SYLLABUS:

COMMUNICATION SYSTEMS
SIMPLEX HALFDUPLEX FULLDUPLEX

MOBILE PHONE HISTORY MOBILE GENERATIONS

1G 2G 3G 4G

BASICS OF ELECTRONICS
RESISTOR CAPACITOR INDUCTOR DIODE TRANSISTOR IC LED LCD OSCILLATOR

POWER SUPPLY UNIT

VOLTAGE CURRENT POWER E.M.F

 POWER SUPPLY CIRCUIT

TRANSFORMER RECTIFIER FILTER REGULATOR

CELLULAR COMMUNICATION MOBILE COMMUNICATION WIRELESS COMMUNICATION

INFRARED BLUETOOTH VIRUS

MOBILE LOCKS PCB DIAGRAM TROUBLE SHOOTING MOBILE PARTS GLOSSARY OF TERMS

COMMUNICATION SYSTEMS: Simplex:

Simplex communication refers to communication that occurs in one direction only. Examples: Commercial radio broadcast (not walkie-talkies, etc.) Television broadcast, Internet multicast.

Half-duplex:
A half-duplex system provides for communication in both directions, but only one direction at a time (not simultaneously). Typically, once a party begins receiving a signal, it must wait for the transmitter to stop transmitting, before replying. Examples: walkie-talkie (since, it is two-way radio, wherein one must use "Over" or another previously-designated command to indicate the end of transmission, and ensure that only one party transmits at a time, because both parties transmit on the same frequency.) Full-duplex : A full-duplex, or sometimes allows

double-duplex

system,

communication in both directions, and, unlike half-duplex, allows this to happen simultaneously. Land-line telephone networks are full-duplex, since they allow both

callers to speak and be heard at the same time. A good analogy for a full-duplex system would be a two-lane road with one lane for each direction.

Examples: Telephone, Mobile Phone, etc.,

MOBILE PHONE HISTORY:

In the year of 1973, a former general manager from the systems division of Motorola, Dr. Martin Cooper, became who is thought to be the inventor of the first portable handset. Dr. Cooper was also the first person to make a call using a portable cell phone. In New York, he set up a base station with the first working prototype of a cell phone, the Motorola Dyna-Tac. He and Motorola took this technology to New York to show the public. Later on, in 1977, the cell phone went public and public testing began. Chicago was the home for the first trials with 2,000 people. After Chicago, there were later trials in Washington, D.C. and Baltimore, and then it spread to Japan in 1979. Usual technologies changed in 1988 when the CTIA - Cellular Technology Industry Association - was formed to lay out realistic goals for cell phone providers. Research for new applications of development was included. In 1991 the Telecommunications Industry Association set a new standard with the creation of the TDMA Interim Standard 54. Cell phones have had quite a long journey. Although there was a great demand for cell phones, it took 37 years for them to become commercially available in the United States. 4

Wireless service was actually invented almost 50 years ago, so it's hard to believe that cell phones have only become popular over the past couple of decades. Currently, there are more than 60 million people who own cell phones. In the communications world, the Motorola brand brings to mind innovation. Years of experience engineering portable two-way radio systems led to Motorola's vision of personal, portable communications. The result was the world's first commercial portable cellular phone in 1983. Motorola's DynaTAC 8000X phone and the cellular system behind it changed how the world communicates.

MOBILE GENERATIONS:
0G: 0G refers to pre-cell phone mobile telephony technology, such as radio telephones that some had in cars before the advent of cell phones. One such technology is the Autoradiopuhelin (ARP) launched in 1971 in Finland as the country's first public commercial mobile phone network. 1G: 1G (or 1-G) is short for first-generation wireless telephone technology, cell phones. These are the analog cell phone standards that were introduced in the 80's and continued until being replaced by 2G digital cell phones. One such standard is NMT (Nordic Mobile Telephone), used in Nordic countries, Eastern Europe and Russia. Another is AMPS (Advanced Mobile Phone System) used in the United States. Antecedent to 1G technology is the mobile radio telephone, or 0G.

