimiriine herpesvirus, squirrel monkey herpesvirus) phn lp c t kh sc (squirrel monkey [Saimiri sceureus]) khng c tnh gy u cc k ch t nhin nhng hnh thnh u lympho kh ch (kh marmoset, mt loi kh nh ui di gc Trung - Nam M). Bng II-12. Cc bnh tiu biu do cm nhim Herpesvirus ng vt
Virus Virus B Virus vim u v b Virus vim mi kh qun truyn nhim b Virus st cata c tnh (virus lot da qun tai) Virus sy thai nga Virus ban nga giao cu (giao chn nga) K ch t nhin Kh lng B B B Nga Nga Bnh Bnh n tnh kh lng , bi lit ngi Vim u v, bnh khi b gi, sinh hch nt da Vim mi kh qun truyn nhim, vim ngoi m o sinh bao m truyn nhim Bnh tng sinh lympho cp tnh Sy thai, vim mi - phi Bnh tch c tnh lot sinh bao m c quan sinh sn ngoi
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Virus vim mi - phi nga Virus bnh Aujezsky
Nga Ln
Cytomegalovirus ln Ln Herpesvirus d D Herpesvirus ch Ch Herpesvirus vim mi - kh qun mo Mo Herpesvirus th ui bng Th ui bng Virus vim thanh - kh qun truyn G nhim g Herpesvirus bnh Marek type 1 G Virus dch t vt Vt Herpesvirus ch Lucke ch Herpesvirus c tr C tr Herpesvirus u c chp C chp Herpesvirus c hi C hi Herpesvirus c hi Ongolincus C hi con
Vim mi, vim phi, sy thai Bnh gi di, cm nhim n tnh ln trng thnh, ch t ng vt khc Vim mi c th n nhp, cm nhim ton thn Vim kt mc, bnh c quan h hp Bnh xut huyt ca ch con Vim mi - kh qun Bnh tng sinh lympho Vim thanh - kh qun truyn nhim U lympho c tnh, t lit thn kinh Cm nhim ch t ton thn cp tnh Ung th thn ch Lucke Li nhn cu, bnh tch xut huyt ni tngv da U tht xoang ming Li nhn cu, chng bng Bnh tch xut huyt hm di, ung th thng b
2. b T b phn lp c 5 loi herpesvirus. a. Bnh vim mi - kh qun truyn nhim b (infectious bovine rhinotracheitis)BKD34 L bnh c quan h hp ca b tiu biu do herpesvirus b 1 (Bovine herpesvirus 1) gy ra. Ngoi nhng bnh chng ca c quan h hp cn thy vim m o, vim bao quy u v bnh mt, hoc vim mng no ty b. b. Bnh vim u v b (bovine mammillitis) L bnh do herpesvirus b 2 gy ra, thng hnh thnh cc bnh chng vim u v v v tr khc trn b mt c th. c. Bnh st cata c tnh (malignant catarrhalis fever) Thng gi nc ta l bnh lot da qun tai do triu chng thng thy l da b lot v tai b qun, hay cn gi l bnh vim mng mi thi lot tru b (coryza gangrenosa bovum), l bnh truyn nhim gy t vong b v cc ng vt nhai li hoang d vi cc triu chng vim cata rt nng c quan h hp, nim mc c quan tiu ha, vim gic - kt mc, vim da, i khi vim no. Bnh ny c 2 th: th chu Phi v th chu M. Th chu Phi l do b cm nhim Alcelaphine herpesvirus 1 c ngun gc t linh dng sng b (antelope), cn th chu M li do b cm nhim herpesvirus cu 2 c ngun gc t cu. Cc loi herpesvirus b 3 v 4 (Bovine herpesvirus 3, 4) nay c gp vo loi Alcelaphine herpesvirus 1 nn khng cn tn ti na. 3. nga T loi nga phn lp c 18 loi herpesvirus. a. Bnh vim mi - phi (rhinopneumonitis) Cc herpesvirus nga 1 v 4 (Equid herpesvirus 1, Equid herpesvirus 4) u gy bnh vim mi - phi (rhinopneumonitis) v gy sy thai, ng thi mi quan h v mt khng nguyn nn n nay ngi ta cho rng chng ch l mt
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loi virus (Equid herpesvirus 1). Tuy nhin, do kiu dng enzyme hn ch ca DNA genome (genome DNA restriction enzyme pattern) ca chng l khc nhau r rng v tng ng DNA (DNA homology) ca chng ch di 20%, nn chng vn c coi l 2 loi ring bit. b. Bnh ban nga giao cu hay bnh giao chn nga (equine coital exanthema, "m cu chn") L bnh truyn nhim do herpesvirus nga 3 (Equid herpesvirus 3) gy ra, bnh lan truyn thng qua giao cu. 4. ln T ln phn lp c 2 loi herpesvirus. a. Bnh gi di hay bnh Aujeszky (Aujeszky's disease)BKD22 L bnh truyn nhim do herpesvirus ln 1 (Suid herpesvirus 1) gy ra loi ln v cc loi ng vt c v khc nhau k c cc loi th hoang. ln con bnh thng tri qua mt cch qu cp tnh dn n t vong nhng ln trng thnh th cm nhim ch yu l n tnh. Cc ng vt ngoi ln thng biu hin cc triu chng thn kinh nh nga d di (c bit th), tri qua mt cch cp tnh, 100% trng hp dn n t vong. b. Bnh cm nhim Cytomegalovirus ln Cn c gi l bnh vim mi c th n nhp (inclusion body rhinitis), l bnh do herpesvirus ln 2 (Suid herpesvirus 2) gy ra. 5. ch, mo Bnh herpesvirus ch l do cm nhim herpesvirus ch 1 (Canid herpesvirus 1) gy ra, l bnh truyn nhim xut huyt ton thn ch yu ca ch s sinh. Virus ny cn l mt trong nhng bnh nguyn ca ci gi l bnh "kennel cough (ho ci ch)", thng pht bnh ch di 3 thng tui. Ch cao tui hn thng kh pht bnh. Bnh vim mi - kh qun ch do virus (feline viral rhinotracheitis) L do cm nhim herpesvirus mo 1 (Felid herpesvirus 1) ch yu l bnh ng h hp trn nhng cng c trng hp gy cm nhim ton thn nh t vong, sy thai, bnh trng thn kinh. y l bnh ng h hp trng yu ca mo. 6. chim T cc loi gia cm, thy cm v chim hoang phn lp c nhiu loi herpesvirus. a. Vim thanh - kh qun truyn nhim g (avian infectious laryngotracheitis)BKD65 Do cm nhim herpesvirus g 1 hay virus vim thanh - kh qun truyn nhim g (avian infectious laryngotracheitis virus) gy ra, l bnh ng h hp cp tnh ca g.
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b. Bnh Marek (Marek's disease)BKD75 L bnh u h lympho c tnh do cm nhim herpesvirus g 2 (Galid herpesvirus 2) tc virus bnh Marek dng 1 (Marek's disease virus type 1) gy ra. Herpesvirus g 3 (Galid herpesvirus 3) tc virus bnh Marek dng 2 (Marek's disease virus type 2) cng c phn lp t cc loi chim hoang nhng khng c tnh gy bnh. y l bnh ph bin khp th gii, ly lan nhanh, ch yu g nui cng nghip, g ty v chim ct. Ngoi ra, herpesvirus g ty 1 (Meleagrid herpesvirus 1) cng l herpesvirus khng gy bnh, c s dng lm vaccine phng bnh Marek g. c. Bnh dch t vt (duck plague)BKD11,73 Cn gi l bnh vim rut virus vt (duck virus enteritis) l bnh truyn nhim gy ra bi herpesvirus vt 1 (Anatid herpesvirus 1). Bnh thng cp tnh, t l cht cao vt, vt tri, ngng,... vi c im tp khun ng h hp, tiu chy,... Trong s cc herpesvirus phn lp t chim hoang nh cng c cc virus gy bnh cm nhim cp tnh gy cht cc k ch t nhin. 7. lng th v c Ung th ch Lucke l bnh pht ung th t nhin c bit ch do cm nhim herpesvirus. Ph thuc vo s bin i ca nhit mi trng m phn bit 2 k: k hnh thnh ung th vo ma h hay tri m (20 - 25 C) v k pht trin ca virus vo ma ng hay tri rt (4 - 9 C). Genome virus lun duy tr trong t bo k ch khng ph thuc vo nhit . Bnh virus c tr M (channel catfish virus disease) L bnh truyn nhim xut huyt t vong cp tnh c tr Bc M (channel catfish). Ngoi ra, cn c 2 loi herpesvirus gy bnh herpesvirus c hi. Salmonid herpesvirus 1 c phn lp t c hi m (rainbow trout). Salmonid herpesvirus 2 c phn lp t khi u t nhin ca c hi con (young salmon).
D. BACULOVIRUS (H BACULOVIRIDAE) I. C IM CA H BACULOVIRIDAE

y l h virus k sinh cc loi chn t. Vai tr ng ch ca loi ny i vi th y l tc ng gy bnh i vi cc ng vt chn t c li nh tm, tm. Hiu bit v cc loi baculovirus cn cha nhiu. Tuy vy, trong nhng nm gn y c nhng cng trnh nghin cu v kiu hnh v kiu gene ca cc virus ny v vn dng trong cng ngh chuyn gene nh mt loi vector quan trng lin quan vic s dng cc ng vt chn t (tm,...) lm sinh vt bin np sn xut sn phm ch. 1. Hnh thi v cc tnh trng l, ha Cc Baculovirus l nhng virus ln, hnh que, c o ngoi (envelope), kch thc khong 50 - 70 240 - 420 nm. Li nucleocapsid gm DNA v protein capsid cng hnh que, c kch thc khong 40 - 50 240 - 250 nm.
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2. Cu to b gene (genome) Genome ca cc Baculovirus rt ln, tng ng genome ca cc t bo cn trng, l mt phn t DNA duy nht hai si, trong c cha mt gene cho tiu n v ln ca enzyme ribonucleotide reductase (RR1). Nhng protein cu trc v phi cu trc khc cn cha c nghin cu r. 3. Phn loi H Baculoviridae gm chi Granulovirus, chi Nucleopolyhedrovirus v cc baculovirus cha phn loi (bng II-13).
II. BNH CM NHIM BACULOVIRUS

1. Bnh MBV (Monodon baculovirus) tm s Tc nhn gy bnh MBV tm s (Panaeus monodon) l mt virus type A thuc nhm Baculovirus cha phn loi. Li cha DNA hai si. Bn ngoi capsid (40 - 45 230 - 260 nm) c o ngoi kch thc khong 70 - 80 290 360 nm. Cc chng phn lp t tm P. plebis phn lp Australia li c nhn 45 - 52 260 - 300 nm v o ngoi 60 420 nm. Virus k sinh biu m ni quan hnh ng gan ty (hepatopancreas) v t bo biu b pha trc rut gia. Virus sinh sn bn trong nhn t bo k ch tri qua cc giai on sau: - Giai on tim n (giai on 0): sau khi t bo nhim virus, cha biu hin r rt bin i t bo. Bng II-13. Phn loi h Baculoviridae
Chi Granulovirus Loi* Adoxophyes honmai granulovirus Adoxophyes orana granulovirus Agrotis segetum granulovirus Choristoneura fumiferana granulovirus Cryptophlebia leucotreta granulovirus Cydia pomonella granulovirus Epinotia aporema granulovirus Harrisina brillians granulovirus Heliothis armigera granulovirus Lacanobia oleracea granulovirus Pieris brassicae granulovirus Plutella xylostella granulovirus Pseudalatia unipuncta granulovirus Trichoplusia ni granulovirus Xestia c-nigrum granulovirus unidentified granulovirus Agrotis segetum nuclear polyhedrosis virus Amsacta albistriga nucleopolyhedrovirus Anagrapha falcifera nuclear nuclear opolyhedrosis virus Antheraea pernyi nuclear polyhedrosis Antheraea pernyi nucleopolyhedrosis Anticarsia gemmatalis nucleopolyhedrovirus Archips carasivoranus nuclear polyhedrosis virus Attacus ricini nuclear polyhedrosis virus Autographa californica nucleopolyhedrovirus Bombix mori nuclear polyhedrosis virus (chng Bombix mori
Nucleopolyhedrovirus
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nuclear polyhedrosis K1) Buzura suppressaria nucleopolyhedrovirus Choristoneura fumiferana DEF nucleopolyhedrovirus Choristoneura fumiferana defective nucleopolyhedrovirus Choristoneura fumiferana nucleopolyhedrovirus (budworm nuclear polyhedrosis virus) Choristoneura rosaceana nucleopolyhedrovirus Dendrolimus punctatus cytoplasmic polyhedrosis virus Ecotropis obliqua nuclear polyhedrosis virus Epiphyas postvittana nucleopolyhedrovirus Galleria mellonella nuclear polyhedrosis virus Helicoverpa armigera nuclear polyhedrosis virus Helicoverpa armigera single nucleocapsid polyhedrovirus Helicoverpa zea single nucleocapsid polyhedrovirus Helicoverpa armigera nucleopolyhedrovirus G4 Heliothis armigera nucleopolyhedrovirus Heliothis zea nuclear polyhedrosis virus Hyphatria cunea nucleopolyhedrovirus Leucania separata nuclear polyhedrosis virus Lonomia obliqua multiple nucleopolyhedrovirus Lymantria dispar nucleopolyhedrovirus Lymantria xylina nucleopolyhedrovirus Malacosoma disstria nucleopolyhedrovirus Malacosoma neustria nucleopolyhedrovirus Mamestra brassicae nucleopolyhedrovirus Mamestra configurata nuclear polyhedrosis virus Neodiprion sertifer nucleopolyhedrovirus Orgyia anartoides nucleopolyhedrovirus Orgyia pseudotsugata multicapsid nuclear polyhedrosis virus Orgyia pseudotsugata single capsid nuclear polyhedrosis virus Panolis flammea multicapsid nuclear polyhedrosis virus Perina nuda nucleopolyhedrovirus Plusia orichalcea nuclear polyhedrosis virus Portheria dispar nuclear polyhedrosis virus Rachiplusia ou nuclear polyhedrosis virus Spodoptera exigua nucleopolyhedrovirus (Spodoptera exigua nuclear polyhedrosis virus strain US) Spodoptera frugiperda nuclear polyhedrosis virus Spodoptera littoralis nucleopolyhedrovirus Spodoptera litura nucleopolyhedrovirus Thysanoplusia orichalcea nucleopolyhedrovirus Trichoplusia ni single nucleopolyhedrovirus Wiseana signata nucleopolyhedrovirus unidentified nuclear polyhedrosis viruses Unclassified Baculoviriadae Culex nigripalpus baculovirus Gonad-specific virus Hz-1 insect virus Penaeus monodon nonoccluded baculovirus III*2 White spot syndrome baculovirus*3 White spot syndrome virus of penaeid shrimp*3 unidentified baculovirus Ghi ch: *1: Tn in nghing trong ct ny l tn khoa hc ca cc ng vt chn t k ch; *2:gy bnh MBV (t ch Anh "Monodon baculovirus") tm s; *3: gy hi chng m trng nhiu loi tm bin, cn gi l bnh hoi t gan, t v biu b tm, hay bnh hoi t tuyn rut gia (midgut gland necrosis).
- Giai on 1: Nhn sng nh, cc nhim sc th tan ra v di chuyn v
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pha mng nhn. Hnh thnh nhng git m trong t bo cht. Chc nng t bo cht mt dn. - Giai on 2: Nhn t bo sng nhanh, s lng virion tng mnh dn n hnh thnh cc th n nhp trong nhn. - Giai on 3: xut hin hiu qu bnh l t bo r rt, nhn tng gp hai ln bnh thng v ng knh v khong 6 ln v th tch. Bn trong nhn cha 1 hoc nhiu th n nhp cha y virus. Virus ph v t bo k ch tip tc di hnh sang t bo khc hoc bi xut ra ngoi gy nhim mi trng nc, tip tc ly nhim k ch mi. Khi tm mi mc bnh triu chng thng khng biu hin r. Khi tm pht bnh thng thy thn tm c mu ti, xanh ti hoc xanh sm, tm km n, hot ng yu. V chitin v v phn ph thng b hoi t, thng thy cc k sinh trng n bo, to v cc vi khun si bm vo. Tuyn gan - ty (hepatopancreas) teo li c mu trng hi vng, thi rt nhanh. Tm chm ln, sau yu dn, bi dt vo b, bi trn tng nc mt, cht dn trong vng 3 - 7 ngy, t l cht c th t n 70% hoc gn 100%. Ngoi tm s (Panaeus ponodon), virus cn nhim cc tm khc nh P. merguiensis, P. semisulcatus, P. kerathurus,... Mm bnh nhim t giai on post-larva (hu u trng) n tm trng thnh. 2. Hi chng bnh m trng (white spot syndrome) Cn gi l bnh m trng tm bin (marine shrimp spot disease), bnh virus Trung quc (China virus disease), bnh biu b tm (SEED: shrimp explosive epidermic disease), bnh hoi t gan - ty biu b do Baculovirus (BVHHN: baculoviral hypodermal hepatopancreas necrosis),... Virus c li (core) hnh que kch thc khong 60 - 90 200 - 350 nm v o ngoi khong 70 - 150 250 - 350 nm. Genome l mt phn t DNA ln. Virus khng hnh thnh th n nhp trong t bo cht hoc nhn t bo k ch. Tm b bnh xut hin di v tm nhng m trng c ng knh khong 0,5 - 2 mm. Bnh c lin quan n mu ca tm nn thng gi l "bnh thn" tm. Tm bnh thng ni ln tng mt, bi dt vo b, b n, hot ng km, cc phn ph b tn thng, np mang phng ln. V tm bnh thng c nhiu sinh vt bm. Tui tm hay mc bnh l post-larva 15 n tm 40 g. Loi tm thng mc hi chng m trng do baculovirus l P. monodon, P. chinensis, P. merguiensis, P. indicus, P. japonicus v P. setiferus.
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Chng 4 CC VIRUS C ENZYME PHIN NGC (RT) A. HEPADNAVIRUS (H HEPADNAVIRIDAE) I. C IM CA H HEPADNAVIRIDAE

Ch "hepadna" bt ngun t ch "hepatotropism" (tnh hng gan) v ch "DNA" (mt trong 2 loi acid nucleic) hp thnh. 1. Hnh thi v cc tnh trng l, ha Virion l ht hnh cu c bao bc bi o ngoi (envelope), bn trong l li (core) v v capsid bao bc quanh li (trong trng hp virus vim gan B ca ngi i khi c gi l th Dane). Virus c tnh khng cao, chng duy tr c tnh cm nhim 60 C trong 10 gi, cn 30 - 32 C th t nht cng 6 thng. Tuy nhin, virus khng n nh trong acid. 2. Cu to b gene (genome) Genome ca cc hepDNAavirus l mt phn t DNA mch vng, c vng gm 2 si, c vng ch mt si. Si DNA m l si y , c chiu di ton b l 3,0 - 3,2 kbp (kilo base pair - nghn nucleotide) c "khc (nick)" c hiu mt s ch, u 5' ca vt xn protein kt hp v hot ng nh primase xc tc s tng hp on phn t acid nucleic mi cho qu trnh sao chp DNA. Cn si DNA dng th c di khng hon ton, v khng n nh, thng t 1,7 n 2,8 kbp. Trn si DNA dng ca chi Orthohepadnavirus c 4 "khung kh phin" (ORF) (S, C, P v X), cn chi Avihepadnavirus th c 3 ORF (S, C, P, khng c X). 4. Protein Lp v ngoi ca virion Orthohepadnavirus c cc protein S, L v M, cn Avihepadnavirus th ch c S v L, khng c protein M. Li cu to t mt loi protein ch yu. Bng II-14. Phn loi h Hepadnaviridae v cc bnh cm nhim tiu biu ng vt
Chng, loi (tn do ICTV ngh) 1. Chi Orthohepadnavirus Woodchuck hepatitis B virus = Virus vim gan B chim g kin Ground squirrel hepatitis B virus = Virus vim gan B sc t Hepatitis B virus = Virus vim gan B 2. Chi Avihepadnavirus Duck B hepatitis virus = Virus vim gan B vt Heron B hepatitis virus = Virus vim gan B dic K ch t nhin Chim g kin Sc t Ngi Vt Dic Bnh Vim gan cp tnh, ung th gan i khi vim gan Vim gan cp tnh hay mn tnh, ung th gan Ung th gan
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4. Ti sn Giai on trung gian ca qu trnh sao chp DNA phi tri qua qu trnh hnh thnh RNA l im c trng ca Hepadnavirus. Sau khi cm nhim, si DNA dng khng hon ton ca virion nh DNA-polymerase c sn trong virion c tng hp tr thnh hon ton, lm phn t DNA virus tr thnh DNA 2 si mch vng. Sau , si DNA m tr thnh khun tng hp si RNA dng, t khun RNA dng ny di s xc tc ca enzyme sao ngc (reverse transcriptase), si m DNA li c tng hp. Sau si DNA dng c tng hp trn khun si DNA m nhng gia chng th phn t acid nucleic b nhi vo virion ang hnh thnh, cho nn si dng ch y mt s ni, bn cnh nhng ni khc khuyt thiu (cc vt xn - nick). 5. Phn loi Ph thuc vo kch thc virion v nucleocapsid m cc Hepadnavirus c chia thnh 2 chi (bng II-14).
II. BNH CM NHIM HEPADNAVIRUS

Cc bnh cm nhim Herpadnavirus c trnh by bng II-14. Cc Hepadnavirus c tnh c hiu k ch rt mnh, l nguyn nhn ca cc bnh vim gan cp tnh v mn tnh, x cng gan, ung th gan, v bnh th phc hp min dch. Cc virus gn gi cng phn lp c t th c ti, gm nhm v mo. Virus lan truyn trong qun th ng vt theo c chiu ngang v chiu ng. Bnh cm nhim virus vim gan B "Bnh vim gan B" l bnh ca ngi pht sinh c tnh cht th gii, s ngi mang virus c tnh vt qu 2 t ngi. Bnh dng ny ng vt th cn cha c nghin cu nhng gn y bnh vim gan virus B ca vt vt nui (vt Bc Kinh) c ch trng nh l mt m hnh ca bnh vim gan B ca ngi.
B. RETROVIRUS (H RETROVIRIDAE) I. C IM CA H RETROVIRIDAE

Ch "retro" ngun gc Latin c ngha l "ngc", thm vo , ch ny cn c ngun gc t cc ch ci u ca "reverse transcriptase (enzyme sao chp ngc)". 1. Hnh thi v cc tnh trng l, ha Virion c dng hnh cu ng knh 80 - 130 nm, bn ngoi c bao bc bi o ngoi cu to t mng lipid c ngun gc t bo v glycoprotein virus. Trn b mt o ngoi c cc cu trc nh ln (gai) ng knh khong 8 nm. c bc bn trong o ngoi l cu trc hnh cu hay hnh gy c mt in t cao c gi l li (core) chnh l t hp ribonucleoprotein (RNP) gm th genome virus (RNA) c dng xon bn trong v protein bn ngoi. Khi quan st di knh hin vi in t cc t bo cm nhim virus, v mt hnh thi
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cc virion trong t bo cht c gi l th A, th A sau khi ny chi c b phn li nm lch gi l th B (nh virus ung th v chut nht), virion c li nm gia gi l th D (nh virus Mason-Pfeizer kh), cn cc virion khng xc nhn c trong t bo tri qua qu trnh ny chi v c li nm trung tm gi l th C (nh virus bnh bch huyt - u tht). Cc virion ca Lentivirus tng t th D, trung tm c li hnh tr. Virus b ph hoi bi cc dung mi hu c c tnh lipid v cc cht c hot tnh b mt nhng khng tng i tt vi bc x t ngoi. 2. Cu to b gene (genome) Trong virion c hai phn t RNA mt si dng kch thc khong 30 40 S tc di khong 7,2 - 11 kb, c gene ging nhau u 5' v u 5' ny chng gn vi nhau nh lin kt hydro, to thnh th nh lng, tc tr thnh RNA 60 - 70 S. C hai phn t u c c nng gene hay khng th cha r. Ngoi ra, u 3' v u 5' ca cc gene c on trnh t ng nht cu to t khong 12 nucleotide. u 3' u c cu trc poly-A, cn u 5' u c m (cap: 7-Me-Gppp). v tr c hiu trn u 5', c s kt hp lin kt hydro ca cc tRNA c hiu c ngun gc t bo lm mi (primer) cn thit trong qu trnh tng hp DNA ca virus bi enzyme sao chp ngc (reverse trancriptase). Genome in hnh c trnh t dng 5'-gag-pro-pol-env-3'. Gene gag (group specific antigen) m ha protein li (core), gene pro m ha protease, gene pol m ha enzyme sao chp ngc v integrase (integrase: enzyme gy dung ha gene ngoi lai vo gene k ch), v env m ha 2 loi glycoprotein o ngoi. Ngoi ra, ty loi retrovirus m cn c nhiu loi gene thit yu cho vic iu tit sinh sn ca virus. Cng c retrovirus cha gene ung th c ngun gc t bo (oncogene). Gene ung th c trn 20 loi khc nhau, thng c gi bng cc tn khc nhau (nh src, erb-B, mos,...). Gene ung th c trng hp ph thm vo 4 gene ni trn v cng c trng hp bin i b phn khuyt tn no ca 4 gene . Trong trng hp sau, do virus mt nng lc t sinh sn, cho nn cn c s cm nhim ng thi vi nhng retrovirus c nng lc bin np t bo (transformation), khng khuyt tn nng lc sinh sn c tt c 4 gene ni trn nh l cc virus tr gip (helper virus). Mt mt, cc virus c nng lc t sinh sn li khng c kh nng bin np t bo. DNA ca retrovirus (provirus) c cc on di trnh t lp u cc (long terminal repeat - LTR) c ngun gc gene ca virus hai u 3' v 5', cu trc ny c vai tr trng yu trong vic t hp vo ca DNA t bo k ch v trong iu tit sao chp gene virus. 3. Protein Trong retrovirus tn ti 8 hay 9 loi protein. l protein nn (matrix protein, matrix antigen - MA), protein capsid (CA), protein nucleocapsid (NC) v cc protein iu tit tn ti trong mt s loi virus (nh Tat, Rev, Vif) cc protein c c nng cha r, enzyme protease ct on cc protein tin cht (PR), enzyme tng hp DNA ph thuc RNA (RT: reverse transcriptase), enzyme integrase (IN: integrase) hot ng trong qu trnh t hp DNA virus vo DNA ca k ch, protein b mt cu to o ngoi (SU) v protein xuyn mng (TM:
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transmembrane protein). Mi loi protein ny c phn t lng khc nhau ty thuc vo loi virus. Gene gag m ha khng nguyn c hiu nhm kim xut c bng cc phn ng kt hp b th v phn ng kt ta trong gel, cn gene env m ha khng nguyn c hiu type kim xut c nh trc nghim trung ha. 4. Ti sn S kt bm ln b mt t bo xy ra nh cc th th c hiu virus c trn b mt t bo. S xm nhp din ra nh s dung hp gia mng t bo k ch v glycoprotein ca o ngoi (qu trnh m bo). C ch ci v ca cc retrovirus th cha r nhng khi RNA virus v enzyme sao chp ngc (RT) phng xut vo t bo cht th t khun RNA virus, di tc dng xc tc ca RT v tc dng mi ca tRNA, chui DNA m tng b c tng hp. ng thi, RNA ni DNA chui m va c tng hp xong bt u phn gii, cn li chui DNA m lm khun tng hp chui DNA dng tng b v hon thnh vic tng hp DNA 2 si. DNA virus ny c LTR hai u, di dng tn ti chui dui thng hoc si vng di hnh vo nhn t bo ri ti t hp vi DNA k ch. DNA trng thi ny gi l tin virus (provirus). Provirus nh tn hiu sao chp tn ti trong LTR, di tc dng ca RNA-polymerase ca k ch tng hp RNA genome v cc mRNA c kch thc khc nhau. Sn vt cc gene gag, pro v pol c tng hp t mRNA c sao chp t ton b genome, cn sn vt ca gene env tng hp t mRNA ngn sau ct xn (splicing). Cc protein ny c tng hp di dng tin cht sau nh enzyme protease phn ct m tr thnh cc protein chc nng. Virus ra khi t bo nh qu trnh ny chi. 5. Phn loi Trong h Retroviridae c 7 chi (bng II-15), trong chi virus lin quan virus bnh bch huyt chut (MLV-related viruses: Murine leukemia virusrelated viruses) c 3 chi l retrovirus type C ca ng vt c v, virus bnh mng li ni b chim, virus type C ca b st, cn chi Lentivirus c phn loi thnh 5 chi. Trong nhm retrovirus type C ca ng vt c v v g gm c cc retrovirus ngoi lai gy cc bnh bch huyt lympho bo, bnh bch huyt cp tnh v u tht thng truyn b theo chiu ngang v cc provirus ni ti (endogenous provirus) c trong DNA ca t bo c th truyn i cho cc th h con chu thng qua cc hp t, do nhng nhn t cm ng no tc ng m tr nn bc l. Bng II-15. Phn loi h Retroviridae v bnh cm nhim tiu biu ng vt
Chi, chi, loi (do ICTV ngh) 1. Mammalian type B oncovirus group = Nhm oncovirus ng vt c v type B Mouse mammary tumor virus = Virus u v chut 2. MLV-related viruses (Mammalian type C retrovirus group) = Cc virus lin quan virus (Nhm retrovirus ng vt c v type C) - Nhm ph virus type C ca th (ng vt c v): Murine leukemia virus = Virus tng bch cu huyt chut K ch t nhin Chut Gene ung th Ung th v Bnh
Chut
Bnh bch huyt
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Murine sarcoma virus = Virus u tht chut Guinea pig type C virus = Virus type C chut lang Feline leukemia virus = Virus tng bch cu huyt mo Feline sarcoma virus = Virus u tht mo Gibbon ape leukemia virus = Virus tng bch cu huyt vn Gibbon Wooly monkey sarcoma virus = Virus u tht kh lng Porcine type C virus = Virus ln type C - Nhm ph virus bnh h li ni b chim: Avian reticuloendotheliosis virus = Virus bnh h li ni b chim - Nhm ph virus type C ca b st: Viper retrovirus = Retrovirus rn h 3. Type D retrovirus = Nhm Retrovirus type D Mason-Pfeizer monkey virus = Virus kh Mason-Pfeizer Squirrel monkey virus = Virus kh sc 4. Avian type C retrovirus group = Nhm retrovirus chim type C Avian leukosis virus = Virus bnh bch huyt chim Avian sarcoma virus = Virus u tht chim 5. Foamy virus group (Spumavirus) = Nhm virus "bt" (foamy) (chi Spumavirus) Bovine syncytial virus = Virus hp bo b Feline syncytial virus = Virus hp bo mo Simian foamy virus = Virus foamy kh Human foamy virus = Virus foamy ngi 6. HTLV/BLV group = Nhm HTLV/BLV Bovine leukemia virus (BLV) = Virus bnh bch huyt b Simian T-cell leukemia virus = Virus bnh bch huyt kh Human T-cell leukemia virus (HTLV) = Virus bnh bch huyt t bo T ngi 7. Lentivirus group = Nhm lentivirus -Nhm ph lentivirus mo: Feline immunodeficiency virus = Virus suy gim min dch mo - Nhm ph lentivirus cu - d: Maedi-Visna virus = Virus (bnh) Maedi-Visna Caprine immunodeficiency virus = Virus suy gim min dch d - Nhm ph lentivirus nga: Equine infectious anemia virus = Virus thiu mu truyn nhim nga - Nhm ph lentivirus b: Bovine immunodeficiency virus = Virus suy gim min dch b - Nhm ph virus suy gim min dch ca linh trng: Simian immunodeficiency virus = Virus suy gim min dch kh Human immunodeficiency virus = Virus suy gim min dch ngi
Chut Chut lang Mo Mo Vn Kh Ln G Rn Kh Kh G G B Mo Kh Ngi B Kh Ngi
+ + + + -
U tht Bnh bch huyt Bnh bch huyt, bnh u tht lympho Bnh u tht Bnh bch huyt Bnh u tht Bnh u tht lympho Bnh u lympho, bn huyt, bi chn Khng r Khng r Khng r Bnh u lympho, bnh bch huyt, bn huyt, bnh xng calci ha U tht Khng r Khng r Khng r Khng r Bnh bch huyt, u tht lmba Bnh bch huyt Bnh bch huyt
Mo Cu D Nga B Kh Ngi
Suy gim min dch Vim phi tin trin, vim no - ty sng Vim khp, vim no Thiu mu Bnh tng lympho bo Suy gim min dch Suy gim min dch
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I. BNH CM NHIM RETROVIRUS

Cc retrovirus phn lp c t nhiu loi ng vt khc nhau (bng II15), t cc loi linh trng n cc loi b st. Bnh do virus ny c th l khi u c tnh (bnh bch huyt, u lympho, u tht, khi u l phi, ung th v, ung th gan, thn,...), suy gim min dch, bnh t min dch, bnh neuron vn ng v thng tn t chc,... Ph thuc vo loi virus m cng c loi khng gy bnh. ng truyn ly ca retrovirus a dng, virus ly lan theo c chiu ngang gia cc ng vt ln chiu dc qua trng, nhau, thai, ng sinh sn hoc qua sa. Truyn ly theo chiu ngang c th thng qua nhiu con ng khc nhau. Cc virus ni ti (endogenous virus) tn ti trong b gene ca t bo ng vt dng provirus, thng qua cc t bo sinh dc m di truyn cho cc th h con chu. Thng thng, cc virus ni ti u n tnh, trong hu ht cc trng hp khng gy ra bnh trng. 1. Bnh u v chut (mouse mammary tumor) Thng gi l virus ung th v Bittner. Nu cm nhim chut th khong 1 nm pht sinh ung th v ph thuc hormon. 2. Bnh tng bch huyt cu - u tht chut (mouse leukemia/sarcoma) Cm nhim virus bnh bch huyt chut khng cha gene ung th gy cc th bnh a dng, bnh bch huyt cu T, bnh bch huyt cu gc ty xng, bnh hng bch huyt cu,... c xc nhn. Virus bnh bch huyt cp tnh gy bnh bch huyt tin lympho B, bnh t bo mm hng cu, cn virus u tht gy u tht dng si (u x) v u xng. Tt c virus bnh bch huyt u tht cp tnh u mang gene ung th. 3. Bnh tng bch huyt cu - u tht mo (feline leukemia/sarcoma) Virus bnh tng bch huyt cu c phn loi thnh cc phn nhm (subgroup) A, B v C nh th nghim can nhim. Nhng bin ha tin trin ung th ha do cm nhim virus gy ra u tht lympho, bnh tng sinh ty xng, u tht dng si, cn cc bin ha thoi hnh gy suy gim min dch, thiu mu do ti sinh km,... a s cc trng hp bnh u km theo thiu mu. Ngoi ra cn thy pht sinh bnh phc hp th min dch. 4. Bnh tng bch huyt cu - u tht kh (monkey leukemia/sarcoma) phn lp c virus bch huyt gc ty xng mn tnh vn Gibbon v virus u tht kh lng (wooly monkey). 5. Bnh u tht lympho ln (porcine lymphosarcoma) L bnh khi u ca ln do virus ln type C him khi pht sinh. 6. Bnh h li ni b chim (avian reticuloendotheliosis) L nhng bnh virus gy ra khi u cp tnh hoc mn tnh, sinh trng km, thiu mu,... chim, v mt khng nguyn v mt kiu di truyn th khc vi virus bnh tng bch huyt cu - u tht g. Trong s cc virus ny c virus khuyt tn c nng sinh sn mang gene ung th (chng T) v virus phi khuyt tn c nng sinh sn khng mang gene ung th (chng CS, CN,...).
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7. Bnh bch huyt v u tht g (chicken leukosis and sarcoma)BKD76 Virus gy bnh bch huyt v u tht g c phn loi thnh cc nhm A, B, C, D v E da trn nhng khc bit v ph k ch, kiu dng can thip cm nhim (cn nhim), v tnh khng nguyn. iu kin d ngoi, cm nhim nhm A chim i a s trng hp, sau l cm nhim nhm B, nhm C v D th hu nh khng cm nhim, cn cc virus nhm E, l cc provirus ni ti, him khi tn ti v khng c tnh gy bnh. Bnh cm nhim virus quan trng nht i vi cc sn nghip nui g cng nghip l bnh bch huyt lympho, cc bnh cm nhim virus khc th rt him khi pht sinh. Th bnh thng ht sc a dng. L cc virus phi khuyt tn c nng sinh sn, virus bnh bch cu g ch yu gy bnh bch huyt lympho, bnh calci (vi) ha xng v bnh ung th thn g. Cn cc virus bnh bch cu cp tnh khuyt tn c nng sinh sn mang gene ung th gy ra bnh hng cu mm, bnh t bo mm ty xng, bnh ct ty cu, u huyt qun v u tht, ngoi l cn c cc virus u tht chut dng phi khuyt tn c nng sinh sn gy u tht chut khng ph thuc vo s c mt ca gene ung th. 8. Cm nhim virus foamy (foamy virus infection) Cc virus thuc nhm ny c phn lp t nhiu loi ng vt khc nhau, nhiu ng vt cng c kim nghim thy c khng th c hiu virus. Tuy nhin, tnh gy bnh i vi ng vt l hon ton cha c r, cc c tnh khc ngoi c tnh hnh thnh hp bo (syncytium) cho cc la cy t bo th cha c r. 9. Bnh bch huyt b (bovine leukosis) Tn bnh ny thng dng trong thc t l tn chung ch bnh bch huyt dch a phng b trng thnh (th trng thnh) v bnh bch huyt tn pht ca b khng r nguyn nhn (gm ba th: th b, th ngc v th da) nhng phn nhiu thng ch bnh bch huyt dch a phng b trng thnh. Virus bnh bch huyt b gy ra chng tng sinh lympho bo tr tc (duy tr, ko di) b, ch yu l bnh bch huyt lympho B (t bo B). Triu chng c trng l cc hch lympho ton thn sng to, hnh thnh cc khi u do tng sinh u tht ca cc ni quan. 10. Cm nhim virus suy gim min dch mo (feline immunodeficiency virus infection) Trong iu kin t nhin s mo s mo c khng th chng virus suy gim min dch khong trn di 10% nhng s t l cm nhim pht bnh mo cm nhim khng nht thit cao. mo pht bnh thng thy pht st khng r nguyn nhn, chng bch huyt cu gim thiu, bnh hch lympho, thiu mu, ngi ng,... Bn cnh , khi bnh thi tin trin th thng thy cm nhim th pht vi khun, nm, vim khoang ming mn tnh, bnh c quan h hp, vim rut, vim da,... v cc chng bnh thn kinh. Mt s mo cm nhim cui cng cht do nhim bnh c hi cc loi khc nhau: nhim virus, vi khun, nm, nguyn trng, sn,... 11. Bnh Maedi-Visna (Maedi-Visna disease) L bnh tin trin tr pht (pht bnh chm) ca cu vi cc triu chng
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ch yu l vim phi mn tnh tin trin (bnh Maedi), v bnh vim no - ty sng mn tnh (bnh Visna). 12. Bnh vim khp - vim mng no d (caprine arthritisencephalomyelitis) Triu chng ch yu l vim khp d trng thnh 1 nm tui tr li, cn d con 2 - 4 thng tui thng thy vim no - ty. 13. Bnh thiu mu truyn nhim nga (equine infectious anemia)BKD47 Thng l bnh truyn nhim mn tnh ca loi nga, nhng th bnh c th l cp tnh, cp tnh, mn tnh v ti lp (gene bin np tr nn hot ha). Pht st, thiu mu,... l nhng triu chng ch yu, trong c th nga bnh virus lin tc bin d nn th bnh thng ti pht lp li sut i khng th iu tr c. 14. Cm nhim virus suy gim min dch b (bovine immunodeficiency virus infection) Virus suy gim min dch b pht trin tt trn cc la cy t bo cc loi c ngun gc thai b, hnh thnh t bo khng l a nhn. Khi gy cm nhim thc nghim thng gy bnh tng thc lympho bo duy tr nhng mi quan h nhn qu gia virus v pht bnh, nh hng n h thng min dch do cm nhim, s lu hnh bnh v tn hi kinh t th cn cha r.
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Chng 5 CC VIRUS RNA MT SI M (C O NGOI) HNH CU A. ORTHOMYXOVIRUS (H ORTHOMYXOVIRIDAE) I. C IM CA H ORTHOMYXOVIRIDAE

