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8
0
7
0
6
0
5
0
4
0
3
0
20
4/1
0,827
3,53
30
7/3
0.890
3,50
40
3/2
0.870
3,46
50
1/1
0,857
3,40
60
2/3
0,845
3,37
70
3/7
0,840
3.34
3.5
0.8
2.5
mu
% anthocyanin
0.9
% anthocyanin
0.7
1.5
0.6
mu
1
1
0.9
3
0.8
2.5
mu
% a n th o c y a n in
3.5
2
0.7
1.5
mu
90 pht
75 pht
45 pht
1
30 pht
0.6
% anthocyanin
4
3.5
3
2.5
0.8
2
0.7
1.5
% anthocyanin
0.6
70oC
60oC
50oC
40oC
30oC
0.5
0.5
m u
% a n th o c y a n in
0.9
mu
Cc mc
Z1, 0C
Z2, pht
Z3, %V
Mc trn (+1)
40
75
70
Mc c s (0)
35
60
60
Mc di (-1)
30
45
50
Khong bin
thin
15
10
Bin m
Y1
Y2
0,975
3,433
1,102
4,525
0,849
4,255
1,109
4,987
0,854
2,007
0,717
3,988
0,944
3,205
0,813
3,767
T1
0,915
3,834
T2
0,935
3,991
T3
0,955
3,773
x1
x2
x3
x1x2
x1x3
x2x3
x1x2x3
Trong :
- x1: Nhit chit, 0C
- x2: Thi gian chit, pht
- x3: T l nc trong h dung mi,%
- Y1: Hm mc tiu hm lng anthocyanin,%
- Y2: Hm mc tiu mu.
2.2.3 Xy dng m t ton hc cho hm mc tiu hm lng anthocyanin
57
a)
Chn phng trnh hi qui:
Phng trnh hi qui c chn theo phng trnh (1) mc 2.2.1.
Cc h s b1, b2, b3...b123 c tnh theo s liu thc nghim hm mc
tiu hm lng anthocyanin (Y1).
b)
Tnh h s b:
V phng n c chn l quy hoch trc giao, theo [1] cc h s bj trong
phng trnh hi qui (1) c xc nh theo cng thc sau:
bj =
1
N
(x
ju
yu )
bij =
1
N
vi : j = (1, k )
u 1
bijk =
(x
iu
x ju ) y u
i j = (1, k )
(2)
u 1
1
N
(x
iu
x ju x ku ) y u
k = (1, k )
u 1
T s liu thc nghim bng (3), p dng cc cng thc (2) ta tnh c
cc h s b:
b0 = 0,9208
b12 = 0,017
b1 = -0.07
b13 = -0,0255
b2 = 0,0488
b23 = -0,019
b3 = 0,088
b123 = 0,0155
c)
Kim nh mc ngha ca cc h s b trong phng trnh 3.1
Cc h s c kim nh theo tiu chun Student (t)
tj
bj
Sb
(3)
j
t2 = 6,894
t23 = 2,687
t3 = 12,445
t123 = 2,192
Tra bng tiu chun Student ta c tp(fth) = t0,05(2) = 4,3
Do t12 < tp(fth), t13 < tp(fth), t23 < tp(fth), t123< tp(fth) nn cc h s b12, b13, b23,
b123 loi ra khi phng trnh. Phng trnh ng hc c dng:
y 1 = 0,9208 - 0,07x1 + 0,04875x2 + 0,088x3
d)
(4)
S d
S 2th
= 7,8406
Tra bng tiu chun Fisher ta c F1-p( f1, f2) = F0,95 (4,2) = 19,3
Ta c F < F 1-p. Vy m hnh ton hc chn ph hp vi thc nghim.
2.2.4 Ti u ho thc nghim thu c hm lng anthocyanin cao nht
a) Tnh cc bc chuyn ng
ca cc yu t
Cc yu t nh hng
Cc mc
Z2,
pht
Z3,
%
35
60
60
15
10
-0,070
0,048
0.088
-0,350
0,731
0,88
Bc chuyn ng ( j )
-1,980
4,150
Lm trn
-2
Z1,0C
Mc c s
Khong bin thin (
H s bj
bj
3 3max
0,5 .
= 0,5.10 =5.
b1
b3
b2
b3
= -1,98
3
2
3
= 4,1
Z1,0C
Z2,
pht
Z3,
%
y1,%
y2
TN
1( Tn ti
tm )
35
60
60
0,927
33
64
65
0.962
31
68
70
0,985
29
72
75
1,113
27
76
80
0,997
4,720
c)
(5)
(j = 1, 2, 3) tng t nh mc 2.2.3.
Kt qu c th hin bng 6.