2G: 2G (or 2-G) is short for second-generation wireless telephone technology. It cannot normally transfer data, such as email or software, other than the digital voice call itself, and other basic ancillary data such as time and date. Nevertheless, SMS messaging is also available as a form of data transmission for some standards. 2G is the current generation of full digital mobile phone systems. It transmits primarily voice but is used for circuit-switched data service and SMS as well. 2G services are frequently referred as Personal Communications Service or PCS in the US. 2G technologies can be divided into TDMA-based and CDMA-based standards depending on the type of multiplexing used. The main 2G standards are: GSM (TDMA-based), originally from Europe but used worldwide IS-95 aka cdmaOne, (CDMA-based, commonly referred as simply CDMA in the US), used in the Americas and parts of Asia 2.5G : 2.5G is a stepping stone between 2G and 3G cellular wireless technologies. The term "second and a half generation" is used to describe 2G-systems that have implemented a packet switched domain in addition to the circuit switched domain. It does not necessarily provide faster services because bundling of timeslots is used for circuit switched data services (HSCSD) as well.

While the terms "2G" and "3G" are officially defined, "2.5G" is not. It was invented for marketing purposes only.

3G: 3G (or 3-G) is short for third-generation mobile telephone technology. The services associated with 3G provide the ability to transfer both voice data (a telephone call) and non-voice data (such as downloading information, exchanging email, and instant messaging). 3G Standards: 3G technologies are an answer to the International Telecommunications Union's IMT-2000 specification. Originally, 3G was supposed to be a single, unified, worldwide standard, but in practice, the 3G world has been split into three camps. UMTS (W-CDMA) UMTS (Universal Mobile Telephone System), based on W-CDMA technology, is the solution generally preferred by countries that used GSM, centered in Europe. UMTS is managed by the 3GPP organization also responsible for GSM, GPRS and EDGE. FOMA, launched by Japan's NTT DoCoMo in 2001, is generally regarded as the world's first commercial 3G service. However, while based on W-CDMA, it is not generally compatible with UMTS (although there are steps currently under way to remedy the situation). CDMA2000 The other significant 3G standard is CDMA2000, which is an outgrowth of the earlier 2G CDMA standard IS-95. CDMA2000's primary proponents are outside the GSM zone in the Americas, Japan and Korea. CDMA2000 is managed by 3GPP2, which is separate and independent from UMTS's 3GPP.

TD-SCDMA A less well known standard is TD-SCDMA which is being developed in the People's Republic of China by the companies Datang and Siemens. They are predicting an operational system for 2005. List of countries that have deployed 3G: Australia (W-CDMA) (CDMA2000 1x) China (CDMA2000 1x) Germany (W-CDMA) India (CDMA2000 1x) Indonesia (CDMA2000 1x) Japan (W-CDMA, CDMA2000 1x) Russia (CDMA2000 1x) Singapore (W-CDMA) South Africa (W-CDMA in testing) United Kingdom (W-CDMA) United States (CDMA2000 1x) (W-CDMA in testing)

BASICS OF ELECTRONICS:
Resistor: Denoted by R, Symbol:

Unit: ohm () Function: It is used to oppose the flow of current or drop the voltage.

Ohm's law
The behavior of an ideal resistor is dictated by the relationship specified in Ohm's law: V = IR Ohm's law states that the voltage (V) across a resistor is proportional to the current (I) through it where the constant of proportionality is the resistance (R).

Series and parallel resistors

Parallel resistors: Resistors in a parallel configuration each have the same potential difference (voltage). To find their total equivalent resistance (Req):

The parallel property can be represented in equations by two vertical lines "||" (as in geometry) to simplify equations. For two resistors,

Series resistors: The current through resistors in series stays the same, but the voltage across each resistor can be different. The sum of the potential differences (voltage) is equal to the total voltage. To find their total resistance:

Capacitor: Denoted by C, Symbol:

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Unit: farad (f) When an insulator is placed between two conducting parallel plates, then it acts as a capacitor.

Function: It acts as a storage device, It acts as a filter. Inductor: Denoted by L, Symbol:

Unit: Henry. Function: It is used to receive the signal and oppose the change of direction of flow of current.

Diode: Denoted by D,

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Symbol:

Function: Diode acts as a rectifier, that it converts A.C into D.C. Bridge rectifier is used in the charger circuit for rectification purpose. It works only on the forward bias, it will not work on the reverse bias. It has a PN junction layer.

Transistor: Types of Transistors, NPN, PNP. Symbol: NPN : PNP :

It has three terminals, that is Collector, Base, Emitter. It has two PN junction layer.