Ch "ortho" bt ngun t Hy lp "orthos" ngha l "chnh, ng". 1. Hnh thi v cc tnh trng l, ha Virion thng hnh cu ng knh 80 - 120 nm (cng c dng v nh hnh), cu to t nucleocapsid i xng xon c bao bc bi o ngoi hnh cu. bn ngoi o ngoi c cc gai protein c hot tnh ngng kt t hng cu (HA) v neuraminidase (NA) sp xp vi t l 4 - 5:1, bn trong o ngoi c lp protein nn (protein M1, matrix 1 protein). Bn cnh c mt s t l khng (pore) hay knh ion (ion channel) cu to t protein M2 xuyn qua cu trc mng ca o ngoi. Li virus nm trung tm virion l th phc hp RNA v nucleoprotein (NP) v cc enzyme tng hp RNA. Tnh cm nhim ca virus nhanh chng b v hot ha bi x l acid (pH 3 hay thp hn), nhit (56 C), cc dung mi hu c, cc cht hot tnh b mt, formalin, -propiolacton,... 2. Cu to b gene (genome) Genome ca cc orthomyxovirus l RNA mt si gm 8 phn on (ring virus cm C c 7 phn on). Ba phn on ln nht (phn on 1 n 3) m ha 3 loi protein polymerase (PB1, PB2, PA), 3 phn on ln trung bnh (phn on 4 n 6) m ha HA, NA v NP, cn 2 phn on nh (phn on 7 v 8) m ha protein M1 v mt s cc protein phi cu trc (M2, NB, NS1, NS2). Virus cm C c phn on 6 m ha protein NA v mt s protein phi cu trc. 3. Protein C 7 loi protein cu trc ca virus (PB2, PB1, PA, HA, NP, NA, M1). Cc protein PB2, PB1, PA trong phc hp th enzyme RNA-polymerase c hot tnh transcriptase (enzyme sao chp acid nucleic) v endonuclease. Protein NP c phosphoryl ha v kt hp vi cc phn on RNA tn ti trong virion di dng nucleocapsid. M1 tn ti di mng hai lp lipid, l protein tn ti vi lng cao nht trong virion, c th b ha tan bi chloroform hoc methanol. Gai HA cu to t 3 phn t, NA cu to t 4 phn t. Protein HA kt bm vo th th cha acid neuraminic trn b mt hng cu m gy ngng kt hng cu, cn NA 36 C ct t phn t acid neuraminic nn lm cho virus tch khi hng cu. Trong cc t bo cm nhim virus cm A, tn ti 3 loi protein phi cu trc (M2, NS1, NS2). Trong s , NS1 v NS2 khng c thu np vo thnh phn virion nhng M2 c thu np vo virion mt lng nh. 4. Ti sn Virus thng qua HA m kt bm vo th th cha acid N-acetyl neuraminic trn mng t bo. Khi c thu np vo cc tiu bo trong t bo cht, hnh thnh s dung hp gia o ngoi vi mng li ni cht, nucleocapsid di hnh vo t bo cht. Phn ng dung hp ny i hi s phn tch HA thnh HA1 v HA2, virus c HA phn tch xm nhp vo mng li
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ni cht th tip nhn s bin ha cu to ca HA, l xut min c hot tnh dung hp ca u amin (-NH2) ca HA2 gy cm ng dung hp. Nucleocapsid di ng vo nhn, , di tc ng ca enzyme tng hp acid nucleic kt hp vi n bt u s tng hp RNA. Khi bt u s tng hp RNA, cu trc m (cap) u 5' ca RNA bt ngun t t bo k ch b ct ra bi enzyme endonuclease lin kt nucleocapsid v c s dng nh cc phn t mi (primer) cho enzyme scriptase (enzyme sao chp acid nucleic) ca virus. Trong s 8 loi RNA tng b (cRNA, complementary RNA) c tng hp nn th 6 loi l mRNA n cistron, HA, NA, NP v cc loi enzyme tng hp acid nucleic lin kt nucleocapsid c phin dch mt cch trc tip. Hai loi cRNA khc c phin dch trn cc khung kh phin (ORF) khc nhau, sau khi tip nhn ct xn (splicing) tr thnh 2 loi mRNA. (Hin tng ct xn RNA thng tin (splicing) ch gii hn virus cm, cc virus DNA v cc virus pht trin gin tip qua th trung gian l DNA nh retrovirus m thi). NP, cc enzyme tng hp acid nucleic, protein phi cu trc (protein NS) c tng hp trong t bo cht ri di chuyn vo trong nhn tham gia tng hp RNA virus trn khun cRNA. RNA virus kt hp vi NP to thnh nucleocapsid, nucleocapsid ny kt hp vi enzyme tng hp acid nucleic, cng cc protein HA, NA, M1 c tng hp trong t bo cht tp hp trn b mt t bo, ri ny chi qua mng m thnh thc. Bng II-16. Phn loi h Orthomyxoviridae v bnh cm nhim tiu biu ng vt
Chi, loi (ACTV ngh) 1. Chi Influenza virus A Human influenza virus = Virus cm ngi Equine influenza virus = Virus cm nga Swine influenza virus = Virus cm ln Avian influenza virus = Virus cm chim, Virus dch t g) Virus phn lp c Loi ng vt A type khng nguyn Ngi Nga Ln G G ty Vt Vt tri B nng Chn vizon C voi Hi cu Ngi Ngi Ln H1N1, H2N2, H3N2, (H2N8), (H3N8) H7N7, H3N8 H1N1, H3N2 (H1N2) H4, 5, 7, 10, N1, 2, 4, 7 H1-10, N1- 9 H1-12, N1- 9 H1 - 12, 14, N1 - 9 H1 - 7, 9 - 13, N1 - 9 H10N4 H3N2, H13N9 H7N7, H4N5 Khng c Khng c Khng c Bnh Bnh trng c quan h hp (bnh cm) Bnh trng c quan h hp Bnh trng c quan h hp Bnh trng c quan h hp, tiu ha (bnh dch t g) Bnh trng c quan h hp, tiu ha Cm nhim n tnh, bnh c quan h hp, tiu ha Cm nhim n tnh Bnh trng c quan h hp Bnh trng c quan h hp Bnh trng c quan h hp Bnh trng c quan h hp Bnh trng c quan h hp Cm nhim Thogoto virus
Virus cm ng vt c v khc 2. Chi Influenza virus B Virus cm B 3. Chi Influenza virus C Virus cm ln C 4. Chi Thogotovirus Thogoto virus 5. Chi Isavirus
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Infectious salmon anaemia virus
Bnh thiu mu truyn nhim c hi (Infectious salmon anaemia) Ghi ch: C nhiu im khc so vi ln xut bn th nht (2002) ca gio trnh ny.
C hi
Khng c
5. Phn loi Cch y khng lu ngi ta cho rng h Orthomyxoviridae ch bao gm 1 chi: chi virus cm (influenza virus), nhng cng c kin cho rng cc virus cm nhm C nn c tch khi cc virut cm A v B, thnh hai chi ring bit. Gn y 2 chi mi c thit lp l Thogotovirus v chi Isavirus (bng II-16). Nh vy, h ny gm 5 chi. Da vo c im khng nguyn ca protein NP ca nucleocapsid v protein M1 ca o ngoi m cc virus cm c phn loi thnh 3 type A, B v C. Gia cc type khng tn ti khng nguyn giao cho. Cc virus type A c NP v M1 chung nhng da vo tnh khng nguyn ca HA v NA m phn thnh cc type. HA c 15 loi, NA c 9 loi type khng nguyn tn ti. Trong mi type, xut hin cc chng (strain) mi do khng nguyn bin d lin tc.
II. BNH CM NHIM ORTHOMYXOVIRUS

Cc bnh cm nhim orthomyxovirus c trnh by bng II-16. Cc virus cm type A khng ch ngi m cn cm nhim t nhin cc loi chim v ng vt c v khc nhau. Bnh ny g thng c gi l bnh dch t g (fowl plague, fowl pest) hay cm g tnh gy bnh cao (highly pathogenic avian influenza - HPAI) v bnh cm g (avian influenza), mt thi gian di c coi l cng loi vi bnh Newcastle (tc bnh gi dch t g). Bnh cm ca nga v ln l bnh c quan h hp pht st cp tnh do virus cm type A gy ra, i khi i lu hnh cc tp on ng vt cm th no . T cc loi chim, c rt nhiu type NA v HA c phn lp. Trong s c virus cng c gii hn l cc type H5 v H7 nhng khng phi tt c cc virus H5 v H7 u cng c. Cc chng virus cm c c lc thp khng biu hin triu chng bnh gia cm cm nhim c gi l virus cm c lc va (mildly pathogenic avian influenza - MPIV) hoc virus cm c lc thp (low pathogenic avian influenza - LPAI). Tnh cm th ca g v g ty i vi cc virus type A l cao nht. cc gia cm ny, triu chng lm sng, tin trin bnh, bnh cnh,... rt a dng, t cm nhim n tnh v bnh trng c quan h hp nh, t l trng gim st, n gy cm nhim ton thn cp tnh rt nng vi t l cm nhim v t l cht rt cao. Cc loi thy cm nh vt v vt tri mang virus type A vi t l cao hn c.
B. PARAMYXOVIRUS (H PARAMYXOVIRIDAE) I. C IM CA H PARAMYXOVIRIDAE

Ch "para" ting Hylp ngha l "pha bn, bn cnh" bt ngun t tn cc virus vi tnh cht c i lc vi cc cht nhy (mucus) v gy ngng kt hng cu c mnh danh l h Myxoviridae (h virus nhy) c phn loi
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thnh h Orthomyxoviridae ("ortho" Hylp ngha l "chnh thng") v Paramyxoviridae. 1. Hnh thi v cc tnh trng l, ha Virion c ng knh 150 - 300 nm, hi to hn cc orthomyxovirus cht t, thng c dng hnh cu hoc a hnh thi. o ngoi c dy khong 10 nm trn b mt c 2 loi gai (spike) glycoprotein sp xp cht ch. Do khng bn vng, khi b lm ng gi v tan gi hay khi c tinh ch o ngoi thng rt b ph hy d dng, nn di knh hin vi in t thng thy nucleocapsid c l xut ra ngoi. Nucleocapsid i xng xon dng si thng c chiu rng 14 18 nm, chiu di khong 1 m. Virion mn cm vi ether, formalin, cc cht hot tnh b mt, nhit hoc kh. 2. Cu to b gene (genome) Genome virus l RNA 1 si m. Phn t lng khong 5 - 7 MDa, khong 15 kb, chim khong 0,5% khi lng virion. Hng s sa lng khong 50 - 57 S. 3. Protein Cc virus thuc chi Paramyxovirus c (nay chia thnh cc chi Respirovirus v chi Rubulavirus), chi mi xut Henipavirus v chi Morbillivirus c 7 - 8 ORF, trn min P c sao m trng lp hay gene chng lp (gene overlapping) cho nn c th phin dch c 10 - 12 loi protein. chi Pneumovirus 10 loi protein c tng hp t 10 ORF. C 6 loi protein cu trc virus chung cho tt c cc chi. Trong c protein N (nucleoprotein) l protein kt hp vi RNA to thnh nucleocapsid, protein phosphoryl ha (protein P), v protein L c phn t lng ln nht c hot tnh polymerase (L protein, large protein) v l nucleoprotein thnh phn phc hp th c hot tnh sao m. Protein mng gi l protein nn (matrix protein, protein M) tn ti mt trong ca o ngoi. Nh ln khi b mt ca o ngoi c 2 loi glycoprotein. Mt l glycoprotein F hay protein dung hp (fusion protein) c hot tnh dung hp mng t bo v hot tnh dung huyt. Protein F c tng hp dng tin th (protein F0), di tc ng ca enzyme phn gii protein ca t bo k ch m phn ct thnh hai phn l F1 v F2 biu hin hot tnh dung hp mng v c hot ng quan trng trong vic xm nhp ca virus v hnh thnh cc t bo khng l a nhn. Mt loi glycoprotein mng khc c gi chung l protein kt bm (adhessiveness protein), chi Paramyxovirus (c) c hot tnh ngng kt hng cu (hemagglutination) cng vi hot tnh neuraminidase nn gi l protein NH, chi Morbillivirus khng c hot tnh neuraminidase, ch c hot tnh hemagglutinin nn gi l protein H, cn chi Pneumovirus v khng c c hai hot tnh nn gi l protein G (t ch glyco). Ngoi ra, ring chi Rubulavirus v Avulavirus c thm protein k thy ngn (SH: short hydrophobic protein) cha r chc nng, nm gia F v HN. Chi Pneumovirus v Metapneumovirus cng c protein SH, bn cnh l hai protein phi cu trc NS1 v NS2 (nonstructural protein), ngn nhng vi s lng ln, cng cha r chc nng. 4. Ti sn Paramyxovirus nu kt hp vi th th c cha acid sialic th nh hot tnh dung hp mng ca protein F m gy dung hp o ngoi vi mng t bo,
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a nucleocapsid vo bn trong t bo. Trong nucleocapsid c sn enzyme RNA-polymerase ph thuc RNA, di tc dng ca enzyme ny trn khun RNA virus din ra s tng hp cc mRNA n cistron (mRNA phin ch mt gene cu trc) di ngn khc nhau. Trn polysome cc mRNA tham gia tng cc loi protein ca virus. ng thi vi qu trnh , t RNA virus din ra qu trnh tng hp hon ton hnh thnh chui RNA dng. Trn khun chui dng ny RNA virus (chui m) c tng hp v kt hp ngay vi NP va c tng hp m hnh thnh nucleocapsid. Mt mt, cc glycoprotein va c tng hp c chuyn t mng li ni cht ht (th tiu bo ht) sang mng li ni cht nhn, ri b my Golgi v n mng t bo cht m t hp vo trong mng t bo cht. Protein M c tng hp tng t cng di ng ra di mng t bo cht v c nh cc glycoprotein mng. Nucleocapsid di ng n di protein M, nhn o ngoi nh ny chi qua mng bin i sn nu trn m tr nn thnh thc. Tuy nhin, thng thng hu ht nucleocapsid li bn trong t bo cht k ch v c quan st thy di dng cc th n nhp trong t bo cht. chi Morbillivirus cng cn quan st thy cc th n nhp trong nhn. Trong cm nhim paramyxovirus, ngoi s khuych i cm nhim theo cch ny chi qua mng nu trn cn ng thi din ra hnh thnh thc lan truyn t t bo qua t bo (cell-to-cell infection). Khi , nh c nng dung hp mng ca protein F xut hin b mt t bo m RNA virus lu nhp t t bo cm nhim sang cc t bo ln cn. V vy hnh thnh cc t bo khng l c trng. ng thi, cm nhim ko di cng l c trng khc ca cc virus thuc h ny. 5. Phn loi Gn y trn c s nghin cu kiu gene h ny c phn loi li v xut hin chi mi Avulavirus (c i din l virus bnh Newcastle) v chi mi Metapneumovirus (c i din l virus vim mi - kh qun g ty) (bng II-17). H Paramyxoviridae gm 2 tc, bn cnh cc paramyxovirus cha phn loi. Tc Paramyxovirinae gm 5 chi, trong c cc chi Respirovirus v Rubulavirus v chi mi Avulavirus c thnh lp trn c s tch chi c Paramyxovirus, chi Morbillivirus gm virus bnh quai b ngi, virus bnh si st ch, virus bnh si st hi cu v cc loi virus dch t ng vt nhai li, cn Hepanivirus l chi mi c ngh thit lp trn c s cc c im khc bit ca virus Nipah (ban u gi l Hendra-like virus) v virus Hendra (ban u gi nhm l equine morbillivirus: morbillivirus nga). Cn tc Pneumovirinae gm 2 chi, chi Pneumovirus v chi mi thit lp l Metapneumovirus. Chi Paramyxovirus c c 9 loi paramyxovirus chim trong c virus bnh Newcastle (NDV), 4 loi virus cm (parainfluenza virus) v virus bnh quai b (mumps virus). Tuy nhin, nhng nghin cu gn y dn n s sp xp li chi ny. Trn c s cc loi ca chi Paramyxovirus c nu trn v virus Menangle (Menangle virus) mi phn lp c vo nm 1997 ln, hai chi l Respirovirus v Rubulavirus c thit lp, v gn y l chi mi Avulavirus. C ba chi ging nhau ch o ngoi (envelope) ca chng u c mt phn t protein HN duy nht c hot tnh ca c hemagglutinin (H) v neuraminidase (N) nhng chi Rubulavirus li c thm protein SH (protein ngn k thy) khng r chc nng, gn ging chi Pneumovirus thuc tc Pneumovinae.
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Trong chi Morbillivirus c cc virus gn gi v mt khng nguyn nh virus si (measles virus), virus si st ch (canine distemper virus, Carr disease virus), virus dch t tru b (rinderpest virus), virus dch t cc loi nhai li nh (peste-de-petis-ruminants virus), virus si st hi cu (phocine distemper virus) v cc paramyxovirus khc phn lp c gn y t ng vt bin. Chng hnh thnh cc th n nhp trong t bo cht v trong nhn cha ribonucleoprotein (RNP). c im phn bit ca chng l c protein H m khng c N. Chi Henipavirus cng ch c H m khng c N, nhng genome c kch thc ln hn genome ca cc Paramyxovirus khc (hn 18 kb so vi 15 - 16 kb) v tng ng nucleotide so vi virus khc rt thp (ti a 49%, trong khi gia cc chng ca chng c tng ng 70 - 78%). Trong chi Pneumovirus c virus RS ngi, virus RS b v virus vim phi chut. Ring virus vim mi - kh qun g ty trc y thuc chi Pneumovirus nay c xp vo chi mi thit lp Metapneumovirus. Cc chi c nhiu khc bit v mt cu to virion, cu trc genome, kch thc genome, s tn ti mt protein lin quan n mng, trt t cc gene m ha protein G v F thun hay ngc,...
Bng II-17. Phn loi h Paramyxoviridae

(Tc, chi, loi (do ICTV ngh) I. Tc Paramyxovirinae 1. Chi Respirovirus (t Paramyxovirus c) Avian paramyxovirus 2 (PMV -2, Yucaipa virus) = paramyxovirus 2 ca chim Avian paramyxovirus 3 (PMV -3) = paramyxovirus 3 ca chim Avian paramyxovirus 4 (PMV -4) = paramyxovirus 4 ca chim Avian paramyxovirus 5 (PMV -5, Kunitachi) = paramyxovirus 5 ca chim Avian paramyxovirus 6 (PMV -6) = paramyxovirus 6 ca chim Avian paramyxovirus 7 (PMV -7) = paramyxovirus 7 ca chim Avian paramyxovirus 8 (PMV -8) = paramyxovirus 8 ca chim Avian paramyxovirus 9 (PMV -9) = paramyxovirus 9 ca chim Hemadsorption type 1 virus (HA 1 virus) = Virus hp ph hng cu type 1 Hemadsorption type 2 virus (HA 2 virus) = Virus hp ph hng cu type 2 Canine Parainfluenza virus = Virus cm ch Parainfluenza 3 virus (SF-4 virus, BN-1 virus) = Virus cm 3 2. Chi Rubulavirus (t Paramyxovirus c) Parainfluenza 2 virus (CA virus) = Virus cm 2 Parainfluenza 4 virus (M-25 virus) = Virus cm 4 Parainfluenza 1 virus (Sendai virus) = Virus cm 1 (virus Sendai) Mumps virus = Virus bnh quai b Menangle virus = Virus Menangle La-Piedad-Michoacan-Mexicovirus (LPMV) (Blue eye disease virus) = Virus LPMV hay virus bnh mt xanh ( ln) 3. Chi (mi) Avulavirus (t Paramyxovirus c) Newcastle disease virus = Virus bnh Newcastle (virus bnh g r) (Avian paramyxovirus 1, PMV-1 = paramyxovirus 1 ca chim) 4. Chi (mi) Henipavirus Hendra virus = Virus Hendra Nipah virus = Virus Nipah K ch t nhin Chim Chim Chim Chim Chim Chim Chim Chim Ngi Ngi Ch, kh (SV 5, SV 41) B, cu, kh (SA 10) Ngi Ngi Chut nht, chut cng, ln Ngi Di, nga, ngi Ln Chim Di, nga, ngi Di, ln, ngi
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5. Chi Morbillivirus Measles virus = Virus si Rinderpest virus = Virus dch t tru b (Virus "ngu dch") Peste-de-petis-ruminants virus = Virus dch t cc loi nhai li nh Canine distemper virus = Virus bnh Carr (virus si st ch) Phocine distemper virus = Virus si st hi cu II. Tc Pneumovirinae 6. Chi Pneumovirus Bovine respiratory syncytial virus = Virus hp bo h hp b (virus RS b) Pneumonia virus of mice = Virus vim phi chut Human respiratory syncytial virus = Virus hp bo h hp ngi (virus RS ngi) 7. Chi (mi) Metapneumovirus (t chi Pneumovirus c) Turkey rhinotracheitis virus = Virus vim mi - kh qun g ty III. Cc paramyxovirus cha phn loi Fer-de-Lance virus Mapuera virus Nariva virus Cc paramyxovirus chim cnh ct Ghi ch: C nhiu im khc ln xut bn th nht (2002) ca gio trnh ny.
Ngi B, cu, d, ln D, cu Ch, chn Hi cu B, cu, d Gm nhm Ngi Chim B st Di Gm nhm Chim
II. BNH CM NHIM PARAMYXOVIRUS

Bnh cm nhim Paramyxovirus tiu biu ng vt c trnh by bng II-18. Cc virus thuc h Paramyxoviridae a s cm nhim chim v th (ng vt c v), thng gy bnh c quan h hp. Mt s loi (virus bnh Newcastle, Nipah, Hendra, Menangle,...) l nhng bnh ly chung ngi v ng vt (zoonosis). 1. Chi Respirovirus (Paramyxovirus c) a. Bnh cm ch (canine parainfluenza) L bnh do virus parainfluenza 2 gy ra ng h hp trn thng nh nhng c trng hp ch t do cm nhim hn hp dn n vim phi c m. tr em, virus ny l mt trong nhng nguyn nhn ca bnh vim hng mng gi, v vy virus ny cn c tn virus CA (croup-associated virus). b. Bnh cm b (parainfluenza in cattle) L bnh do virus parainfluenza 3 gy ra. y l mt trong nhng nguyn nhn ca "st chuyn ch (shipping fever)" (xem phn "Pasteurella..."), l bnh ng h hp trng yu b chn th n. Triu chng thng thy l chy dch mi, ho, bing n, vim bung v,... T l u b chn th n c hiu gi khng th thng cao. tr em virus ny l mt trong nhng nguyn nhn gy vim kh qun, vim phi,... 2. Chi Avulavirus (Paramyxovirus c) Bnh g r hay bnh gi dch t g (avian pseudoplague), bnh Newcastle (Newcastle disease)BKD10 Cn gi l bnh Tn thnh g, bnh ny do paramyxovirus 1 chim hay virus bnh Newcastle (NDV) gy ra g, g ty, vt, chim ct, b cu, chim tr, qu, chim s,... nhng chng bnh c quan h hp v thn kinh,... Bnh trng
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v t l cht khc nhau ph thuc vo c virus bnh nguyn v loi chim k ch, nhng g thng gy vim d dy - rut v vim no, vim phi l nguyn nhn thit hi chnh ca ngnh chn nui g. a s trng hp cm nhim cc chim hoang v chim nh thng n tnh. Th vim d dy - rut (th chu ) thng tri qua cp tnh, t l cht cao, cn th vim phi - no (th chu Phi) thng tri qua mn tnh, t l cht thp, sn lng trng gim. Nu ngi cm nhim virus bnh Newcastle th thng b vim kt mc, c th c triu chng mt mi ton thn nh bnh cm. Ngoi ra, cn thy cc loi chim khc nhau, g (Yucaipa virus), chim nh (Finch virus), vt, vt tri, b cu,... cm nhim paramyxovirus khc. Mt thi gian di trc y ngi ta nhm ln bnh Newcastle vi bnh dch t g (xem "Orthomyxovirus..."). C hai loi virus ny u ngng kt hng cu g, vt. im c th phn bit d dng gia chng l virus bnh Newcastle khng ngng kt hng cu nga, la, la v th nh virus dch t g. Tnh cht khng ngng kt hng cu nga ca virus bnh Newcastle c dng M phn bit hai loi virus ny. chn on bnh Newcastle trong phng th nghim ngi ta c th p dng phn ng bo v trn g th nghim, phn ng trung ha trn g, phi g v la cy t bo. Trong s cc phn ng huyt thanh hc, phn ng ngn tr ngng kt hng cu l phn ng thng c s dng xc nh khng th khng virus bnh Newcastle trong huyt thanh g. Phn ng ca virus gy ngng kt hng cu g khng phi l phn ng huyt thanh hc m l c tnh sinh hc ca virus. Phn ng ny b mt mt cch c hiu nu virus c trn trc vi khng huyt thanh tng ng, nn c th li dng tnh cht ngng kt v mt ngng kt chun khng th. Phn ng c th tin hnh trong dy ng nghim nhng s dng khay polyethylene 96 l y U hoc V v tin li, tit kim v d c kt qu phn ng hn nhiu. Trc ht ta phi thit lp phn ng ngng kt hng cu (HA: haemagglutination reaction) vi huyn dch hng cu lm vic (1% hoc 0,5%) xc nh nng huyn dch virus lm vic. Huyn dch hng cu g c ch t mu g chng ng bng citrate natri, heparin, EDTA hoc dung dch Alsever (xem phn "Virus dch t ln"), ra 3 ln bng nc sinh l mui hoc PBS pH 7,2 kt hp ly tm 1.500 - 2000 vng/pht trong 10 pht, vt b nc trong trn ri thm vo 1 phn cn hng cu (ti) 99 phn (hoc 199) PBS c huyn dch hng cu 1% (hoc 0,5%). Khng nguyn c th l vaccine virus Newcastle bit hoc dch trng tim nhim virus Newcastle pha long nht nh (1/2 hoc 1/10). thit lp phn ng ngng kt hng cu (HA), trc ht ta cho vo tt c cc l khay ca 1 dy gm 12 l mt lng 50 l ri cho vo l th nht 50 l dch virus, trn u bng cch ht - nh 3 - 4 ln ri ht 50 l chuyn sang l th hai. Sau khi trn, ta ht chuyn 50 l t l th hai sang l th ba, c th tip tc cho ht l th 10 th ht vt b 50 l. L th 11 v 12 lm i chng m tnh virus. Cho vo tt c cc l 50 l huyn dch hng cu g lm vic nu trn. Trn u bng my lc hoc ht nh t l 12 cho n ht l 1 (t nng virus thp n nng d virus cao), yn nhit phng. c kt qu phn ng sau 15 - 60 pht ty thuc vo kt
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qu lng ng hng cu hon ton tm l i chng m tnh virus (cc l 11 v 12). Trong phn ng dng tnh hng cu do ngng kt vi nhau thnh mng nn khng chm vo tm l khay U hoc V m kt thnh mng rng thng c vt rn nt lm tm nu lu. Hiu gi virus l pha long ln nht cn cho kt qu phn ng dng tnh. Dch virus pha long ny cha 1 n v ngng kt (1 HA). Dch virus lm vic thng dng trong phn ng ngn tr ngng kt (HI) c nng 4 HAU, tc c pha long nh hn 4 ln, v cch hai l v pha dng tnh. Trc khi lm phn ng chnh HI cn pha virus t dch gc c dch virus 4 HA v kim tra li nng virus lm vic ny bng cch thit lp li phn ng HA tng t nh trn nhng ch trong 4 l khay: l th nht 2 HA, l th hai 1 HA (u phi cho ngng kt chc chn), l th ba 1/2 HA v l th t 1/4 HA (u khng c ngng kt). Nu thy phn ng khng cho kt qu nh mong mun th pha thm dch virus gc (nu thy cc l th hai t hoc khng ngng kt) hoc pha thm nc sinh l (nu thy l th ba xut hin ngng kt) v lp li phn ng kim tra dch virus 4 HA . thit lp phn ng ngn tr ngng kt hng cu (HI), trc ht cho vo tt c cc l ca mt dy 12 l khay lng bng nhau 50 l nc sinh l ri cho vo l th nht 50 l huyt thanh nguyn. Trn u bng cch ht - nh 3 - 4 ln ri ht chuyn 50 l sang l th hai, trn u ri chuyn sang l th ba v tip tc nh vy cho n ht l 11 th vt b 50 l. L th 12 khng thm virus dng lm i chng m tnh virus. Thm 50 l dch virus 4 HAU vo tt c cc l tr l 11 li thm 50 l nc sinh lm i chng m tnh huyt thanh (l ny thc cht ging l th hai trong phn ng th nng virus 4 HAU nu trn), trn u ri nhit phng 10 - 15 pht cho phn ng khng nguyn - khng th (nu c) xy ra. Thm 50 l huyn dch hng cu lm vic (nh trong phn ng HA, ch quy thng xuyn) vo tt c cc l. nhit phng 15 - 60 pht. c kt qu sau khi phn ng m tnh virus l 12 cho kt qu r rng (hng cu ng ht tm y l khay trong khi phn ng ngng kt r rng l 11). Thng thng, nu g cha c tip chng vaccine Newcastle th hiu gi khng th t 8 (3log2) tr ln c coi l c hiu cm nhim. Nhng chc chn cn kim tra khng nguyn hoc virus hc.
3. Chi Rubulavirus a. Bnh cm nhim virus Sendai (Sendai virus infection) L bnh cm nhim virus parainfluenza type 1 (parainfluenza 1 virus). y l bnh c tn pht sinh cao nht trong s cc bnh h hp ca chut nht, chut cng. chut trng thnh t l cht thp nhng nh hng n t l th thai v s con nn mt khi trong tp on chut th nghim pht sinh bnh th vic o thi, lm sch rt kh khn. Nu virus cm nhim ln th ln con thng pht st, tiu chy, sinh trng ngng tr, cm nhim giai on thai sm thng dn n thai cht. ngi, cm nhim thng dn n bnh trng ng h hp nh, nhng tr em thng gy bnh vim hng mng gi (croup: bnh bch hu; bnh dng ny tr em cn do vi khun Corynebacterium diphtheriae, xem "Phn I: Vi khun hc...").
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b. Bnh cm nhim virus Menangle (Menangle virus infection) Virus Menangle c phn lp ln u tin vo nm 1997 t ln v lin quan n cc chng bnh ging cm (flue-like illness) ngi. c. Bnh do Paramyxovirus khc Bnh quai b ngi do virus quai b (mumps virus) gy ra, l bnh truyn nhim lu hnh, st ton thn lnh tnh vi chng sng do vim tuyn di tai. Tuy nhin, virus cn c th nhim thn kinh trung ng, gy vim mng no, vim no, ic v vim tinh hon (c th dn n v sinh nam). 4. Chi Henipavirus a. Bnh cm nhim virus Hendra (Hendra virus infection) Bnh ny xut hin ln u Queenland, Australia hai ln lin tip vo nm 1995. V dch u lm 14 nga cht v hai ngi tip xc vi cc nga m b mc bnh h hp nng e da tnh mng. V dch th hai pht ra cng Queenland cch vng v dch c khong 800 km. Nhng nghin cu cho thy bnh xy ra nga l rt him, trong khi virus ny c tm thy nhiu di. Do , c th cho rng di l k ch t nhin ca virus ny. Ch rng ban u bnh cm nhim virus Hendra c gi nhm l bnh cm nhim morbillivirus nga (equine morbillivirus infection). b. Bnh cm nhim virus Nipah (Nipah virus infection) Bnh ny xut hin t ngt ti vnh Nipah, o Pankor, Malaysia nm 1999 vi cc chng bnh vim no (encephalitis) gy cht ngi v ln. Virus truyn ly qua ng h hp trong cc tri ln v lm cht hn 100 ngi a phng. Bnh c khng ch sau khi hy ht hn 1 triu ln trong vng. Ln c coi l ng vai tr quan trng trong qu trnh xut hin bnh Nipah v chng c c im c nui thm canh mt cao, lm dch bnh d dng xut hin. Ngi ta cho rng sau khi c truyn lan t di n qu, virus Nipah ban u thit lp c cm nhim ln v thch nghi vi ln trong vng vi ba nm, t virus c th tip cn vi ngi (ch yu nhng ngi chn nui ln). Mi lin quan gia s bng pht dch bnh Nipah cho ta nhng suy lun quan trng trong vic phng bnh dch, lm ni bt mi him ha gn lin vi chn nui thm canh, c bit l ln v g. 5. Chi Morbillivirus a. Bnh Carr hay si st ch (canine distemper)BKD89 L bnh truyn nhim do virus si st ch (canine distemper virus) tc virus bnh Carr gy ra. Cc ng vt thuc h Ch, h Chn c tnh cm th, cm nhim biu hin pht st, bnh trng c quan h hp, triu chng thn kinh, cng chn (hard pad),... b. Bnh dch t tru b (rinderpest)BKD5 Do virus dch t tru b (rinderpest virus) gy ra. y l bnh truyn nhim cp tnh ca cc loi guc chn vi tnh ly lan cc k mnh, b bnh pht st, gy sung - xut huyt cc nim mc. Bnh ny ngy nay khng cn xut hin nhiu nc, trong c nc ta.
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Bng II-18. Cc bnh cm nhim paramyxovirus tiu biu ng vt

