VIN KHOA HC CNG NGH & QU N A G UN L MI TR NG

GV VHD : Trn Th Ngc Diu n c SV VTH : L T Ba Th MS SSV : 077 723521 Lp p : HM MT3B

TP P.HCM. Ng 05 Thn 11 Nm 2011 gy ng m

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MC LC
I. GII THIU CHUNG .................................................................................... 3 II. NI DUNG ....................................................................................................... 4 CHNG 1: TNG QUAN V TNH HNH QUN L V X L CTR
1.1. c im, thnh phn tnh cht CTR ..................................................................... 4 1.2. Ngun pht sinh CTR .............................................................................................. 5

CHNG 2: QUY TRNH X L KH THI L T RC NGUY HI

2.1. Quy trnh l t rc thi ............................................................................................. 7 2.2. Quy trnh x l kh thi ........................................................................................... 11 2.2.1 Quy trnh I .............................................................................................................. 11 2.2.2 Quy trnh II ............................................................................................................. 13 2.3. Gii thiu L t cht thi rn cng nghip nguy hi CEETIA-CN150 ............. 16 2.4. Tiu chun so snh u ra ca cht thi nguy hi ................................................. 20

KT LUN KIN NGH ................................................................................. 22 LI CM N....................................................................................................... 23 TI LIU THAM KHO ................................................................................... 24

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 TI: X L KH THI TRONG L T RC THI NGUY HI

I. GII THIU CHUNG Rc thi l sn phm tt yu ca cuc sng c thi ra t cc hot ng sn xut, kinh doanh, dch v, sinh hot hoc cc hot ng khc nh khm cha bnh, vui chi gii tr ca con ngi. Cng vi mc sng ca nhn dn ngy cng c nng cao v cng cuc cng nghip ho ngy cng pht trin su rng, rc thi cng c to ra ngy cng nhiu vi nhng thnh phn ngy cng phc tp v a dng. Tc ng tiu cc ca rc thi ni chung v rc thi c cha cc thnh phn nguy hi ni ring l rt r rng nu nh nhng loi rc thi ny khng c qun l v x l theo ng k thut mi trng. X l rc thi v ang tr thnh mt vn nng bng cc quc gia trn th gii, trong c Vit Nam. Vit Nam, thc t vic qun l v x l rc thi mc d c nhiu tin b, c gng nhng cha ngang tm vi nhu cu i hi. Hin nay, khu vc th mi ch thu gom a n bi chn lp tp trung t khong 60-65%, cn li rc thi xung ao h, sng ngi, bn ng. Cn khu vc nng thn, rc thi hu nh khng c thu gom, nhng im vt rc trn ngp khp ni. khu vc khm cha bnh, mc d c nhiu bnh vin t c nhng tin b ng k trong vic ci thin iu kin mi trng theo hng xanh, sch, p cng vi nhng thit b hin i phc v tt cho vic khm cha bnh ca nhn dn, song vn cn nhng bt cp trong vic thu gom v tiu hu rc thi, nht l cht thi c cc thnh phn nguy hi. y cng chnh l nguy c tim n i vi mi trng v con ngi. Rc thi c mi nguy c cao ch khi con ngi khng quan tm n cng tc qun l thu gom v x l i vi chng. Nu nh nhng nh qun l, nh khoa hc to iu kin gip v nng cao nhn thc cho cng ng, cho cc nh doanh nghip v c bit l to iu kin cho h tip cn vi cng ngh x l v ng x vi rc mt cch thn thin, th ngc li, rc thi s l mt trong nhng ngun ti nguyn qu gi phc v li cho con ngi. Hin nay vic x l cht thi rn cng nghip, cht thi y t, sinh hot bng phng php

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thiu t c p dng kh ph bin, tuy nhin, vn ny sinh l phi x l kh thi nh th no, nht l cc l thiu t cht thi c hi s c ni n phn sau II. NI DUNG