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EMITTER
It is a region which supplies charge carriers to the other two region hence it is a heavilyDoped region.

BASE
The base of the transistor is thin and it is lightly doped region.

COLLECTOR
The collector of the transistor is always larger than the emitter and base of the transistor Hence the Doping level in intermediate between the heavy doping of emitter and the light doping of base. Function : It acts as a switch. IC : Integrated Circuit, has many advantages some of them are as follows,

Advantages : Less in size, Requires low operating voltage, Low cost. Dis-advantage :

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W e cant Troubleshoot the problem occurred in the IC. In case of any damage the whole IC should be replaced. LED : Light Eitting Diode. Symbol:

The operating voltage range for an LED is (1.3-3 Volts). It gtlows only on the forward bias, it will not work on the reverse bias It is used in the key pad as a light. LCD : Liquid Crystal Display. It is used in the mobile as a Display. Oscillator : It is an electronic device used to produce a repetitive electronic signal. that is, frequency/pulse. POWER SUPPLY UNIT: Voltage: Difference between two potential point is called as voltage. Its unit is volts(V).

VOLTAGE CONNECTION IN SERIES

Voltage is sum of voltage and the current in constant. Volt = 2V+2 V = 4V

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VOLTAGE CONNECTION IN PARALLEL

In this parallel connection voltage remains constant but the current is this summation of current.

Current: Flow of electrons in a conducting material in one direction is called as current. Its unit is Amphere(I). Power: Product of voltage and current is called as Power. Its unit is watts. Power = V*I..

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E.M.F: Electro Motive Force is the force required to move the electron in a conducting material POWER SUPPLY CIRCUIT: Power supply circuit is also known as Charger circuit. It requires the following things, TRANSFORMER RECTIFIER FILTER REGULATOR

TRANSFORMER
The function of transformer is, it will transforms the AC voltage from the primary coil to the secondary coil without change in the frequency. There are two type of transformer, they are Step down transformer Step up transformer

IN THE STEP DOWN TRANSFORMER

The primary coil winding is greater than the secondary coil. The voltage in the primary will step down to the secondary. Ex: In a 230V to 20V AC transformer. If 230 V AC is given to the primary of the step down transformer the output from the secondary will be 20 V AC. But the frequency remains 50Hz.

IN THE STEP UP TRANSFORMER

The primary coil winding is lesser than the secondary coil winding. The voltage in the primary will step up to the secondary. Ex: If 180 V AC is given to the primary of the transformer than the output voltage in the secondary will be more than that. But the frequency remains constant.

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RECTIFIER
Rectifier is used to convert the AC (Alternating Current) to the DC (Direct Current). Diode acts as a rectifier, here in this power supply circuit, Four diodes D1, D2, D3, D4 are used as a Bridge Rectifier. The output from the secondary of the transformer is given as the input for the bridge rectifier.which converts the AC to DC then the output obtained from the Bridge Rectifier is a DC Voltage.

FILTER:
Filter is used to filter the AC component present in the DC and the output from the filter circuit is a pure form of DC voltage. Here Capacitor acts as a filter.

REGULATOR:
Regulator an IC which is used to maintain a constant voltage at the output

TYPES OF REGULATOR:
Positive Series Regulator Negative Series Regulator

POSITIVE SERIES:

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7805, 7806, 7809, 7812 Here, the first two number in the IC ,i.e 78 Refers the positive series. And the Next two Number i.e., 05,06,09,12 refers the voltage level.

NEGATIVE SERIES:
7905,7906,7909,7912. Here, the first two number in the IC i.e,79 refers the negative series. And the next two number i.e,05,06,09,12 refers the voltage level. Now we are using only the positive series i.e,7806 voltage regulator IC for our power supply /charger circuit . So the input voltage is given to the first pin, the second pin is grounded And the output is taken from the third pin.

POWER SUPPLY CIRCUIT/ CHARGER CIRCUIT :

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CELLULAR COMMUNICATION:
The cellular communication is divided into two sections. They are, 1) Transmission section 2) Receiving section

Transmission section:
Communication from mobile to tower. MIC V ADC ADC ADC Tx Filter ADC

RF ADC

Amplifier

During a call the voice signal is received by the MIC. The received analog Antenna PFO TOWE Antenna signal is convertedRto electrical signal by MIC. The analog signal cannot be ADC transmitted Switch ADC and so it is converted to digital signal using ADC converter. The converted digital signal cannot be transmitted because the transmission range for digital signal is very low. In order for transmitting the signal, a carrier signal is added with the original signal. This process is said to be MODULATION. The modulation process is done by RF or Network

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IC. The noise signal mixed with the modulated signal is filtered using transmitter filter (Tx) and then it is amplified. The PFO (Power Filter Oscillator) selects the tower. The AS (Antenna Switch) selects the user network and transmits the signal to antenna. The antenna transmits the signal to the tower.