Virus Parainfluenza virus 3 K ch t nhin B, tru Bnh St chuyn ch, bnh cm nhim ng h hp b ngh, chy nc mi, ho, bing n, vim v Bnh c quan h hp, bnh thn kinh, vim d dy - rut, vim phi, vim kt mc Vim kt mc Bnh c quan h hp
Newcastle disease virus = Virus bnh Newcastle
G, g ty, g li, chim ct, vt, b cu, chim s, qu,...
St, ho, tiu chy ln con Vim no (nga, ngi), n tnh hoc cha r (di) Virus quai b (Mumps virus) Ngi Vim tuyn di tai Virus Nipah Di, ln, ngi Vim no ("bnh ln in": ln, ngi), n tnh hoc cha r (di) Virus Hendra Di, nga, ngi Vim no (nga, ngi), n tnh hoc cha r (di) Virus si (Measles virus) Ngi Pht ban, sung huyt kt mc Virus Carr (virus si st ch) Ch, chn, chn vizon (mink), St, vim mi, vim ph qun, ch lang (racoon dog), co,... vim phi, tiu chy, co git, pht ban, cng bn chn Virus dch t tru b (Rinderpest B, tru, cu, d, ln St, tiu chy, sung - xut huyt virus) nim mc Virus si "ma chn"* (measles virus) Ngi Pht ban, st Virus hp bo h hp b (virus RS B St, h hp thc bch, chy b) nc mi, vim phi Ghi ch: *: bnh si do virus rubella (rubella virus) thuc chi Rubivirus (chi virus ) h Togaviridae gy ra th nn gi l bnh si ban hay bnh rubella (rubella, German measles, "phong chn").
Ngi Virus Sendai (parainfluenza virus 1) Chut nht, chut cng, chut vng hamster Ln Virus Menangle Di, ln, ngi
c. Bnh dch t cc loi nhai li nh (peste-des-petits ruminants, pseudorinderpest of small ruminants) BKD6 hay bnh gi dch t d cu L bnh d v cu vi cc triu chng v bnh tch ging bnh dch t tru b. d. Bnh do Morbillivirus khc Nhng nm gn y, t cc hi cu cht hng lot phn lp c virus bnh nguyn gi l virus si st hi cu (phocine distemper virus), t c heo phn lp c morbillivirus c heo (dolphin morbillivirus, porpoise morbillivirus) gy cc ng vt hi dng ny bnh tiu chy, vim phi, vim no. Ngoi ra, cn c virus si (measles virus) gy bnh si ngi c bit t lu, hin cn l bnh gy cht nhiu ngi (khong 1 triu tr em cht mi nm) trn ton th gii cha k bnh c hn ch nh c cc chng trnh tip chng vaccine. Ring v dch bnh si nc M ko di t nm 1989 n nm 1991 gy khong 55.000 ca bnh vi khong 130 ngi cht.
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6. Chi Pneumovirus a. Bnh cm nhim virus hp bo h hp b (bovine respiratory syncytial virus infection) Do virus RS b gy ra bnh c quan h hp vi cc triu chng ch yu l pht st, chy nc mi, chy nc bt y bt kh,... b. Bnh do Pneumovirus khc C th gp bnh vim phi virus chut, bnh virus vim mi - kh qun g ty v bnh cm nhim virus RS ngi. Bnh cm nhim virus RS ngi gy ra tr em t 6 tun n 6 thng tui, ring nc M cng gy n 90.000 trng hp nhp vin v khong 4.500 ca t vong hng nm. N thng gy bnh vim ng h hp trn nhng trong 40% trng hp xut hin triu chng vim ng h hp di. y l nguyn nhn quan trng nht ca cc chng bnh ng h hp di ca tr s sinh v thiu nhi, v l nguyn nhn chnh ca bnh bnh vin (nosocomal [hospital] infection). 7. Chi Metapneumovirus Virus vim mi - kh qun g ty (turkey rhinotracheitis virus) Bnh tc ng n g ty t khong 3 - 4 tun tui. Mm bnh pht tn nh cc git do ho, ht hi hoc qua nc ung. y l bnh cm nhim ng h hp trn nguy kch, ly lan mnh v c trng bi s xut hin t ngt cc triu chng bnh sng mt, ph u (sng cc xoang h hp). T l cht c th cao. V triu chng bnh ging vi nhiu bnh khc nn i hi phi xc nhn bng xt nghim. C th nui cy phn lp virus nhng cc phn ng huyt thanh hc nh ELISA thng vn dng.
C. BUNYAVIRUS (H BUNYAVIRIDAE) I. C IM CA H BUNYAVIRIDAE

Ch "bunya" bt ngun t tn a danh Bunyamwera thuc nc Uganda, ni phn lp c chng virus quy chun ca h ny. 1. Hnh thi v cc tnh trng l, ha Virion hnh cu, ng knh khong 90 - 110 nm. Bn trong c li (core), bn ngoi c bao bc bi o ngoi (envelope). o ngoi cu to t 2 loi glycoprotein, c c tnh khng nguyn trung ha virus v tnh ngng kt hng cu. Virus Uukuniemi v chi Hantavirus khc vi cc virus khc v mt hnh thi do c nhng gai hnh tr rng trn b mt virion. Cc virus mn cm vi cc dung mi hu c v cht hot tnh b mt. 2. Cu to b gene (genome) Cc virus c genome gm 3 phn t RNA mt si m c kch thc khc nhau (gi l cc RNA L, M v S). Ring RNA S ca chi Flebovirus c mt on c c nng ca si dng, nn thng gi "ambisense RNA (RNA lng ngha)".
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3. Protein o ngoi cu thnh t 2 loi protein, cn li cu to t enzyme sao chp RNA v 4 loi protein nucleocapsid. 4. Ti sn Virus thng qua cc th th ca b mt t bo k ch m xm nhp vo t bo, nh hot tnh dung hp ca protein o ngoi m genome virus c phng xut vo trong t bo cht. Nh hot ng ca enzyme sao chp RNA ca virion m mRNA c sao chp, ri cc protein cu trc virus c tng hp. S ti sn virus c tin hnh trong t bo cht, virion trn hnh thnh trong t bo cht ny chi vo trong th Golgi m tr nn thnh thc. 5. Phn loi Phn loi hc Bunyaviridae c trnh by bng II-19. Bunyavirus hu nh phn b khp th gii, hin ti c hn 250 loi virus thuc h ny c phn lp, c phn loi thnh 5 chi. Bn cnh , trong mi mt chi, da vo c tnh giao sai tng h m phn loi thnh cc nhm huyt thanh hc. Chi Bunyavirus gm 18 nhm huyt thanh hc, mi gii bi mui v mui tp. Trong chi Flebovirus c 8 nhm huyt thanh hc, trong nhm Uukuniemi do khc bit v mt hnh thi v cc tnh trng khc nn c th phn loi thnh chi mi c lp. Cc virus ny c mi gii ch yu bi mng Phlebotomus v ve bt. Chi Nairovirus gm 7 nhm huyt thanh hc, mi gii bi ve bt. Khc vi cc virus nu trn, cc virus thuc chi Hantavirus gy bnh cho ng vt c v nhng khng cn ng vt chn t mi gii, cn chi Tospovirus ch biu hin tnh gy bnh i vi thc vt.
II. BNH CM NHIM BUNYAVIRUS

Cc bnh cm nhim bunyavirus tiu biu ng vt c nu bng II20. Tnh gy bnh ca cc virus cn ng vt chn t mi gii c th phn bit thnh 3 nhm ln: bnh st, vim no v d thng do cm nhim thai t. Chi Hantavirus gy bnh vi triu chng ch yu l bnh tch thn km theo xut huyt, nhng s virus Hanta c bit gy bnh ng vt ngoi ngi ra th rt t. Ngoi ra, tnh gy bnh ca nhiu virus cn cha c kim tra. 1. Chi Bunyavirus Mi virus thuc nhm huyt thanh Bunyamwera, California, Guama, C, Simbu u thng bo c tnh gy bnh. Hu ht u gy bnh st nh ngi. Bnh Akabane (Akabane disease) L bnh ca cu v b gy ra bi virus Akabane thuc nhm huyt thanh hc Simbu, ch gy bnh tch thai. c trng ca bnh l sy thai, sm, con cht v sinh gia sc non k hnh nh bnh cong khp, i no khuyt tn. Bnh tch cu thng nng hn b, nhng tc hi kinh t b li thng cao hn.
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Bng II-20. Phn loi h Bunyaviridae

Chi, nhm huyt thanh hc 1. Chi Bunyavirus Anopheles A group = Nhm Anopheles A Anopheles B group = Nhm Anopheles B Bacau group = Nhm Bacau Bunyamwera group = Nhm Bunyamwera Bwamba group = Nhm Bwamba C group = Nhm C California group = Nhm California Capim group = Nhm Capim Gamboa group = Nhm Gamboa Guama group = Nhm Guama Koongol group = Nhm Koongol Minatitlan group = Nhm Minatitlan Nyando group = Nhm Nyando Olifantsvlei group = Nhm Olifantsvlei Patois group = Nhm Patois Simbu group = Nhm Simbu Tete group = Nhm Tete Turlock group = Nhm Turlock Virus cha phn loi 2. Chi Phlebovirus Sandfly fever naples group = Nhm virus st rui ct Bujaru group = Nhm Bujaru Candiru group = Nhm Candiru Chilibre group = Nhm Chilibre Frijoles group = Nhm Frijoles Punta Toro group = Nhm Punta Toro Rift valley fever group = Nhm st thung lng Rift Salehabad group = Nhm Salehabad Uukuniemi group = Nhm Uukuniemi Virus cha phn loi (cha nh nhm trong chi Phlebovirus) 3. Chi Nairovirus Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever group = Nhm st xut huyt Crimean-Congo Dera Ghazi Khan group = Nhm Dera Ghazi Khan Hughes group = Nhm Hughes Nairobi sheep disease group = Nhm bnh cu Nairobi Qalyub group = Nhm Qalyub Sakhalin group = Nhm Sakhalin Thiafora group = Nhm Thiafora 4. Chi Hantavirus Hantan group = Nhm Hanta 5. Chi Tospovirus Tomato spotted wilt virus = Virus ho l c m khoai ty 6. Cc virus cha nh chi 7 nhm Ngoi ra, cn c cc virus khc S virus 12 2 5 32 2 14 13 10 8 12 2 2 2 5 7 24 6 4 4 4 4 6 2 2 2 3 2 12 16 3 6 10 2 3 7 2 6
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2. Chi Phlebovirus a. Bnh st mng t (phlebotomus fever) L bnh st cp tnh ca ngi do cm nhim Sicilia virus st mng t.
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b. Bnh st thung lng Rift (Rift valley fever) L bnh ca cu chu Phi nhng virus ny cng cm nhim d, b v ngi, thng gy bnh pht st v gy sy thai. Biu hin cu cc bnh tch r nh tiu chy, bnh tch gan v t l cht cao. Bng II-20. Bnh cm nhim bunyavirus tiu biu ng vt
Virus Virus Akabane (Akabane virus) Virus st thung lng Rift (Rift valley fever virus) Virus bnh cu Nairobi (Nairobi sheep disease virus) Virus st xut huyt vi hi chng thn (hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome virus) K ch t nhin Cu, b Cu, b Cu Gm nhm Bnh Sy thai, thai cht, gia sc non k hnh Sy thai, bnh tch xut huyt Vim rut xut huyt Cm nhim n tnh chut, ngi gy st xut huyt
3. Chi Nairovirus a. Bnh cu Nairobi (Nairobi sheep disease) L bnh phong th ca vng min trung v min nam chu Phi. y l bnh truyn nhim ca cu vi biu hin ch yu l vim rut xut huyt, t l cht cao. Virus gy bnh pht st ngi. b. Bnh st xut huyt Crimean-Congo (Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever) Bnh ny cng biu hin pht st v nhng bnh tch xut huyt. Cc ng vt hoang d v gia sc l ni virus pht trin v t ly nhim sang ngi. T l cht cao, virus c nguy him bc 4. 4. Chi Hantavirus Cc ng vt gm nhm l bnh nguyn hay cha mm bnh (reservoir). Ngi tip xc vi cc ng vt mang trng m b cm nhim, pht bnh. Bnh trng thng l pht st v cc bnh tch xut huyt nh khc ra mu, i ra mu (huyt niu),... nn thng gi l bnh st xut huyt vi hi chng thn (hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome). T l cht cao. C trng hp ngi nui dng ng vt th nghim nhim bnh t chut cng, pht bnh v cht, v vy cn ch .
D. ARENAVIRUS (H ARENAVIRIDAE) I. C IM CHUNG CA H ARENAVIRIDAE

Ch "arena" bt ngun t t Latin "arenosus" ngha l "ht ct" do virion thng thu np cc ribosome ca t bo k ch nn di knh hin vi in t thng thy nh c nhng ht ct, c s t tn virus ny. 1. Hnh thi v cc tnh trng l, ha Virion c dng hnh cu hoc v nh hnh, c o ngoi, ng knh 50 -
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300 nm, trung bnh 110 - 130 nm. Trn b mt o ngoi c cc gai glycoprotein di 5 - 10 nm. Bn ngoi quan st thy bn trong virion c nhiu ht nh dng trn chu. Tn ti 2 loi nucleocapsid ln v nh. Virus b mt tnh cm nhim d dng bi x l acid, kim, bc x t ngoi,... 2. Cu to b gene (genome) Genome c 2 loi RNA 1 si lng ngha, ln v nh (L v S). Ngoi ra, bn trong virion tn ti cc RNA 28 S, 18 S, 4 - 6 S c ngun gc t t bo k ch. Cc RNA 4 - 6 S cha RNA thng tin di genome (subgenomic mRNA) m ha protein Z c suy nh l nhn t iu tit sao chp. RNA genome cng lng ngha (ambisense) tng t RNA S ca chi Phlebovirus thuc h Bunyaviridae (tc l mt [s] on si m li c c nng ca si dng). RNA S c na pha u 3' l si m m ha nucleoprotein, cn na u 5' li l si dng m ha tin cht ca glycoprotein gai (spike hay peplome). RNA L c u 3' m ha protein phn t lng ln l enzyme sao chp RNA, cn u 5' m ha protein Z. Gia 2 min gene ni trn tn ti min c cu to dng cp tc (hairpin), c th hot ng dng qu trnh sao chp. 3. Protein Gai (spike) cu to t glycoprotein c phn tch t tin cht ca glycoprotein gai, tn ti 2 loi glycoprotein khc nhau ph thuc vo loi virus. Phn trong virion cu to t enzyme sao chp RNA, protein nucleocapsid v protein Z. 4. Ti sn Di tc ng ca enzyme sao chp RNA t u 3' ca genome tin hnh sao chp cc RNA thng tin, t cc enzyme sao chp RNA v protein nucleocapsid c tng hp. Sau , cc antigenome (ngc cc) c tng hp, v t khun antigenome , cc RNA thng tin u 5' c sao chp. S tng hp protein din ra trong t bo cht, cc ht virus cui cng ny chi qua mng t bo m thnh thc. 5. Phn loi Phn loi h Arenaviridae c trnh by bng II-21. Thuc h Arenaviridae c 14 loi virus, nhng ch yu l phn loi thnh nhm virus cu th gii (th gii c) hay nhm LCM-Lassa c phn lp chu Phi (chng i biu l virus bnh vim mng no - mng mch nhim lympho bo (lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus - LCM virus) v nhm virus tn th gii (th gii mi, ch chu M) hay nhm Takaribe phn lp c t Trung Nam M (chng i biu l Takaribe virus). Ngy nay t hai nhm ny hai chi mi c thit lp: chi Arenavirus v chi Deltavirus.
Bng II-21. Phn loi v phn b ca h Arenaviridae

Chi, nhm, loi (do ICTV ngh) 1. Chi (mi) Arenvirus (LCM-Lassa group = Nhm LCM-Lassa, trc y) Lymphocytic choriomeningitis (LCM) virus = Virus vim mng no - mng mch nhim lympho bo Lassa virus = Virus Lassa Phn b Khp th gii Ty chu Phi
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Mobala virus = Virus Mobala Mopeia virus = Virus Mopeia Ippi virus = Virus Ippi 2. Chi (mi) Detavirus (Nhm Takaribe, trc y) Takaribe virus = Virus Takaribe Junin virus = Virus Junin Machupo virus = Virus Machupo Amapari virus = Virus Amapari Parana virus = Virus Parana Tamiami virus = Virus Tamiami Pichinde virus = Virus Pichinde Latino virus = Virus Latino Flexal virus = Virus Flexal
Min trung chu Phi Mozambique Min trung chu Phi Torinidad Argentina Bolivia Brasil Paraguay M Colombia Bolivia Brasil
II. BNH CM NHIM ARENAVIRUS

Cc loi ng vt gm nhm hoang d v ngi cm nhim cc virus ny. Thng thng, gm nhm cm nhim n tnh v tr thnh cha hay dch. Virus truyn b rng gia cc ng vt gm nhm theo chiu ngang bng tip xc trc tip hoc theo chiu ng t m truyn sang con qua nhau thai. 1. Bnh vim mng no - mng mch nhim lympho bo (lymphocytic choriomeningitis - LCM) Phn b khp th gii. Ngi b cm nhim thng pht bnh c quan h hp dng bnh cm nhng i khi li biu hin vim no - mng no. 2. Bnh st Lassa (Lassa fever) Ch thy pht sinh min Ty chu Phi. Virus ny c mi gii bi chut cng hoang d chi Mastomys. Ngi cm nhim biu hin st cao v cc bnh chng xut huyt nh xut huyt t nim mc ng tiu ha, vim mng lng ngc, vim bao tim,... Bnh ny c nguy him cao, nguy him lp 4. 3. Bnh cm nhim arenavirus khc Bnh st xut huyt Arhentina (Arhentinian hemorrhagic fever) gy ra bi virus Junin v bnh st xut huyt Bolivia (Bolivian hemorrhagic fever) bi virus Machupo l nhng bnh st xut huyt ca ngi l nhng virus gy bnh vi t l cht cao nn chng c ch nh vo nhm th bnh nguyn c nguy him cao nht, nguy him lp 4.
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Chng 6 CC VIRUS RNA MT SI M (C O NGOI) HNH QUE A. RHABDOVIRUS (H RHABDOVIRIDAE) I. C IM CA H RHABDOVIRIDAE

Ch "rhabdo" bt ngun t t Latin "rhabdos" c ngha l "gy". 1. Hnh thi v cc tnh trng l, ha Cc rhabdovirus ng vt v cn bn c dng u n, cc rhabdovirus thc vt c dng gy (hai u u trn), thng c gi l cc th B (ht B hay virion B) bt ngun t ch "bullet-shaped particle". Nucleocapsid cu to t th phc hp RNA vi nucleoprotein, protein ln (protein L, large protein) v protein phi cu trc ca virus (protein NS, non-structural protein) c bao bc bi o ngoi cu to t protein nn (protein M, matrix protein) v mng lipid k ch. Bn ngoi c ph cc gai (spike, peplome) cu to t glycoprotein xuyn mng (protein G). 2. Cu to b gene (genome) Genome ca cc rhabdovirus gm 5 gene, theo trnh t 5'-L-G-M-NS-N3'. 3. Protein C 5 loi protein cu trc virus. Cc protein N, L v NS cu thnh nucleocapsid, protein G c trong thnh phn cc gai quyt nh type huyt thanh trung ha. Cc protein NS v L c cc hot tnh RNA-polymerase v hot tnh poly-A-polymerase. V vy, ch c genome n c th khng c tnh cm nhim nhng nucleocapsid th li c tnh cm nhim. 4. Ti sn Thng qua s dung hp o ngoi v mng t bo k ch, virus xm nhp vo t bo cht ri ci v . Qu trnh ti sn din ra hon ton trong t bo cht. Nh enzyme sao chp c trong thnh phn nucleocapsid ca virus m mt s loi si RNA dng c tng hp v hot ng nh cc RNA thng tin lm khun tng hp cc protein cu trc ca virus. Qu trnh ti sn RNA genome nh sau: th phc hp RNA-protein N hot ng nh khun nucleocapsid tng hp nn dng trung gian hay dng RNA ti to c thm RNA si dng c di bng di ca RNA genome. T khun l si dng ca RNA dng ti to, cc RNA si m c tng hp kt hp ngay vi protein N sau vi cc protein NS v L hnh thnh nucleocapsid tp trung trong t bo cht, thng c quan st thy dng cc th n nhp. Sau khi kt hp protein M, nucleocapsid kt hp protein G ri di ng v mng t bo cht k ch v ny chi qua mng m hnh thnh virion thnh thc. Trong cc t bo ng vt cm nhim rhabdovirus, ngoi cc ht (virion) B c tnh cm nhim ra, cn thy sn sinh cc ht T (truncated particle: ht b ct ct) c di khong 20 - 50% di ht B v genome c n 50 -
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80% khuyt thiu, v vy, nu cm nhim t bo cng khng th din ra qu trnh sn sinh ht B c. Khi cm nhim ng thi vi cc ht B chng thng gy tr ngi s ti sn cc ht B (hin tng t cn nhim) nn c gi l cc ht khuyt thiu can nhim (defective interfering particle, DI particle). 5. Phn loi Thuc h Rhabdoviridae c cc chi Vesiculovirus, Lyssavirus, hai chi mi thit lp trn c s tch t chi Lyssavirus l chi Ephemerovirus v chi Novirhabdovirus v nhm cc rhabdovirus thc vt (bng II-22). Nh vy c 4 chi virus ng vt thuc h Rhabdoviridae. Chi Vesiculovirus: Tn ny bt ngun t t Latin "vesicula" ngha l mn nc. Virus vim ming mn nc (VSV) c chng quy chun l chng Indiana virus (VS-IV), c phn loi thnh 29 type huyt thanh hc khc nhau, nhng con s ny c khuynh hng tng. Protein N l khng nguyn kt hp b th phn ng giao cho, protein G l khng nguyn c hiu type. Trong cm nhim hn hp nhiu type vesiculovirus thng xy ra hin tng cc type virus ging nhau hay gn gi nhau tc dng tng b m to hn hp tnh trng (phenotypic mixing). VS-IV thng gy hin tng hn hp tnh trng vi cc virus c o ngoi hon ton khc bit nh virus bnh Newcastle, virus bnh bch huyt chut,... VSV c s dng nh l chng chun kim nh interferon. Chi Lyssavirus: Ch "lyssa" l t Hy lp ngha l "in cung". Cc virus ny c tnh trng ca virion ging virion ca Vesiculovirus. Virus bnh di l virus c coi l loi chun ca chi ny, nay thng k c 32 loi khc nhau, ngoi ra cn c 44 loi c phn loi vo chi ny tm thi do cha xc nh c v tr phn loi ca chng. Cc virus ny u c cc protein N v protein NS c tnh giao cho khng nguyn v u khu bit vi cc vesiculovirus. Da vo c tnh khng nguyn trung ha ca protein G, mt b phn virus c phn bit dng huyt thanh hc (serotype 1 n serotype 5). Trong s , cc virus di serotype 2 - 4 c mt phn sai khc vi virus bnh di serotype 1, gy bnh dng di ngi v ng vt. Cc virus tr virus bnh di u c phn lp ch chu Phi nhng virus Duvenhage li phn lp c t di n cn trng sng vng b bin chu u. Theo L. Pasteur, cc virus di c chia thnh hai nhm. Mt nhm gi l (virus) c ng ph (street virus) c phn lp t cc ng vt cm nhim d ngoi, cn nhm khc c gi l (virus) c c nh (fixed virus) l nhng virus ng ph c nui cy tip i lin tc trong no ng vt th nghim m c nhc c ha. Do nhng bin i tnh trng nh gim thiu tnh cm nhim ngoi bin, rt ngn v n nh ha thi k bnh, tng cng tnh i lc t chc thn kinh,... cc virus c nh c dng lm vaccine phng v cha bnh di. Chi Ephemerovirus c thit lp mi bao gm virus st lu hnh (st ph du) b.
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Chi Novirhabdovirus bao gm virus hoi t c quan to mu truyn nhim ( c). Nhm rhabdovirus thc vt: nhiu loi thc vt thuc mt phm vi rng c cm nhim cc rhabdovirus c tnh c hiu k ch tng i mnh. Trong s cc rhabdovirus thc vt c nhm A phc ch virion ch yu trong t bo cht, nhm B trong nhn t bo thc vt v cc virus cha phn loi.
Bng II-22. Phn loi h Rhabdoviridae

Chi, loi (do ICTV ngh) 1. Chi Vesiculovirus Vesicular stomatitis-Indiana virus = Virus vim ming (c) mn nc Indiana Vesicular stomatitis-Alagoas virus = Virus vim ming (c) mn nc Alagoas Vesicular stomatitis-New Jersey virus = Virus vim ming (c) mn nc New Jersey Chandipura virus = Virus Chandipura Cocal virus = Virus Cocal Isfahan virus = Virus Isfahan Piry virus = Virus Piry Eel virus (American/Europian) = Virus ln (chu M/chu u) Grasscarp rhabdovirus = Rhabdovirus c trm c (tho ng) Kalamath virus = Virus Kalamath Mount Elgon bat virus = Virus di ni Elgon Pike fry rhabdovirus (Pike red disease virus) = Rhabdovirus c ch con hay Virus bnh ca c ch Spring viremia of carp virus (= Rhabdovirus carpia) = Virus bnh virus huyt ma xun c chp Ngoi ra, 16 loi khc 2. Chi Lyssavirus Rabies virus (serotype 1) = Virus bnh di Lagos bat virus (serotype 2) = Virus di Lagos Mokola virus (serotype 3) = Virus Mokola Duvenhage virus (serotype 4) = Virus Duvenhage Obodhiang virus (serotype 5) = Virus Obodhiang Kotonkan virus (serotype 5) = Virus Kotonkan Hirame rhabdovirus = Rhabdovirus c (thn) bn Viral haemorrhagic septicemia virus (Eegtved virus) = Virus bi huyt chy mu do virus hay Virus Eegtved Flanders virus = Virus Flanders Hart Park virus = Virus cng vin Hart Kern Canyon virus = Virus hm ni Kern Perch rhabdovirus = Rhabdovirus chim s Sigma virus = Virus Sigma Ngoi ra, 61 loi khc 3. Chi (mi) Ephemerovirus Bovine ephemeral fever virus = Virus st lu hnh ca b hay Virus bnh cm b*2 hay Virus st ph du ca b*3 4. Chi (mi) Novirhabdovirus Infectious haematopoetic necrosis virus = Virus hoi t c quan to mu truyn nhim 5. Nhm cc rhabdovirus thc vt Rhabdovirus thc vt nhm A Rhabdovirus thc vt nhm B K ch phn lp c virus*1 V, I V V, I V, I V, I I V V V V V V V
V, I V V V I I V V V, I V, I V V I V, I V
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Ngoi ra, 28 loi khc Ghi ch: *1: V = ng vt c xng sng, I = ng khng xng sng; *2: tn "bnh cm b" theo "Danh mc bnh phi kim dch" Vit nam; *3: tn "bnh st ph du b" theo "S tay dch bnh ng vt" (x. Ti liu tham kho).
II. BNH CM NHIM RHABDOVIRUS

Cc bnh cm nhim rhabdovirus tiu biu c trnh by bng II-23. 1. Chi Vesiculovirus a. Bnh vim ming mn nc gia sc (vesicular stomatitis)BKD36 C 7 loi Vesiculovirus gy bnh mn nc b, nga v ln pht sinh bnh tp trung cc nc thuc Ty bn cu. T l cht thng thp, nhng do triu chng lm sng ging bnh l mm long mng nn nhiu nc i hi phi kim dch. Cc virus dng Newzealand thng c c lc cao. Ngi, hu, ch racoon v cc ng vt hoang khc u c tnh cm th i vi virus ny. ngi trong nhiu trng hp bnh thng n tnh, nhng nhiu khi biu hin bnh dng bnh cm km theo pht st, i khi vng ming hnh thnh mn nc. b. Bnh c ch (red disease of pike) L bnh do cm nhim rhabdovirus u ng (c hng) ca c ch (pike), l bnh truyn nhim cp tnh ca c ch con chu u vi triu chng c trng l cc vt sng mu trn thn c v thy thng no, t l cht cao. Cc virus ny v mt huyt thanh hc ging cc rhabdovirus gy bnh vim xut huyt c trm c (grasscarp hemorrhage disease). c. Bnh virus huyt ma xun ca c chp (spring viremia of carps) BKD18 L bnh truyn nhim cp tnh t l cht cao do cm nhim Rhabdovirus carpia, vi nhng triu chng ch yu l vim phc mc v vim rut. Vim bong bng hay ti kh (air bladder) c chp cng do virus ny gy ra. Bng II-23. Cc bnh cm nhim rhabdovirus tiu biu ng vt
Virus Vesiculovirus (7 loi)* Rhabdovirus c trm c Virus Klamath Rhabdovirus c ch con Virus bnh virus huyt ma xun ca c chp Virus bnh di Virus di Lagos Virus Mokola Virus Duvenhage Virus st lu hnh b (Virus cm b) K ch t nhin B, ln, nga C trm c Chut ng C ch C chp ng vt c v Chut, ch, vn Chut , ch, vn, ngi Chut, ngi B, tru Bnh Bnh mn nc (ming, , v,...) Bnh vim xut huyt (gc vy,...) Bnh dng bnh di (ging v mt t bo hc) Sng trng mu trn thn c, ban xut huyt c v thn Vim phc mc, vim rut, vim bong bng Vim no, in di, bi lit, bnh s nc (ngi) Bnh dng bnh di Bnh dng bnh di Bnh dng bnh di Cm mo lu hnh, tr ngi c quan vn ng
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Virus bnh hoi t c C loi c h Hi Bn huyt, li nhn cu, bin i mu da, c con quan to mu truyn cht nhim Virus bnh bi huyt xut C hi trng Hoi t (thn, gan), ban xut huyt (c, t chc huyt do virus m) Rhabdovirus c bn C bn Bnh trng xut huyt Ghi ch: *: virus vim ming c mn nc Indiana, virus vim ming c mn nc Alagoas, virus vim ming c mn nc New Jersey, virus Chandipura, virus Cocal, virus Isfahan.
2. Chi Lyssavirus a. Bnh di (rabies, lyssa) BKD23 L bnh truyn nhim ly chung ngi v ng vt (zoonosis) c nguy him cc k cao, nu cm nhim pht bnh th ng vt thng biu hin triu chng thn kinh v t l cht t gn 100%. Thng thng, virus c mt trong dch nc bt ca th bnh xm nhp vo c th ng vt b cn nhng cng c trng hp ly nhim qua bo thai, ng h hp v m ghp. V c tnh hng thn kinh nn trc thn kinh ngoi bin virus va pht trin (ti sn) va di hnh dn v pha h thn kinh trung ng v tip tc pht trin . Sau k nung bnh ko di t 1 tun n my thng, con vt pht bnh, tri qua 1 - 2 tun th cht. Bnh ngi, ch, mo cng nh cc ng vt khc u c triu chng tng t, thng biu hin 2 th: th in cung v th bi lit. Th in cung thng c t l cao nhng b trng hp th bi lit thng nhiu hn. Trong t bo cht ca t bo cm nhim virus di hay t bo thn kinh ng vt bnh vng sng Ammon (cornu Ammoni, hay hi m, hypocampus) nhum Giemsa thng thy cc th Negri (Negri body) l nhng th n nhp i toan (a acid) cha cc ht nh i kim (bt mu baz) bn trong. Ngoi vic pht hin th Negri, tim truyn ng vt th nghim (th, chut nht), cc phn ng huyt thanh hc nh min dch hunh quang trc tip, min dch hunh quang gin tip v cc phn ng khng th nh du khc cng c dng chn on bnh di. Phn ng min dch hunh quang trc tip tin hnh c khi c sn khng th khng virus di c nh du cht hunh quang (conjugate hunh quang trc tip: direct fluorescent-conjugated antibody). Cht hunh quang c th dng l fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC), evans blue, tetramethyl rhodamin-isothiocyanate (TRTC), lissamin-rhodamin B (rhodamin B 200), acid diaminonaphtylamin sulfonic (DANS),.... Trc tin ta lm tiu bn vt in, lt ct hoc ln mng trn phin knh, kh trong khng kh ri c nh bng cch ngm vo acetone lnh 10 - 20 C (c nh bng cch ny gi c tnh khng nguyn ca bnh phm). Ph tiu bn bng 1 git conjugate hunh quang trc tip, t phin knh vo a petri c giy thm ngm nc gi m (c th nh du tiu bn ngoi a), nhit phng 30 pht n 1 gi, ly ra ra bng nc ct, kh v quan st di knh hin vi hunh quang (ch : trong phng ti). Phn ng l dng tnh khi tiu bn pht sng, do conjugate khng b nc ra tri (nh lin kt c hiu khng nguyn - khng th) nn cht hunh quang trn pht bc x di s kch thch ca bc x quang hc thch hp
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nng lng cao hn. Phn ng min dch hunh quang gin tip thc hin c khi c conjugate hunh quang gin tip, tc cht c nhum hunh quang l khng th khng epitope ca khng th ca loi ng vt cn nghin cu (v d, th c ti min dch bng IgG ca ch ri ly mu th chit khng th chng IgG ch ri em nh du bng cht hunh quang FITC ta c conjugate hunh quang gin tip th khng ch: Rab/antiDog(IgG)/FITC). Phn ng min dch hunh quang gin tip a nng hn phn ng hunh quang trc tip. Khi c khng nguyn chun ta c th pht hin c khng th cn khi c khng th chun ta c th pht hin c khng nguyn. nhy ca phn ng cng cao hn nhiu. Sau khi c nh tiu bn khng nguyn (chun hoc b kim) ta ph tiu bn bng 1 git khng th (b kim hoc chun), m nhit phng khong 30 pht n 1 gi ta ra bng nc ri ph bng conjugate hunh quang gin tip khng loi thch hp. Sau mt thi gian m li em ra nc, lm kh ri hin vi. Kt qu phn ng tng t nh trn. FITC pht quang khi kch thch bi bc x xanh thm (blue), evans blue, TRITC v rhodamin B 200 bc x xanh lc (green), DANS bc x t ngoi,... b. Bnh st lu hnh ca b (bovine ephemeral fever) BKD37 Cn gi l bnh cm b hay bnh st ph du ca b l bnh truyn nhim pht st cp tnh ca b v tru, vi cc triu chng ch yu l h hp thc bch, kh thng gian cht phi, i li long chong,... l mt trong nhng chng bnh cm mo lu hnh ca b. Bnh ny c mui tp mi gii, t l ly bnh thng cao nhng t l cht thp. 3. Chi Novirhabdovirus Bnh hoi t c quan to mu truyn nhim (infectious haematopoetic necrosis virus infection [of fish])BKD17 l bnh truyn nhim cp tnh c t l cht cao ca cc loi c thuc Hi. Virus bnh bi huyt xut huyt do virus cn gi l virus Egtved (Egtved virus), l bnh truyn nhim c tnh ly lan cao gy hoi t thn v gan, gy ban xut huyt t chc c v m.
B. FILOVIRUS (H FILOVIRIDAE) I. C IM CHUNG CA H FILOVIRIDAE

Ch "filo" bt ngun t t Latin ngha l "si thng", ch hnh thi dng si ca cc virus thuc chi ny. 1. Hnh thi v cc tnh trng l, ha Virion c o ngoi dng ko di, ng knh tit din ngang n nh 80 nm, nhng chiu di l trng hp ngoi l trong s cc virus. y l cc virus a hnh thi: dng si di, dng que phn nhnh, dng ch U, dng s 6, dng trn,... Nh trn b mt virion c cc gai di khong 7 nm cch nhau khong 10 nm. Tnh cm nhim ca virus n nh nhit phng nhng b v hot 60 C sau 30 pht. Cc dung mi hu c v hot nhanh cc virus ny.
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2. Cu to b gene (genome) Genome l mt phn t RNA mt si. 3. Protein Tn ti 7 loi protein, trong c 2 loi kt hp vi RNA. Virus khng b trung ha bi khng th in vitro. Bng II-24. Cc bnh cm nhim filovirus tiu biu ng vt
Virus Marburg virus = Virus Marburg Ebola virus = Virus Ebola Reston virus = Virus Reston Phn lp virus Loi ng vt Ni phn lp Ngi Ngi Kh n cua Cm nhim cho ngi Ngun cm Bnh nhim c, Nam t (c) Kh xanh chu Phi St xut huyt Zair, Sudan ? St xut huyt M Kh n cua Khng r
4. Ti sn C 7 loi protein virus c sao dch t cc mRNA n citron tng b vi RNA virus. Cc protein c tng hp t tp trong t bo cht. Virus thnh thc sau khi nucleocapsid ny chi qua mng t bo cht. 5. Phn loi H Filoviridae ch gm 1 chi (bng II-24), chi Filovirus gm 3 loi c bit: virus Marburg (Marburg virus), virus Ebola (Ebola virus) v virus Reston (Reston virus).
II. BNH CM NHIM FILOVIRUS