CHNG 1: TNG QUAN V TNH HNH QUN L V X L CTR

1.1. c im, thnh phn tnh cht CTR

Qu trnh t chy: Cht thi rn + O2 sn phm chy + Q (nhit) Sn phm : bi, NOx, CO, CO2, SOx, THC, HCl, HF, Dioxin/Furan, hi nc v tro. Ty thuc vo tng loi cht thi chia theo tnh cht khc nhau: Tnh vt l: khi lng ring, kch thc ht, m, kh nng gi nc hay tnh thm ca cht thi. Tnh ha hc: hm lng cht hu c, im nng chy ca tro, thnh phn nguyn t CTR, nhit tr. Tnh sinh hc: kh nng phn hy sinh hc, s pht sinh mi hi, s pht trin ca rui. B Ti nguyn v Mi trng va ban hnh danh mc v 19 nhm ngun v dng cht thi nguy hi c phn theo tnh cht nguy hi nh d n, d chy, oxy ho, n mn, c c tnh, c c tnh sinh ho v d ly nhim. y l vn bn rt quan trng nhn bit, phn loi cc cht thi nguy hi, lm cn c cho vic qun l cht thi nguy hi theo quy nh ca php lut. C th l: cc cht thi t ngnh thm d, khai thc, ch bin khong sn, du kh v than; cc cht thi t ngnh sn xut ho cht v c; cht thi t ngnh sn xut ho cht, ngnh nhit in, luyn kim, t cc ngnh sn xut vt liu xy dng v thu tinh.

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Ti danh mc ny cn quy nh rt c th v cc cht thi t qu trnh x l, che ph b mt, to hnh cc vt liu, cht thi t qu trnh sn xut, iu ch, cung ng, s dng cc sn phm che ph (sn, vc ni, men thu tinh), cht kt dnh, cht bt kn v mc in. Sau danh mc cc cht thi t ngnh ch bin g, sn xut cc sn phm g, giy v bt giy, cn c hng lot danh mc cc cht thi t ngnh ch bin da, lng , dt nhum v cht thi xy dng (k c t o t cc khu vc b nhim). Cc cht thi t cc c s ti ch, x l, tiu hu cht thi, x l nc cp sinh hot v cng nghip; cht thi t ngnh y t v th y, cc ngnh nng nghip, lm nghip v thu sn, phng tin giao thng vn ti... cng c quy nh kh r. Ngoi ra, cc cht thi gia nh v cht thi sinh hot t cc ngun khc; du thi, cht thi t nhin liu lng, cht thi dung mi hu c, mi cht lnh v cht y (propellant); cc loi cht thi bao b, cht hp th, gi lau, vt liu lc v vi bo v; cc loi cht thi khc cng c thng k trong danh mc ny. 1.2. Ngun pht sinh CTR