Bng 6: Tnh bc chuyn ng
ca cc yu t
Cc yu t
Cc mc
Z1,0C
Mc c s
Khong bin thin (
H s bj
bj
Z2,
pht
Z3, %
35
60
60
15
10
-0,55
0,2826
0,5291
-2,57
4,239
5,29
Bc chuyn ng ( j )
-2,07
-3,2
Lm trn
-2
-3
T bc chuyn ng
nghim theo hng leo dc, vi im xut pht l mc c s Z0j (Z01, Z0 2, Z03 ).
Chng ti thc
hin th nghim theo hng chn. Kt qu biu din bng 7.
Bng 7: Kt qu th nghim theo hng leo dc
Z1,0C
Yu t
TN
Z2,
pht
Z3,
%
y2
1( Tn ti
tm )
35
60
60
3,991
33
57
64
4,403
31
54
68
4,927
29
51
72
5,001
27
48
75
4,872
y1
0,975
cng ngh thc tin tt cho c hai hm mc tiu, ng thi nng cao tnh ton
din v tnh thuyt phc cho kt qu thu c.
Thc t khng th c mt nghim chung cho c hai qu trnh t c
y1max, y2max m ch tm c nghim tho hip (x1, x2, x3) cc gi tr y1, y2
nm gn y1max, y2max. tm c nghim tho hip chng ti s dng phng
php chp tuyn tnh :
yL =
y1 +
y2
Trong :
-
= 0,6,
= 0,4
y1
0,928
y2
3,7709
yL
2,06
b1
-0,07
-0,55
-0,262
b2
0,04875
-0,2826
-0,0837
b3
0,088
0,5291
0,2644
-0,2223
-0,22
b12
: cho HMT yL
, 2,
Cc yu t
Cc mc
Z1,0C
Mc c s
60
60
15
10
0,262
0,08397
0,2644
-1,31
1,427
-1,48
1,427
H s bj
bj
Z3, %
35
Z2,
pht
Bc chuyn ng
( j)
Lm trn
-1,5
-1,5
Cc yu t nh hng
Z1,0C
Z2,
pht
Z3,%
Y1,%
Y2
YL
35
60
60
0,927
3,991
2,149
33,5
58,5
63
0,943
4,403
2,287
32
57
66
0,972
4,911
2,548
30,5
55,5
69
0,983
4,952
2,553
29
54
72
1,110
4,967
2,656
28,5
52,5
75
0,915
4,500
2,397
Z1, 0C
Z2,
Z3, %
y1,%
y2
yL
pht
Theo
% Anth
29
75
75
1,113
4,72
2,556
Theo
mu
29
51
72
0,975
5,001
2,585
Theo
hm chp
29
54
72
1,110
4,967
2,656
Bi ton 2
KT QU NGHIN CU NH HNG CA NHIT V
NNG KIM N QU TRNH TCH TP CHT RA KHI X
SI XENLULO
(Trch mt phn ti lun vn Thc s ca CN Nguyn B Trung
khoa Ha, trng i hc S phm HN )
I. KT QU NGHIN CU T TI
1. Nghin cu nh hng ca nhit v nng kim n qu trnh tch
tp cht ra khi x si xenlulo.
1.1. nh hng ca thi gian v nng NaOH n lng tp cht tch
ra.
Gai b sau khi c tch s b, dng tay tc gai b kh ra thnh
nhng si mng, ct li thnh b, cc b c khi lng xp x nhau khong 15
gam. Ngm cc b si vo dung dch NaOH cc nng nghin cu trong
thi gian tng ng. Kt qu thu c bng sau:
Bng 1.1: Kt qu kho st nh hng ca thi gian v nng
n lng tp cht tch ra
Thi gian
C%
5 gi
10 gi
15 gi
20 gi
1% NaOH
10.098 10.978
12.46
13.01
3% NaOH
12.92
15.4
14.81
5% NaOH
14.01 14.67
15.598
14.46
14.1
% tach duoc
18
16
14
12
10
1%
3%
5%
8
6
0
10
15
20
25
Hnh 1.1. nh hng thi gian v nng NaOH n lng tp cht tch
ra.
Nhn xt: T 3 ng biu din nng 1%, 3% v 5% ta nhn
thy rng nng kim 1% th hiu qu tch l khng cao. Khi tng nng
kim ln 3% v 5% th hiu qu tch tng ln nhiu. Tuy nhin hiu qu tch
trong khong nng t 3
gian t 10
15h.
Khong bin
thin ( )
Z1 (C% NaOH)
10
12.5
15
2.5
nghim.
Phng n tin hnh trnh by bng sau:
Bng 1.3. Ma trn quy hoch thc nghim.