Cc bnh cm nhim tiu biu c trnh by bng II-24. Tt c 3 loi nu trn u l tc nhn gy bnh ly chung ngi v ng vt (zoonosis) cc k nguy him, gy t vong ngi mc d cc loi kh th bnh khng trm trng. K ch t nhin ca virus hin nay cn cha r nhng cc trng hp cm nhim virus ngi u khi ngun t s tip xc vi kh chu Phi (Uganda, Zair [nay l CHDC Congo], Sudan) v ng nam (Phillipin). Cho nn khi tip xc, c bit khi ly bnh phm, phm vt t kh hoang cn phi c bit ch .
C. BORNAVIRUS (H BORNAVIRIDAE) I. C IM CHUNG CA H BORNAVIRIDAE

y l h virus mi thit lp, mc d bnh Borna (ngun gc tn ca h virus) c bit n chu u trong sut 200 nm qua v thng c m t nh mt trong nhng virus gy bnh vim no - ty nga. 1. Hnh thi v cc tnh trng l, ha Virion c hnh cu, c o ngoi, ng knh 80 - 100 nm.
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2. Cu to b gene (genome) Genome virus bnh Borna cha c nghin cu k, hin c suy nh l mt phn t RNA mt si m, khng phn on, khong 8,9 kb, c cc 3' v 5' tng ng v cha 5 ORF. 3. Protein Trong nhn t bo cm nhim kim xut thy protein virus c phn t lng khong 40 kDa, c th l polymerase ca virus. 4. Ti sn Virus cm nhim tr tc trong la cy t bo cc loi m khng gy ra CPE. Khng nguyn virus c th kim xut c mt cch d dng trong nhn t bo cm nhim nh phng php khng th hunh quang. Qu trnh tng hp DNA thng khng thit yu i vi qu trnh ti sn virus nhng c ch ti sn th hin cn cha r. 5. Phn loi V tr phn loi ca virus bnh Borna c lm sng t ch trong thi gian gn y. y l cc virus tng t cc thnh vin ca cc h Filoviridae, Paramyxoviridae v Rhabdoviridae. Chng c xp chung vo b Mononegavirales.
II. BNH CM NHIM BORNAVIRUS (BORNA DISEASE)

Bnh Borna tng l bnh pht tn a phng ca vng lnh th nc c v Thy S cch y hn 150 nm, l bnh vim no - ty sng, mng no, trong t nhin gp ch yu nga v cu, nhng gn y pht hin c c b, ch, mo, gm nhm, iu. nga, sau 4 - 6 tun nung bnh, con vt biu hin pht st, chy nc bt, bing n, vn ng bt thng, mt nhp nhy, tri gic qu mn,... bnh tr nn c ha, sau khong 1 tun th con vt cht. Cng khng t trng hp bnh din ra chm hn, bnh trng cng khng c th khng biu hin r rng. Cc trng hp vim no ty sng c t l cht n 90 - 95%. cu bnh trng v qu trnh bnh cng tng t nh nga. Ngi cng cm nhim t nhin, c th biu hin tnh trng tr ngi thn kinh - tinh thn (bnh tm thn). Tuy vy, vai tr ca virus Borna trong bnh l tm thn ngi cn nghi vn. Bng thc nghim c th gy bnh cho cc ng vt t chim n linh trng. Th th CD4 ca t bo T (lympho bo T) c lin quan n qu trnh bnh l bnh ny. Thng thng, bnh tch c hiu khng th quan st thy bng mt thng. V mt t chc (m) hc, l bnh vim no - ty sng, mng no khng ha m, thng kim xut c cc tiu th bao hm i toan (Joest-Degen body: th Joest - Degen) trong cc t bo hch thn kinh ca sng Ammon (tc hi m: hypocampus) v hnh khu gic (bulbus olfactorius).
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Chng 7 CC VIRUS RNA SI DNG C O NGOI A. CORONAVIRUS (H CORONAVIRIDAE) I. C IM CA H CORONAVIRIDAE

Ch "corona" c ngha l "tn", hay vng ho quang xung quanh mt tri, ch ny dng y bt ngun t ch cc gai (peplome) nh hnh tia ln khi b mt virion virus ny nh tn xung quanh mt tri. 1. Hnh thi v cc tnh trng l, ha Virion hu nh hnh cu, ng knh 75 - 160 nm (bnh qun 100 nm). RNA genome kt hp vi protein capsid hnh thnh ribonucleoprotein (RNP) dng xon. o ngoi bao bc bn ngoi RNP, trong c 2 loi glycoprotein phn b trong mng phospholipid. Ether v cc cht hot tnh b mt lm dung gii o ngoi m lm mt tnh cm nhim ca virus. 2. Cu to b gene (genome) RNA genome mt si dng, dui thng, c tnh cm nhim, c cu trc m (7-Me-Gppp) u 5' v on poly-A u 3'. Phn t lng ca RNA genome khong 9 - 11 MDa, kch thc 27 - 33 kb. 3. Protein Cc protein ca nucleocapsid c phosphoryl ha, kch thc 50 - 60 kDa. Peplomer l glycoprotein 90 - 180 kDa. Cn cc glycoprotein nn (matric glycoprotein) xuyn sut qua mng th c ln 20 - 35 kDa. Ty thuc loi virus, cn c cc protein mng o ngoi c chc nng enzyme hemagglutinin esterase. Tt c cc protein nu trn u l cc protein cu trc virus. Trong t bo b cm nhim cn c enzyme RNA-polymerase ph thuc RNA (RNAdependent RNA-polymerase). chi Torovirus, c protein capsid khong 18 kDa, protein o ngoi khong 26 kDa v protein peplomer-dimer khong 80 - 100 kDa. 4. Ti sn Ngi ta cho rng virus cm nhim t bo thng qua th th c hiu. Sau khi cm nhim RNA genome lm khun phin dch tng hp enzyme RNA-polymerase, sau di s xc tc ca RNA-polymerase ny si RNA m c tng hp. T khun ny m RNA genome tng hp, ng thi, 5 - 7 loi mRNA c hnh thnh nh qu trnh ct xn (splicing). Trn nhng khun mRNA ny cc phn t protein virus c tng hp, virion hnh thnh trong cc th tiu bo v th Golgi ri c phng thch ra ngoi nh qu trnh ny chi khi mng ca cc cu trc ny. C th c chng hnh thnh CPE v nui cy d dng nhng cng c chng nui cy rt kh. Trong trng hp Torovirus, c nng ca nhn t bo k ch l thit yu i vi s pht trin ca virus. 5. Phn loi H Coronaviridae gm hai chi: Coronavirus v Torovirus (bng II-25).
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Chi Coronavirus c phn loi thnh 4 nhm trn c s khc bit tnh khng nguyn, cn chi Torovirus th cha r. Cc virus chi Torovirus c cu trc siu vi, hnh thc ti sn, cc tnh trng vt l - ha hc v tnh khng nguyn,... khc bit vi chi Coronavirus nn c kin cho rng nn xp virus ny thnh h c lp th thch hp hn. Tuy nhin, hin ti chi Torovirus vn thuc h Coronaviridae. Bng II-25. Phn loi h Coronaviridae v cc bnh cm nhim tiu biu ng vt
Chi, loi (do ICTV ngh) 1. Chi Coronavirus Swine transmissible gastroenteritis virus = Virus bnh vim d dy - rut truyn nhim ln (TGE) Porcine endemic diarrhea virus = Virus dch tiu chy lu hnh ln Feline infectious peritonitis virus = Virus vim phc mc truyn nhim mo Canine coronavirus = Coronavirus ch Mouse hepatitis virus = Virus vim gan chut Bovine coronavirus = Coronavirus b Porcine hemagglutinating encephalomyelitis virus = Virus vim no ty ngng kt hng cu ln Avian infectious bronchitis virus = Virus vim ph qun truyn nhim g Bluecomb disease virus = Virus bnh mo xanh Severe acute respiratory syndrome virus (SARS virus) = Virus SARS 2. Chi Torovirus Berne virus = Virus Berne Breda virus = Virus Breda Nhm K ch t KN nhin I ? I I II II II III IV ? Ln Ln Mo Ch Chut B Ln G G ty Chn hng Nga B Bnh Vim d dy - rut Vim rut Vim phc mc, vim phi, suy nhc, vim no - mng ty, vim ton b nhn cu Vim d dy - rut Vim gan, vim no - ty sng Vim d dy - rut Nn ma, suy nhc, vim no - ty sng Vim kh qun, vim rut Vim rut Vim h hp cp tnh ngi (bnh SARS) Tnh gy bnh khng r Vim rut
II. BNH CM NHIM CORONAVIRUS

Cc bnh truyn nhim coronavirus tiu biu ng vt c k bng II-25. i b phn cc virus gy bnh vim d dy - rut km theo tiu chy. Tuy nhin mt b phn th hin tnh gy bnh a dng, gy vim phc mc, vim no, vim nhn cu, vim cung phi, vim phi, vim gan,... 1. Chi Coronavirus a. Bnh vim ph qun g truyn nhim (avian infectious bronchitis)BKD67 Sau cm nhim, tri qua k nung bnh khong 2 - 3 ngy ng vt biu hin cc triu chng vim c quan h hp khc nhau. T l ly bnh thng t 100% nhng trong trng hp g con thng t l cht t 25%, g 5 - 6 tun tui tr ln thng b bnh nh. g trng thnh b cm nhim virus t l trng gim. b. Cm nhim coronavirus b (bovine coronavirus infection) Cm nhim b mi sinh, b my tun tui v b trng thnh gy tiu
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chy. Phn ging nh trng hp cm nhim rotavirus, phn lng mu vng, c nim dch. Tiu chy tip tc khong 5 - 6 ngy, b thng b mt nc, suy nhc. c. Bnh vim d dy - rut truyn nhim ln (transmissible gastroenteritis in swine - TGE) BKD42 Virus thng gy cm nhim ch t ln con 1 - 2 tun tui. Ln tui no cng c tnh cm th nhng khi t hn 5 tun tui th phn nhiu thng hi phc. ln trng thnh cm nhim thng n tnh hay c triu chng nh. Nn ma, tiu chy dng nc, c th mt nc,... l nhng triu chng thng gp. d. Bnh vim no - ty ngng kt hng cu (hemagglutinating encephalomyelitis) Ln con b sa c tnh cm th mnh, trong vng 1 tun sau sinh t l t vong t 100%. Ln trng thnh khng biu hin bnh. Bnh thng c 2 th, th vim no - ty sng thng din ra l nhng triu chng tip tc, pht st, b i tin, ht hi, ho,... dn n co git, sau hn m, ri cht v th nn ma, suy nhc. e. Tiu chy lu hnh ln (porcine endemic diarrhea)BKD43 Ln con trong thi k b sa c tnh cm th cao nht, vi t l cht thng cao hn 50%. Bnh biu hin nn ma, tiu chy, mt nc,... Ln trng thnh c t l pht bnh khng n nh. f. Cm nhim coronavirus ch (canine coronavirus infection) Ch cng non cng c tnh cm th cng cao, cm nhim hn hp vi parvovirus ch thng ch t. Ch bnh thng biu hin nn ma, tiu chy, mt nc,... g. Bnh vim phc mc truyn nhim mo (feline infectious peritonitis FIP) Bnh ny c cc th bnh a dng, pht sinh tn pht, nu pht bnh thng dn n t vong. Th thm tch (tit xut dch) thng tch t dch bng, t dch khoang ngc, dch bng thng c mu vng rm. Khi gii phu bnh thy phc mc thng dnh cc si t huyt. th kh thng khng thy tch t dch bng, thng biu hin bnh tch mt, triu chng thn kinh,... h. Bnh cm nhim virus vim gan chut (mouse hepatitis virus infection) Ty thuc vo chng virus m chut thnh thc c th mc bnh vim gan nguy kch v vim no - ty mt nc. Tuy nhin, i b phn cc chng thng nhc c, nhng gy bnh vim rut chut b sa vi t l t vong cao. Bnh suy nhc (wasting disease) l tn ch bnh trng chut th nghim ct b tuyn c (hung tuyn; thymus) do cm nhim virus vim gan chut (mouse hepatitis virus) thuc chi Coronavirus. (Cn ch rng tn bnh ny cn ch trng thi bnh l hu b nhim
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yu t bnh xp no truyn nhim - transmissible spongiform encephalopathy; xem chng "Prion"). i. Bnh vim rut do coronavirus g ty hay bnh xanh mo (coronaviral enteritis of turkey, bluecomb disease) Bnh ny cha c thng bo pht sinh cc loi chim khc ngoi g ty. Ngoi ra, khng thy c s giao cho khng nguyn gia virus ny vi cc coronavirus khc. Bnh thng ly lan rt nhanh, cc loi chim hoang l nhng th mi gii ly truyn. G ty bnh bing n, mu vng u tr nn ti, bi xut phn tiu chy dng nc, mu trng hoc mu xanh lc. T l mc bnh thng t 100%, cn t l cht t n 50%. j. Cc bnh do Coronavirus khc C coronavirus gy bnh vim tuyn nc bt - tuyn l chut cng, vim phi ch t chut cng s sinh. th nh cng c bnh cm nhim coronavirus vi cc triu chng ch yu l tch nc xoang ngc xoang bng, pht st, bing n,... ngi gn y pht hin bnh h hp trm trng, thng gi l bnh SARS hay Hi chng suy h hp cp tnh (severe acute respiratory syndrome), do mt loi coronavirus c ngun gc t chn hng. Mc d chn hng cm nhim thng khng pht bnh nhng bnh ngi l rt trm trng, vi nhng triu chng h hp tr ngi, dn n cht. 2. Chi Torovirus a. Bnh do virus Berne (Berne virus infection) y l virus phn lp c Thy S t nga cht do vim rut. Theo kt qu cc cuc iu tra huyt thanh hc th Thy S bnh ny lan rng gia cc n nga, v cng xc nhn rng bnh tn ti chu u v M. b. Bnh do virus Breda (Breda virus infection) Virus Breda gy bnh tiu chy b khng ph thuc vo tui. b ang tit sa b bnh sn lng sa gim.
B. ARTERIVIRUS (H ARTERIVIRIDAE) I. C IM CA H ARTERIVIRIDAE

H ny va c thit lp trn c s tch chi Arterivirus khi h Togaviridae. Ch "arteri" bt ngun t bnh vim ng mch (artritis) nga do loi virus quy chun ca h ny gy ra. 1. Hnh thi v cc tnh trng l, ha Virus c dng gn hnh cu c bao bc bi o ngoi (envelope), ng knh khong 50 - 72 nm. Bn trong c nucleocapsid cu trc i xng khi u, ng knh khong 20 - 30 nm cha li genome RNA dng dui thng. Trn b mt virion c cc gai (spike) l nhng cu trc cc nh di khong 12 - 15 nm nh khi b mt o ngoi. Virus b v hot mt cch d dng bi cc dung mi hu c, acid, kim, nhit, cht hot tnh b mt,...
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2. Cu to b gene (genome) Genome ca cc arterivirus c genome l mt phn t RNA mt si dng, di khong 15 kb, c m (cap) u 5' v chui poly-A u 3'. Genome virus gm 8 ORF (khung kh phin) c phin m trong t bo nh l mt b RNA thng tin di genome (subgenomic mRNA). ORFa1 v ORFa2 nm pha u 5', chim khong 75% genome v m ha cho cc protein c hot tnh polymerase v replicase r rt. Cu trc v phng thc phc ch genome Arteriviridae ging cc coronavirus, nhng trong t bo cm nhim c n 7 phn t RNA thng tin di genome (subgenomic mRNA) phn t lng khc nhau c tng hp. 3. Protein Cc protein cu trc ca cc Arterivirus gm glycoprotein mng GP5 c phn t lng khong 25 kDa c phin dch t ORF5 ca genome, protein mng M khong 18 - 19 kDa c phin dch t ORF6, khng glycosyl ha, v protein nucleocapsid N khong 15 kDa. trong virion cng nh trong t bo, protein mng M v glycoprotein GP5 thng tn ti trong t hp heterodimer lin kt nh mi lin kt disulfur (S-S) v c kh nng kch thch min dch chut. Protein N c mt vi s lng ln nht trong virion v c tnh khng nguyn mnh. Ngoi ba protein cu trc ln nu trn, arterivirus cn c cc protein cu trc nh GP2 c phn t lng khong 29 kDa v GP4 khong 31 kDa. GP3 c phn t lng khong 42 kDa, c tnh khng nguyn, kch thch c th ng vt sn sinh khng th trung ha, nhng bn cht cu trc ca n th cha r. Cc protein phi cu trc (NS) gm 2 loi, sn phm ca ORFa1 v ORFa2, v l cc protein c hot tnh polymerase v replicase. 4. Ti sn Cc gai trn b mt virus kt hp vi cc th th trn mng t bo m xm nhp vo t bo cht. Nh qu trnh dung hp mng o ngoi virus v mng t bo cht m nucleocapsid xm nhp vo trong t bo. T RNA genome, 4 loi protein phi cu trc c tng hp (phin dch). Qu trnh tng hp RNA v s lp rp nucleocapsid din ra trong t bo cht. Cc virion c thnh thc nh ny chi vo trong lng ca mng li ni cht nhn hoc vo trong lng th Golgi, sau c a ra ngoi nh qu trnh bo xut (exocytosis). 5. Phn loi Phn loi virus h Arteriviridae c trnh by bng II-26. Chi Arterivirus do c cu to gene khc vi cc chi khc thuc h Togaviridae nn gn y y ban quc t v phn loi virus (ICTV) xp chi ny thnh mt h c lp v cng vi h Coronaviridae (xem phn "Coronavirus...") hnh thnh b mi Nidovirales v chng c cu to gene tng t cc coronavirus. H Arteriviridae gm 1 chi: chi Arterivirus trc y thuc h Togaviridae. Trong chi ny gm c cc virus: virus bnh vim ng mch nga (equine arteritis virus), virus Lelystad hay virus hi chng hi chng sinh sn v h hp ln (Lelystad virus, porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus - PRRS virus), virus lactic dehydrogenase (lactic dehydrogenase virus) v virus st xut huyt kh (simian hemorrhagic fever virus). Virus m c rt cha r v tr.
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Bng II-26. Cc virus thuc h Arteriviridae

Virus 1. Chi Arterivirus Equine arteritis virus = Virus bnh vim ng mch nga Lelystad virus Lactic dehydrogenase virus = Virus lactic dehydrogenase Simian hemorrhagic fever virus = Virus st xut huyt kh 2. Carrot mottle virus = Virus m c rt (cha r v tr phn loi) Phn b Min nam Bc M, chu u, chu Phi Chu M, chu u Chu
II. BNH CM NHIM ARTERIVIRUS

Cc bnh cm nhim virus thuc h Arteriviridae tiu biu c k bng II-27. 1. Bnh vim ng mch nga (equine artritis) L bnh c hu ca loi nga, ngoi biu hin trng bnh c quan h hp v pht st, th c th cn gp vim gic - kt mc, t chi ph thng, tiu chy, sy thai,... V mt gii phu bnh, bnh biu hin bin tnh v hoi t lp gia ca cc tiu ng mch ton thn mt cch c trng nn c tn ny. Bng II-27. Cc bnh cm nhim arterivirus
Bnh Virus vim ng mch nga Virus Lelystad Virus lactic dehydrogenase Bnh st xut huyt kh K ch Nga Ln Chut Kh chu Bnh trng Sy thai, bnh c quan h hp Sy thai, bnh c quan h hp Hu nh khng triu chng, tng lng enzyme lactic dehydrogenase trong mu Bnh tch xut huyt v pht st
2. Hi chng sinh sn v h hp ln (porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome - PRRS) Cn gi l dch sy thai v hi chng h hp ln (porcine epidemic abortion and respiratory syndrome) hay trc y cn c bit nh l "bnh b him ca ln (mystery swine disease)" gy ra ln bi mt loi virus phn lp c Lelystad, H Lan vo nm 1991, cn gi l virus v sinh v h hp ln (swine infertility and respiratory virus) hay virus Lelystad (Lelystad virus), l bnh ca ln s sinh. Bnh trng ch yu l sy thai cht v bnh vim phi ca ln s sinh. Thuc chi Arterivirus cn c virus lactic dehydrogenase ca chut. Chut b cm nhim virus ny hu nh khng biu hin triu chng, nhng hot tnh enzyme lactic dehydrogenase trong mu chut cm nhim tng n 5 - 10 ln so vi bnh thng. 3. Virus st xut huyt kh (simian hemorrhagic fever disease virus) Gy bnh tch xut huyt v pht st kh thuc chi Macaca (kh chu ). Mc d cc virus ny c phn loi trong h Flaviviridae nhng nay xc nh
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li do nhng nghin cu gn y nghi vn rng chng c th gn gi chi Arterivirus v cng vi virus vim ng vt nga (equine arteritis virus).
C. TOGAVIRUS (H TOGAVIRIDAE) I. C IM CHUNG CA H TOGAVIRIDAE

Ch "toga" c ngun gc t t Latin "toga" ngha l "o khoc", ch o ngoi (envelope) ca virus. H ny trc y gm hu ht cc virus cha RNA c o ngoi, v sau hng lot h mi (Flaviviridae, Arteriviridae,...) c tch khi h ny. 1. Hnh thi v cc tnh trng l, ha Virus c dng hnh cu, ng knh 60 - 70 nm. Bn trong c nucleocapsid ng knh 35 - 40 nm c bao bc bi o ngoi bn ngoi. Trn b mt virion c cc gai (spike) l nhng cu trc cc nh di khong 6 10 nm nh khi b mt capsid. Virus b v hot mt cch d dng bi cc dung mi hu c, acid, kim, nhit, cht hot tnh b mt,... 2. Cu to b gene (genome) Genome ca cc virus thuc cc chi Alphavirus v Rubivirus l phn t RNA mt si dng c s nucleotid khong 10 - 11 kb, hng s sa lng khong 42 - 49 S. u 5' ca RNA genome c cu trc "np" (cap) cn u 3' c chui poly-A. Khong 2/3 di genome v pha u 5' mang thng tin di truyn ca cc protein phi cu trc cn 1/3 cn li (pha u 3') m ha cc protein cu trc virus. Trong cc t bo cm nhim, cc phn t RNA thng tin di genome (subgenomic mRNA) c tng hp, t khun cc protein cu trc virus c tng hp. 3. Protein Bt k protein cu trc hay phi cu trc ban u u c tng hp di dng cc protein khng l (polyprotein), sau c phn ct thnh protein thnh thc nh chnh hot tnh protease ca mnh. Cc protein phi cu trc gm 4 loi, mang hot tnh enzyme loi ny hay loi khc k c hot tnh enzyme tng hp RNA. Cc protein cu trc l kt qu phn ct thnh su phn ca polyprotein virus, nhng ch protein capsid (C protein) v hai loi glycoprotein ca o ngoi (E1 v E2) hnh thnh nn cc ht virus. E1 l ngng kt t ngng kt hng cu, cn E2 c tnh khng nguyn trung ha virus. 4. Ti sn Cc gai trn b mt virus kt hp vi cc th th trn mng t bo m xm nhp vo t bo cht. Nh qu trnh dung hp mng o ngoi virus v mng t bo cht m nucleocapsid xm nhp vo trong t bo. T RNA genome, 4 loi protein phi cu trc c tng hp (phin dch). Nh hot tnh enzyme tng hp RNA ca cc protein ny m cc mRNA di genome c sao chp. Qu trnh tng hp RNA v s lp rp nucleocapsid din ra trong cc khng bo trong t bo cht. Cc virion (c tnh) cm nhim ny chi qua mng t bo cht m c phng thch ra ngoi t bo. Hu ht cc virus cn ng vt chn t mi gii u pht trin trong no ca chut nht b sa, v vy
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phn lp virus thng s dng chut nht s sinh. 5. Phn loi Phn loi togavirus c trnh by bng II-28. Trc y c xp vo h ny cn c nhiu virus RNA c c tnh chung l c o ngoi, xut pht t ch "toga" l o chong. Cc virus thuc h Togaviridae c phn loi thnh 2 chi: chi Alphavirus ly lan nh ng vt chn t mi gii (trong h thng phn loi trc y chng c gi l cc Arbovirus nhm A) v chi Rubivirus lan truyn nh tip xc, cn chi Arterivirus trc y c xp vo h ny nay chuyn thnh h c lp: h mi Arteriviridae. Chi Alphavirus c 27 loi c phn loi v tt c chng u c vector lan truyn l mui. Nh th nghim ngng kt hng cu (HI test) v th nghim trung ha virus (virus neutralization test - VNT) m chng c chia thnh 7 nhm. Chi Rubivirus ch c 1 loi duy nht l virus si ban hay ban o (rubella virus). Cc alphavirus v arterivirus ( thuc h mi Arteriviridae) hon ton khng biu hin s giao cho huyt thanh hc.
II. BNH CM NHIM TOGAVIRUS

Cc bnh cm nhim togavirus tiu biu c k bng II-29. Cc "Arbovirus" l tn trc y ca cc virus thuc nhm ny l nhng virus ly truyn nh ng vt chn t (arthropod-borne virus). Cc virus ny nu cm nhim ng vt th pht trin bn trong c th v c th pht hin c trong mu lu hnh. Hin tng gi l (chng) nhim virus huyt hay mu nhim virus (viremia). Cc ng vt mc chng nhim virus huyt li c th b cc ng vt vector truyn ly ht mu. Virus pht trin trong tuyn nc bt ca vector truyn ly. Khi cn trng ht mu ng vt, virus xm nhp theo vi ht vo ng vt m gy cm nhim. Trong s cc ng vt cm nhim, c loi l c th lm tng lng virus trong mu n mc cn thit cho s lan truyn gi l ng vt k ch khuych i virus (amplifier) v c loi l c th trong khng biu hin chng nhim virus huyt gi l k ch cui cng hay k ch chung mt (dead-end-host). Bng II-28. Phn loi h Togaviridae
Chi, loi (do ICTV ngh) 1. Chi Alphavirus Aura virus Barmah Forest virus = Virus rng Barmah Babanki virus Bebaru virus Buggy Creek virus = Virus vnh Buggy Chikungunya virus Estern equine encephalitis virus = Virus vim no nga min ng Everglades virus Fort Morgan virus Getah virus Highland J virus Kyzylagach virus Mayyaro virus Phn b Brasil, Argentina Australia Trung M Malaysia Chu M, chu Min nam Bc M M M Australia, chu M Nga Nam M
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Middelburg virus Mucambo virus Ndumu virus Ockelbo virus O'nyong-nyong virus Pixuma virus Ross River virus = Virus sng Ross Sagiyama virus Semliki Forest virus = Virus rng Semiliki Sindbis virus Una virus Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus = Virus vim no nga Venezuela Western equine encephalitis virus = Virus vim no nga min Ty Whataroa virus 2. Chi Rubivirus Rubella virus = virus bnh si (virus rubella)
Chu Phi Brasil Chu Phi Chu u Chu Phi Brasil Australia, Oceania Nht bn Chu Phi, nc Nga Chu , Phi, u, Australia Nam M Trung - Nam M Min nam Bc M Newzealand
Trong t nhin, virus lan truyn mt cch trnh t gia k ch v vector truyn ly. Bnh trng thng l pht st, pht ban v xut huyt hoc vim no. Bng II-29. Cc bnh cm nhim togavirus tiu biu ng vt
Virus Virus Getah Virus vim no nga min ng Virus vim no nga Venezuela Virus vim no nga min Ty K ch t nhin Nga, ln Nga Nga Nga Bnh Pht st, pht ban nga, con cht ln Vim no Vim no Vim no
1. Chi Alphavirus a. Virus bnh vim no nga min ng (Eastern equine encephalitis virus)BKD48, virus bnh vim no nga min Ty (Western equine encephalitis virus)BKD48, v virus bnh vim no nga Venezuela (Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus)BKD49 u gy bnh rt nng nga. Ngoi ra, ngi cng b mc bnh ny. c bit, virus bnh vim no nga min ng c tnh gy bnh rt mnh, biu hin t l cht cao nga v ngi b bnh. V mt khng nguyn cc chng virus ny thuc v nhiu nhm c lp. Do vector truyn ly l cc loi mui khc nhau nn khu vc lu hnh bnh dch t nhiu c khc nhau nhng tt c u thy phn b min Nam lc a Bc M. Ngi ta cho rng cc loi chim hoang l k ch khuych i ca virus bnh vim no nga min ng v virus bnh vim no nga min Ty. b. Virus Getah Biu hin tnh gy bnh nga v ln. nga, sau khi pht st thng thy ni ban ln bng ht go hoc ht u tng, t chi ph thng. ln, tnh gy bnh trc y th hin khng r nhng vo nm 1985 ti tnh Kanagawa, Nht Bn, ngi ta phn lp c virus t ln con s sinh b cht hng lot, virus c gy sinh sn d thng hay khng th cha r.
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c. Virus Sindbis Gy bnh pht st ngi nhng trng hp bnh khng nhiu. d. Cc alphavirus khc Virus rng Semliki th tnh gy bnh cha r. Tuy nhin, cu to gene v phn tch c nng protein virus thng c s dng trong nghin cu. Virus Chikungunya phn b chu Phi v ng Nam , gy pht st cp tnh ngy 2 ln ngi km theo chng vim khp. Virus O'nyong-nyong cng gy bnh trng nh virus Chikungunya. 2. Chi Rubivirus Bnh si (rubella, German measles; sch c gi l "phong chn"): l bnh do virus si (rubella virus) duy nht gy ra. Triu chng c trng l pht st v pht ban ton thn. Nu ph n c thai b cm nhim th c th gp cc trng hp thai nhi k hnh. phn bit vi bnh si (measles) do mt loi virus thuc chi Morbillivirus h Paramyxoviridae gy ra, nn gi bnh do Rubivirus l "bnh si ".
D. FLAVIVIRUS (H FLAVIVIRIDAE) I. C IM CHUNG CA H FLAVIVIRIDAE

Ch "flavi" c ngun gc t t Latin "flavus" ngha l "mu vng", bt ngun t ch chng quy chun ca h ny l virus st vng (yellow fever virus). 1. Hnh thi v cc tnh trng l, ha Virion l ht hnh cu nh c o ngoi ng knh 40 - 60 nm bao bc nucleocapsid ng knh 25 - 30 nm, c cu to ging h Togaviridae. Virus vim gan C (thuc chi mi thit lp c tn l Hepacivirus) th ch bit cu to genome cn cu trc virion th cha r. 2. Cu to b gene (genome) RNA genome chi Rhabdovius c kch thc khong 11 kb, chi Pestivirus khong 12,5 kb, cn chi mi Hepacivirus (nhm virus vim gan C) khong 9,5 kp. Genome l phn t RNA mt si dng, c cu trc np (cap) u 5' nhng khng c chui poly-A u 3'. Ngoi ra, khng thy c subgenomic mRNA (RNA thng tin di genome) trong t bo b cm nhim. Trt t thng tin di truyn ca cc protein cng khc vi Togaviridae, 1/4 u 5' c cc gene protein cu trc cn on tip theo (3/4 genome pha u 3') cha thng tin di truyn ca cc gene phi cu trc. 3. Protein Cc protein cu trc c 3 loi, protein capsid (C protein), protein mng (M protein) v protein o ngoi (E protein). chi Flavivirus, c 7 loi protein phi cu trc c bit, c th mang hot tnh enzyme nhng chc nng c th ca chng th cha c r. Chi Flavivirus c nng lc ngng kt hng cu nhng cc chi khc th cha c nghin cu v tnh cht ny.
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Bng II-30. Phn loi h Flaviviridae

Virus (do ICTV ngh) 1. Chi Flavivirus Tick-borne encephalitis virus group = Nhm virus vim no do ve bt truyn Rio Bravo virus group = Nhm virus Rio Bravo Japanese encephalitis virus group = Nhm virus vim no Nht bn Tyuleniy virus group = Nhm virus Tyuleniy Ntaya virus group = Nhm virus Ntaya Uganda S virus group = Nhm virus Uganda S Dengue virus group = Nhm virus bnh st xut huyt Modoc virus group = Nhm virus Modoc Cc virus cha phn loi 2. Chi Pestivirus Bovine viral diarrhea-mucosal disease virus = Virus bnh tiu chy nim mc tru b Hog cholera virus = Virus dch t ln Border disease virus = Virus bnh Border 3. Chi Hepacivirus Hepatitis C virus group = Nhm virus vim gan C Tn tng s dng Arbovirus nhm B Arbovirus nhm B S lng virus 11 6 10 3 5 4 4 (type) 5 17
Pestis suum Hepatitis C virus
4. Ti sn S ti sn ca cc virus ny din ra trong t bo cht gn mng nhn. Cc virion c phng thch vo cu trc bn (lamella) hay tiu bo trong t bo cht m thnh thc. 5. Phn loi Phn loi h Flaviviridae c trnh by bng II-30. Trong cc h thng phn loi c, cc arbovirus (Arbovirus, tc cc virus truyn ly nh chn t) nhm B bao gm chi Flavivirus, chi Pestivirus, gm cc bnh nguyn ch yu ng vt, v nhm virus vim gan B. Chi Flavivirus c mi gii nh cc loi mui v ve bt. Hin ti, chi ny c hn 60 loi v c phn loi thnh 6 nhm trn c s c tnh khng nguyn. Trong chi Pestivirus c 3 loi: virus bnh tiu chy - nim mc tru b (bovine viral diarrhea-mucosal disease virus), virus dch t ln (hog cholera virus) v virus bnh Border (Border disease virus). Nhm virus vim gan C do c trnh t nucleotid genome khc bit nn khng xp vo chi no trong hai chi nu trn. V vy nay c xp thnh chi mi Hepacivirus.
II. BNH CM NHIM FLAVIVIRUS