Trc tin ni v cht thi cng nghip, n nay c nc c gn 140 khu cng nghip (KCN), khu ch xut (KCX) c Th tng Chnh ph quyt nh thnh lp, phn b trn gn 50 tnh, thnh trong c nc v thu ht c hn 1,2 triu lao ng trc tip v gin tip. Qu trnh xy dng v pht trin cc KCN, KCX c ng gp ng k vo cng cuc hin i ha, cng nghip ha t nc; gp phn c bit quan trng trong pht trin kinh t nc ta. Tuy nhin, vn mi trng ti cc KCN, KCX hin nay ang cn nhiu iu bt cp v ngy cng tr nn bc xc - Ti thnh ph H Ch Minh, lng pht thi CTRCN v CTNH t cc c s cng nghip trn thnh ph khong 1.502 tn/ngy, trong CTNH khong 300 tn/ngy - Theo s liu iu tra thc t, tng lng cht thi rn cng nghip H Ni nm 2001 c hn 300 c s sn xut cng nghip c thuc quc doanh (khong 192 x nghip
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thuc Trung ng qun l, 126 x nghip thuc H Ni qun l) v khong 1.770 hp tc x tiu th cng nghip v dch v, 3.350 t sn xut. Cng nghip H Ni c khong 20 ngnh ch yu (c kh, ha cht, dt, giy, nhum, da, thc phm, in t...)vo khong 74.600 tn/nm, trong cht thi nguy hi ln 12.000 tn/nm, chim khong 16,1%. Trong tng s cht thi rn cng nghip nguy hi ca H Ni l 12.000 tn/nm th c 45,84% c th x l bng phng php ng rn, 18,79% c th chn lp, phn c th t chy l 14,4% (khong 1.500 tn/nm) vi cc phng php khc l 20,97%. Trn c s phn tch v nh gi trn vi c tnh lng thu gom vo khong 70%, nn lng cht thi rn cng nghip nguy hi cn t ch khong 2,9 tn/ngy - Cht thi rn t hot ng nng nghip ch yu do thuc bo v thc vt tn lu v vic qun l, s dng phn bn ha hc v cc loi bao b. nc ta, thuc BVTV c s dng t nhng nm 40 ca th k trc phng tr cc loi dch bnh. Vo nhng nm cui ca thp k 80, s lng thuc BVTV s dng l 10.000 tn/nm, th khi bc sang nhng nm ca thp k 90, s lng thuc BVTV tng ln gp i (21.600 tn vo nm 1990), thm ch tng ln gp ba (33.000 tn/nm vo nm 1995). Din tch t canh tc s dng thuc BVTV cng tng theo thi gian t 0,48% (nm 1960) n nay l 100%. n nhng nm gn y, vic s dng thuc BVTV tng ln ng k c v khi lng ln chng loi, vi hn 1.000 loi ha cht BVTV ang c lu hnh trn th trng. Lng cht thi rn sinh hot (CTRSH) ti cc th nc ta ang c xu th pht sinh ngy cng tng, Tng lng pht sinh CTRSH ti cc th loi III tr ln v mt s th loi IV l cc trung tm vn ha, x hi, kinh t ca cc tnh thnh trn c nc ln n 6,5 triu tn/nm, trong CTRSH pht sinh t cc h gia nh, nh hng, cc ch v kinh doanh l ch yu. Lng cn li t cc cng s, ng ph, cc c s y t. Cht thi nguy hi cng nghip v cc ngun cht thi y t nguy hi cc

CHNG 2: QUY TRNH X L KH THI L T RC NGUY HI

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2.1. Quy trnh t rc thi Cht thi

T :100 C
0

O2

Bung s cp
T0, kh Gas

Hi m Cn carbon

T :425 C- 950 C

Bung th cp

6000C Kh thi

Thit b x l kh thi

O2

Tro x

2.1.1. Thuyt minh quy trnh l t o Ti bung s cp Cc qu trnh xy ra gm: Sy kh(bc hi nc) cht thi: cht thi c a vo bung t s thu nhit t khng kh nng ca bung t, nhit ca cht thi t trn 1000C, qu trnh thot hi m xy ra mnh lit, khi nhit tip tc tng s xy ra qu trnh nhit phn cht thi v to kh gas. Qu trnh phn hy nhit to kh gas v cn carbon: cht thi b phn hy nhit sinh ra kh gas, tc l cc hp cht hu c phc tp to thnh cc cht n gin nh: CH4, CO, H2Thc t, vi s c mt ca oxy v kh gas trong bung nhit phn nhit cao xy ra qu trnh chy, nhit sinh ra li tip tc cp cho qu trnh nhit phn, nh vy sinh ra qu trnh t nhit phn v t t sinh nng lng m khng cn i hi phi b
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sung nng lng t bn ngoi (khng cn tin hnh cp nhit qua bc t), do vy tit kim nng lng. Thng qua qu trnh kim sot ch cp kh v din bin nhit bung s cp s nh gi c giai on: sy, kh ha v t cn trong bung nhit phn. Qu trnh nhit phn cht thi rn thng bt u t 2500C 6500C, thc t nhit phn cht thi ngi ta thng tin hnh nhit t 4250C 7600C. Khi qu trnh nhit phn kt thc, s hnh thnh tro v cn carbon, do vy ngi ta cn gi giai on ny l carbon ha. o Ti bung th cp Qu trnh t d kh oxy: kh gas sinh ra t bung s cp, c a ln bung th cp t trit . Tc chy ph thuc vo nhit v nng cht chy trong hn hp kh gas. Khi chy ht 80% -90% cht chy (kh gas) th tc phn ng gim dn. o Qu trnh to tro x Giai on cui m t, nhit bung t nng ti 9500C t chy cn carbon, phn rn khng chy c to thnh tro x. Cc giai on ca qu trnh chy thc t khng phi tin hnh tun t, tch bit m tin hnh gi u, xen k nhau. L nhit phn coi nh c 2 bung phn ng ni tip nhau vi 2 nhim v: bung s cp lm nhim v sn xut kh gas, cung cp cho bung th cp t trit cht hu c. Cht lng kh gas to thnh ph thuc vo bn cht ca cht thi c nhit phn cng nh iu kin nhit phn bung s cp. Kim sot c mi quan h gia bung s cp v bung th cp ng ngha vi vic kim sot c ch vn hnh l t hiu qu nh mong mun. 2.1.2. u Nhc im l t u im Th tch v khi lng CTR gim ti mc nh nht Thu hi c nng lng
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CTR c th c x l ti ch Cn mt din tch tng i nh Ph hp i vi cht thi tr v mt ha hc, kh phn hy sinh hc Tro, cn cn li ch yu l v c, tr v mt ha hc