Receiving section:
Communication from tower to mobile. Antenna TOWER ADC Rx Filter ADC

Antenna Switch

SPKR

DAC

RF IC

Amplifier

The receiving section is the reverse process of transmitting section. Here, the signal from tower is received by mobile antenna. The AS (Antenna Switch) sets the frequency for the incoming call. The noise in the received signal is filtered by the receiver filter (Rx Filter) and then it is amplified. The amplified signal is given to the RF/ NW IC for DE-MODULATION i.e., the carrier signal is suppressed and only the original signal is present at the output of the RF IC. Since it is a digital signal which cannot be heard by a person, so it is converted to an analog signal by a DAC (Digital to Analog Converter). Then the analog signal which is in the form of electrical signal is given to the speaker, it converts the electrical signal to the voice signal.

MOBILE COMMUNICATION
The Switching System The Switching system is very operative system in which many crucial operations are conducted, SS systems holds five databases with in it which performs different functions. If we talk about major tasks of SS system it performs call processing and subscriber

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related functions. These five databases from SS systems are HLR, MSC, VLR, AUC and EIR. Lets study each database in detail and learn what functions this little systems performs. HLR-HomeLocationRegister: HLR is database, which holds very important information of subscribers. It is mostly known for storing and managing information of subscribers. It contains subscriber service profile, status of activities, information about locations and permanent data of all sorts. When new connections are purchased, these subscribers are registered in HLR of mobile phone companies. MSC- Mobile Services Switching Center: MSC is also important part of SS, it handles technical end of telephony.It is build to perform switching functionality of the entire system. Its most important task is to control the calls to and from other telephones, which means it controls calls from same networks and calls from other networks. Toll ticketing, common channel signaling, network interfacing etc are other tasks which MSC is responsible for. VLR- Visitor Location Register: VLR performs very dynamic tasks; it is database which stores temporary data regarding subscribers which is needed by Mobile Services Switching Center-MSC VLR is directly connected to MSC, when subscribe moves to different MSC location, Visitor location register VLR integrates to MSC of current location and requests the data about subscriber or Mobile station ( MS ) from the Home Location Register HLR. When subscriber makes a call the Visitor location register-VLR will have required information for making call already and it will not required to connect to Home Register Location HRL again. AUC- Authentication Center:

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AUC is small unit which handles the security end of the system. Its major task is to authenticate and encrypt those parameters which verify users identification and hence enables the confidentiality of each call made by subscriber. Authentication center AUC makes sure mobile operators are safe from different frauds most likely to happen when hackers are looking for even smallest loop wholes in systems. EIR Equipment Identity Register: EIR is another important database which holds crucial information regarding mobile equipments. EIR helps in restricting for calls been stolen, mal functioning of any MS, or unauthorized access. AUC Authentication center and EIR- Equipment Identity registers are either Stand-alone nodes or some times work together as combined AUC/EIR nodes for optimum performance. The Base Station System (BSS) The base station system have very important role in mobile communication. BSS are basically out door units which consist of iron rods and are usually of high length. BSS are responsible for connecting subscribers (MS) to mobile networks.All the communication is made in Radio transmission.The Base station System is further divided in two systems. These two systems, they are BSC, and BTS. Lets study these two systems in detail. BTS The Base Transceiver Station: Subscriber, MS (Mobile Station) or mobile phone connects to mobile network through BTS; it handles communication using radio transmission with mobile station. As name suggests, Base transceiver Station is the radio equipment which receive and transmit voice data at the same time. BSC control group of BTSs. BSC The Base Station Controller: The Base Station normally controls many cells, it registers subscribers, responsible for MS handovers etc. It creates physical link between subscriber (MS) and BTS , then manage and controls functions of it. It performs the function of high quality switch by 22

handover over the MS to next BSC when MS goes out of the current range of BTS, it helps in connecting to next in range BTS to keep the connection alive within the network. It also performs functions like cell configuration data, control radio frequency in BTS. Data moves to MSC-Mobile switching center after BSC done processing it. MSC is switching center which acts as bridge between different mobile networks.