Bnh cm nhim flavivirus tiu biu ng vt c nu bng II-31. Cc triu chng lm sng c trng ca bnh cm nhim cc virus thuc chi Flavivirus thng ba mc : st nh, pht ban vi st xut huyt v vim
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no. Bnh ngi l ch yu nhng cng thy biu hin tnh gy bnh cc loi ng vt. Cc virus chi Pestivirus ly truyn nh tip xc. Ngi khng cm nhim cc virus ny, chng ch biu hin tnh gy bnh loi ng vt c hu. Bng II-31. Cc bnh cm nhim flavivirus tiu biu ng vt
Virus Virus vim no Nht bn (chi Flavivirus) Virus st vng (yellow fever virus) (chi Flavivirus) Virus bnh "nhy tnh" (louping ill virus) (nhm virus vim no do ve bt mi gii, chi Flavivirus) Wesselsbron disease virus (chi Flavivirus) Virus vim mng no - no g ty Israel (Israel turkey meningoencephalitis virus) (nhm virus Ntaya, chi Flavivirus) Virus bnh tiu chy - nim mc do virus b Virus dch t ln Virus bnh Border K ch t nhin Nga, ln Kh Cu Cu, b G ty B, tru Ln Cu Bnh Vim no nga, sy thai cht ln, bnh trng thn kinh ln s sinh Chng virus huyt, i khi st xut huyt Pht st, vim no thng rt nng Sy thai, ng vt s sinh k hnh Vim no Pht st, tiu chy, bnh tch xut huyt nim mc Pht st, bnh tch xut huyt, sy thai Sy thai, triu chng thn kinh cu s sinh, lng d thng
Nhm virus vim gan C thng ly truyn thng qua truyn mu nhng cng c th c s ly truyn gia cha m v con ci cng nh gia v v chng. 1. Chi Flavivirus a. Bnh st vng (yellow fever) L bnh st xut huyt ca ngi phn b chu Phi, Trung - Nam M. Do con ng truyn ly v khu vc lu hnh khc nhau nn c phn loi thnh th bnh rng v th bnh th. b. Bnh vim no Nht bn (Japanese encephalitis)BKD45 L bnh do mui chi Aedes mi gii, bt u t Nht bn, ri lan xung ton khu vc ng - Nam . Ngi v nga cm nhim thng pht st, vim no biu hin triu chng thn kinh, cn ln d thng b cm nhim nhng hu nh khng biu hin triu chng bnh. Tuy nhin, trong trng hp cm nhim ln ci c cha th thng thy sy thai, cht thai cc dng thai trng, thai en, thai kh,... hoc ln con biu hin triu chng thn kinh. c. Bnh vim mng no - no g ty Israel Israel (turkey meningoencephalitis) Do virus vim mng no - no g ty Israel (Israel turkey meningoencephalitis virus) gy vi chng bnh t lit thn kinh v vim rut g ty,
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d. Bnh Wesselsbron Gy ra bi virus Wesselsbron vi triu chng sy thai cht, thai t k hnh cu v b, lan truyn nh mui mi gii. e. Bnh "nhy tnh" (louping ill) Do virus bnh "nhy tnh" (louping ill virus) gy pht st v vim mng no - ty rt nng cu. f. Bnh cm nhim flavvirus khc Bnh st xut huyt (dengue fever) l bnh pht st, xut huyt ca ngi thng thy ng nam v Trung Nam M. Mui nhit i Aedes aegypti (mui vn) l vector truyn ly. Virus ny gm 4 type huyt thanh hc. Vaccine phng bnh cha c thng dng ha. Nhm cc virus vim no do ve bt mi gii thng gy vim no ngi nhng trong s c virus bnh "nhy tnh". 2. Chi Pestivirus a. Bnh tiu chy - nim mc do virus b (bovine viral diarrhea-mucosal disease [BVDMV])BKD35 Trong s cc virus bnh tiu chy - nim mc do virus b (bovine viral diarrhea-mucosal disease [BVDMV])BKD35 tn ti loi gy tc ng bnh l t bo (CPE type BVDMV) v loi khng gy tc ng bnh l t bo (non-CPE type BVDMV). Cc virus dng non-CPE gy pht st, tiu chy,... b ci c cha cn thy gy sy thai v b vi tiu no hnh thnh km. Nu cm nhim vo thi k u k thai th thai c th pht trin bnh thng nhng ng vt con li pht trin s dung np min dch (immunity tolerance), khi virus c bo hu lu di trong c th. Tn bnh tiu chy - nim mc do virus b xut pht t vic ban u ngi ta m t bnh tiu chy v bnh mng nhy ring r, nhng v sau xc nhn c rng tc nhn gy nn hai bnh trn ch l mt loi virus duy nht gy ra. Bnh nim mc b (bnh mng nhy b) l bnh vi triu chng ch yu l bnh tch xut huyt mng nhy ton thn, c bit l lot lp nim mc ming b, c t l t vong gn 100%. B c dung np min dch th mc bnh nim mc nhng c ch pht sinh th no th cn cha r. Bnh ny thng d nhm ln vi bnh dch t tru b (rinderpest, xem mc "Paramyxovirus..."). b. Bnh dch t ln (hog cholera, classical swine fever, pestis suum)BKD4 Bnh dch t ln c triu chng ch yu l st cao, bi lit na thn sau, xut huyt t hch lympho, lch v nim mc, sung - xut huyt ton thn (ban tm lm tm dng u inh ghim). Ln c cha thng b sy thai. Virus ny khng biu hin hiu qu tc ng bnh l t bo (CPE) nhng nh phng php tng cng CPE ca virus bnh Newcastle, thng gi l phng php END (exaltation of Newcastle disease virus), m c th xc nh hiu gi ca virus. Phng php END cn dng kh rng ri trong vic kim nghim khng th trung ha virus dch t ln. Ngoi ra, chn on bnh ny ngi ta c th gy bnh th nghim trn ln choai ri quan st triu chng lm sang v m khm kim tra bnh tch in hnh (phng php sinh hc), cng nh cc phn
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ng huyt thanh hc nh phn ng trung ha trn th, phn ng kt ta khuych tn trong thch, phn ng ngng kt hng cu gin tip, cc phn ng min dch khng th nh du nh khng th nh du hunh quang, khng th nh du enzyme. Phn ng ngng kt hng cu gin tip (IHA): Virus dch t ln tuy khng gy ngng kt cng nh khng hp ph ln b mt hng cu nhng nu hng cu c x l bng acid tannic th acid ny mt mt (c nhm chc) gn ln hng cu cn mt khc gn vi protein khc, k c virus dch t ln. Nh vy, t hp hng cu gn virus tr thnh khng nguyn virus hu hnh v tham gia vo phn ng ngng kt nh cc khng nguyn hu hnh khc. Hng cu ngng, ngan, th, cu hoc chut lang u c th s dng v mc ch ny. Mu c ly t tnh mch c trn u vi dung dch m, tt nht l dung dch Alssever (2,5 g dextrose, 8 g citrate natri, 0,55 g acid citric, 4,2 g NaCl, nc ct q.s. 100 ml, pH 6,1), trc tin ra hng cu ba ln bng dung dch mui sinh l m phosphate 0,15 M, pH 7,2 (PBS: phosphate-buffered saline) vi ly tm tc thp (1.500 v/ph), ln cui cng gn b bt nc trong trn ri pha vo PBS pH 7,2 to hn dch hng cu 50%. X l formalin lm n nh b mt hng cu bng cch thm vo hn dch hng cu 50% ni trn mt lng tng ng formalin 37 - 40% pha lng tng ng vi PBS pH 7,2. y np ng nghim v lc nh, nhit phng 2 gi c lc nh thng xuyn. Ra li ba ln bng PBS (hng cu x l nh vy c th gi c 4 thng 4 C). Tannin ha (x l bng tannin) hng cu ni trn bng cch pha huyn dch hng cu 3% vi mt lng tng ng dung dch acid tannic 1:20.000. Sau 10 - 15 pht tip xc, hng cu li c ra 2 - 3 ln bng PBS pH 7,2 ri pha thnh huyn dch 50% trong PBS pH 6,4, ch rng sau khi tannin ha hng cu khng c tip xc vi protein. Trn huyn dch 50% hng cu tannin ha vi lng tng ng dch virus (c th dng vaccine dch t ln hoc la cy virus dch t ln pht hin khng th, hoc hch, lch v ni quan khc ca ln nghi mc bnh nghin vi nc sinh l nu pht hin khng nguyn), 37 C trong 60 pht ri ra 2 - 3 ln li bng PBS pH 7,2 v pha trong PBS pH 7,2 c 1% huyt thanh th bnh thng thnh dch 1% hng cu ta c khng nguyn ngng kt hng cu gin tip. Ngoi formalin, hng cu cn c th x l bng glutaraldehyde hoc acrolein. Nu dng pht hin khng th trong mu ng vt nht thit phi kim tra li khng nguyn IHI bng huyt thanh dng tnh chit t mu ln ti min dch. Huyt thanh i chng m tnh l huyt thanh ln khe mnh, huyt thanh i chng dng tnh chit t mu ln c ti min dch khng virus dch t ln. Huyt thanh nghi ng ly t mu ln c th nguyn hoc pha 1:5. Phn ng c th tin hnh trn dy ng nghim nhng dng khay nha vi chun (microtiter) 96 l y V hoc U thun li v tit kim hn nn rt c a dng. pht hin khng th khng virus dch t ln trong mu ln, trc ht pha huyt thanh nghi trong dung dch mui sinh l 0,8% NaCl (pH 7,2) theo cp s 2 bng cch cho sn vo cc l 1 n 12 ca mt
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dy mt lng khng i 50 l nc sinh l ri cho vo l th nht 50 l huyt thanh, trn u bng cch ht nh 3 - 4 ln ri ht 50 l sang l th 2, trn u ri li ht 50 l t l th 2 sang l th 3, c th tip tc n ht l th 11 th ht b 50 l (vo dch st trng). Thm 50 l nc sinh l vo l th 12 lm i chng m tnh huyt thanh. Thm vo tt c cc l 50 l khng nguyn IHA 1% (lun quy cho u) tr l th 11 lm i chng m tnh khng nguyn bng cch cho vo 50 l huyn dch hng cu formalin ha 1%. y np kn, nhit phng 3 - 5 gi th c kt qu da vo kt qu hai l m tnh, khi hng cu hai l ny ng xung tm y l khay hon ton m nu nghing khay ta s thy chng chy (do trng lc) thnh dng r rt. Trong phn ng dng tnh, do mi lin kt a chiu qua cu ni khng th, cc hng cu khng lng ng tm y m ri u khp mt y l. pht hin khng nguyn, ta pha dy huyt thanh dng tnh t ln ti min dch t nng 1:10 n 1:1.280 ri cho kt hp vi khng nguyn nghi ng hp ph nh hng cu nu trn. Bn cnh phn ng chnh cn thit lp phn ng i chng huyt thanh m tnh v i chng hng cu dng tnh. Kt qu phn ng nh m t trn. Bn cnh , c th p dng phn ng ngn tr ngng kt hng cu gin tip. Cho bnh phm vo khng huyt thanh dch t ln c hiu gi bit v trn cho t bo v v khng nguyn tip xc c vi khng th. nu c khng nguyn th hiu gi khng th trong khng huyt thanh chun s st gim. c. Bnh Border L bnh ca cu, nu virus cm nhim thai t th biu hin sy thai cht, hoc triu chng thn kinh v lng d thng cu con s sinh. Virus ny ging virus tiu chy nim mc tru b v mt khng nguyn. 3. Nhm virus vim gan C L nguyn nhn ca bnh vim gan khng A khng B ca ngi. Virus bin d ht sc d dng, tn ti min trnh t siu kh bin gene protein o ngoi.
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Chng 8 CC VIRUS RNA MT SI (DNG) KHNG C O NGOI A. CALICIVIRUS (H CALICIVIRIDAE) I. C IM CHUNG CA H CALICIVIRIDAE
Ch "calici" bt ngun t t Latin "calix" ngha l "cc" do khi qua st di knh hin vi in t thng thy nhng khong trng nh nhng ci cc. 1. Hnh thi v cc tnh trng l, ha Virion c capsid dng i xng khi 20 mt u, ng knh 35 - 39 nm, khng c o ngoi. Virus khng vi ether, chloroform, cc cht hot tnh b mt yu nhng d dng b v hot bi acid (pH 3 - 5). Khi trong mi trng c nng ion Mg cao. Cng c loi virus b v hot bi trypsin. 2. Cu to b gene (genome) Genome cu to t phn t RNA mt si dng, phn t lng khong 2,6 - 2,8 triu, c chui poly-A u 3' nhng u 5' th khng c cu trc m, lin kt vi protein cn thit cho tnh cm nhim ca RNA c phn t lng 10 15 kDa. calicivirus mo, genome c 3 khung kh phin (ORF: open reading frame). 3. Protein C mt loi protein capsid phn t lng 60 - 71 kDa l protein cu trc ch yu ca virus. Bn trong cn c mt protein lin kt cng ha tr vi genome kt dnh vi mt phn t protein c phn t lng 15 - 19 kDa khng lin kt vi RNA. 4. Ti sn Bn trong t bo b cm nhim kim xut thy t nht c 2 loi RNA 1 si c hiu virus. RNA c kch thc genome c c nng mRNA ca protein phi cu trc, cn RNA nh, kch thc di genome l mRNA ca protein capsid. Trong t bo nhn thy c 2 loi RNA hai si v RNA c nhng b phn khng vi enzyme phn gii RNA (c l l cc th trung gian ang ti sn). Ngoi ra cn c 2 loi RNA mt si c kch thc trung gian (4,8 v 4,2 kb) tn ti nhng c nng ca chng cn cha r. Tt c cc RNA virus c chui polyA, l sn phm sao chp mang u 3' ph bin. Polypeptide ca capsid l protein ch yu c tng hp, tip theo l nhng polypeptid no cng c tng hp nhng mi quan h gia cc tin cht ny vi sn phm cui cng th cn cha c r. Virion thnh thc trong t bo cht k ch. 5. Phn loi H Caliciviridae gn y c chia thnh ba chi (bng II-32): chi Calicivirus bao gm 3 loi virus, chi Vesivirus v chi Lagovirus. Ngoi ra cn c nhng virus c hnh thi ca calicivirus kim xut c t nhiu loi th, chim, lng th, b st, cn trng,... nhng chi tit th cn cha r. Nhng nm gn y, nh phn tch sinh hc phn t tin b, virus bnh xut huyt th, virus vim gan E (chi mi Hepevirus) ca ngi v virus Norwalk c coi l nhng
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thnh vin s thuc ca h Caliciviridae v mt sinh hc phn t.
II. BNH CM NHIM CALICIVIRUS

Cc bnh cm nhim calicivirus tiu biu c k bng II-32. 1. Bnh ban bc nc hay "thy bo chn" (vesicular exanthema) L bnh virus sinh bc nc ca ln lu hnh nc M, c bit l vng min nam bang California, t nm 1932 n nm 1956, sau khng thy pht sinh na. Thuc virus bnh ban bc nc ln c 12 type (dng) huyt thanh hc. Vic gim bit bnh ny vi bnh l mm long mng (foot-and-mouth disease bi Aphthovius h Picornaviridae, bnh vim ming c bc nc (vesicular stomatitis bi Vesiculovirus, h Rhabdoviridae), bnh mn nc ln (swine vesicular disease bi Enterovirus h Picornaviridae),... l rt quan trng. Bng II-32. Bnh cm nhim calicivirus tiu biu ng vt
Virus Chi Vesivirus (Swine) vesicular exanthema virus = Virus ban bc nc (ln), (thy bo chn) San Miguel sea lion virus = Virus s t bin San Miguel Feline calicivirus = Calicivirus mo Canine calicivirus = Calicivirus ch Chi Lagovirus Rabbit hemorrhagic disease virus = Virus bnh xut huyt th Type huyt thanh hc 14 12 1 2 1 K ch t nhin Bnh
Ln Th chn vy (hi cu, ch bin,...), ln, c Mo, ch Ch Th
Hnh thnh bc nc ming v chn Hnh thnh bc nc, sy thai Vim ng h hp di, lot trong khoang ming, vim li, tiu chy Hnh thnh bc nc c quan sinh sn, tiu chy Bnh tch xut huyt gan, phi
2. Cm nhim virus s t bin San Miguel (San Miguel sea lion virus infection) Virus ny c phn lp t s t bin vo nm 1972 California (M), gy sy thai v hnh thnh bc nc loi ng vt ny. Bnh cn thy pht sinh ln. Do gy bnh thc nghim cho thy ln pht bnh ging bnh ban bc nc ln v s phn b ca cc virus c quan h v mt a l nn c th suy nh rng chnh virus ny gy ra bnh ban bc nc ln. C t nht 12 type huyt thanh hc c xc nhn. 3. Cm nhim calicivirus mo (feline calicivirus infection) L bnh cm nhim ng h hp trn c tnh truyn nhim cao ca mo. Trong s cc bnh c quan h hp trn ca mo, y l bnh trng yu
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ngang vi bnh vim mi - kh qun virus mo (feline viral rhinotracheitis) gy ra bi herpesvirus mo (herpesvirus 1). Nhng mo khi bnh thng tr thnh vt cm nhim tr tc, thnh ngun truyn nhim bi xut virus. Calicivirus mo ch c 1 type huyt thanh hc nhng gia cc chng xc nhn c s khc bit khng nguyn. 4. Cm nhim calicivirus ch (canine calicivirus infection) T chng tiu chy ca ch v cc bnh tch bc nc ca c quan sinh dc ch nhiu loi calicivirus c phn lp. V tnh gy bnh ca cc virus ny th cn nhiu im cha r. 5. Bnh xut huyt th (rabbit hemorrhagic disease) L bnh truyn nhim cp tnh gy cht c bo co ln u tin vo nm 1986, th 3 thng tui tr ln b nhim, t l mc bnh thng 100%, t l cht n 90%. C th qu cp tnh lm th cm nhim t nhin cht, th cp tnh v cp tnh chy nc mi v triu chng thn kinh, bnh tch thng l phi, gan v cc c quan khc xut huyt, gan hoi t, lch sng,...
B. PICORNAVIRUS (H PICORNAVIRIDAE) I. C IM CHUNG CA H PICORNAVIRIDAE

Ch "picorna" bt ngun t ch "pico" ngha l nh v ch RNA, tn ny ch "virus nh c RNA". 1. Hnh thi v cc tnh trng l, ha y l virus nh khng c o ngoi, i xng khi 20 mt u, ng knh 22 - 30 nm. Capsid c mt ngoi nhn, trn, li gm RNA mt si dng, dui thng, di 7,5 - 8,5 kb, v protein VPg lin kt vi RNA. 2. Cu to b gene (genome) Genome cu to t 1 phn t RNA mt si dng trc ta, phn t lng 2,4 - 2,7 x 106 (khong 7,5 - 8,5 kb), c chui poly-A u 3', cn u 5' kt hp cng ha tr vi phn t protein VPg c phn t lng khong 2.400 Da. RNA virus c tnh cm nhim. 3. Protein Capsid cc Picornavirus cu thnh t 60 tiu n v protein (protomer) c thnh phn t 4 loi protein cu trc virus (VP1, VP2, VP3 v VP4). Bn loi protein cu trc ny c c nh phn ct mt protein khng l duy nht. Protomer (tiu n v protein) c phn t lng t 80 n 97 kDa, nhng cng c loi virus c s phn ct khng hon ton. 4. Ti sn Virus kt bm ln th th trn b mt t bo. T mng t bo cht, RNA si dng ci v khi nucleocapsid ri di hnh vo t bo cht. T si RNA dng ny hnh thnh si cRNA c di genome phc v nh khun ti to RNA virus. Mt khc t RNA virus vn c s lng ln cistron tng hp 1 loi phn t protein n nht khng l (phn t lng 240 - 250 kDa) c hot tnh
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enzyme phn gii protein. T protein tin cht ny b ct t t di tc dng ca enzyme phn gii protein, hnh thnh cc phn t protein c phn t lng nh. Trc tin, protein tin cht to ra th ng trng gm 5 phn t protein tin cht. T cc si khc nhau trong s 5 phn t tin cht ny cc protein VP0, VP1 v VP3 b ct bt, sau 12 th ng trng nh vy tp hp li to thnh mt tin capsid (procapsid) rng. S ti to RNA virus din ra trong t bo cht. Sau khi c tng hp, RNA virus di hnh vo v kt hp vi procapsid, tr thnh provirion (tin virion). giai on ny, VP0 khai lit thnh VP2 v VP4, kt cc, virion c cu to t 60 phn t mi loi protein VP1, VP2, VP3 v VP4 c hnh thnh, thot ra khi t bo m thnh thc. 5. Phn loi Phn loi cc picornavirus c nu bng II-32. a s cc virus thuc h Picornaviridae c tnh c hiu k ch, phn b rng ri cc loi ng vt khc nhau. Da trn cc tnh trng sinh vt hc, cc picornavirus c phn loi thnh 5 chi, tt c u th hin tnh gy bnh ng vt. Cc virus thuc chi Enterovirus c ph k ch rng, v mi loi ng vt, chng u c nhiu type huyt thanh hc khc nhau. Cc virus c ngha nht l cc virus h tiu ha nhng chng cng pht trin trong cc c quan h hp. Trong a s cc trng hp cm nhim l n tnh, nhng cng thy vim d dy - rut, bi lit, bnh tim, bnh trng h hp,... Virus pht trin tt cc la cy t bo c ngun gc ng vt cc loi, gy tc ng bnh l t bo (CPE: cytopathic effect) r rt: thng lm t bo tr nn trn. C mt s chng c phn ng ngng kt hng cu. Thuc chi Hepatovirus c i din l virus vim gan A ca ngi, cho n nay ch phn lp c t ngi v kh. Cc hepatovirus khng cao vi acid, nhit, trc khi pht bnh ngi s lng ln virus c bi xut theo phn ra ngoi gy nhim mi trng. Bng II-32. Phn loi h Picornaviridae
Chi, loi (do ICTV ngh) 1. Chi Enterovirus Bovine enterovirus type 1 - 2 = Enterovirus b type 1 - 2 Porcine enterovirus type 1 - 8 = Enterovirus ln type 1 - 8 Swine vesicular disease virus = Virus bnh mn nc ln Avian encephalomyelitis virus = Virus bnh vim no - ty chim Simian enterovirus type 1 - 18 = Enterovirus kh type 1 - 18 Duck hepatitis virus = Virus bnh vim gan vt Murine poliovirus = Poliovirus chut Human poliovirus = Poliovirus ngi (virus bnh st bi lit) 2. Chi Hepatovirus Human hepatitis A virus = Virus bnh vim gan A ca ngi Simian hepatitis A virus = Virus bnh vim gan A ca kh 3. Chi Cardiovirus Encephalomyocarditis virus = Virus bnh vim no - c tim Murine encephalomyelitis = Virus bnh vim no - ty chut 4. Chi Rhinovirus Tnh trng virus khng acid Mt ph ni khng 1,30 - 1,34
khng Mn cm Mn cm
1,32 - 1,34 1,33 - 1,34 1,38 - 1,42
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Bovine rhinovirus type 1 - 2 = Rhinovirus b type 1 - 2 Human rhinovirus type 1A 100 = Rhinovirus type 1A-100 ca ngi 5. Chi Aphthovirus Foot-and-mouth disease virus = Virus bnh l mm long mng 6. Cc picornavirus cha phn loi Equine rhinovirus type 1 - 2 = Rhinovirus nga type 1 - 2 Avian nephritis virus = Virus vim thn g
Mn cm
1,43 - 1,45
Cc virus thuc chi Cardiovirus l cc virus cm nhim chut v cc ng vt c v khc nh ln, gy vim no, vim c tim. Cc virus chi Rhinovirus thng gy chng "cm mo" ngi, gm nhiu type huyt thanh khc nhau. Cn chi Aphtovirus ch c mt loi l virus bnh l mm long mng, l bnh ca nhiu loi ng vt khc nhau.
II. BNH CM NHIM PICORNAVIRUS

Cc bnh cm nhim picornavirus tiu biu c k bng II-33. Cc picornavirus c tnh gy bnh a dng. C virus c tnh gy bnh khng r gy cm nhim n tnh, c virus vi tnh gy bnh yu gy bnh nh ng h hp v ng tiu ha, c virus vi tnh gy bnh cao gy hnh thnh bc nc khoang ming, k mng, vim no, vim c tim, vim gan. 1. b T b phn lp c 3 loi picornavirus. Cc enterovirus b phn b khp th gii, phn lp c t nhiu b khe mnh, b b vim phi, tiu chy, vim bung v,... nhng tnh gy bnh ca cc virus ny i vi b th cha r, trong nhiu trng hp, l cm nhim n tnh. Cng thng thy cm nhim hn hp vi nhng virus khc v vi khun. Bnh rhinovirus b l bnh c quan h hp do b cm nhim rhinovirus type 1 hoc type 2. Trong khi bnh trng ch yu l ca c quan h hp, thng thy pht st, sc khe gim st, bing n, h hp thc bch,... Bnh l mm long mng (foot-and-mouth disease)BKD1 L bnh truyn nhim cp tnh ca cc loi ng vt guc chn do cm nhim virus bnh l mm long mng (LMLM) thuc chi Aphthovirus. y l bnh quc t, c kin cho rng l bnh ly chung ngi v ng vt (zoonosis), nhng cha gp trng hp pht bnh nhng ngi tnh nguyn i vo vng c dch st LMLM nn tnh gy bnh ca virus ny i vi ngi cn cha hon ton c r. C n 7 dng (type) huyt thanh hc virus LMLM c bit n (O, A, C, SAT1, SAT2, SAT3 v Asia 1), bn cnh , trong mi type c cc dng ph ( type hay subtype: subtype). B, tru t nhin pht st, sau thng thy chy nhiu nc bt, trn b mt li, b mt trong mi ming thy c cc nt ban nh, sau cc nt ban hnh thnh mn nc, c khi lan khp b mt li. Sau mn nc v, lp thng b bong ra. Hu nh ng thi vi s hnh thnh bnh tch khoang ming, thng thy bnh tch da vng guc v k mng hnh thnh v tri qua tng t. u v v bung v cng thy xut hin mn nc. Bnh LMLM c t l cht khng cao, gy cht ch yu ng vt non, nhng cng c trng hp bnh tr nn trm trng do vng mng guc b cm nhim vi khun th pht. Ngoi tip xc trc tip, virus ny c c
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trng l truyn b c qua khng kh nn sc ly lan ht sc cao. 2. nga T nga ch phn lp c 1 loi picornavirus. Bnh virus mi (bnh rhinovirus) nga (equine rhinovirus infection) L bnh c quan h hp cp tnh ca nga gy ra bi cc rhinovirus nga type 1 v 2 l nhng virus cha xp chi. Do cm nhim ng h hp trn, nn pht st, chy dch mi, ho, vim thanh qun,... l nhng chng trng thng thy. 3. ln T ln phn lp c 4 loi picornavirus. a. Bnh enterovirus ln (porcine enterovirus infection) L bnh gy ra bi virus thuc chi Enterovirus phn lp c t ln, tc enterovirus ln. Trng hp khng biu hin triu chng l kh nhiu nhng c nhng trng hp lin quan n chng vim no - ty sng, sinh sn tr ngi, vim rut, tiu chy, vim phi,... Bng II-33. Bnh cm nhim picornavirus tiu biu ng vt
Virus Bovine enterovirus = Enterovirus b Bovine rhinovirus = Rhinovirus b Foot-and-mouth disease virus = Virus l mm long mng Equine rhinovirus = Rhinovirus nga Swine enterovirus = Enterovirus ln K ch t nhin B, tru B, tru Th guc chn Nga Ln Bnh Cm nhim n tnh, tiu chy, vim phi Bnh c quan h hp Hnh thnh mn nc vng ming v chn Bnh c quan h hp Cm nhim n tnh, vim no - ty sng (bnh bi lit truyn nhim*), vim rut Hnh thnh mn nc vng ming v chn Vim c tim, vim no
Swine vesicular disease virus = Virus Ln bnh mn nc ln Swine encephalomyocarditis virus = Virus Ln, chut vim no - c tim ln Simian enterovirus = Enterovirus kh Kh Cm nhim n tnh, vim d dy - rut Simian hepatitis A virus = Virus vim gan Kh Vim gan A ca kh Murine encephalomyelitis virus = Virus Chut Vim no, ty sng vim no - ty chut Murine poliovirus = Poliovirus chut Chut Vim mng no, vim no - ty sng Avian encephalomyelitis = Virus vim no G Vim no - ty sng - ty g Avian nephritis virus = Virus vim thn g G Vim thn virus vim gan vt Duck hepatitis virus = Virus vim gan vt Vt Vim gan Ghi ch: *tn bnh "bi lit truyn nhim" c dng theo ti liu Php lut v Th y do Cc Th y, B Nng nghip v Cng nghip thc phm ban hnh, Nh xut bn Nng nghip, H ni, 1994.
b. Bnh bi lit truyn nhim hay vim no - ty sng do enterovirus ln (porcine enterovirus encephalomyelitis), hay bnh Teschen (Teschen's disease)BKD41 L bnh do enterovirus ln type 1 gy ra vi nhng chng vim no -
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vim ty xm ca ln. Bnh ny ln con cn c tn l bnh Talfan (Talfan's disease): bnh thn kinh ln con. V mt huyt thanh hc, trn th gii c 8 dng (type) nhng nc Anh ch c type 3, Nht Bn ch c type 4 v gia cc type ny c xc nhn l khng c tnh sai khc v mt khng nguyn. c. Bnh mn nc ln (swine vesicular disease)BKD3 L do bnh cm nhim virus bnh mn nc ln thuc chi Enterovirus. Cc enterovirus nu trn khng c s giao sai khng nguyn v rt ging type B5 ca virus Coxsackie ca ngi. V triu chng lm sng, bnh mn nc ln rt ging bnh l mm long mng, vng chn , vng mi ming v li hnh thnh nhng mn nc l nhng triu chng c trng. Cng ging nh bnh l mm long mng, bnh ny cng l mt bnh quc t. d. Bnh vim no - c tim ln (swine encephalomyocarditis) L bnh truyn nhim do virus vim no - c tim ln thuc chi Cardiovirus gy ra, triu chng ch yu l vim no v vim c tim. Ln s sinh v ln con c tnh cm th rt cao, sau cm nhim th b vim c tim, t l cht gn 100%. e. Bnh l mm long mng ln Bnh ny cc cng c lu nh mt bnh virus c tnh ly lan cao tng t bnh l mm long mng tru b. So vi bnh l mm long mng b th bnh tch vng ming tng i nh nhng bnh tch vng chn li nng. Ngoi ra, ln con cn thy cht t ngt, bnh tch c tim cng thy hnh thnh. 4. kh T kh phn lp c 2 loi picornavirus. Enterovirus kh gm t nht 18 type huyt thanh hc, c ngun gc t ng tiu ha. Virus bnh vim gan A kh thuc chi Hepatovirus cng c phn lp. 5. chut T chut phn lp c 2 loi picornavirus: trong c poliovirus chut (murine poliovirus) thuc chi Enterovirus. Cn bnh vim no - ty chut (murine encephalomyelitis) l do virus vim no - c tim (murine encephalomyelitis virus) thuc chi Cardiovirus gy ra. Thng thng bnh th n tnh nhng chut virus gy vim no v vim c tim. 6. chim T cc loi chim phn lp c 3 loi picornavirus. a. Bnh vim no - ty g (avian encephalomyelitis)BKD71 L bnh truyn nhim do virus vim no - ty g thuc chi Enterovirus gy ra, c bit trong t nhin cng cm nhim g ty, chim ct, g li. Trong trng hp cm nhim g, biu hin bnh trng thn kinh nh vn ng tr ngi, lc u v c,... g con t 6 thng tui tr xung. G cng cao tui sc khng cng tng. Thng thng g trng thnh cm nhim thng n tnh nhng nu cm nhim g mi th thng lm gim sn lng trng
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trong mt thi gian. b. Bnh vim thn g do virus (avian viral nephritis) L bnh gy ra bi virus vim thn g thuc nhm cc picornavirus cha phn loi, gy vim thn gian cht, g sinh trng km. c. Bnh vim gan do virus vt (duck viral hepatitis)BKD12,66 L bnh truyn nhim ch t cp tnh ca vt gy ra bi virus vim gan vt thuc chi Enterovirus. Bnh vim gan do virus vt c 3 th, trong th I v th III l do virus ny gy ra. Nu cm nhim vt 3 tun tui tr xung th thng thy vt nm lit, co git, vt cht trong vng 3 - 4 ngy, t l cht t n 50 90%. Thng thy gan sng v xut huyt im. Th II ca bnh vim gan do virus vt li do astrovirus gy ra. Trong khi virus vim gan B ca vt (duck hepatitis B virus) li thuc chi Avihepadnavirus ca h Hepadnaviridae).
C. ASTROVIRUS (H ASTROVIRIDAE) I. C IM CHUNG CA H ASTROVIRIDAE

Tn h ny bt ngun t hnh thi ca virion ging ngi sao nh ("aster" trong ting Latin). 1. Hnh thi v cc tnh trng l, ha Astrovirus c virion hnh cu khng c o ngoi, ng knh 27 - 30 nm, b mt virion c cu trc hnh sao. Tn virus bt ngun t dng "hnh sao" ny. 2. Cu to b gene (genome) Genome virus l mt phn t RNA mt si chui dng, phn t lng khong 7,2 - 7,9 kb, hot ng trong t bo b cm nhim nh RNA thng tin (mRNA). 3. Protein C 4 loi protein cu trc c bit n. 4. Ti sn C th s dng cc la cy t bo s khi thn thai nhi ca ngi, hoc t bo ung th i trng chng ha (la cy thng trc thng phm). Nu cho thm trypsin vo mi trng th virus c th pht trin, nhng trng hp khng gy tc ng bnh l t bo (CPE) l rt nhiu. Virus ti sn trong t bo cht. 5. Phn loi Cc astrovirus c kim xut, phn lp t cc loi ng vt khc nhau t ngi, b, cu, ln, ch, mo,... nhng ch yu t phn tiu chy ca tr em v th con. Cha thy s khc bit tnh khng nguyn gia cc virus ny. H mi Astroviridae c xng ch trong thi gian gn y.
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II. BNH CM NHIM ASTROVIRUS

Cc bnh cm nhim astrovirus tiu biu c k bng II-35. Cc astrovirus pht trin ch yu t bo thng b nhung mao rut non v trong cc i thc bo di lp thng b, gy teo nhung mao nim mc rut. Do , phn tr nn mm, mu sc phn thay i nhng nhiu trng hp c th k ch khng bin i g c bit. cc k ch suy yu, virus c th bi xut theo phn tiu chy nhng c th coi y l bnh nguyn c tnh quan trng khng cao. Bng II-35. Cc astrovirus gy bnh ng vt
Virus Virus vim gan do virus vt th II Astrovirus ln K ch Vt Ln Bnh Bnh vim gan do virus vt th II Bnh cm nhim astrovirus ln
Bnh vim gan do virus vt (duck viral hepatitis)BKD12,66 th II: l do mt Astrovirus thuc h ny gy ra vt. Bnh cm nhim astrovirus ln (porcine astrovirus infection): l bnh truyn nhim gy chng tiu chy ln con c mi c thng bo t Nht Bn, Anh, M.
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Chng 9 VIRUS RNA HAI SI (KHNG C O NGOI) A. REOVIRUS (H REOVIRIDAE) I. C IM CHUNG CA H REOVIRIDAE
Ch "reo" bt ngun t cc ch ci u ca "respiratory enteric orphan" ngha l "con m ci (tn ti) ng h hp v tiu ha". ngha ch "virus m ci" l virus ch thy con m khng thy b m, hay virus khng r b m. 1. Hnh thi v cc tnh trng l, ha y l virus khng c o ngoi, capsid c dng i xng 20 mt u hay hnh cu, ng knh virion 60 - 80 nm, mt sa lng l 1,36 - 1,39 g/ml (dng dung dch CsCl). Thng thng sau khi b v capsid hai lp t bn ngoi th phn cn li c gi l li (core). Li c dng i xng lp th. Cc c im v hnh thi v s lng capsomer capsid v li vn cn nhiu im cha r. 2. Cu to b gene (genome) Genome cu to t 1 phn t RNA hai si dui thng, kch thc 18 - 27 kbp. cc chi thuc h ny genome cu to t 10 on (chi Orthoreovirus), 12 on (chi Orbivirus) hoc 11 on (chi Rotavirus v chi Aquavirus) mt cch c hiu, kiu dng phn tch in di ca cc virus thuc mt chi biu hin s ging nhau. 3. Protein cc virus ny c 6 - 8 protein cu trc, mt s l glycoprotein. Trong li thy c hot tnh ca cc enzyme sao chp v enzyme to "capping" (tc l to "np" u phn t acid nucleic dui thng, lm cho u t do ca n c thm on polynucleotide mi thng l homonucleotide) v cc loi enzyme khc. 4. Ti sn trong t bo cht, virus c c phc ch v lp rp trong viroplasm ("cng trng ch to virus") trong t bo cht. Trong c cc virion dng kt tinh. Gia cc loi cng chi thng xy ra hin tng ti t hp thng gi l ti tp hp gene (genetic reassortment). 5. Phn loi H Reoviridae c cu thnh t 8 chi (bng II-36). Chi Orthoreovirus: gm cc virus c cu to t li c 12 gai (spikes) v capsid mt lp, n nh khi x l ether v acid (pH 3). Trong s 9 loi protein c cc protein 2 (gamma 2) v 3 (sigma 3) l cc khng nguyn c hiu nhm, cn protein 1 l khng nguyn c hiu dng (type). Cc reovirus ng vt c v c cc khng nguyn giao cho c hiu nhm v c chia thnh 3 dng huyt thanh hc. Do c phn lp t nhiu loi ng vt khc nhau: ngi, kh, nga, ln, ch, mo, gm nhm,... nn c th ngh rng trong t nhin cc virus ny lan truyn gia cc loi ng vt khc
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nhau. Virus pht trin trong hu nh tt c cc loi la cy t bo c ngun gc t cc loi ng vt khc nhau, hnh thnh cc th n nhp trong t bo cht. Cc virus type 1 v 2 gy ngng kt hng cu ngi nhm mu O, virus type 3 ngng kt hng cu b. Bng II-36. Phn loi h Reoviridae
Chi, loi (do ICTV ngh) 1. Chi Orthoreovirus Mammalian reovirus = Reovirus th Avian reovirus = Reovirus chim 2. Chi Orbireovirus African horse sickness serogroup = Nhm huyt thanh hc bnh nga chu Phi Bluetongue serogroup = Nhm huyt thanh hc bnh li xanh Changuinola serogroup = Nhm huyt thanh hc Changuinola Corriparta serogroup = Nhm huyt thanh hc Corriparta Epizootic hemorrhagic disease of deer serogroup = Nhm huyt thanh hc bnh st xut huyt lu hnh hu Ibaraki virus = Nhm huyt thanh hc virus Ibaraki Equine encephalosis serogroup = Nhm huyt thanh hc bnh no nga Eubenangee serogroup = Nhm huyt thanh hc Eubenangee Kemerovo serogroup = Nhm huyt thanh hc Kemerovo Palyam serogroup = Nhm huyt thanh hc Palyam Chusan virus = Virus Chusan Wallal serogroup = Nhm huyt thanh hc Wallal Warrego serogroup = Nhm huyt thanh hc Warrego 3. Chi Coltivirus Colorado tick fever virus = Virus st ve bt Colorado Virus Eyach = Virus Eyach Ar 577 (Chng bin d khng nguyn ca virus Eyach) Ar 578 (Chng bin d khng nguyn ca virus Eyach) Ngoi ra, c 4 chng Indonesia, 5 chng Trung quc 4. Chi Rotavirus Group A rotavius = Rotavirus nhm A Ngoi ra c rotavirus cc nhm B, C, D, E v F 5. Chi Aquareovirus Golden shiner virus = Virus Golden shiner ("vng sng") Reovirus 13p2 = Reovirus 13p2 Chum salmon virus = Virus c hi trng Channel catfish reovirus = Reovirus c tr M Tench reovirus = Reovirus c tinca (h Chp, chu u) Chub reovirus = Reovirus c bng Coho salmon reovirus = Reovirus c hi vng Hard clam reovirus = Reovirus trai v cng Ngoi ra, 2 loi khc 6. Chi Cypovirus Cytoplasmic polyhedrosis virus (Bombix mori) = Virus bnh th a gic t bo cht tm Ngoi ra, 11 ribotype in di (kiu dng in di RNA) v nhm virus phn lp c t khong 150 loi ng vt k ch S dng huyt thanh hc 3 11 9 24 7 3 7 ? 5 3 20 6 ? 2 2 2 ? Mui tp (chi Culicoides) Mng? Mui Ve bt ? Mui Ve bt Mui tp ? Mui tp Ve bt, mui Loi vector Khng
Khng 14 ? Khng
Khng
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7. Chi Phytoreovirus (virus thc vt), (3 loi) 8. Chi Fijivirus (virus thc vt), (3 loi) 9. Cc virus thc vt cha phn loi (nhm 3) (2 loi)
Cn trng
Cc reovirus chim cng c cc khng nguyn giao cho nhm v c phn loi thnh 11 type huyt thanh hc. Mi lin quan huyt thanh hc gia reovirus chim v reovirus ng vt c v rt thp. Tuy nhin, mt s reovirus nh virus Nelsson phn lp t g li c tnh trung gian gia hai nhm ni trn. Chi Orbivirus: ch "orbi" c ngun gc t Latin "orbis" ngha l "bnh xe", chi ny c loi quy chun (type species) l virus li xanh ( cu) (bluetongue virus). Li ca virus ny khng c gai, cu to t 32 capsomer hnh bnh xe. Tnh cm nhim ca virus b mt khi x l acid, nhng x l bng ether th ch gim khong 1/10. Trong s 7 loi protein th VP7 l khng nguyn ch yu c hiu nhm, VP2 l khng nguyn ch yu c hiu dng (type). Cc virus chi ny c phn loi thnh 12 nhm huyt thanh hc, cc nhm ny li c chia thnh 2 n 24 dng huyt thanh hc. Cc cn trng khng ch l cc k ch ca cc virus ny m cn l vector truyn ly gy cm nhim virus ng vt c v. Chi Coltivirus: cc virus ny ging cc virus thuc chi Orbivirus nhng li c li vi hnh dng khc hn. Cc protein cu trc ca chng th cn cha c r. Virus st ve bt Colorado c chng quy chun l chng Florio. Ch "colti" trong tn chi Coltivirus bt ngun t ch "Colorado tick". Ch yu k ch l ve bt nhng cc chng phn lp ti Indonesia li c k ch l mui. Cc chng Trung Quc cn phn lp c t b v ln. Chi Rotavirus: Ch "rota" c ngun gc t Latin "rota" ngha l "bnh xe", ch hnh dng ca virion. Li ca cc virus ny khng c gai, bao bc bi 2 lp trong ngoi. Trn b mt ca virion c 60 protein ngng kt t hng cu c dng nh cc gai. Cc virus ny khng vi ether v acid. Cc virus chi Orthoreovirus xm nhp vo t bo nh qu trnh bo nhp (endocytosis) cn cc Rotavirus li xm nhp trc tip t mng t bo cht. Cc th n nhp t bo cht cn cha r. Da vo tnh khng nguyn ca protein VP6 tn ti bn trong ca capsid m cc rotavirus c phn loi thnh 6 nhm huyt thanh hc t A n F. Trong s , cc virus nhm A c tn s cm nhim ng vt cao hn hn. Trong cc virus nhm A cng da vo tnh khng nguyn ca protein VP6 li c chia thnh 2 nhm nh. Mt khc da vo glycoprotein VP7 cc virus c phn loi thnh t nht 14 nhm huyt thanh hc. Cc rotavirus khng thuc nhm A thng c gi l cc rotavirus phi nh hnh. Cc rotavirus c cc k ch l ng vt c v v chim v c lan truyn theo chiu ngang. Cc virus nhm A c phn lp t nhiu loi ng vt rt khc nhau, v cng thy c s lan truyn gia cc loi ng vt. Cc rotavirus nhm B c phn lp t ngi, ln, b, cu, chut. Cc rotavirus nhm C t
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ln, b, ngi. Cc rotavirus nhm D v F t chim. Cn rotavirus nhm E th phn lp c t ln. Chi Aquareovirus: l nhng reovirus ca c v trai s, c chng quy chun l Golden shiner virus. Hnh thi ca virion v qu trnh sao chp RNA tng t nh cc reovirus. Chi Cypovirus: l nhm virus c chng quy chun l virus bnh th a gic t bo cht ca tm (Bombyx mori). Ch "cypo" bt ngun t "cytoplasmic polyhedron" ngha l th a gic t bo cht. Virus ny c tnh hng t bo thng b rut gia ca tm, nh c mt glycoprotein virus c tng hp m hnh thnh trong t bo cht cc th a gic, ch yu c hnh lc gic. Nhm cc Reovirus thc vt: c cc k ch l cc thc vt v cc cn trng vector truyn ly, c phn loi thnh 3 chi.
II. BNH CM NHIM REOVIRUS