N
Cc yu t theo t
l thc
Z2 (t)
Gi tr o
c
Cc yu t theo t l
m ho
X0
X2
15
X1
1 1
X1X2
1
1
Z1 (C%)
5
10
1 -1
-1
10
1 1
-1
-1
14.67
15
1 -1
-1
15.4
12.5
14.82
12.5
14.8
12.5
14.75
15.598
14.1
th
0,0013 ; Sth =
bi
S bi
c:
0,05.
0,557.2,5
0,192.1
= 0,05. Da vo
3
b1
b3
b2
b3
ta tnh c gi tr
1
3
2
3
X1 (nng
kim C%)
4%
Bc nhy
= 0,05
= 0,36 gi
20 pht
Nng
NaOH
Y (lng cht
tch ra)
4,05
770 pht
14,3
4,10
790 pht
14,81
4,15
(TNTT)
810 pht
4,20
(TNTT)
830 pht
4,25
850 pht
15,34
4,30
870 pht
15,62
4,35
890 pht
15,2
4,3%
870 pht (14 gi 30
pht)
- Kim nh thng k.
- Phn tch s tng tc gia cc yu t nh hng n qu trnh x l si
trong phm vi chn.
quy hoch thc nghim ton phn, tc gi tin hnh b tr th nghim
thay i ng thi cc yu t. Mi yu t c tin hnh 3 mc: Mc trn;
mc di; mc c s th nghim tm phng n. Xy dng hm mc tiu
cn t c (max hay min).
Lp ma trn quy hoch:
Vi 2 yu t l nhit v nng (k = 2), mi yu t c hai mc l mc
trn v mc di. Vy s th nghim c tin hnh l N = 22 = 4 th nghim.
tin cho vic tnh ton, ta chuyn t h trc t nhin Z1, Z2 c th
nguyn sang h trc khng th nguyn m ho. Vic m ho c thc hin d
dng nh chn tm ca min c nghin cu lm gc to .
Trong h m ho khng th nguyn ta c c:
Mc trn:
- k hiu +1
Mc c s:
- k hiu 0
Mc di:
- k hiu 1
Cng thc chuyn t h n v thc qua n v m ho khng th nguyn:
Xj
Zj
Z j0
Zj
Zj
Z jmax
; j = 1, ..., k
Z min
j
; j = 1, ..., k
(1)
(2)
Yi
b0
(3)
i 1
N
n
X
bi
ij
i 1
Yi
(4)
(X
.X1 ) i .Yi
(5)
i 1
N
b j1
T s liu thc nghim trn, p dng cc cng thc (3), (4) v (5) xc nh
c gi tr b0 , b1 , b2 v b12 .
T kt qu trn c phng trnh theo ton hc: Y = b0 + b1X1 + b2X2+
b12X1X2
Kim nh ngha ca h s hi quy v s tng thch ca
phng trnh hi quy vi thc nghim. Tm phng sai ti hin S2 th. Do vy,
phi lm thm 3 th nghim tm phng n v thu c ba gi tr Yi0 v gi
tr Y 0 ti tm.
Phng sai ti hin c tnh theo cng thc:
S 2th
1 m
(Yi0
m 1i 1
Y0 )2
(6)
(Y
0
i
S th
Y0 )2
i 1
(7)
m 1
bi
S bi
S th
(8)
2
S du
S 2th
(9)
vi S
2
du
i 1
^
i
(Y
Y )2
(10)
N L
4
(N l s th nghim, L l h s ngha) Yi
b X
i
(11)
i 1
Thay s vo tnh ton ta c cc gi tr Y1; Y2 ; Y3 ;Y4.So snh vi F(1p)(f1,f2) vi P = 0,05; f1 l bc t do ca phng sai tng thch (f1= n - l); f2 l
bc t do ca phng sai ti hin (f2 = m 1).Tra bng ta c c gi tr
F(0,95)(f1,f2)
Nu F < Ftb th phng trnh hi quy tm c l tng thch vi thc
nghim vi mc ngha 95% , ngc li l khng tng thch.
1.3. Ti u ho thc nghim.
Tin hnh ti u ha bng phng php thc nghim leo dc nht.
Vect grad y l mt vect c chiu biu th s bin thin nhanh nht ca
grad y (x), gi tr ca grad y (x) thay i t im ny sang im khc trong khng
gian yu t.
Vi m hnh tuyn tnh bi k,
grad y
y
i
x1
y
j
x2
y
k
xk
...
(12)
(13)
bj
b
1;
da vo
ta tnh c
theo cng
(14)
trong :
l bc nhy ca yu t th i
j l
thay s vo ta tnh c cc gi tr
khc.