Nhc im Khng phi tt c CTR u t c Vn u t cao Thit k, vn hnh phc tp Yu cu nhin liu t b sung nh hng n mi trng nu khng kim sot nhim Bo dng thng xuyn lm gin on x l CTR c thnh phn, tnh cht khc nhau nn c nhng cng ngh v vn hnh khc nhau 2.1.3. c im kh thi l t cht thi nguy hi Hm lng cc kh HCl, HF thp (v thnh phn nha trong rc thi ch yu l PE) Hm lng CO, SOx, bi, VOCs: khng n nh, thp nhng vn vt qu gii hn cho php. Hm lng NOx cao do t chy thnh phn N hu c trong rc thi (khong 70 80% thnh phn kh NOx sinh ra), v mt phn to thnh do oxi phn ng vi nit trong khng kh nhit cao. Nhit v lu lng kh thi bin ng. Thnh phn kh thi ca l t ty thuc vo thnh phn rc thi v cc yu t nh hng n qu trnh t. Kh thi l t cht thi y t phi m bo t TCVN 6560:2005 quy nh gii hn ti a cho php i vi cc thng s nhim trong kh thi l t cht thi Vic x l cht thi rn cng nghip, cht thi y t bng phng php thiu t c p dng kh ph bin, tuy nhin, vn ny sinh l phi x l kh thi nh th no,
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nht l cc l thiu t cht thi c hi. Thc s Phm Vn Hi v cng s (Vin Nghin cu bo h lao ng) a ra gii php cho vn ny. Thiu t l qu trnh dng nhit cao phn hy cc hp cht hu c trong rc thi v gim nh th tch. Hin nay, rc thi th do c m ln, rc c ngun gc hu c cao, t l cht rn cao kh thiu t nn ch yu l x l chn lp. Tuy nhin loi rc c hi nh rc y t hoc rc cng nghip th cn p dng phng php thiu t bi nu chn lp s gy nn nhim mi trng t v ngun nc. xut cng ngh x l kh thi l thiu, nhm nghin cu phn loi theo cng sut nh, trung bnh v ln. o L t cng sut nh Vi l c quy m x l khong 300 kg/ngy, c th ng dng cng ngh x l gm thit b venturi thp p, thp m, qut khi, bm, b tun hon v h thng van gi. Nguyn l lm vic l: Khi l sau khi ra khi bung th cp qua van gi, i vo thit b venturi lc bi ng thi h nhit . T venturi, nc v kh chuyn sang thp lc. Cu to ca thp lc gm lp m bng khu s, gin phun nc v b tch nc. Ti thp, mt phn nc cng vi bi s chy xung b lng cn kh s i ngc ln qua lp m, ni n c h nhit , lc phn bi cn li v cc cht kh nh SO2, HCl. Cht nhim c nc hp ph chy xung b lng, cn khng kh sch s c y vo ng khi qua qut v thi vo kh quyn. Thit b x l kh thi l thiu ny c th lp b sung vo h thng l thiu m khng lm thay i ng k cu trc ca thit b l. Khi cn thit c th b sung ha cht vo b x l kh c hi. o L t cng sut trung bnh Vi l c quy m x l khong 300 n 1.000 kg/ngy c th dng loi y tnh, c cu to nhiu loi bung t, nhit bung t kh t trn 1.0000C. Thi gian lu ca kh trong bung t t 1-2 giy. H thng x l kh thi v nguyn tc cng nguyn l vi l cng sut ln gii thiu trn. X l cht thi rn c hi bng phng php thiu t vn l bin php cha thay th c v n c nhiu u im. Do vic nng cao hiu qu
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qun l v nghin cu p dng cc cng ngh ph nhm x l kh thi t l thiu t s gip cho qu trnh x l hon thin hn, bo v tt mi trng khng kh. o L t cng sut ln Vi l thiu c quy m x l trn 1.000 kg/ngy, thng c thit k hon chnh v ng b t khu vc tp kt rc, l t, thit b x l, khu vc ly tro, bung iu khin trung tm... Phn nhiu cc khu c c gii ha hoc t ng ha. Nhit thiu t trung bnh ca loi l ny ln hn 1.0000C, thi gian lu kh 1- 2 giy. H thng x l kh thi bao gm: Thit b lc bi (lc tnh in hoc lc t) v thit b lc kh c nh SO2, HCl (dng vi bt v than hot tnh). Cc cht ny c phun vo bung ha trn sau thu li bng thit b lc bi tun hon. Vi c tc dng hp ph cc khi axt, than hot tnh hp ph dioxin v furan. H thng x l cn c lp cc thit b bo nhit , nng mt s loi kh nh carbon gim st cht lng kh thi v hiu qu phn hy ca l. Sau y l quy trnh c th