Cc bnh cm nhim reovirus tiu biu c k bng II-37. Trong s cc virus thuc h Reoviridae c tnh gy bnh trng yu i vi gia sc, gia cm c cc virus thuc cc chi Orbivirus v Rotavirus. 1. Chi Orthoreovirus a. ng vt c v T b, nga, ln, ch, mo phn lp c cc reovirus type 1 n type 3. Phn nhiu chng l nguyn nhn cm nhim n tnh, hoc bnh ng h hp, vim kt mc v tiu chy th nh. Bng II-36. Bnh cm nhim reovirus tiu biu ng vt
Virus Reovirus ng vt c v Reovirus chim Virus dch nga chu Phi (virus dch t nga) Virus bnh li xanh (bluetongue virus) Virus st xut huyt lu hnh Virus bnh no nga Virus Chusan Rotavirus Virus cc hi trng K ch t nhin ng vt c v G, g ty, ngng Nga lu, la Cu, b, d, hu Hu (hu Virginia) Nga B ng vt c v, chim Cc loi c h Hi Bnh Bnh h hp, tiu chy, vim kt mc Vim bao c, pht trin khng hon ton, vim rut, h thn, bnh yu chn Bnh dch nga chu Phi (bnh c quan h hp, xut huyt a pht, ph thng) Bnh li xanh (suy nhc, bnh bin vng ming, i khp khnh) Dch st xut huyt lu hnh (xut huyt a pht, sc, hn m) Bnh no nga (vim no, sy thai) Sinh sn d thng (bnh no y nc - tiu no thiu sinh) Tiu chy, nn ma Hoi t dng gan ha
b. chim bit cc bnh cm nhim reovirus ca g, g ty,... Cc reovirus gy bnh cm nhim ton thn nh bnh vim bao khp do virus, pht trin yu, chng yu chn, vim rut, h thn, hoc cc bnh h hp mn tnh.
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2. Chi Orbivirus a. b Nht Bn c t nht 2 loi orbivirus lan truyn nh mui tp (chi Culicoides) gy cm nhim v gy hi b l virus bnh Ibaraki v bnh Chusan. Bnh Ibaraki tc bnh xut huyt lu hnh (epizootic hemorrhagic disease - EHD) Do virus (bnh) Ibaraki l mt trong nhng bnh nguyn ca bnh "dch cm mo lu hnh", gy ra vi cc triu chng ch yu l bi lit hu hng, bi lit thc qun. Ngoi Nht Bn, bnh ny cn thy Hn quc v i Loan. Virus Chusan l virus gy k hnh nu cm nhim thai, thy ch yu o Kyushu Ty nam Nht Bn, vi cc triu chng ch yu l no y nc - tiu no thiu sinh (hydranencephaly-cerebellar hypoplasia). b. cu Virus bnh li xanh (blue tongue virus)BKD7 c mui tp mi gii lan truyn, nu cm nhim b ngh th gy pht st, l , xanh ti vng, ph thng vng ming, nt n, vim phi, tiu chy, bi lit, i tp tnh,... v cht. Th c cha thng sy thai, sinh sn d thng. B v d cng c th pht bnh nhng khng nng nh cu. B trng thnh mc bnh ny c triu chng ging bnh Ibaraki nn ngi ta thng cho rng bnh Ibaraki l bnh dng li xanh (bluetongue-like disease) ca b. c. nga Virus dch nga chu Phi (hay virus dch t nga) v virus no nga (hay virus vim no Nht Bn nga) l nhng virus quan trng. Bnh dch nga chu Phi (African horse sickness, equine plaque, pestis equorum)BKD8 L bnh truyn nhim cp tnh hoc cp tnh ca cc loi mt mng guc c mi gii lan truyn nh mui m v mui tp, thng tr ch yu min Trung v min Nam chu Phi nhng c khuynh hng lan rng. Th cp tnh vim phi thng c t l t vong t n 95%. Tnh cm th ca nga l cao nht, sau n la v la. Bnh no nga hay bnh vim no Nht bn nga (Japanese encephalitis in horse)BKD45 Thng tr chu Phi l bnh do virus, sau khi biu hin hng phn qu v trm ut th dn n t vong qu cp tnh. 3. Chi Coltivirus Nhng tn hi ng vt do virus st ve bt Colorado gy ra cn cha xc nh r. Ve bt, mui v cc ng vt gm nhm hoang l nhng k ch mang trng, ngi l nhng k ch ngu pht do b ve bt t m mc bnh. Pht st, au u, au c, nn ma,... l nhng triu chng ch yu ngi ln b cm nhim, cn tr em ngoi nhng triu chng trn cn thng pht bnh vim no.
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4. Chi Rotavirus Chi Rotavirus gm nhng virus bnh tiu chy cp tnh c t bo ch l cc t bo thng b nhung mao rut ca ngi v ng vt (k c c). Cc type 1, 2, 3, 4, 8, 9 v 12 ca rotavirus nhm A c phn lp t ngi, cn cc type 3 ~ 7, 10, 11, 13 v 14 c phn lp t ng vt. Bnh vim d dy - rut tiu chy cp tnh phi vi khun ngi ln c th do cc rotavirus nhm B v C gy ra. Virus dch tiu chy lu hnh ca chut nht s sinh (epizootic diarrhea of infant mice), rotavirus kh ca kh (SA11), virus bnh tiu chy b Nebraska v cc yu t t lu c bit l "yu t lng rut (offal factor)" phn lp c t dch ra rut b v cu l cc rotavirus nhm A. Nhn chung, so vi cc ng vt n tht th cc ng vt n c c tnh cm th cao hn. Bnh thng a pht cc ng vt non 1 n 8 tun tui khi min dch th ng qua sa m (lactogenic immunity) b yu, gy tc hi rt ln cho b, nga, ln v cu. Sau thi k nung bnh khong 16 - 24 gi, th thy sc vt u oi, tiu chy, i khi pht st, hi phc thng sau 3 - 4 ngy nhng cng c trng hp cht do mt nc qu mc v nhim khun th pht. ch v mo ngha lm sng cn cha r nhng chng l mt trong nhng yu t gy bnh ngi. Cc rotavirus nhm B ca ln v b cng rt quan trng. 5. Chi Aquareovirus Virus c hi trng gy cm nhim mn tnh cc loi cc thuc h Hi nhng bnh trng c bit th cha c xc nhn. Bnh xut huyt c trm c (grass-carp) c xc nhn l do mt virus thuc chi ny (GCRV- grass carp reovirus) gy ra.
B. BIRNAVIRUS (H BIRNAVIRIDAE) I. C IM CA H BIRNAVIRIDAE

Ch "birna" bt ngun t s phi hp ch "bi" ngha l 2 v "RNA" l acid ribonucleic. 1. Hnh thi v cc tnh trng l, ha Cc virus ny c cc virion c dng i xng khi 20 mt u, cu to t 32 capsomer. Virus khng vi ether, nhit (x l 30 pht 60 C), acid, kim (pH 3 - 9). 2. Cu to b gene (genome) Genome ca cc birnavirus l phn t RNA hai si, gm hai on (on A c kch thc 3,1 kbp v on B 2,9 kbp). Hai on ny c protein kt hp genome c phn t lng 94 kDa. Phn on A c khung kh phin ORF ln m ha cho protein phc hp phn b theo trt t 5'-preVP2-NS-VP3-3'. Ngoi ra, trn u 5' ca genome ca virus Gumboro (hay virus vim ti huyt truyn nhim: infectious bursal disease virus - IBDV) v virus bnh hoi t lch truyn nhim (infectious pancreatic necrosis virus - IPNV) cn thy c mt khung kh phin ln v khung kh phin lp nh cho protein 17 kDa nhng cha tm thy c protein sn phm. Phn on B ch c mt khung kh phin ln, duy nht
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m ha mt polypeptide 94 kDa. 3. Protein Trong virion cc birnavirus c 4 protein cu trc VP1, VP2, VP3 v VP4 v mt protein phi cu trc l enzyme sao chp lin kt virion. Trong protein ch yu ca capsid (VP2) c s kt hp ca hp cht polysaccharide v c epitope (tc quyt nh khng nguyn: antigenic determinant) ca phn ng trung ha virus. Protein VP1 l sn phm ca phn on B ca genome, cn cc protein pre-VP2, NS v VP3 l sn phm ca phn on A. pH 6, virus hoi t lch gy ngng kt hng cu chut. 4. Ti sn Virus pht trin trong t bo cht nhng hu nh khng c ch s tng hp RNA v protein ca t bo k ch. RNA thng tin ca virus c sao chp nh enzyme sao chp lin kt virion v c tin hnh t mt trong hai si ca mi phn on RNA genome sao chp thnh cc mRNA 2 si khng c poly-A pha ui 3', v c di bng di ca RNA genome. S tng hp RNA virus v protein t nh im sau khi virus cm nhim 6 - 8 gi. Trong qu trnh ht virus thnh thc, pre-VP2 chuyn ha thnh VP2. 5. Phn loi Phn loi cc birnavirus c nu bng II-38. H Birnaviridae nay c xc nh l c 3 chi: 1) chi Avibirnavirus gy cm nhim chim gm ch mt loi virus bnh vim ti huyt truyn nhim (infectious bursal disease - IBV), 2) chi Aquabirnavirus gy cm nhim c, tm cua v cc loi trai c, k c virus gy hoi t ty truyn nhim (infectious pancreatic necrosis virus - IPNV c hi) v 3) chi Entomobirnavirus gy cm nhim cn trng. Ngoi ra, ngi ta cn gp cc loi virus khc l bnh nguyn ca bnh tiu chy ngi, ln v gm nhm c cu to genome ging genome ca birnavirus nhng kch thc virion nh hn (35 nm). Cc virus c gi chung l "picobirnavirus".
II. BNH CM NHIM BIRNAVIRUS

Cc bnh cm nhim birnavirus tiu biu ng vt c k bng II38. 1. Bnh Gumboro hay bnh ti huyt truyn nhim (infectious bursal disease)BKD68 Bnh ny phn b trn ton th gii, tn gi bnh Gumboro rt thng dng. Virus ny (IBDV) c bit c tnh hng hay i lc vi cc tin t bo lympho B, do c ch min dch g b cm nhim. V vy, chng l nguyn nhn ca s khng hnh thnh min dch khi tip chng vaccine hoc cm nhim cc vi sinh vt gy cm nhim c hi khc. Vo khong 3 - 6 tun tui ca g, ti huyt bnh thng t kch thc ln nht nhng trong thi k ny g con cng mc bnh kch lit nht. IBDV gm 2 dng (type) huyt thanh hc, type 1 tn ti nhiu chng bin d khc nhau c tnh gy bnh khc hn nhau nhng type 2 li khng c tnh gy bnh. Chng gy cm nhim n tnh g, g ty.
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Bng II-38. Phn loi v cc bnh cm nhim birnavirus tiu biu ng vt

Virus 1. Chi Avibirnavirus Infectious bursal disease virus = Virus bnh ti huyt hay virus bnh Gumboro 2. Chi Aquabirnavirus Infectious pancreatic necrosis virus = virus hoi t ty truyn nhim K ch t nhin G,... Bnh Bnh ti Fabricius (xut huyt, sung huyt, sng ri teo, min dch th dch b suy gim Mu sc thn c con ha en, vng bng trng phnh, nhn cu li ra, xut huyt di da
Cc loi c thuc h Hi
3. Chi Entomobirnavirus Cn trng Ghi ch: Phn loi c nhiu thay i so vi ln xut bn th nht (2002) ca gio trnh ny
chn on bnh Gumboro ngi ta c th s dng phng php nghin cu lm sng, sinh hc (virus hc) v cc phng php huyt thanh hc nh phn ng trung ha virus, phn ng kt ta khuych tn trong thch v cc phn ng khng th (min dch) nh du enzyme, hunh quang, phng x v ferritin. Phn ng kt ta khuych tn trong thch (AGP: agar gel precipitation reaction) l phn ng huyt thanh hc s dng c i vi hu nh tt c cc i tng vi sinh vt. y l phng php ny kh n gin, t mt phn ng c th thu nhn c nhiu thng tin cng lc v tnh phn ng, tnh thun khit ca khng nguyn v khng th,... Tuy nhin phn ng c nhy thp, i hi c i chng dng tnh v i khi, do nng ca cc thnh phn phn ng khng thch hp, phn ng c th xy ra ngay mp l thch cha khng nguyn hay khng th nn rt kh pht hin, i hi phi lp li phn ng vi nng khng nguyn hay khng th thay i. ch gel ngi ta ha 1 g agarose (bt agar tinh ch) vo 100 ml nc sinh l (dung dch NaCl 8,5% i vi gia cm, 8% i vi th), un cho tan u ri hp cao p (hoc 2 pht si trong l vi sng) cho tan u (ng thi tit trng), thm 0,1% phenol hoc 0,01% merthiolate ngn chn nhim khun, bo n 50 C, dng ng ht (pipet) rt ln mt phin knh c t trn mt phng mt lng thch va phi sao cho thch khng tro ra khi ra ca phin knh. (C th dng a petri y phng thay cho phin knh nhng c nhc im cng knh). cho thch rn, c mt vi cm l thch (dng khun chuyn dng hoc ng c l lm t mt on ng anten trn mi sc mp, vi khong cch v ng knh l nh trc khong 3 - 4 mm), mi cm 7 l: mt l gia v 6 l xung quanh. Khong cch tm cc l c th thay i. Ly b khi thch trong l c. (Ch rng nu phin knh c trng trc mt lp thch mng [ch trong nc ct] ri sy kh th tt hn v trnh c khe h gia phin knh v khi thch khuych tn, nu s dng a Petri ch t cht do trong sut th khng cn phi trng y a v thch bm tt ln mt nha v khng to khong h). Nu pht hin khng th th l gia cho khng nguyn chun, 4 l xung quanh cho huyt thanh b kim, 1 l cn li cho huyt thanh dng tnh chun. t bn gel vo bung m (hp cha nc sch c gi nm ngang t bn gel) hoc t vo mt a petri c ming giy
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thm ngm nc gi m. c kt qu sau 24, 48 v 72 gi. Phn ng dng tnh c s hnh thnh ng kt ta trng c gia l khng nguyn v l khng th cn kim tng ng tng t ng kt ta gia khng nguyn chun v khng huyt thanh chun. Ngoi ra, ng kt ta ca khng th chun vi ng kt ta ca khng th b kim bn cnh phi khp kn. Ngc li, nu hai ng ny khng khp kn chng t trong khng nguyn chun cha hn hp epitope, v mt trong nhng epitope c phn ng vi khng th cn kim, ng thi epitope khc li c phn ng vi khng th chun. Nu g cha bao gi c tim chng vaccine th phn ng khng nguyn dng tnh chng t g b mc bnh. Phn ng ny cn c th dng pht hin khng nguyn. Khi l trung tm ta nh khng th chun, 4 l xung quanh cho khng nguyn (l dch ti Fabricius nghin trong nc sinh l), l cn li cho khng nguyn chun. Phn ng dng tnh cng c ng kt ta tng t. Pht hin c khng nguyn chng t g b cm nhim.
2. Bnh hoi t ty truyn nhim (infectious pancreatic necrosis)BKD16 Bnh ny l do cm nhim IPNV, c tnh ly lan cc k mnh, l bnh truyn nhim ch t, c nui ti cc tri ng c th thng thy ch yu cc c h Hi nhng cng thy pht sinh c con ca cc loi c khc. C tng sc khng theo s cao dn ca tui. C trng thnh c cm nhim cng khng pht bnh nhng tr thnh vt mang virus (virus carrier).
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Chng 10 PRION V BNH XP NO TRUYN NHIM A. PRION HAY YU T GY BNH XP NO TRUYN NHIM (TRANSMISSIBLE SPONGIFORM ENCEPHALOPATHY AGENT)
Prion l nhng ht protein gy bnh thn kinh suy thoi ch t ngi v ng vt c bit n nh nhng bnh xp no truyn nhim. Bnh xp no truyn nhim hay bnh l no dng hi min truyn nhim (transmissible spongiform encephalopathy) c bit n ng vt ln ngi: bnh scrapie cu, d, bnh b in b, bnh xp no chn, bnh kuru-kuru (kuru), bnh Gerstmann-Straussler-Sheinker v Creutzfeldt-Jacob ngi. c ngi ln ng vt, y l mt trong nhng "bnh virus chm" (slow virus infection), c thi k n tnh (tim phc) ko di, sau khi pht bnh, u tri qua thi k tr nn c ha v gy t vong. Trong s cc bnh xp no truyn nhim, bnh suy nhc mn tnh pht sinh hu ti nc M c ng truyn ly cha r, cn bnh scrapie ca cu th c th suy nh l c truyn ly thng qua thc n. V mt lch s, bnh scrapie c xc nhn nh mt bnh ring bit chnh thc vo 1732 Anh. Bnh Creutzfeldt-Jacob (CJD) c bit cng t lu. Vo nhng nm 1970 nguyn nhn bnh kuru-kuru ngi c xc nh. Bnh b in c xc nhn Vng quc Anh nm 1986. William Hadlow l ngi u tin xc nh mi lin h gia bnh kuru v bnh scrapie. Carleton Gajdusek nhn gii Nobel nm 1976 do xc nh quan h gia bnh xp no truyn nhim ca ngi (kuru v CJD) vi bnh xp no truyn nhim ng vt. Prusiner nhn gii Nobel nm 1997 do pht hin ra prion, v cng l ngi xut t "prion" vo nm 1982. Bng II-38. Bnh xp no truyn nhim ngi v ng vt
Tn bnh Scrapie Transmissible mink encephalopathy = Bnh xp no truyn nhim chn vizon Wasting disease*1 = Bnh suy nhc mn tnh Bovine transmissible spongiform encephalopathy = Bnh xp no truyn nhim b ("mad cow disease" = "bnh b in") Ngi Creutzfelt-Jacob disease (CJD) = Bnh Creutzfelt-Jacob Gerstmann-Straussler-Sheinker disease = Bnh Gerstmann-Straussler-Sheinker Kuru-kuru = Bnh Kuru Fatal Familial Insomnia = Chng mt ng gia h ch t Mo Feline spongiform encephalopathy = Bnh xp no mo (bnh prion mo) Linh dng*2 Antelope transmissible spongiform encephalopathy = Bnh xp no linh dng Ghi ch: *1: Tn ny cn dng ch bnh trng chut ct b tuyn c (nude mouse) do cm nhim virus vim gan chut (mouse hepatitis virus) thuc chi Coronavirus h Coronaviridae; *2: Bnh pht hin ng vt nui ti cng vin nui ti nc Anh. ng vt k ch Cu, d Chn vizon (mink) Cc loi hu B
1. Hnh thi v cc tnh trng l, ha ca cc nhn t gy bnh xp no truyn nhim Yu t gy bnh ny khng thuc phm tr virus. Tnh cm nhim biu hin tnh khng mnh vi cc x l vt l v ha hc. Protein v acid nucleic
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c hiu vn cha kim xut v phn lp c, ngoi tr cc amyloid (prion rods: que prion) c ngun gc glycoprotein mng k ch. Khng c p ng min dch c hiu k ch t nhin nhng c th kch thch to khng th ng vt khc loi. T no k ch mc bnh ngi ta tinh ch c cc si amyloid di khong 50 - 300 nm, rng khong 25 nm gm hai si xp song song nhau mi si rng 5 - 8 nm thng c gi l SAF (scrapie associated fibrils) hay que (prion rods). Nhng si ny thng sp xp gp khc vi nhau. Bn cht ca cc si ny l protein bin thoi sau dch m t protein thng thng vi chc nng cha r c tn l PrP. Cc protein bin thoi gy bnh c k hiu PrPsc (t ch "scrapie-associated PrP"). Tnh cm nhim ca cc si amyloid c chng minh. 2. Cu to b gene (genome) Khng kim xut c s tn ti ca acid nucleic. 3. Protein SAF hay PrPscch yu l cu thnh t glycoprotein ca mng t bo k ch vi chui polypeptid gm khong 254 (trc y khong 205) gc amino acid. Nh vy protein SAF khng khc vi protein bnh thng. Gene iu khin tng hp protein PrP ngi nm trn cnh ngn ca nhim sc th th 20. Tuy nhin, do c s thay i cu hnh khng gian phn t (conformational change) m PrPsc tr nn gy bnh. Trnh t amino acid trong protein khc nhau ph thuc vo gia h hay dng ca gia sc, c quan h n qu trnh pht bnh v di ca thi k nung bnh. Tnh khng ca PrPsc rt cao. N gi nguyn tnh gy bnh khi x l 135 C trong 18 pht, cc bc x ion ha, tia t ngoi, formaldehyde nng dit virus, cc cht ty ra khng ion ha v khng bin tnh. Tuy nhin, PrPsc b v hot bi urea, phenol, sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS), sodium hypochlorite v cc nhn t ha hc bin tnh protein.
o
4. Ti sn C ch ti sn ca bnh nguyn n nay vn cha r. Sau khi cm nhim, lch, ty sng v no thng tr nn c kh nng gy bnh. C th cm nhim cc la cy t bo nhng khng biu hin tc ng bnh l t bo (CPE), qu trnh pht trin din ra cc k chm. 5. Phn loi Hin ang giai on gi thuyt cho rng bnh nguyn c gi l prion nh l nhn t cm nhim c cu to protein hoc c gi l virino cu to t mt lng ht sc nh acid nucleic v protein. Cc nhn t gy bnh ny cha th sp xp c vo v tr no trong h thng phn loi.
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B. BNH XP NO TRUYN NHIM (TRANSMISSIBLE SPONGIFORM ENCEPHALOPATHY)

1. Bnh xp no truyn nhim hay bnh l no dng hi min truyn nhim (transmissible spongiform encephalopathy) ng vt ng vt nhai li c cc bnh scrapie cu, d, bnh xp no truyn nhim b (bnh b in), bnh xp no truyn nhim mo, bnh xp no chn mink v bnh xp no linh dng. Vo thi k sm ca qu trnh pht bnh thng khng biu hin r triu chng. Thng thy ng vt c hnh ng d thng bt nh cc loi ty c th. Bnh khng pht st. Cng vi s tin trin ca bnh, thy ng vt khng phi hp c vn ng, sau dn n mt kh nng i ng v t vong. Khi mc bnh scrapie, trong k u cu khng chu ngh vn ng, hng phn v hay ngin rng, thng tch khi n, hoc thng chm tr trong khi di chuyn vi n. ng vt bnh thng mn cm cao vi m thanh, hoc nhiu khi biu hin nga ton thn, chng thng c vo cc chung hay cc thn cy lm rng lng. Bnh thng thy pht cu 2,5 - 4,5 tui, sau khi pht bnh con vt thng cn sng c mt s tun n mt s thng. Dch bnh ny tn pht Vng quc Anh, t ph bin cc nc chu u lc a, M v Nht. cc nc khc cha thy thng bo. Ring c v New Zealand thanh ton bnh ny. bnh xp no b (bovine spongiform encephalopathy), l bnh ly truyn qua thc n b sung cha bt xng ng vt, xy ra Vng quc Anh vi trn 170.000 trng hp bnh trc khi thc hin k hoch thanh ton bnh. Mt s trng hp bnh c pht hin Thy S, Php v B o Nha c ngun gc nhp t nc Anh. Thng thy gia sc qu mn vi cc loi kch thch khc nhau ca ngoi gii, khng nghe li ch chn nui. Tui mc bnh thng gp nh bnh scrapie. Bnh xp no truyn nhim mo (feline spongiform encephalopathy (FSE) c pht hin n trn 80 trng hp bnh Vng quc Anh t nm 1990. Ba trng hp khc Bc Ireland, Na Uy v Liechtenstein. bo m tho nguyn (cheetah) c 9 trng hp (3 trong c ngun gc t Anh), cn s t c 2 trng hp bnh pht hin. ng vt khc bnh xp no truyn nhim chn vizon (transmissible mink encephalopathy [in mink]) thng thy th gim th trng, tri qua khong 6 - 8 tun th cht. 2. Bnh xp no truyn nhim ngi Ngi b bnh thng thy cc chng tr ngi thn kinh - tm thn nh ng ngn, hnh ng d thng,... thng dn n t vong. V mt bnh l hc, bnh tch c hiu thng khng th thy bng mt thng, thng quan st thy bin tnh khng bo ha cc t bo thn kinh ca t chc trung khu thn kinh, teo ri t bo thn kinh, tng sinh t bo hnh sao (astroglia) v i khi thy cc nt im amyloid (amyloid plaques). Khng thy c cc phn ng vim vng b bnh bin.
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PHN III NM (CHN KHUN HC) TH Y

Chng 1 I CNG V BNH NM
1. Cc loi bnh nm Bnh nm ni chung (ngha rng) c chia thnh ba nhm ln: bnh cm nhim nm hay bnh nm (mycosis), d ng nm (mycotic allergy) v trng c nm (mycotoxicosis), nhng trong th y ch yu l bnh cm nhim nm v trng c nm. Bnh nm (mycosis) hay cm nhim nm (mycotic infection) Ch trng hp nm xm nhp vo t chc ng vt, pht trin m cm nhim v pht bnh. Tnh gy bnh ca nm ni chung l yu. Nhng nm c tnh gy bnh cho c th ng vt c v v chim phi pht trin c nhit 35 - 42 C cn nm gy bnh cho cc loi ng vt mu lnh th pht trin nhit trn di 20 C v khng vi cc c cu phng ng phi c hiu ca k ch l tin cn thit. Bnh l pht sinh bnh nm c im chung l t bo nm nh c vch t bo cng chc ca mnh m khng vi s thc bo cng nh tc dng khng khun ca min dch th dch, cho nn thng din ra mn tnh nh chng trng vim mn tnh hay hnh thnh u tht. Ni chung, bnh th bin ha lin quan n phn ng qu mn dng chm hay sn sinh ngoi c t dng enzyme. Ngoi ra, cc nm trong t nhin (25 C) thng c dng si nhng khi pht trin trong c th (35 - 42 C) th hnh thnh dng t bo nm men l nhng nm c gi l nm nh hnh (dimorphic fungus) c tnh gy bnh mnh. Cc chi Histoplasma, Coccidioides, Blastomyces, Sporothrix,... l nhng nm nh hnh in hnh, i khi Candida cng c c tnh ny. Bnh trng c nm (mycotoxicosis) L nhng bnh xut hin trn c s ng vt n phi cc sn phm trao i cht trung gian (th sinh) ca nm, c th phn bit cc nhm ln: trng c suy (chng hi) gan thn, trng c chng hi thn kinh, trng c chng hi c quan to mu, bnh qu mn nh sng (bnh s nh sng), hi chng qu pht tnh (qu ng dc),... 2. Min dch chng bnh nm S thc bo c vai tr trng yu trong c cu phng ng phi c hiu ca k ch chng li cm nhim nm. Sau khi cm nhim nm thng xut hin min dch th dch v min dch t bo. Ch c min dch th dch th khng th c kh nng phng ng chng cm nhim nm mt cch hon ton. Tuy nhin, khng th c hiu c biu hin s trung ha cc phn t c t nm cao phn t, c hiu qu st khun nh hot ha b th ca phc hp khng nguyn - khng th, c th ngn cn s
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truyn b, khuych tn trong c th k ch nh gy ngng kt c th nm, v to ra hiu qu opsonin ca t hp khng th - b th,... Ngoi ra, min dch th dch dng phn ng qu mn type I lin quan n d ng da, d ng h h hp, h tiu ha v vim tiu cu thn do phn ng qu mn type III. Min dch t bo biu hin kh nng phng ng mnh hn, c bit gy hot ha i thc bo, v cng vi n l gy tng cng cc hot ng thc khun - dit khun. Ngoi ra, min dch t bo lin quan n nhng bin i bnh l t chc do phn ng qu mn chm type IV v phn ng d ng c ch trong chn on. 3. Phn loi bnh nm Bnh nm c th phn loi da trn yu t ngun gc pht sinh bnh v v tr cm nhim. Cm nhim nm ni sinh, ngoi sinh v c hi Bnh nm ni sinh (endogenous mycosis) l bnh nm gy ra bi cc nm thng tr trong hay trn b mt c th ng vt. Cm nhim - pht bnh cc bnh ny thng lin quan n s gim min dch ton thn hay cc b t nhin hoc do s dng cc thuc chng vim hay thuc c ch min dch. Ngoi ra, cng vi vic s dng thuc khng vi khun, bnh nm c th pht ra nh l kt qu ca s lon khun (superinfection). Bnh nm ngoi sinh exogenous mycosis) l hin tng cm nhim - pht bnh sau khi nm bnh nguyn xm nhp bn ngoi vo c th. Nhng bnh gy ra bi nm c tnh gy bnh tng i yu thng khng th phn bit c tnh ni sinh hay ngoi sinh, cm nhim - pht bnh ph thuc vo s suy gim min dch ca c th k ch (tr thnh k ch d cm nhim, compromised host). Nhng bnh nh vy thng gi l bnh nm c hi hay bnh t pht (opportunistic fungus infection). Nhng bnh dng ny hin nay c khuynh hng tng. Bnh nm nguyn pht v bnh nm k pht Thng thng cc nm c tnh gy bnh mnh gy bnh nguyn pht trc tip khng ph thuc vo s tng gim ca nng lc phng ng phi c hiu ca k ch. nhng bnh nh vy gi l bnh nm nguyn pht (primary mycosis). Bnh nm k pht hay th pht (secondary mycosis) l bnh nm pht trin c s s khng phi c hiu ca k ch b gim st di nh hng ca bnh nguyn pht. Bnh ny thng cn l bnh nm c hi. Bnh nm c th l cm nhim nm cui cng (terminal fungus infection) l bnh nm xut hin vo k cui. Bnh nm cc b v bnh nm ton thn Phn bit trn c s s gii hn hay khng gii hn v tr cm nhim trn c th ng vt. Bnh nm cc b (localized mycosis) thng thy trong k u ca s cm nhim, nu s dng thuc chng bnh thng tr thnh bnh nm ton thn (systemic mycosis). Bnh nm b mt v bnh nm ni tng Nhng bnh trong nm bnh nguyn ch xm nhim ch trn b mt da
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hoc cc t chc ph thuc da nh mng, lng hay tng thng b nim mc m khng xm nhp vo t chc di da th gi l bnh nm b mt. Cc bnh nm ni tng (deep-seated mycosis) xm nhp vo cc c quan ni tng, h thn kinh, xng ty, t chc di da,... l nhng bnh thng nng. 4. Thuc iu tr bnh nm Ni chung do nm l sinh vt nhn tht nn thuc khng nm (antifungal agent) khng nhiu, bn cnh , phn nhiu cc thuc c tc dng ph i vi c th ng vt. iu tr bnh nm da ta c th dng cc tc nhn ha hc nh iodine, acid bo, acid salicylic, mui ammoni, ether, mui ng, mui thy ngn, thuc nhum,... bn cnh c cc cht khng sinh chng nm c phn loi theo c ch tc ng nh sau: - Thuc gy tr ngi s tng hp vch t bo: thng do cn tr s tng hp chitin ca vch t bo nh nhm polyoxin A l cc thuc cnh tranh UDP-Nacetyl glucosamin tr ngi tng hp chitin, do c tc dng i vi cc nm gy bnh thc vt m khng c tc dng vi cc nm gy bnh ng vt. Haloprogin c tc dng chng cc nm da v Candida. Aculeacin A v echinocandin B gy tr ngi phn ng enzyme tng hp beta-glucan ca cc nm men. - Thuc gy tn hi mng t bo cht: l cc thuc kt hp trc tip vi sterol, phospholipid, protein mng gy tn hi c nng ca mng, cc cht khng sinh h polyethylene gy tr ngi tc dng tng h gia chui bn acyl ca phospholipid v sterol lm thay i tnh lu ng ca mng. Amphotericin B c biu hin tc ng chng Histoplasma, Cryptococcus, Candida, Sporothrix,... nhng cng gy hi thn, pht st,... Nystatin l thuc c tc dng chng Candida v cc nm da. Clotrimazol, micomazol, econazol,... nh c tc dng nguyn pht i vi gc azol khng bo ha v tc dng th pht tr ngi s tng hp cc hp cht cao phn t m c tc dng mnh i vi cc nm da v nm chi Candida nhng nu dng ng ming th gy hi i vi d dy. Cyclopiroxolamin khng gy hi i vi cu trc ca mng nhng c tc dng chng nm do tc dng trc tip n protein ATPase. Ngoi ra, cc cht tr ngi tng hp chitin v -glucan cng vi tc dng tn hi mng cn gy ph hoi c nng ca ATPase. - Thuc gy tr ngi s tng hp sterol: cc hp cht h acetyl amin, h thiocarbamin v h azol, bao gm c cc imidazol, thng qua con ng acetyl CoA-mevalonate m tc ng n h tng hp sterol, cn cc thuc h aryl amin, (naftifin, terbinafin) v h thiocarbamin (tolnaftate, tolciclate) gy tr ngi mt cch c hiu i vi phn ng squalen epoxidase ca cc nm da v Candida. Cc thuc h azol (imidazol, fluconazol, itraconazol) tr ngi tng hp ergosterol v phn ng loi methyl C-14 ca -methyl sterol m c tc dng chng nm v c th s dng bn trong c th. Ngoi ra, cc hp cht h acid bo (acid undecylenic, acid caprylic) gy tr ngi trao i cht lipid, cng c chui C cng di th hot tnh chng nm cng mnh v biu hin tc dng chng cc nm da. - Thuc gy tr ngi s b my truyn in t: mc d tnh c chn lc yu v h truyn t in t phosphoryl ha xy ha ca t bo nm v t bo
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ng vt ging nhau, ta c siccanin gy tr ngi mt cch c hiu s truyn t in t t enzyme dehydrogenza ca acid succinic n h ubiquinone, pyrrolnitrin v mt s cht khc gy tr ngi s truyn t in t t enzyme dehydrogenza ca acid succinic n h ubiquinone v t enzyme dehydrogenza ca NAD n h ubiquinone. Siccanin c tc dng chng nm da cn pyrrolnitrin c tc dng i vi cc nm da, Aspergillus, Candida. Ngoi ra, cc cht khng sinh h quinone (nanaomycin) gy tr ngi h h hp ca vi khun, nm, tr ngi s tng hp DNA-RNA, protein nn hu hiu i vi bnh nm da ng vt. - Thuc gy tr ngi tng hp protein: im tc dng ch yu ca cycloheximide (actidione) l ribosome 80S nn gy tr ngi vic chuyn dch amino t phc hp aminoacyl-tRNA n chui peptide. Do phn ng khng c hiu nn khng th dng iu tr bnh nhng c th thm vo mi trng nui cy (0,5 mg/l) c ch cc nm men, Aspergillus, cc nm h Mucraceae,... phn lp nm da. - Thuc gy tr ngi s tng hp DNA: Variotin gy tr ngi phn ng ca enzyme DNA-polymerase , biu hin hot tnh chng cc nm da. Flucytosine (5-fluorocytosine) l cht cn tr s chuyn ha cc pyrimidine, sn phm 5-fluoro-2'-deoxyuridilate kt hp vi enzyme tng hp thymidine gy tr ngi hot tnh enzyme nn c tc dng mnh chng cc nm nh Candida, Cryptococcus, cc nm en v c th dng qua ng ming (cho ung).
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Chng 2 BNH NM NI TNG V NM BNH NGUYN