WIRELESS COMMUNICATION
Wireless communication is used for data transformation with out any wire.

Infra Red
It is a wireless communication for data transfer from mobile to mobile, which uses IR LED for transmitting and Photo diode for receiving.

Advantage:
It is a wireless communication process.

Disadvantage:
It uses ray for data transfer, so some of the electronic components may be damaged, since that ray is harmful for the components. Only can use for short range. Virus may affect easily. Infrared light lies between the visible and microwave portions of the electromagnetic spectrum. Infrared light has a range of wavelengths, just 23

like visible light has wavelengths that range from red light to violet. "Near infrared" light is closest in wavelength to visible light and "far infrared" is closer to the microwave region of the electromagnetic spectrum. The longer, far infrared wavelengths are about the size of a pin head and the shorter, near infrared ones are the size of cells, or are microscopic.

Bluetooth
The system is named after a Danish king Harald Blatand ( Harold Bluetooth in English), King of Denmark and Norway from 935 and 936 respectively, to 940 known for his unification of previously warring tribes from Denmark, Norway and Sweden . Bluetooth likewise was intended to unify different technologies like computers and mobile phones. The Bluetooth logo merges the Nordic runes for H and B.

General information

A typical Bluetooth mobile phone headset The latest version currently available to consumers is 2.0, but few manufacturers have started shipping any products yet. Apple Computer, Inc. offered the first products supporting version 2.0 to end customers in January 2005. The core chips have been available to OEMs (from November 2004 ), so there will be an influx of 2.0 devices in mid-2005. The previous version, on which all earlier commercial devices are based, is called 1.2. Bluetooth is a wireless radio standard primarily designed for low power consumption, with a short range (up to 10 meters) and with a low-cost transceiver microchip in each device. It can be used to wirelessly connect like printers or keyboards to computers peripherals

Versions:
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Bluetooth 1.1 In version 1.1 many errata found in the 1.0B specifications were fixed. There was added support for non-encrypted channels. Bluetooth 1.2 This version is backwards compatible with 1.1 and the major enhancements include

Adaptive Frequency Hopping (AFH) , which improves resistance to radio interference by avoiding using crowded frequencies in the hopping sequence Higher transmission speeds in practice extended Synchronous Connections (eSCO) , which improves voice quality of audio links by allowing retransmissions of corrupted packets. Received Signal Strength Indicator (RSSI) Host Controller Interface (HCI) support for 3-wire UART HCI access to timing information for Bluetooth applications.

Bluetooth 2.0 This version is backwards compatible with 1.x and the major enhancements include

Non-hopping narrowband channel(s) introduced. These are faster but have been criticised as defeating a built-in security mechanism of earlier versions; however frequency hopping is hardly a reliable security mechanism by today's standards. Rather, Bluetooth security is based mostly on cryptography.

Broadcast/ multicast support . Non-hopping channels are used for advertising Bluetooth service profiles offered by various devices to high volumes of Bluetooth devices simultaneously, since there is no need to perform handshaking with every device. (In previous versions the handshaking process takes a bit over one second.)

Enhanced Data Rate (EDR) of 2.1 Mbit /s. Built-in quality of service .

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Distributed media-access control protocols . Faster response times . Halved power consumption due to shorter duty cycles.

Advantages: It can be used for long distance. Data transfer rate is very faster.

Virus :
The codes which cant be read by the mobile phone is called virus. A mobile phone virus is a computer virus specifically adapted for the cellular environment and designed to spread from one vulnerable phone to another. Although mobile phone virus hoaxes have been around for years, the so-called Cabir virus is the first verified example. The virus was created by a group from the Czech Republic and Slovakia called 29a, who sent it to a number of security software companies, including Symantec in the United States and Kapersky Lab in Russia. Cabir is considered a "proof of concept" virus, because it proves that a virus can be written for mobile phones, something that was once doubted.

SYMPTOMS OF VIRUS INFECTION

Your phone may go into re-starting frequently. Your phone may operate slower than usual. Your phone may stop obeying commands or locks up often. You may not be able to access some applications in your phone.