2.2.

Quy trnh x l kh thi

Kh thi,bi

2.2.1. Quy trnh I

Thit b lc bi kiu t (dung dch : nc)

Nc thi

Thit b lc kh c (bng vt liu hp ph: vi bt v than hot tnh)

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Kh thi, bi t TCVN 6560 2005

11

a. Thuyt minh quy trnh I Cc cht nhim khng kh c to ra c lin quan trc tip n thnh phn cht thi c t. Cc cht nhim cn kim sot l: NOx, SO2, CO, O3, Pb v bi Khi thi ra khi bung t th cp vi nhit khong 6000C c cha nhiu bi, ch yu l m hng v cc kh c hi c dn i qua thit b thu hi nhit trc khi dn vo h thng thit b kh bi kiu t vi hiu qu kh bi khong 70-80%, thit b lc bi kiu t ngoi chc nng lc bi cn kh c mt phn kh SOx, NOx. Lng bi cn li i theo khi thi qua thit b x l cc kh c hi, y s kh tip 1 phn kh NOx, SO2, CO v Dioxin/Furan, vt liu hp ph l vi c tc dng hp ph cc khi axt, than hot tnh hp ph dioxin v furan. H thng x l cn c lp cc thit b bo nhit , nng mt s loi kh nh carbon gim st cht lng kh thi v hiu qu phn hy ca l. Nc thi t qu trnh thit b lc bi kiu t s c tun hon li b. u - nhc im quy trnh I u im X l kh thi l t rc thi ln, va v nh Quy trnh x l n gin khng cn tay ngh cao Chi ph vn hnh x l kh thi chp nhn c

Nhc im Kh x l vi kh thi c hi cao bn c hc ca thit b lc kh c thp kh hon nguyn Ch c tc dng nht thi m thc ra cc cht c vn cn nguyn, khng h b thay i tnh cht ha hc Cc cht hp ph nhanh chng mt hot tnh do bo ha, v khng cn tc dng loi b cht c na 2.2.2. Quy trnh II
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Kh thi, bi

B trao i nhit tun hon cho l th cp

L phn ng (Xc tc kh GC-4R v GC-4O)

Thp x l t bng dung dch (dung dch:Nc)