C nhiu loi nm gy bnh ni tng tc l bnh tch c v tr su trong c th (bng III-1). Bng III-1. Bnh cm nhim nm ch yu ng vt
Bnh nm A. Bnh do nm roi 1. Bnh nm nc 2. Bnh nm ni tng 3. Bnh u tht do nm 4. Branchiomycosis 5. Langenidiosis 6. Halithrosis 7. Atkiniellosis 8. Dermocystidiosis Nm bnh nguyn Saprolegnia parasitica Saprolegnia parasitica Saprolegnia diclina Aphanomyces piscida Branchiomyces sanguinis ng vt k ch C hi, c chp Ln C hng h Hi C vng, mng, dic C chp, ln Bnh trng ch yu Cm nhim da, trng Cm nhim da Khoang bng, ni tng Cm nhim c Cm nhim trong huyt qun mang Trng, u sinh, con ging Trng, u sinh, con ging Trng, u sinh, con ging Cm nhim mang Cm nhim da, c Vim da dng ht
Langenidium spp. Tm, cua Halithorosis spp. Tm, cua Atkinsiella spp. Tm, cua Ln chu u Dermocystidium anguillae C chp Dermocystidium koi 9. Pythiosis Nga, la Pythium gracile (P. insidiosum) B. Bnh cm nhim nm (bo t) tip hp (tr tn nm thng thng dng chuyn hnh v tnh) 10. Bnh mucor Tru, b, ln, nga, U tht phi, gan, thn, Mucor rasemosus, d, cu, vn, ch, hch lympho; lot d dy, Rhizomucor pusillus, mo, chn, g d c, rut; cm nhim Absidia corymbifera, da, gic mc, tai ngoi, Rhizopus microbifera, R. no, thai oryzae, Mortierella wolfi 11. Entomophthorosis Basidiobolus haptospora, Nga, vn Vim dng u tht mn tnh chimpanzy, c heo nim mc mi v di da Conidiobolus coronatus 12. Ichthiophonosis C hi hoa, c nc Cm nhim ni quan, c Ichthiophonus hoferi C. Bnh cm nhim nm bo t nang (tr cc tn nm thng thng dng chuyn hnh v tnh) 13. Nm lng en Ch, vn Cm nhim lng Piedraia hortae chimpanzy 14. Bnh thi u u trng ong mt Kh xc u trng dng Ascophaera apis trng (ong) phn trng D. Bnh cm nhim nm bt ton 15. Bnh candida (candidosis) a. Candidosis B, d, ln, ch, Vim ming, thc qun, Candida albicans, C. (candidamycosis) mo, vn d c, d dy, vim bung tropicalis, C. rugosa, C. th v, cm nhim da, phi, parapsilosis, C. krusei, C. mt, hoc ton thn guilliermondii b. Candidosis chim C. albicans G ty, g Cm nhim khoang ming, diu c. Bnh c trng Cc loi c hc Hi Tng sinh trong d dy C. sake 16. Cryptococcosis Cryptococcosis neoformans Tru, b, nga, mo, Cm nhim no, phi, da ch, cu, d, chn 17. Malasseziosis Vim tai ngoi Malassezia pachydermatis Ch, mo 18. Sporothricosis Nga, la, tru, b, Cm nhim da v h Sporothrix schenckii ch lympho 19. Ochroconiosis C hng cc loi c Cm nhim ni quan v Ochroconis humicola phng Bc bn ngoi 20. Cm nhim Histoplasma
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a. Histoplasmosis
Histoplasma capsulatum
Ch, mo, tru, b, nga, cu, sc, g Nga, la, la Ch, nga, mo Gm nhm, ng vt n cn trng, ng vt n tht, n c Tru, b, ch, mo, cu, d, nga, ln, vn Nga, la, ch, tru, b G, g ty, vt, b cu, ngng, chim cnh ct B, tru, nga, cu, ln, mo, ch, hu, vn Tm Nga, ch, mo Chut cng, b Chos, nga, vt
b. Vim lympho qun truyn nhim 21. Blastomycosis 22. Chrysosporiosis 23. Coccidioidosis 24. Rhinosporidiosis 25. Aspergillosis a. Aspergillosis chim b. Aspergillosis th 26. Fusariosis a. Bnh mang en b. Bnh nm mt 27. Penicilliosis 28. Chromomycosis
H. farsiminosum Blastomyces dermatitidis Chrysosporium parvum Coccidioides immitis Rhinosporidium seeberi Aspergillus fumigatus, A. flavus, A. nidulans, A. niger, A. terreus A. fumigatus, A. nidulans, A. flavus Fusarium solani F. solani Penicillium marneffei, P. commune Fonsecaea pedorosoi, Exophiala dermatitidis, E. jeanselmei, Cladosporium carionii Trichophyton equinum, Microsporum equinum, T. verucosum, T. mentagrophytes M. nanum M. canis, M. gypseum, T. mentagrophytes T. simii T. mentagrophytes, M. canis, M. gypseum M. gallinae, T. simii
Cm nhim phi, t chc lympho, h li ni m, h thn kinh trung ng, cm nhim ton thn Mng m lympho qun di da dng chui cm Cm nhim phi, da Vim dng u tht mn tnh phi Hnh thnh u tht kh qun, phi, mng honh cch, cm nhim ton thn Bnh tch dng u polyp nim mc mi v kh qun Cm nhim phi, ti kh Cm nhim c quan h hp, mt, lot d dy, cm nhim ton thn, sy thai Cm nhim mang Cm nhim gic mc Cm nhim phi, cm nhim ton thn U tht tng sinh da mn tnh Cm nhim da, lng Cm nhim da, lng Cm nhim da Cm nhim da, lng, mng Cm nhim da, lng Cm nhim da, lng Cm nhim da
29. Bnh nm si ca da
Nga B, tru, d, cu Ln Ch, mo Vn, kh Gm nhm Vn, kh
Nm bnh nguyn thuc nhiu nhm phn loi khc nhau, vic gim bit cc tnh trng kh phc tp, nhng ngi ta thng s dng l cc tiu chun hnh thi trong phn loi v ng nh cc nm (hnh III-1). Nm trong cc t chc m ng vt c th nhum bng mt s phng php. Nu nhum Gram, cc nm u bt mu Gram dng. Thng thng tiu bn nm nui cy hoc t chc c nhum v gn bng dung dch lactophenol xanh cotton (lactophenol cotton blue fluid), nm men c gip m c th nhum bng mc tu, cc nm k sinh da v t chc sng ha c th quan st c d dng sau khi dng dung dch KOH 20% lm trong sut ha keratin. Ngoi ra, c th thm dung dch glycerin 10% hoc DMSO (dimethyl
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sulfoxide) 40% gi nc v tng sng ca tiu bn. Nm trong t chc ng vt, c bit cc khun ty, c th nhum bng hemotoxylin-eosine. Cc si nm non thng a hemotoxylin, trong khi cc si nm gi trong t chc li a eosine. quan st hnh thi nm trong t chc th tt nht l phng php nhum PAS (periodic acid - Schiff's stain), phng php nhum Gridley v phng php nhum Grocott. Mt khc, do thao tc lm tiu bn hin vi t cc la cy thng ph hoi cc bo t v khun ty lm mt c tnh hnh thi c trng ca nm, nn quan st hnh thi ca cc nm ngi ta thng lm cc tiu bn nui cy trn phin knh (slide culture mount). Phng php nhum PAS (periodic acid - Schiff's stain) thng dng nhum polysaccharide nh glycogen, mucin, acid hyaluronic, reticulin, fibrin, hyalin,... Phng php ny thng dng nhum lt ct t chc loi parafin. Sau khi x l tiu bn bng dung dch 0,5% acid periodic (H5IO6) th nhum li bng dung dch leucofuchsine ca Schiff (ch bng cch ha 1 g basic fuchsine vo 100 ml nc ct si, lm ngui n 50 C v lc, thm 2 g metabisulfate natri v 20 ml HCl 1 N, nt kn v gi ch ti qua m, thm 300 mg bt than hot tnh, lc u t pht ri lc. Dung dch phi trong sut khng mu hoc vng nht), ri nhum tng phn (nhum nhn) bng dung dch hemotoxylin. Nm trong t chc c mu n mu tm, nhn c mu xanh tm. Phng php tiu bn nui cy trn phin knh (slide culture mount) kh n gin. Nh vi git mi trng thch (Sabourraud,...) ln gia tm phin knh kh du v st trng. Ch nu qu nng, lp mi trng s qu mng, vy nn cn lm ngui n va . Dng mt l knh mng nhng cn v t nng ri t ln khi thch trn phin knh lm phng mt thch. Ly b l knh. Cy mt lng rt nh nm t khun lc thun khit vo trung tm mt khi thch. t phin knh vo a Petri kh trng c np kn kht trong t sn gi lm t a thy tinh v t ml nc kh trng duy tr m. y np a v nui dng nm trng thi . Khi nm pht trin tt th ly phin knh ra m hin vi di vt knh c phng i nh (khng dng du). Trong trng hp ny, cng c th nh ln la cy trn phin knh t git lactophenol cotton blue, t ln mt l knh gn tiu bn ri quan st di knh hin vi.
1. Chi Candida Cc bnh candida (candidamycosis, candidiasis, candidosis) l bnh c hi do cm nhim nm loi Candida albicans, thuc chi Candida, mt loi nm dng men in hnh. Hu ht cc nm thuc chi ny cha c bit c chuyn hnh hon ton (teleomorph, tc l k sinh sn hu tnh) hay khng. (Cn nh li [chn khun hc i cng] rng, k v tnh ca nm c gi l chuyn hnh khng hon ton, anamorph, cn k sinh sn hu tnh gi l chuyn hnh hon ton, teleomorph, v trong trng hp mt nm din ra c hai dng chuyn hnh th gi l nm chuyn hnh hon ton [holomorphous fungus] thng c phn lp da theo dng bo t hu tnh, cn nm ch c k v tnh th gi l
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nm bt ton [imperfect fungus], nhm ny hu nh gm cc nm c chuyn hnh hon ton nhng cha c pht hin. i khi, do hai k ca mt nm c pht hin v m t ring r m nhiu nm c hai tn khc nhau ty thuc vo k sinh sn). Nm candida pht trin nh ny chi t nhiu im (ny chi a pht), hnh thnh khun ty gi, i khi cng thy hnh thnh khun ty thc. Thng thng, khun lc c dng kem mu trng, c mi ln men c hu. Bo t c hnh cu, hnh trng, hnh ellips,... Cc nm thuc chi ny u khng c kh nng s dng nitrate, cc phn ng urease, sn sinh sc t carotenoid, sn sinh cc cht dng tinh bt u m tnh. a. Loi C. albicans Nm ny c phn lp t cc loi bnh khc nhau nh mi, khoang ming, ng tiu ha, c quan sinh dc - tit niu,... ca cc loi ng vt khc nhau. c bit, cc loi chim nh g,... nm thng hnh thnh nhng bnh phn trn ca ng tiu ha. Bnh trng phn nhiu thng mn tnh. Vi sinh vt ny cn c bit nh tc nhn gy bnh vim v b sa. c trng ca nm ny l s ko di ca ng mm hay "pht nha qun" (germ tube). b. Loi C. tropicalis Nm men ny l mt trong nhng nguyn nhn gy bnh vim bung v v sy thai b ci. Bn cnh cc nm men nh C. parapsilopsis v C. krusei cng l nguyn nhn cc bnh b ci. Tnh trng gim bit (phn bit) hai loi nu trn nh sau: trong mi trng Sabourraud lng s hnh thnh khun mc (mng t bo nm) C. albicans l m tnh trong khi C. tropicalis l dng tnh, ngc li trn mi trng thch bt ng (corn-meal agar) s hnh thnh bo t mng dy C. albicans l dng tnh cn C. tropicalis l m tnh. Mi trng Sabourraud c ch bng cch ha 10 g peptone, 40 g glucose, 20 g agar vo 1 lt nc ct, un cch thy cho tan, khng cn chnh pH v thng thng sau kh trng pH s vo khong 5,4 - 6,2, hp cao p 121 C trong vng 15 pht kh trng. c ch vi khun c th thm 0,5 g cycloheximide (actidione) v 0,05 g chloramphenicol khi nhit ca thch ngui n 50 C, ch rng c trng hp cc cht ny c ch nm gy bnh. a petri. Mi trng thch bt ng (corn-meal agar) c ch bng cch trn u 40 g bt ng xay mn vi 1 lt nc, un nng 65 C to dch h, lc qua gc, thm 2% agar, un cho tan u, rt ng, hp cao p tit trng 15 pht 121 C. y l mi trng tt kch thch s hnh thnh bo t ca nm bch bin. Nu thm 0,3% Tween 80 th c mi trng kch thch s hnh thnh bo t mng dy Candida albicans. 2. Chi Aspergillus y l chi cng vi chi Penicillum l cc chi nm ph bin nht, lun phn lp c t thc phm v t ai cc vng a l khc nhau trn th gii vi tn sut rt cao. Chi ny bao gm hn 150 loi khc nhau nhng, trong s ,
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ch c loi Aspergillus fumigatus l nm bnh nguyn quan trng. c trng ca cc nm chi ny l t khun ty pht trin ko di thnh cung bo t nh (conidiophore: "phn sinh t bnh"), trn u ca hnh thnh ti nh (vesicle: "nh nang"), cn vng gc hnh thnh t bo chn (foot cell: "tc t bo"). Sau , b mt ca nh nang cc t bo hnh thnh bo t nh (conidiogenous cells) thng gi l th bnh (phialide) pht sinh bn cnh nhau, trn cc bo t nh (hay "phn sinh t") pht trin dng chui lin tip. Ph thuc vo loi nm Aspergillus khc nhau m trn b mt ti nh trc ht hnh thnh mt lp n t bo m (metula) ri sau mi c th bnh pht trin trn (hai tng), hoc th bnh pht trin khng gin tip sau t bo m (mt tng). u ca cung bo t nh thng c gi l u bo t nh (conidial head) c hnh thi c trng loi. Vic phn loi, ng nh (hay gim bit) nm thng tin hnh da vo c im khun lc, hnh thc sn sinh bo t nh, hnh thi bo t nh,... trn mi trng thch Czapek-Dox (Czapek-Dox solution agar). Mi trng thch Czapek-Dox (Czapek-Dox solution agar) c ch bng cch ha 3 g glucose, 0,2 g NaNO3, 0,1 g K2HPO4, 0,05 g MgSO4.7H2O, 0,05 g KCl, 0,001 g FeSO4.7H2O v 1,5 g agar vo 100 ml nc, un nng cho tan u, chnh pH n 6,8, rt ng, kh trng 15 pht 121 C.
a. Loi A. fumigatus Nm ny gy bnh vim phi do aspergillus (aspergillary pneumonia, cn gi l bnh aspergillus phi xm ln - invasive pulmonary aspergillosis) cc loi chim nh g, chim cnh ct,... Trong trng hp cp tnh, khun ty pht trin dng phn nhnh chc hai bn trong phi. Nu bnh tr nn mn tnh, bnh thng gii hn, hnh thnh bnh dng u tht. b, nm A. fumigatus c th l nguyn nhn gy bnh vim bung v hoc sy thai. Khun lc A. fumigatus c mu xanh dng nht hoc mu lc. Ti nh c hnh cu lm hay hnh bnh c hp (flask), na trn ca n c th bnh che ph kn, mt tng. Cung bo t bnh trn nhn, khng mu. u bo t nh c dng hnh tr c. Nm pht dc 45 C. b. Loi A. flavus Nm ny ni ting l nm sn sinh c t aflatoxin c tnh gy ung th mnh nht trong s cc c t nm. Nm 1970, nc Anh, hn mt trm g ty cht ng lot, nguyn nhn t vong l trng c aflatoxin (aflatoxicosis) do aflatoxin c sn sinh trong thc n gia sc. Bn cnh A. flavus, A. parasiticus cng c bit n nh mt nm sn sinh aflatoxin. Khun lc c mu vng lc hoc mu lc. Ti nh c dng gn hnh cu hay hnh bnh c hp, na trn ca n c th bnh che ph, mt tng hoc hai tng. Cung bo t nh c vch dy, b mt th nhm, khng mu, u bo t nh khi u c dng cnh qut, sau c hnh tr khng c.
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c. Loi A. nidulans Nm ny c phn lp t bnh nm hng ca nga l mt bnh cm nhim c hi. Khun lc c mu xanh lc. Ti nh c dng na hnh cu, na trn ca n c th bnh che ph, hai tng. Cung bo t nh phng, nhn, mu nu ht d, u bo t nh c dng hnh tr c ngn. 3. Chi Cryptococcus Trong chi ny c Cryptococcus neoformans gy cm nhim ch yu phi v thn kinh trung ng ca cc loi ng vt khc nhau, bnh thng c gi di tn chung l cryptococcosis. bnh s pht phn nhiu thng hnh thnh phi nhng cng c th gy cm nhim da. b, nm ny c khi l nguyn nhn gy bnh vim bung v, cn mo, ch th c khi thy hnh thnh cc bnh tch khoang ming, khoang mi,... V mt t chc bnh l hc, no thng thy bnh dng bao (cystic lesion) no v tim, cn phi v ni quan khc thng hnh thnh bnh dng u tht hay dng ht (granulomatous lession). Loi C. neoformans Loi ny da trn phn ng ngng kt huyt thanh th min dch c phn loi thnh 5 type huyt thanh hc A, B, C, D v A-D nhng v mt lm sng th hu nh ch c type A l c vn . Cc nm thuc dng huyt thanh A, D v A-D thng c gi l Cryptococcus neoformans var. neoformans, cn cc dng huyt thanh hc khc l Cryptococcus neoformans var. gatti. Cryptococcus c phn lp t t, phn cc loi chim khc nhau (nh b cu,...). T bo c dng hnh cu hoc gn hnh cu, xung quanh c gip m (capsule) c tnh acid cu to t heteropolysaccharide c trng. V vy, chn on bnh cryptococcosis thng dng phng php nhum mc tu. Phng php ny gip quan st c gip m r rng. Nm ny tng c phn loi thuc lp nm bo t m, dng nm men, thng thy chuyn hnh khng hon ton, nhng dng hon ton (teleomorph) ca n chnh l Filobasidiella neoformans. Khun lc c dng kem nhy, sau mt thi gian nui cy th tr thnh c mu vng nu nht. Nm pht trin nh ny chi a pht (multiple budding), nhiu chi cng hnh thnh trn mt t bo m, rt him khi hnh thnh khun ty gi (pseudomycelium). 4. Chi Blastomyces Bnh cm nhim blastomyces (blastomycosis) do B. dermatitidis gy ra l bnh nm thy ngi v ch, mo, nga v, c th, mt s ng vt khc. nc M, bnh ny thng c gi l blastomycosis Bc M (North American blastomycosis), c bit nh mt bnh phong th, gn lin vi iu kin kh hu hoang mc kh hanh. Khi ht phi bo t nh, trong phi hnh thnh cc bnh, sau nm di cn tn pht ra cc c quan khc, hnh thnh bnh blastomycosis ton thn hoc nu bnh ch gii hn da th gi l bnh blastomyces da.V mt t chc bnh l hc, vo thi k u thy bnh tch sinh m, trong trng hp mn tnh ha th biu hin bnh tch dng u tht.
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Loi B. dermatitidis y l nm nh hnh (dimorphic fungus), tc l ngoi dng nm men (yeast form) cn hnh thnh dng khun ty (hypha). Khi pht dc 27 C th nm hnh thnh dng khun ty, cn khi pht dc 37 C th hnh thnh dng nm men, trong thy hn hp t bo dng nm men v t bo khun ty ngn. vng b bnh, thng biu hin hnh thi nm men, ng knh 8 - 15 m, pht trin bng cch sn sinh cc t bo con thng qua ny mm n pht (single budding). 5. Chi Coccidioides Bnh coccidioidomycosis do gy ra bi C. immitis l mt loi bnh th nhng ca ngi c bit n Bc M, Trung, Nam M, thng thng l bnh h hp cp tnh tng i nh. Tuy nhin, khi pht trin thnh cm nhim ton thn th khng t trng hp dn n t vong. c bit, cc chng ngi da mu thng c tnh cm th cao i vi bnh ny. Khi ngi ht phi cc bo t nh dng t, hay bo t t (arthroconidium: "phn tit hnh phn sinh t"), th cc bnh hnh thnh phi m pht bnh. Bnh ny khng thy c cc vng a l nng m nh nc ta, c th do vi khun i khng pht trin ln t nm, ng thi trong iu kin nm khng pht sinh bo t nh dng t. Tuy vy, v phng din phng dch th y l mt trong nhng bnh nguyn cn ch . Mt khc, cn phi ch rng nui cy lu gi cc chng nm lu ngy tim tng nguy c b cm nhim bo t nm. ng vt, bnh c thy ch, mo, nga, b, thin nga, hi cu, cu,... Loi C. immitis Sau khi nui cy mt thi gian di, khun ty tr thnh bo t nh dng t. Cc bo t nh ny nu c nui cy vo mi trng mi th li pht trin thnh khun ty. Trong t chc b bnh, cc bo t nh dng t tr thnh cc th (hnh) cu (spherule) ng knh 40 - 200 m. Sau khi thnh thc cc th cu ny hnh thnh mt s lng ln bo t ni sinh (endospore). Khi phng xut v xm nhp vo t chc, cc bo t ni sinh li pht trin thnh cc th cu. 6. Chi Histoplasma Cc nm thuc chi ny l cc nm nh hnh, c ngun gc trong t. Trong chi ny c 3 "loi" l H. capsulatum var. capsulatum, H. capsulatum var. duboisii v H. farsimonosus c bit l bnh nguyn gy bnh histoplasmosis, l bnh nm su trong c th, ngi v ng vt. chn on bnh ny ngi ta tin hnh phn ng trong da vi histoplasmin (khng nguyn Histoplasma gy phn ng d ng). Hai dng u c dng chuyn hnh hon ton (teleomorph) l Ajellomyces capsulatus. a. Loi ph H. capsulatum var. capsulatum Phn lp c t cc vng lnh th khc nhau trn th gii. ngi, nm ny c thng bo l bnh nguyn cc vng Bc v Nam M. Ngoi ra, thy nhiu trng hp Bc M nm ny gy bnh vi cc triu chng ch yu l vim hch lympho trn ch. Trong cc trng hp, v tr nguyn pht ca bnh l phi, nu bnh nh ng vt c th t nhin khi bnh nhng nu
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nm xm nhim cc ni quan th thng t vong. Nu c nui cy nhit 37 C th nm ny hnh thnh dng nm men, nhng nu nui cy 27 C th sn sinh dng khun ty. Hai loi nh bo t c sn sinh hoc nhiu hoc t hn. b. Loi ph H. capsulatum var. duboisii Nm ny tuy cng loi vi H. capsulatum var. capsulatum nhng c bit l nm bnh nguyn bnh histoplasmosis pht sinh ch yu i lc chu Phi. c. Loi H. farsiminosum V mt hnh thi, loi ny khng khc nhiu so vi hai loi nm ni trn, nhng c khu bit im l loi nm c phn lp t bnh vim lympho qun truyn nhim (gi b th) ca nga, la,... Bnh ny thng c gi l histoplasmosis nga. Mng m dng nhy hnh thnh di da n hch lympho di da, c bit vng c, vng t chi l bnh tch c trng. Tim amphotericin B c tc dng cha bnh. 7. Chi Ascosphera Chi ny thuc loi nm bo t ti (ascomyces, thng gi l nm ti, hay "t nang khun"). Trong chi ny c loi A. apis k sinh u trng cc loi ong, thng gi l "nm t ong", phn b rng ri trn th gii, trong c Vit nam. Loi A. apis Nm ny c bit l nguyn nhn bnh thi u trng (chalk brood) ong mt. Ong nui ly cng thy nhim bnh ny. Nm pht trin rt tt 25 C, sau khong 10 ngy nui cy thy hnh thnh ti bo t (bo t nang) hnh cu, mu nu, bn trong sn sinh nhiu "bo t cu" hnh cu hoc gn hnh cu. Bn trong cc bo t cu thy cc bo t hnh trng hoc bu dc. Khun lc c mi chua c trng. 8. Cc nm chi khc gy bnh c hi ng vt Trong b nm Mucorales c n 21 loi khc nhau nhng ch c cc loi thuc 3 chi Mucor, Absidia v Rhizopus l nhng bnh nguyn c hi c ngha trong th y. Cc loi thuc chi Mucor l nhng nm mc nhim thc n gia sc, cc loi thuc chi Absidia c bit nh l nguyn nhn ca sy thai b, ca nhng nhng tr ngi tiu ha nh u tht v lot nim mc thnh d dy v rut. Cn Rhizopus spp. l nhng bnh nguyn bnh c hi, i khi gy sy thai b ci. Cho n nay, trong s cc chi nm nu trn c cc loi c hi cho gia sc c bit l A. corymbifera, M. racemosus, M. mucedo, R. microsporus, R. oryzae, R. pusillus,...
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Chng 3 BNH NM B MT V NM BNH NGUYN

Nm gy bnh b mt ph bin l cc nm thuc nhm nm da (dermophytes). Bn cnh nhm ny cn c mt s nm khc thuc nhm phn loi ring bit, cng hnh thnh bnh tch da (bng III-1). quan st nm da trong bnh phm ngi ta thng dng bnh phm l lng hoc vy vng c bnh bin. Thng thng lm mm v sng tiu bn, sau khi t bnh phm ln phin knh ngi ta nh ln mt vi git dung dch NaOH 20% hoc KOH 20%, t m 15 - 20 pht hoc h nh trn ngn la cho n khi xung quanh bnh phm xut hin bt trng, trnh h nng qu lm bo t gc lng rng ri ra. Sau , nh vi git glycerin ln tiu bn, y l knh ri hin vi. Cng c th lm sng tiu bn m trnh lm thay i v tr ca khun ty trong v xung quanh si lng bng dung dch chloral lactophenol (2 phn chloralhydrate, 1 phn acid lactic, 1 phn phenol). nhum nm da trc ht phi ty m tiu bn bng chloroform ri cho formol tc ng 2 - 3 pht, un si, ra bng nc ct ri nhum bng dung dch xanh cotton trong lactophenol (dung dch lactophenol cotton blue: c ch bng cch ha 20 g phenol tinh th, 20 g acid lactic v 40 g glycerin vo 20 ml nc ct, un nng nh cho tan u ri thm 0,05 g thuc nhum cotton blue, thuc nhum ny c tc dng c nh tiu bn) hoc xanh cotton soudan III trong lactophenol (100 ml lactophenol bo ha trong soudan III, 0,5 g cotton blue). Quan st di knh hin vi c th thy cc si nm (khun ty) v bo t trong hoc ngoi si lng ng vt bnh. Si nm thng c ng knh 2 - 6 m, di 15 - 50 m phn nhnh nhiu hoc t. Bo t c ngun gc t nhng si nm ny, phn b thnh chui hoc thnh m ty loi nm. 1. Bnh nm si ca da (nm da) (dermophytes) C n khong 30 loi nm bnh nguyn ca bnh nm da dermatophytosis ca ngi c bit n nhng ng vt th nm si bnh da (dermophytes) ch yu ch c 3 loi c phn loi trong chi Trychophyton (T. verrucosum, T. mentagrophyte, T. equinum), v 2 loi phn loi trong chi Microsporum (M. canis, M. gypseum). Cc loi nm si bnh da l cc nm a keratin (keratinophilic) s dng keratin nh ngun dinh dng, cho nn v tr cm nhim nm thng gii hn lp cht sng, mng v lng da. Tuy nhin, nm c th i dc theo gc lng xm nhp vo bn trong bao lng v gy nn cc chng vim (thng ha m) . Dng chuyn hnh hon ton (telemorph) ca nm si bnh da l cc nm thuc chi Arthroderma thuc loi nm (bo t) ti (ascomyces). a. Loi Trichophyton verrucosum L nm a ng vt c phn lp ch yu t bnh nm si bnh da ca b (bch im) nhng cng l bnh ly chung ngi v ng vt, t b c th ly nhim sang ngi, v vy cn phi ch . Ngoi b ra th nga, cu, d, ch,
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mo, ln,... cng b cm nhim. b vng mc bnh thng l u v c, c bit vng quanh mi mt c nguy c d mc bnh, vng b bnh thng b rng lng vng rng khong 1 - 3 cm, c th l do gi nga nn thng thy xut huyt v nt n. B cng non cng c tnh cm th cao. Trn mi trng thch glucose Sabourraud T. verrucosum c tc pht dc rt chm nhng nu gia thm thiamin th pht trin tt. pht dc, cng c chng cn inositol. Bo t t ln (macroconidium: "i phn sinh t") v bo t t nh (microconidium: "tiu phn sinh t") t khi hnh thnh, nhng bo t mng dy (chlamydospore: "hu mc bo t") th pht sinh vi s lng ln. Teleomorph ca T. verrucosum cn cha r. b. Loi Trichophyton mentagrophytes Trong nhiu trng hp c tnh ho th (zoophilic, cm nhim th), mt s chng c tnh ho nhn (anthropophilic, cm nhim ngi). Cho n nay phn lp c t nhiu loi ng vt khc nhau, hnh thnh cc vng tn thng cc b hay ton thn. T. mentagrophytes pht trin nhanh trong cc mi trng. Khun lc c dng phn, dng bng hoc dng lng nhung, mu trng hoc mu vng nht. Mt di khun lc thng biu hin cc sc mu khc nhau nh vng, nu,... Th nghim xuyn tc (hair perforation test) dng tnh. Pht trin khng i hi acid nicotinic. Nm hnh thnh nhiu bo t nh ln ph thuc vo trng thi ca nm, nhng him khi sn sinh. Bo t nh ln cha t 3 n 8 t bo, c hnh thi t dng gy n dng l cy, vch mng, b mt nhn. Nm cn sn sinh lng ln cc nh bo t nh hnh cu n hnh qu l, cha 1 t bo. Dng xon ca khun ty (spiral body) l c trng ca nm. Teleomorph gm hai dng l Arthroderma benhamiae (Ajielo & Geng, 1967) v A. vanbreuseghemi (Takashio, 1973). c. Loi Trichophyton equinum Tn thng dng l nm bch bin nga, cm nhim nga cc vng khc nhau trn th gii, i khi ngi cng cm nhim. V tr cm nhim khng c nh nhng nga ua thng thy vng tip xc vi dy eo v yn nga, thng rng khong 1 - 3 cm. Trng hp pht bnh nga non th thy nhiu, nhng thng t khi. T. equinum pht trin chm trn mi trng nui cy, khun lc mu trng c dng nhung hoc dng bng. Nu thm acid nicotinic vo mi trng th s pht trin c tng cng. Nu nui lu th xut hin nhng tia ta ra xung quanh ging nh hnh phng x, khun lc c dng bt, mt di khun lc c mu vng nu cho n nu thm. Him khi nm hnh thnh nhiu bo t nh ln, nu c bo t nh ln cha 2 - 6 t bo, hnh gy n hnh tr, vch mng, b mt nhn. Bo t nh nh cha 1 t bo, hnh thnh vi lng ln, dng hnh cu hoc hnh qu l. Bo t mng dy sn sinh nhiu, thng thy th xon v khun ty dng vt. Teleomorph ca T. equinum th cn cha r. d. Loi Trichophyton canis Tn ny c th hiu nh "tiu bo t khun ch". y l nm gy cm
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nhim ng vt. Cc bnh nm si ca ch v mo thng do nm ny gy ra. Ngi cng cm nhim nm ny. nh bo t ln ca cc nm thuc chi ny c dng thoi, cha nhiu t bo, b mt th, hoc c gai l im c trng. Khun lc ca chi ny c b mt dng bng, mu trng, vng n vng nu, mt di c mu vng m. nh bo t ln c vch dy, cha 6 - 15 t bo, sn sinh vi s lng ln. Thng thy c khun ty dng vt, th dng lc, c quan t v bo t mng dy. Lng b cm nhim pht hunh quang mu xanh lc nh g mc (wood lump). Teleomorph l Arthroderma otae. e. Loi Microsporum gypseum Tn ny c ngha l "tiu bo t khun dng thch cao". Nm ny s khi vn l nm a th nhng (geophilic fungus). Tuy vy, s trng hp l bnh nguyn bnh nm si ca da mo v ch ngy cng tng. Nm ny cng gy bnh cho ngi, l mt nm cng cm nhim ngi v ng vt. Khun lc ca chi ny dng phn, b mt mu trng dn dn chuyn sang mu nu, mt di ca khun lc c mu nu nht sau chuyn sang mu nu . Bo t nh ln c vch t bo mng, pht sinh vi s lng ln, cha 3 - 9 t bo. Bo t nh nh c dng hnh gy. Nm c khun ty dng vt, th hnh lc v bo t mng dy. Lng b cm nhim khng pht hunh quang nh ci mc. Teleomorph c bit c hai loi l Arthroderma gypseum v A. incurvatum. 2. Chi Sporothrix Trong chi Sporothrix hin ti c bit c hn 10 loi nhng hu ht sng hoi sinh trong t. Trong s , S. schenckii l bnh nguyn khun duy nht, bit nhiu trng hp bnh ngi v ng vt. ng vt, bnh thng thy nhiu nga v ch. Loi S. schenckii L bnh nguyn bnh sporothricosis. Trong trng hp ca cc ng vt, nm t vt ngoi thng xm nhp vo bn trong k ch, hnh thnh vt lot da, thng qua cc mch lympho m xm nhp vo trong c th, hnh thnh cc bnh trong cc hch lympho vng c v t chi. mo, nm hnh thnh bnh tch thi lot ch gii hn da, trong dch thm xut mng m c th quan st thy cc t bo nm men. B mt khun lc biu hin mu nu en nn c phn loi trong nhm cc nm mc mu en ("hc sc chn khun"). S. schenckii l nm nh hnh. Khi pht trin 27 C th c dng khun ty, sn sinh cc bo t nh gn hnh cu hoc hnh trng cha 1 t bo. Khi pht trin 37 C th tr thnh dng nm men hnh cu hoc hnh trng. 3. Bnh nm khc v nm bnh nguyn a. Chi Malassezia Bnh Malassezia l bnh cm nhim do Malassezia pachidermatis gy ra, khi u c bo co phn lp t da t gic n . Tn nm ghi trong bo co ban u l Pithirosporum nn tn bnh nhiu khi cng c gi l pithirosporosis.
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Loi M. pachidermatis l mt loi nm men thng tr trn c th v ng tai ngoi ca ng vt, c hnh cu hoc hnh trng. Khi pht trin khng cn du olive l im khc vi M. furfur (gy bnh ngi) cng c phn loi vo chi ny. Dng nui cy c hnh trng, pht trin nh sinh sn ny chi n pht. Trn t bo m, t mt so l m (khai khu) cc t bo con ln lt c sn sinh. Cng c dng trung gian gia qu trnh phn bo v qu trnh ny chi. Khun ty th hon ton khng thy. Nhiu trng hp nm lin quan n bnh vim ng tai ngoi v vim da mn tnh ch v ng vt khc. b. Chromomycosis v nm bnh nguyn Nm mu en dematiaceae l tn chung ca cc nm c cc yu t ca nm c bit c khun ty mu ti nn ton th khun lc c mu en hoc mu gn en, gm cc nm thuc nhm nm bt ton nh Exophiala, Fonsecaea, Ochroconis, Phialofora, Alternaria, Aureobasidium, Cladosporium, Curvularia, Drechslera,... Nhng bnh gy ra bi cc nm ny c gi chung l chromomycosis (bnh nm en, "hc sc chn khun bnh"). Cc nm mu en gy bnh nm rng ri trong t nhin, t cc ng vt c v nh ngi, ch, mo, nga,... n cc ng vt thy sinh nh c,... Ni chung, cc nm ny c tnh gy bnh thp, a s l yu t gy bnh c hi.
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Chng 4 BNH NM NG GII