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Some applications on your phone may refuse to work properly. Unusual error messages may occur often and menus may appear unclear. Icons which you did not put may crop up and recently opened attachments may have dual extensions. Installed antivirus is likely to be disabled or the program may not start. New antivirus cannot be installed and even if it is installed, it will refuse to work until the phone is debugged. Battery depletion rate is likely to increase because the virus through its malicious operations will over labor the battery.

These are some common signs of assault by a virus although soft or hardware problems may present some of these symptoms.

Mobile Locks
There are two types of locks. They are, User Lock, SP Lock. User Lock is divided into two types they are Keypad lock and Phone lock. SP lock is the service provider lock it is divided into two types they are PIN and PUK

PIN
Personal identification Number. In the context of wireless devices, the PIN is a code used in conjunction with a SIM card to complete a call or data transmission. Used for SIM security. Supplied by the service provider.

PUK
PIN/PIN2 Unblocking Key. Used to unblock the PIN/PIN2. Supplied by the service provider.

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PCB DIAGRAM
Printed circuit board is the abbreviation for the PCB. There are four layer in the PCB as shown below,

PFO IC AS Antonna Switch

RX XX
PX

Layer 1 Layer 2 Receiver Transmitter

VCO Voltage Contro oscillator

S

RFIC

POWER IC

CPU
Flash IC

FLAH IC

Layer 3

CHARGE IC

SIM IC
BLUETOOTH IC

FM IC
CAMERA IC

Layer 4

TROUBLE SHOOTING
Cell phone troubleshooting helps you fix your phone, and it also allows you to figure out if you have a larger issue with your carrier. Common problems can often be fixed yourself, or at least it will identify if a repair or replacement might be required. Read on if you're experiencing issues with your cell phone such as your battery losing power or the phone ceasing to work after impacting a hard surface.

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Dropped Calls
1. If you are having a problem with dropped calls, see if it happens in a particular geographic location. If so, alert your carrier so that it can begin the process of providing better coverage in that spot. If calls are being dropped at random, it could be because of bad weather or buildings that are blocking your signal. If neither of these things appears to be the issue and your phone is relatively new, your SIM card may be malfunctioning. Take your phone to a local dealer to swap your card.

Water Damage
2. If you've dropped your phone in water, remove the battery and leave the phone in a cool, dry location with the battery out and the casing left open. Dab a cotton swab into the phone to remove any excess water and leave the phone to dry. You can also place the phone in a container of dry rice, which will absorb excess moisture. After a day, reseat the battery and turn the phone on to see if it works properly.

Battery Issues
3. Batteries often don't last as long as your phone. If the battery won't hold a charge for more than an hour or two, then the cheapest fix is to buy a new battery. It's far less expensive than buying a new phone.

Dropped Phone
4. If you've just watched your phone fly out of your hand onto the sidewalk, know that it's not necessarily irretrievably damaged. Simply reseating the battery and SIM card will often have your phone working like new, minus a few dents and nicks. If the LCD display is damaged, however, it's often cheaper to buy a new phone than attempt to have it repaired.

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Can't Receive Calls

5. If your phone won't receive calls, check two things. First, check to see if you can make outgoing calls. If you can, then verify whether you have a "do not disturb" option on your phone. You can find this information in the manual that came with the phone or online (see Resources below). If you can't make outgoing calls, then contact your service provider. The company may have inadvertently turned your service off. If you're behind on your payments, the carrier may have suspended your service.

Samsung Mobile Phone Troubleshooting

Touch Screen or Main Screen Locks
1. A very common problem for many phones is when the Samsung freezes or locks up while you are using it. There's a very simple formula that will resolve this and helpyoutroubleshootthisproblemeverytime. While you have the phone turned on, pull the battery out of the Samsung. Now, wait for at least 30 seconds to allow the phone to shut down completely (it is like a mini-computer). After 30 seconds, put the battery back into the phone and put the battery cover on. Now, hit the power button (or the red end call key) to turn the phone back on. Your phone should now function normally and the problem should be resolved.

Insert SIM Card Error

2. The insert SIM card error message can appear on your phone for a number of reasons. This can even occur on a Samsung if you have the SIM inserted in the phone. While it can be frustrating, there are some quick fixes to this solutions. SIM cards rely on "contacts" (metal contacts that establish a connection between the card and the phone) to function properly. If this connection breaks or is not

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stable, it will cause an Insert SIM error. What you need to do is get to the SIM card on your phone. This is typically underneath the battery on the device. Once you get to the SIM card, remove it and re-insert it back into the device, making sure it firmly locks in place. If you need specific help with this, check out your user guide or visit Samsung support for assistance.

After you insert it properly, turn on the phone and it should be working now with full network access.

Cannot Make or Receive Calls

3. Call functionality can experience issues for a variety of reasons, many of which you can resolve on your own. If you cannot place a call or receive a call on your Samsung, make sure that you have an active signal on the phone. You will also want to avoid electrical or radio interference or obstructions, such as bridges, parking garages or even tall buildings. Again, you will need a solid SIM card connection and also make sure that your battery is fully charged.

Cannot Hear Callers

4. If you are getting calls on your phone and you cannot hear anyone once you connected, first try to adjust the volume on the phone. If that does not work, make sure that you have an active signal on the phone with good coverage. Sometimes, a headset could cause the problem. If you use one, make sure that it is connected properly or that you have not hit the mute button on the headset.

No Power
5. If you keep on pressing that power key on your phone but cannot get your phone on, make sure that you have charged your battery for at least two hours. Some Samsung phones do not turn on if their battery level is under 25 percent. While this may be enough juice to run the phone, it cannot power it one. Another check would be to verify that the battery is in the device securely. Make sure it has 31

clicked into place and that the metal contacts on each end are not obstructed in any way.

Basic Mobile Phone Fault Correction Procedure : Network Problem

Antenna, Antenna Switch, PFO (RF Power Amplifier), FDK (1st OSC VCO), 13 MHz.

No Network Found
FDK, 13MHz, PFO, CPU.

No Access
Antenna, Antenna Switch, PFO

Set Dead
Battery, Voltage at the Battery Connector should be more than the Battery ?Voltage, if no then check Power IC, CPU, Connector.

No Display
Display Connector, Check its track for open, check display.

Gets OFF
(When the phone is switched on, it immediately switches OFF) Battery Loose, Battery Faulty, Check Battery Connector, Some humidity(water etc.) may have gone in the set.

Charging Problem
Check the battery voltage written on them. During charging battery contact pins should contain more voltage then the battery voltage. If These pins contain less voltage then the power section is faulty. Check the charger, check charger socket, PFO, Power IC, CPU and the capacitors connected to the Flash.

Dialing problem
Check keypad and its Tracks, Dialer IC, CPU and its Tracks

Ringer Problem
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Check Ringer/Buzzer, Ringer IC (in some models Ringer IC consists of light section also)

SIM Card Problem

Check SIM Card, SIM Card Socket, ITs Contacts, Track, EEPROM, Flash Program. In Many handsets fault gets rectified when hot air is given to the ICs.

Key
If no number is getting dialed then clean the keypad connector, check keypad, tracks.

LED
Check LEDs. These LEDs can be checked like other common LEDs, LED glows when forward reading is pbtained. Replace the faulty LED. These LEDs are costly their cost depends on their color. One LED costs around2-35 rupees.

MOBILE PARTS
Mobile parts are divided into four categories. They are as follows, External parts, Internal parts, Fixed components, Application ICs. External parts: The parts which can be remove by hand/soldering is called as external parts. Example: Panel, Display, etc, Internal parts: The parts which can be removed by blower is called as internal parts. Example: RF IC,PFO IC, etc, Fixed components: The parts which cant be remove in the PCB is called as Fixed components.

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Example: CPU IC, Flash IC. Application ICs: The ICs which are used for entertainment are called Application ICs. Example: FM IC,B/T IC, etc,

Glossary of Terms : Batteries Different types of Batteries

Mobile phones currently employs three battery technologies : Nickel-Cadmium (NiCd) , Nickel-Metal Hydride (NiMH) and Lithium-Ion (Li-Ion). While NiCd has been the standard rechargeable battery used in the wireless industry for years, NiMH and Li-Ion batteries have gained popularity by improving upon some of the shortcomings of the NiCd technology.

Nickel-Cadmium (NiCd)
High number of charge/discharge cycles. Performs well at low temperatures. Performs best if fully discharged periodically.

Nickel-Metal Hydride (NiMH)

30 percent more capacity over a standard NiCd. Less prone to memory effect that occurs in NiCd. Environmentally friendly due to fewer toxic materials used in its manufacturing.