Cho n nay, c nhiu bnh nm cc loi c nui v c t nhin c thng bo. Mc ny ch gii thiu khi yu v mt s nm tiu biu. 1. Bnh cm nhim nm Dermocystidium (dermocystidiosis) c trng ca bnh l th dinh dng ca nm bnh nguyn c ln c th nhn thy bng mt thng hnh thnh mang hoc da c, bn trong c cc th n nhp hnh cu v mt s lng ln bo t c nhn nm gn trung tm. 2. Bnh nm nc (saprolegniasis) Bnh nm nc l bnh gy ra bi cc nm thuc b nm nc (Saprolegnialis, ngnh Nm non Oomycota), thng chia thnh hai nhm ln l bnh nm nc k sinh bn ngoi v bnh nm nc k sinh bn trong. Cc bnh nm nc k sinh bn ngoi thng c gi l bnh nm nc, l bnh do nm si b ngoi c dng lng mao k sinh v pht trin mnh trn thn cc v trng c. Cn "bnh nm nc k sinh bn trong" l tn chung ch cc bnh nm trong nm ch pht trin bn trong c th c. a. Bnh nm nc L bnh nm tr thnh vn i vi cc loi c thuc h Hi (c nc lnh), nhng trong ma lnh bnh cng pht sinh c nc m nh c chp, ln,... Nguyn nhn cht do c cu iu tit p sut thm thu ca c b ph hoi. ln c th gi l bnh trng u. b. Bnh nm ni tng (visceral mycosis) L bnh pht sinh c con h Hi 1 - 2 tun tui, t l cht 10 - 20%. Huyn mn d dy l ni im s khi, sau cc khun ty mc di vo xoang bng, ri lan vo ni tng v c, pht bnh, gy cht. c. Bnh u ht do nm (mycotic granulomatosis) L bnh pht sinh cc loi cc nc m nh c trm, c vng,... hnh thnh cc u tht trong c do nm khi pht. Da c bnh cng trng, xung quanh thy c cc ban xut huyt im. Vo k cui, vng da bnh b bng hoi, l xut cc u tht mu hnh thnh trong lp c pha di. C chp khng mc bnh ny. 3. Ichthyophonosis L bnh ca cc loi c nc ngt v nc mn, gy ra bi cc nm chi Ichthyophonus thuc b Mucorales, ngnh Nm tip hp Zygomycota, hnh thnh cc bnh tch dng hch trong cc ni quan v c. Bnh ny l vn ln i vi c hi en v c nc. ch bnh tch thng thy cc th hnh cu a nhn, ln nh khc nhau t vi m n khong 200 m. 4. Bnh c trng (tympanitis) L bnh thy ri rc c h Hi, c b bnh c d dy b trng nn nhn
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t bn ngoi thy bng phnh to. Trong d dy thy ng dch mu trng hi nu, c, c nhiu bt. Trong cht cha d dy nm men pht trin hu nh thun khit. 5. Fusariomycosis L tn chung ch cc bnh gy ra bi cc loi nm thuc chi Fusarium. Bnh ny pht sinh cc loi c cng nh gip xc khc nhau, l vn ln i vi ngnh nui tm. Hu ht cc trng hp bnh u do F. solani gy ra nhng i khi c th l do cc loi nm Fusarium khc. Triu chng c trng ca bnh l mang tr nn en, cho nn thng c gi l bnh en mang.
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Chng 5 BNH TRNG C NM V NM BNH NGUYN

Cc cht do nm sn sinh ra, l nhng phn t nh khng c tnh khng nguyn, biu hin tnh c ng vt c gi chung l c t nm (mycotoxin). Thc n gia sc (c bit cc loi ng cc) v ng c b nhim c t nm, gia sc, gia cm n phi pht sinh trng c l kh ph bin. Bng III-2. Nhng bnh trng c nm (mycotoxicosis) ch yu ng vt
Bnh trng c Mycotoxin A. Trng c gy hi gan thn 1. Trng c aflatoxin Aflatoxin B1, B2, G1, G2 2. Trng c sterigmacystin Sterigmacystin 3. Trng c ochratoxin Ochratoxin A, B 4. Trng c citrinin B. Trng c gy hi thn kinh 1. Trng c patulin Patulin 2. Trng c acid penicillic 3. Trng c b mch nha nhim nm 4. Hi chng c tremorgen Acid penicillic Maltoryzine Acid cyclopiazonic, Penitrem A, B Nm sn sinh ch yu Aspergillus flavus, A. parasiticus Aspergillus versicolor Aspergillus ochraceus, Penicillium citrinum Penicillium citrinum, P. implicatum Penicillium patulin, P. expasum, Aspergillus clavatus Penicillium puberulum, P. palitans, Aspergillus achraceus Aspergillus oryzae ng vt mc bnh G, vt, g ty, c hi, ln, b, cu ch, mo Cu, th Ln, cu, b, ch, g Ln, ch B, mo Phi g, chim ct, tm B B, cu B, cu B Nga, b Nga, b B, nga, ln, cu, g B, nga, cu, d Ln, b, cu, nga, g, mo, ch, c B, cu B, ln Nga B, cu, g, g ty, mo, ch, Nga, b, cu, ln, ch Cu, b
Penicillium cyclopium P. cyclopium, P. crustosum Fumitremorgen A, B Aspergillus fumigatus 5. Trng c nm m Amanitin Amanita phalloides, A. virosa, A. pantherina Muscarin cc loi A. muscaria, Clitocybe dealbata, Inocybe potouillardii 6. Trng c nm ca g Ergotamine Claviceps purpurea 7. Bnh chy nc bt Slaframine Rhizoctonia leguminicola C. Bnh trng c tn hi c quan to mu 1. Hi chng trng c T-2 toxin Fusarium thrichothecene sporotrichioides (=F. tritinctum) Fusarenone F. epispharia, F. nivale, Deoxynivalenol F. cocolor (=F. roseum), F. graminearum, (=Gibberella zeae) Fumonisin B1, B2 F. moniliforme 2. Trng c sporofusarin Sporofusarin F. sporotrichioides 3. Stachybotryotoxicosis Satratoxin H D. Hi chng qu mn nh sng 1. Chng ban ph mt Sporidesmin C. Hi chng qu ng dc Stachybotrys atra Sporidesmium bakeri
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1. Trng c zearalenone
Zearalenone
Fusarium graminearum
Ln, b, g
Ni chung, cc bnh trng c nm phn nhiu thng l mn tnh, trong trng hp cc c t nm gy ung th (oncogenic mycotoxin) tr thnh vn ln. nm sinh trng pht trin tn ti c cu trao i cht cha r v mt tc dng sinh l i vi nm c tnh c hiu i vi cc loi v chng khc nhau, hnh thnh mt cch phi sinh (dn xut) t h trao i cht nht nguyn cn thit cho hot ng ca c th nm. C cu c gi l trao i cht th sinh (secondary metabolism), trong sn phm cui cng c hnh thnh c phn t lng khong 300 - 500 Da thng c gi l sn phm trao i cht th sinh (secondary metabolite). Trong s cc cht cc cht c biu hin tnh c i vi t bo ng vt c gi l mycotoxin thng thng hay c t nm, cn nhng cht c hot tnh khng khun gi l cht khng sinh (antibiotic). Sau y l mt s c t nm tiu biu. 1. Cc c t nm tiu biu Cc c t nm tiu biu c k bng III-2. a. Aflatoxin L tn chung ch cc hp cht ng loi c n ly t cc sn phm trao i cht ca nm Aspergillus flavus, c bit nh l cc cht B1, B2, G1, G2, M1, M2,... nhng cht c c tnh mnh nht v pht ung th mnh nht aflatoxin B2. c t ny biu hin c tnh i vi gan ca cc loi ng vt khc nhau, l nguyn nhn ung th gan. Ngoi A. flavus cn c A. parasiticus, A. oryzae, A. tamari, A. wentii,... cng c bit n nh l nhng nm sn sinh aflatoxin. b. Trichothecen Cc hp cht trichothecen l nhng mycotoxin c sn sinh bi cc loi nm thuc chi Fusarium, trong toxin T-2, nivalenol, v fusarenon-X,... l nhng hp cht c bit nhiu. Chng l nguyn nhn chng trng c vi cc triu chng ch yu l tr ngi c nng to huyt, thng thy gia sc v ngi (ng c mc trng). L c t da v c t ng rut, chng cn gy ra cc triu chng bnh ng tiu ha v bnh thn kinh. c. Zearalenone L c t nm (mycotoxin) do cc nm thuc chi Fusarium sn sinh ra, gy sng m h ln ni dn n hi chng ng dc gi. 2. Kim tra nhim c t nm ch yu Cc bnh trng c nm l do ngi v ng vt n phi trong thc n c cc cht l sn phm trao i cht th sinh c sn sinh bi cc nm (c c) sinh trng pht trin trong thc n gy nn. V vy, vic bo qun thc phm cho ngi v thc n gia sc ng vai tr quan trng trong vic phng nga cc bnh trng c nm. Ngoi ra, phng bnh, c th s dng cc phng php trc tip v gin tip kim xut s hin din ca mycotoxin
246
trong thc phm. Hin nay, nh tnh v nh lng mycotoxin ngi ta thng dng phng php sc k lp mng (thin layer chromatography, TLC), sc k dch th cao tc (high performance liquid chromatography, hay sc k dch th cao p: high presure liquid chromatography - HPLC),... nhng do phi s dng cc dung mi hu c chit xut mycotoxin c c tnh tai hi sinh hc (biohazard) v tai hi ha hc (chemohazard) nh chloroform, benzene,... nn vic s dng cc phng php ny tr thnh vn ng ngi. Nhng nm gn y, phng php ELISA c xc lp kim xut c t nm. Th trng trn th gii c cc kit (b) c th kim xut mt cch tin li v nhanh chng cc c t aflatoxin, toxin T-2, deoxynivalenol, ochratoxin, zearalenone,... Phng php ny da vo khng th nh du enzyme kt hp cc c t c chit xut bng methyl alcohol, c th kim xut nh tnh hoc bn nh lng xc nhn cc c t tng ng, thch hp trong lnh vc v sinh thc n v thc phm. Gii hn kim xut i vi aflatoxin l 5 ppb.
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TI LIU THAM KHO

(Th t: Ting Vit, Anh - Nht, Nga)
1. Herenda D. (2000). Cm nang v kim dch tht ti l m cc nc ang pht trin, n phm ca FAO v chn nui th y (Bn dch ting Vit ca D n Tng cng cng tc Th y Vit nam, Vit Nam - Cng ng Chu u). Nh xut bn Bn , H Ni. Hunter A. (2001). S tay dch bnh ng vt (Phm Gia Ninh v Phm c Tm dch). Nh xut bn Bn , H Ni. Hng Thy Nguyn, ng c Trch, Ninh c D, Nguyn Hng it, Nguyn Th K & Nguyn Th Oanh (1974). Vi sinh y hc, tp 1, NXB Y hc, H Ni. Nguyn Vnh Phc (1970). Vi sinh vt hc th y, tp II, NXB i hc v Trung hc chuyn nghip, H Ni. Phm Hng Sn, Phan Vn Chinh, Nguyn Th Thanh & Phm Quang Trung (2002). Gio trnh vi sinh vt hc th y. NXB Nng nghip, H Ni. Nguyn Vnh Phc, H nh Chc, Nguyn Vn Hanh & ng Th Huynh (1970). Gio trnh Bnh truyn nhim gia sc. NXB Nng nghip, H Ni. Nguyn Nh Thanh (1974). Gio trnh thc tp vi sinh vt hc th y. Xng in H Nng nghip I, H Ni. Nguyn Nh Thanh, Nguyn B Hin & Trn Th Lan Hng (1997). Vi sinh vt hc th y. NXB Nng nghip, H Ni. Bi Quang T (1997). Gio trnh Bnh ng vt thy sn. Vin Nghin cu nui trng thy sn I, B Thy sn, H Ni. Appel M. J. (ed.) (1987). Virus infections of Vertebrates, vol. 1: Virus infections of canivores. Elsevier Science Pub., Amsterdam. Barile M. F., Razin S., Tully J. G. et al. (ed.) (1985). The Mycoplasmas, vol. 1 - 4, Academic Press, Orland. Briese T., Schneemann A., Lewis A. J., Park Y. S., Kim S., Ludwig H. & Lipkin W. I. (1994). Genomic organization of Borna disease virus. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 91: 4362-4396. Calnek B. W., BRNAes H. N., Beard C. W. et al. (1998). Diseases of poultry (10th ed.), Iowa State Univ. Press, Ames, Iowa. Carter G. R., Wise D. J. & Flores E. F. (Eds.) 2005. A Concise Review of Veterinary Virology. International Veterinary Information Service, Ithaca, NY. Cavanagh D. (1997). Nidovirales: a new order comprising Coronaviridae and Arteriviridae. Arch. Virol.142: 629-633. Collier L. H. & Timbury M. C. (ed.) (1990). Topley & Wilson's Principles of
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MC LC
Li ni u nhn dp ti bn ln th nht (phin bn in t) Li ni u nhn dp xut bn ln th nht (2002) PHN I. VI KHUN HC TH Y Chng 1. TRC KHUN GRAM M YM KH TY TIN A. H Trc khun ng rut Enterobacteriaceae I. c im chung ca h Enterobacteriaceae 1. Phn loi 2. Hnh thi 3. Tnh trng sinh ha 4. Tnh gy bnh II. Enterobactericeae v bnh truyn nhim 1. Escherichia coli 2. Escherichia coli v trng c thc phm 3. Salmonella v bnh truyn nhim 4. Salmonella v trng c thc phm 5. Trc khun l Shigella v bnh truyn nhim 6. Edwardsiella v bnh truyn nhim 7. Yersinia v bnh truyn nhim 8. Yersinia v trng c thc phm 9. Klebsiella v bnh truyn nhim 10. Cc vi khun khc thuc h Enterobacteriaceae B. Phy khun (h Vibrionaceae) I. c im chung ca phy khun 1. Phn loi 2. Hnh thi 3. Tnh trng sinh ha 4. Tnh gy bnh II. Vibrio v trng c thc phm III. Bnh cm nhim Vibrio C. H Pasteurellaceae I. c im chung ca h Pasteurellaceae 1. Phn loi 2. c im chung ca h Pasteurellaceae II. H Pasteurellaceae v bnh truyn nhim 1. c im vi sinh vt hc ca cc Pasteurella 2. Bnh cm nhim Pasteurella III. Haemophilus v bnh truyn nhim 1. c im chung ca Haemophilus 2. Bnh cm nhim Haemophilus IV. Actinobacillus v bnh truyn nhim 1. c im chung ca Actinobacillus 2. Bnh cm nhim Actinobacillus D. Trc khun Gram m ym kh ty tin khc Chng 2. TRC KHUN GRAM M HIU KH A. Pseudomonas (h Pseudomonadaceae) 1 2 6 7 7 7 7 7 7 10 10 10 14 15 22 23 23 24 27 27 28 30 30 30 30 31 31 32 32 32 32 32 35 35 35 37 38 38 39 39 39 40 40 43 43
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I. c im chung ca h Pseudomonadaceae 1. Phn loi 2. Hnh thi 3. Tnh trng sinh ha 4. Tnh gy bnh II. Bnh cm nhim Pseudomonas B. Bordetella v bnh cm nhim I. c im chung ca Bordetella 1. Phn loi 2. Hnh thi 3. Tnh trng sinh ha 4. Tnh gy bnh II. Bnh cm nhim Bordetella C. Brucella v bnh cm nhim I. c im chung ca Brucella 1. Phn loi 2. Hnh thi 3. Tnh trng sinh ha 4. Tnh gy bnh D. Francisella v bnh cm nhim I. c im chung ca Francisella 1. Phn loi 2. Hnh thi 3. Tnh trng sinh ha 4. Tnh gy bnh E. Nhng trc khun Gram m hiu kh khc Chng 3. CU KHUN V TRC KHUN GRAM M HIU KH (H NEISSERIACEAE) I. c im chung ca h Neisseriaceae 1. Phn loi 2. Hnh thi 3. Tnh trng sinh ha 4. Tnh gy bnh II. Bnh cm nhim Moraxella Chng 4. TRC KHUN V CU KHUN GRAM M YM KH (H BACTEROIDACEAE V H VEILLONELLACEAE) I. c im ca Bacteroides, Fusobacterium, Veillonella 1. Phn loi 2. Hnh thi 3. Tnh trng sinh ha 4. Tnh gy bnh II. Bnh cm nhim Fusobacterium Chng 5. XON TH GRAM M HIU KH HOC VI HIU KH I. c im chung ca xon th 1. Phn loi 2. Hnh thi 3. Tnh trng sinh ha 4. Tnh gy bnh
43 43 43 43 44 44 46 46 46 46 46 46 46 47 47 47 47 47 48 48 48 48 48 48 49 49 51 51 51 51 51 52 53 54 54 54 54 54 55 56 57 57 57 57 58 58
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II. Bnh cm nhim Campylobacter III. Campylobacter v trng c thc phm IV. Spirillum v bnh chut cn Chng 6. XON KHUN (SPIROCHAETA) I. c im chung ca b Spirochaetales 1. Phn loi 2. Hnh thi 3. Tnh trng sinh ha 4. Tnh gy bnh Chng 7. CU KHUN GRAM DNG A. H Micrococcaceae: T cu khun (Staphylococcus) I. c im chung ca t cu khun 1. Phn loi 2. Hnh thi 3. Tnh trng sinh ha 4. Tnh gy bnh II. Bnh cm nhim t cu khun III. T cu khun v trng c thc phm B. Lin cu khun v cc cu khun Gram dng khc ngoi h Micrococcaceae v bnh truyn nhim I. Phn loi cc cu khun Gram dng ngoi h Micrococcaceae II. c im chung ca lin cu khun 1. Hnh thi 2. Tnh trng sinh ha 3. Tnh gy bnh III. Bnh cm nhim lin cu khun IV. Nhng cu khun Gram dng khc v bnh truyn nhim Chng 8. TRC KHUN GRAM DNG SINH NHA BO A. Chi Bacillus (Trc khun Gram dng hiu kh sinh nha bo) I. c im chung ca chi Bacillus 1. Phn loi 2. Hnh thi 3. Tnh trng sinh ha 4. Tnh gy bnh II. Bnh cm nhim trc khun nhit thn III. Nhng loi Bacillus khc v bnh cm nhim B. Chi Clostridium (Trc khun Gram dng ym kh sinh nha bo) I. c im chung ca chi Clostridium 1. Phn loi 2. Hnh thi 3. Tnh trng sinh ha 4. Tnh gy bnh II. Trc khun un vn v bnh un vn (tetanus) III. Nhm trc khun hoi th sinh hi v bnh truyn nhim IV. Trng c tht (ng c tht, do C. botulinum) Chng 9. TRC KHUN GRAM DNG KHNG SINH NHA BO A. Chi Listeria v bnh truyn nhim I. c im chung ca chi Listeria
58 59 59 60 60 60 61 61 61 65 65 65 65 65 65 66 67 67 67 67 68 68 68 69 69 70 72 72 72 72 72 73 73 73 75 76 76 76 76 76 78 80 80 82 84 84 84
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1. Phn loi 2. Hnh thi 3. Tnh trng sinh ha 4. Tnh gy bnh B. Chi Erysipelothrix v bnh truyn nhim I. c im chung ca chi Erysipelothrix 1. Phn loi 2. Hnh thi 3. Tnh trng sinh ha 4. Tnh gy bnh II. Bnh cm nhim Erysipelothrix C. Chi Renibacterium v bnh truyn nhim I. c im chung ca chi Renibacterium 1. Phn loi 2. Hnh thi 3. Tnh trng sinh ha 4. Tnh gy bnh D. Chi Lactobacillus (vi khun lactic) Chng 10. CC VI KHUN LIN QUAN X KHUN (TRC KHUN C XU HNG SINH NHNH) A. Chi Corynebacterium I. c im chung ca chi Corynebacterium 1. Phn loi 2. Hnh thi 3. Tnh trng sinh ha 4. Tnh gy bnh II. Bnh cm nhim Corynebacterium B. Chi Mycobacterium v bnh truyn nhim I. c im chung ca chi Mycobacterium 1. Phn loi 2. Hnh thi 3. Tnh trng sinh ha 4. Tnh gy bnh II. Bnh cm nhim Mycobacterium C. Chi Actinomyces v bnh truyn nhim I. c im chung ca chi Actinomyces 1. Phn loi 2. Hnh thi 3. Tnh trng sinh ha 4. Tnh gy bnh II. Bnh cm nhim Actinomyces D. Nhng bnh cm nhim vi khun khc (Dermatophilus, Rhodococcus v Nocardia) E. Cc chi lin quan x khun khc (khng gy bnh) Chng 11. CC MYCOPLASMA I. c im chung ca b Mycoplasmatales 1. Phn loi 2. Hnh thi
84 84 84 84 85 85 85 85 86 86 86 87 87 87 87 87 87 87 88 88 88 88 88 88 89 89 90 90 90 90 91 92 93 93 93 93 94 94 94 95 95 96 97 97 97 97
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3. Phng thc phn bo 4. Tnh trng sinh ha 5. Tnh trng huyt thanh hc II. Bnh cm nhim Mycoplasma Chng 12. RICKETTSIA (B RICKETTSIALES) A. c im chung ca Rickettsiales I. V tr ca Rickettsia trong thng phn loi II. c im chung ca rickettsia B. H Rickettsiaceae v bnh truyn nhim 1. Chi Rickettsia 2. Chi Rochalimaea 3. Chi Coxiella 4. Chi Ehrlichia 5. Chi Cowdria 6. Chi Neorickettsia 7. Chi Wolbachia 8. Chi Rickettsiella C. H Bartonellaceae v bnh truyn nhim 1. Chi Bartonella 2. Chi Grahamella D. H Anaplasmataceae v bnh truyn nhim 1. Chi Anaplasma 2. Chi Aegyptianella 3. Chi Haemobartonella 4. Chi Eperythrozoon Chng 13. CHLAMYDIA (B CHLAMYDIALES) I. c im chung ca b Chlamydiales II. Bnh cm nhim Chlamydia PHN II VIRUS HC TH Y Chng 1. CC VIRUS DNA MT SI (KHNG C O NGOI) A. Circovirus (h Circoviridae) I. c im chung ca h Circoviridae 1. Hnh thi v cc tnh trng l, ha 2. Cu to b gene (genome) 3. Protein 4. Ti sn 5. Phn loi II. Bnh cm nhim circovirus (circovirus infection) B. Parvovirus (h Parvoviridae) I. c im chung ca h Parvoviridae 1. Hnh thi v cc tnh trng l, ha 2. Cu to b gene (genome) 3. Protein 4. Ti sn 5. Phn loi II. Bnh cm nhim parvovirus
97 97 98 99 102 102 102 102 102 103 105 106 106 107 107 107 108 108 108 108 108 108 108 109 109 110 110 111 114 115 115 115 115 115 115 115 115 116 116 117 117 117 117 117 117 118
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Chng 2. CC VIRUS DNA HAI SI KHNG C O NGOI A. Adenovirus (H Adenoviridae) I. c im chung ca h Adenoviridae 1. Hnh thi v cc tnh trng l, ha 2. Cu to b gene (genome) 3. Protein 4. Ti sn II. Bnh cm nhim Adenovirus B. Papillomavirus (H Papillomaviridae) I. c im ca h Papillomaviridae 1. Hnh thi v cc tnh trng l, ha 2. Cu to b gene (genome) 3. Protein 4. Ti sn 5. Phn loi II. Bnh cm nhim papillomavirus C. Polyomavirus (H Polyomaviridae) I. c im ca h Polyomaviridae 1. Hnh thi v cc tnh trng l, ha 2. Cu to b gene (genome) 3. Protein 4. Ti sn 5. Phn loi II. Bnh cm nhim polyomavirus D. Iridovirus (h Iridoviridae) I. c im ca h Iridoviridae 1. Hnh thi v cc tnh trng l, ha 2. Cu to b gene (genome) 3. Protein 4. Ti sn 5. Phn loi II. Bnh cm nhim Iridovirus Chng 3. CC VIRUS DNA C O NGOI A. Poxvirus (h Poxviridae) I. c im chung ca h Poxviridae 1. Hnh thi v cc tnh trng l ha 2. Cu to b gene (genome) 3. Protein 4. Ti sn 5. Phn loi II. Bnh cm nhim Poxvirus B. Asfarvirus (H Asfarviridae) I. c im chung ca h Asfarviridae 1. Hnh thi v cc tnh trng l ha 2. Cu to b gene (genome) 3. Protein 4. Ti sn
121 120 120 120 120 120 120 121 124 124 124 124 124 124 125 125 125 125 125 126 126 126 126 126 126 126 127 127 127 127 127 128 130 130 130 130 130 130 130 132 132 136 136 136 136 136 136
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5. Phn loi II. Bnh cm nhim Asfarvirus C. Herpesvirus (H Herpesviridae) I. c im chung ca h Herpesviridae 1. Hnh thi v cc tnh trng l ha 2. Cu to b gene (genome) 3. Protein 4. Ti sn 5. Phn loi II. Bnh cm nhim Herpesvirus D. Baculovirus (h Baculoviridae) I. c im ca h Baculoviridae 1. Hnh thi v cc tnh trng l ha 2. Cu to b gene (genome) 3. Phn loi II. Bnh cm nhim Baculovirus Chng 4. CC VIRUS C ENZYME PHIN NGC (RT) A. Hepadnavirus (h Hepadnaviridae) I. c im ca h Hepadnaviridae 1. Hnh thi v cc tnh trng l ha 2. Cu to b gene (genome) 3. Protein 4. Ti sn 5. Phn loi II. Bnh cm nhim Hepadnavirus B. Retrovirus (h Retroviridae) I. c im ca h Retroviridae 1. Hnh thi v cc tnh trng l ha 2. Cu to b gene (genome) 3. Protein 4. Ti sn 5. Phn loi I. Bnh cm nhim Retrovirus Chng 5. CC VIRUS RNA MT SI M (C O NGOI) HNH CU A. Orthomyxovirus (h Orthomyxoviridae) I. c im ca h Orthomyxoviridae 1. Hnh thi v cc tnh trng l ha 2. Cu to b gene (genome) 3. Protein 4. Ti sn 5. Phn loi II. Bnh cm nhim Orthomyxovirus B. Paramyxovirus (H Paramyxoviridae) I. c im ca h Paramyxoviridae 1. Hnh thi v cc tnh trng l ha 2. Cu to b gene (genome) 3. Protein
136 136 137 137 137 137 137 138 138 140 142 142 143 143 143 143 147 147 147 147 147 147 147 148 148 148 148 148 148 149 149 150 151 154 154 154 154 154 154 154 155 155 156 156 156 156 157
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4. Ti sn 5. Phn loi II. Bnh cm nhim Paramyxovirus C. Bunyavirus (h Bunyaviridae) I. c im ca h Bunyaviridae 1. Hnh thi v cc tnh trng l ha 2. Cu to b gene (genome) 3. Protein 4. Ti sn 5. Phn loi II. Bnh cm nhim Bunyavirus D. Arenavirus (h Arenaviridae) I. c im chung ca h Arenaviridae 1. Hnh thi v cc tnh trng l ha 2. Cu to b gene (genome) 3. Protein 4. Ti sn 5. Phn loi II. Bnh cm nhim Arenavirus Chng 6. CC VIRUS RNA MT SI M (C O NGOI) HNH QUE A. Rhabdovirus (h Rhabdoviridae) I. c im ca h Rhabdoviridae 1. Hnh thi v cc tnh trng l ha 2. Cu to b gene (genome) 3. Protein 4. Ti sn 5. Phn loi II. Bnh cm nhim Rhabdovirus B. Filovirus (H Filoviridae) I. c im chung ca h Filoviridae 1. Hnh thi v cc tnh trng l ha 2. Cu to b gene (genome) 3. Protein 4. Ti sn 5. Phn loi II. Bnh cm nhim Filovirus C. Bornavirus (H Bornaviridae) I. c im chung ca h Bornaviridae 1. Hnh thi v cc tnh trng l ha 2. Cu to b gene (genome) 3. Protein 4. Ti sn 5. Phn loi II. Bnh cm nhim Bornavirus (Borna disease) Chng 7. CC VIRUS RNA MT SI DNG C O NGOI A. Coronavirus (H Coronaviridae) I. c im ca h Coronaviridae
158 159 160 164 164 164 164 165 165 165 165 167 167 167 167 168 168 168 168 170 170 170 170 170 170 171 171 173 175 175 175 176 176 176 176 176 176 176 176 176 177 177 177 177 178 178 178
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1. Hnh thi v cc tnh trng l ha 2. Cu to b gene (genome) 3. Protein 4. Ti sn 5. Phn loi II. Bnh cm nhim Coronavirus B. Arterivirus (H Arteriviridae) I. c im ca h Arteriviridae 1. Hnh thi v cc tnh trng l ha 2. Cu to b gene (genome) 3. Protein 4. Ti sn 5. Phn loi II. Bnh cm nhim Arterivirus C. Togavirus (H Togaviridae) I. c im chung ca h Togaviridae 1. Hnh thi v cc tnh trng l ha 2. Cu to b gene (genome) 3. Protein 4. Ti sn 5. Phn loi II. Bnh cm nhim Togavirus D. Flavivirus (H Flaviviridae) I. c im chung ca h Flaviviridae 1. Hnh thi v cc tnh trng l ha 2. Cu to b gene (genome) 3. Protein 4. Ti sn 5. Phn loi II. Bnh cm nhim Flavivirus Chng 8. CC VIRUS RNA MT SI (DNG) KHNG C O NGOI A. Calicivirus (H Caliciviridae) I. c im chung ca h Caliciviridae 1. Hnh thi v cc tnh trng l ha 2. Cu to b gene (genome) 3. Protein 4. Ti sn 5. Phn loi II. Bnh cm nhim Calicivirus B. Picornavirus (H Picornaviridae) I. c im chung ca h Picornaviridae 1. Hnh thi v cc tnh trng l ha 2. Cu to b gene (genome) 3. Protein 4. Ti sn 5. Phn loi
178 178 178 178 178 179 181 181 181 181 181 182 182 182 183 183 183 184 184 184 184 185 186 186 186 186 187 187 187 188 192 192 192 192 192 192 192 192 192 194 194 194 194 194 194 195
259
II. Bnh cm nhim Picornavirus C. Astrovirus (H Astroviridae) I. c im chung ca h Astroviridae 1. Hnh thi v cc tnh trng l ha 2. Cu to b gene (genome) 3. Protein 4. Ti sn 5. Phn loi II. Bnh cm nhim Astrovirus Chng 9. VIRUS RNA HAI SI (KHNG C O NGOI) A. Reovirus (h Reoviridae) I. c im chung ca h Reoviridae 1. Hnh thi v cc tnh trng l ha 2. Cu to b gene (genome) 3. Protein 4. Ti sn 5. Phn loi II. Bnh cm nhim Reovirus B. Birnavirus (H Birnaviridae) I. c im ca h Birnaviridae 1. Hnh thi v cc tnh trng l ha 2. Cu to b gene (genome) 3. Protein 4. Ti sn 5. Phn loi II. Bnh cm nhim Birnavirus Chng 10. PRION V BNH XP NO TRUYN NHIM A. Prion hay yu t gy bnh xp no truyn nhim (transmissible spongiform encephalopathy agent) 1. Hnh thi v cc tnh trng l, ha ca cc nhn t gy bnh xp no truyn nhim 2. Cu to b gene (genome) 3. Protein 4. Ti sn 5. Phn loi B. Bnh xp no truyn nhim (transmissible spongiform encephalopathy) PHN III. NM (CHN KHUN HC) TH Y Chng 1. I CNG V BNH NM 1. Cc loi bnh nm 2. Min dch chng bnh nm 3. Phn loi bnh nm 4. Thuc iu tr bnh nm Chng 2. BNH NM NI TNG V NM BNH NGUYN Chng 3. BNH NM B MT V NM BNH NGUYN 1. Bnh nm si ca da (nm da) (dermophytes)
196 198 198 199 199 199 199 199 199 200 200 200 200 200 200 200 200 203 205 205 205 205 205 205 205 206 208 208 208 208 208 208 208 209 211 211 211 211 211 211 214 225 225
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2. Chi Sporothrix 3. Bnh nm khc v nm bnh nguyn Chng 4. BNH NM NG GII 1. Bnh cm nhim nm Dermocystidium (dermocystidiosis) 2. Bnh nm nc (saprolegniasis) 3. Ichthyophonosis 4. Bnh c trng (tympanitis) 5. Fusariomycosis Chng 5. BNH TRNG C NM V NM BNH NGUYN 1. Cc c t nm tiu biu 2. Kim tra nhim c t nm ch yu TI LIU THAM KHO MC LC
227 227 227 227 227 227 227 228 229 230 230 232 235

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TS. Phm Hng Sn *** Gio trnh Vi sinh vt hc th y *** Hu 2006

LI NI U NHN DP XUT BN LN TH NHT (2002)

TS. Phm Hng Sn *** Gio trnh Vi sinh vt hc th y *** Hu 2006

TS. Phm Hng Sn *** Gio trnh Vi sinh vt hc th y *** Hu 2006

TS. Phm Hng Sn *** Gio trnh Vi sinh vt hc th y *** Hu 2006

TS. Phm Hng Sn *** Gio trnh Vi sinh vt hc th y *** Hu 2006

Pasteurella multocida (nhum Gram)

Campylobacter jejuni (nhum Gram)

Clostridium perfringens (nhum Gram)

Streptococcus suis (nhum Gram)

Bacillus anthracis (nhum Gram)

Fusobacterium necrophorum (nhum Gram)

Hnh 1: Mt s vi khun tiu biu gy bnh ng vt

TS. Phm Hng Sn *** Gio trnh Vi sinh vt hc th y *** Hu 2006

TS. Phm Hng Sn *** Gio trnh Vi sinh vt hc th y *** Hu 2006

TS. Phm Hng Sn *** Gio trnh Vi sinh vt hc th y *** Hu 2006

TS. Phm Hng Sn *** Gio trnh Vi sinh vt hc th y *** Hu 2006

II. ENTEROBACTERICEAE V BNH TRUYN NHIM

TS. Phm Hng Sn *** Gio trnh Vi sinh vt hc th y *** Hu 2006

TS. Phm Hng Sn *** Gio trnh Vi sinh vt hc th y *** Hu 2006

Lysine decarboxylase Ornithine decarboxylase KCN (0,0075%)

+ E. hermannii + V + + V + + E. vulneris Ghi ch: V, phn ng khng n nh.

TS. Phm Hng Sn *** Gio trnh Vi sinh vt hc th y *** Hu 2006

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TS. Phm Hng Sn *** Gio trnh Vi sinh vt hc th y *** Hu 2006

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TS. Phm Hng Sn *** Gio trnh Vi sinh vt hc th y *** Hu 2006

TS. Phm Hng Sn *** Gio trnh Vi sinh vt hc th y *** Hu 2006

O1, 3, 19 O18, O21

Anatum Meleagridis London Give Liverpool Senftenberg Cerro Minnesota

e, h e, h l, v [d], l, v d g, [s], t z4, z23 b a dng a dng

S. subsp. arizonae S. subsp. diarizonae

TS. Phm Hng Sn *** Gio trnh Vi sinh vt hc th y *** Hu 2006

TS. Phm Hng Sn *** Gio trnh Vi sinh vt hc th y *** Hu 2006

Glucose (sinh acid)

S. dysenteriae S. flexneri S. boydii S. sonnei

L 1 - 12 +++ 1 - 6, x, y ++ (Hng l 1 - 18 ++ hay kit l) ++

Tnh gy bnh ( c, ng vt c v, ngi) Maltose Mannit

TS. Phm Hng Sn *** Gio trnh Vi sinh vt hc th y *** Hu 2006

Khng nguyn c hiu dng

Khng nguyn loi

Glucose (sinh hi)

Loi (dng sinh hc)

Y. pestis Y. pseudotub* Y. enterocolica

TS. Phm Hng Sn *** Gio trnh Vi sinh vt hc th y *** Hu 2006

TS. Phm Hng Sn *** Gio trnh Vi sinh vt hc th y *** Hu 2006

TS. Phm Hng Sn *** Gio trnh Vi sinh vt hc th y *** Hu 2006

Glucose (sinh acid)

Lactose (sinh acid)

Loi (loi ph)

Glucose (sinh hi)

Lactose (sinh hi)

K. pneumoniae subsp. pneumoniae ozaenae rhinoscleromatis K. oxytoca K. terrigena K. planticola

TS. Phm Hng Sn *** Gio trnh Vi sinh vt hc th y *** Hu 2006

Loi Sinh indol Sinh H2S

C. freundii C. diversus C. amalonaticus

Tnh gy bnh Adonit Arabit V + + Cm nhim c hi (phn b ng rut ng vt , mi trng) Sorbit V + -

TS. Phm Hng Sn * Gio trnh Vi sinh vt hc th y * Hu 2006

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