Lithium-Ion (Li-Ion)
Lighter in weight, Low self-discharge rates, Relatively long cycle life.

Blue Tooth
Blue Tooth is an exciting new technology that allows devices such as mobile phones, Lap Top computers, digital cameras and other portable devices to communicate with each other without using cables to connect them. Blue Tooth is a technology that allows these devices to communicate with each other using short-range radio waves.

CDMA

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Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA) is one of several digital wireless transmission methods in which signals are encoded using a pseudo-random sequence which corresponds to a different communication channel that the receiver also knows and can use to decode the received signal. CDMA is one of several spread spectrum techniques. CDMA offers improvements over analog transmission in the areas of reduced call dropping, battery power conservation, more secure transmission and increased service options.

Cell
The geographic area encompassing the signal range from one base station (a site containing a radio transmitter/receiver and network communication equipment). Wireless transmission networks are comprised of many hexagonal, overlapping cell sites to efficiently use radio spectrum for wireless transmissions. Also, the basis for the term cellular phone .

Cellular
In wireless communications,cellular refers most basically to the structure of the wireless transmission networks which are comprised of cells or transmission sites. Cellular is also the name of the wireless telephone system originally developed by Bell Laboratories that used low-powered analog radio equipment to transmit within Cells. The terms Cellular is also used to refer to non-PCS products and services.

GSM
Global System for Mobile Communications or GSM is the digital transmission technique widely adopted in Europe and supported in North America for telephone uses. GSM uses the 1900MHz. GSM uses 900 MHz and 1800MHz in Europe.

MIN
The Mobile Identification Number (MIN) is a unique 24-bit number assigned by the wireless service provider to each phone it sells or includes in service plans. Unlike an Electronic Serial Number (ESN), a MIN is changeable because wireless phones may change hands or phone owners may move to another coverage region,requiring a different service plan.

MMM

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Mobile Media Mode (MMM) products have the ability to provide information services such as stock quotes, flight information and reservations, news, sports, weather updates, and even access to e-mail wirelessly. Check with your local cellular service provider to find out when services will be available in your area.

PIN
Personal identification Number. In the context of wireless devices, the PIN is a code used in conjunction with a SIM card to complete a call or data transmission. Used for SIM security. Supplied by the service provider.

PIN2
Personal identification Number used for the control of Fixed Dial Memory and call charge metering. Supplied by the service provider.

PUK/PUK2
PIN/PIN2 Unblocking Key. Used to unblock the PIN/PIN2. Supplied by the service provider.

Roaming
Usinng a wireless phone outside of your service providers local coverage area or home calling area is reffered to as roaming. Roaming arrangements between service providers expand the potential area for phone use. Service providers typically charge a higher perminute fee for calls placed outside their home calling or coverage areas.

SIM
A Subscriber Identification Module is a Card commonly used in a GSM phone. The card holds a microchip that stores information and encrypts voice and data transmissions, making it close to impossible to listen in on calls. The SIM card also stores data that identifies the caller to the network service provider. It also stores unique subscriber and user-entered information such as Phone Book, Fixed Dial Memory and short messages. Supplied by the service provider.

TDMA

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Time Division Multiple Access is one of several technologies used in digital wireless transmissions that increase the efficiency of the network by allowing a greater number of simultaneous transmissions. Networks using TDMA assign 6 timeslots for each frequency channel. Devices using the wireless network send bursts of information that are reassembled at the receiving end.

Third Generation
The Third Generation (3G) mobile devices and services will transform wireless communications into on-line, real-time transfer of information, regardless of time and place. You will be able to send electronic postcards with images, and you can even have a live video conference using your 3G mobile communication device.

WAP
Wireless Application Protocol is a protocol developed to allow intelligent transmission of optimized Internet content to wireless phones.

WLL (Wireless Local Loop)

Wireless service system that complete with or substitute for local wireline phone service.

TRACKING
Creating a new way in a circuit is called tracking If we dint get continuity properly we use tracing RESISTER TRAKING Tracking is possible in Resistor In a service if a single resister fault we use can track CAPASISTER TRACKING Tracking is possible in Capasitor when it is connected in series DIODE

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 Tracking is not possible in Diode INDUCTOR In Inductor tracking is most impossible We cannot make tracking for single inductor For Additional Inductor Tracking is possible Tracking is possible for inductor near transistor

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