Nc thi

Kh t TCVN 6560:2005

a. Thuyt minh quy trnh II Kh thi t l t s i qua b trao i nhit (gii nhit) tn dng nhit cp cho khng kh cp bung th cp (nhm tit kim nng lng) v sau tip tc i qua l phn ng. Trong l phn ng di tc dng ca xc tc kh GC -4R qu trnh kh Nox thnh nit phn t xy ra nhanh chng, ng thi di tc dng ca xc tc oxi ha GC-4O cc cht hu c cn st li v CO s c oxi ha trit thnh hi nc v CO2. Sau kh thi tip tc c ua i x l thp x l t, ti y cc kh axit v bi c x l hon
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ton nh bm, bm dung dch ha cht tun hon. Cui cng kh thi c ht bng qut v x ra ngoi qua ng khi. Nc thi t thit b x l kiu t c thi ra mi trng do cht c trong nc thi chuyn ha thnh dng khng b nhim hoc t b nhim b. u nhc im quy trnh II u im Cht thi rn: c x l trit v an ton, tro cn li sau khi x l khng cn sng (lng hu c di 0,5%). Kh thi: kh thi ra t h thng sau khi x l t TCVN 6560:2005. Chi ph u t thp. Chi ph vn hnh chp nhn c. Chc chn c th s dng lu di. Ph hp vi trnh ngi s dng cng nh cng tc bo dng Ch x l c cng sut va v nh Chi ph u t thp nhng chi ph dnh cho x l th cao Vn hnh quy trnh cn c tay ngh k thut cao

Nhc im

Tiu chun kh thi ca mt s ngun thi vit nam dng so snh STT 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Cht nhim Bi HF HCl CO NOx SOx Cd Hg n v mg/ m3 mg/ m3 mg/ m3 mg/ m3 mg/ m3 mg/ m3 mg/ m3 mg/ m3 Gi tr ti a cho php TCVN 5939 - 2005 200 20 50 1000 580 500 5 TCVN 6560 2005 100 2 100 100 350 300 1 0,5
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Tng kim loi nng mg/ m3 (As, Sb, Ni, Co, Cr, Pb, Cu, V, Sn, Mn)

10

Tng Dioxin/furan

g / m 3

20

(Ngun ly t TCVN cht thi y t) Tham kho sn phm chy v phng php x l cc cng ngh t cht thi Cht nhim Ti lng v nng Bi 2.3 64.8 kg/tn Cch khng ch Lc tnh in, lc kh, t hiu qu:73-98% NOx (ch yu 0.36 2.73 kg/tn NO2, NO) kh l t, l, t l kh d SO2 Xc nh h s thch hp gim 50% X l xc tc gim 90% Do thnh phn cht thi. chuyn X l bng phng php hp th, hp ha thnh SO2: 14-94% TL: 0.09-4.5 kg/tn HCl, HF Chuyn ha thnh HCl, HF: 46- X l bng phng php hp th, hp 84% TL: 0.57-8.57 kg/t (HCl) 0.01-0.16kg/t (HF) CO THC TL:0.07-17.5 kg/t TL: 0.001-5.78 kg/t Kim sot ch t. Hiu qu x l t trn 90% Kim sot ch t. Hiu qu x l trn 90% ph. Hiu qu x l t 90-99% ph. Hiu qu x l t 90-99% Cc yu t nh hng: t0 khng t tun hon gim 35%. t 2 bc

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2.3.

Gii thiu L t cht thi rn cng nghip nguy hi CEETIA-CN150

2.3.1. Khi qut l t L t CTR c thit k da trn c s p dng nguyn l t ti a vng thng qua hai bung t s cp v th cp. Thnh l c xy bng gch sa mt A, cch nhit bng bng khong chu nhit cao. y l nguyn l x l rc thi c hi ang c s dng rng ri cc nc tin tin trn th gii. Cht thi c a vo bung t s cp duy tr nhit khong 800o C. Khng kh c cp lin tc cho qu trnh t nh bm ejector to p sut m trong bung l. Khi bc ln t cc bung t s cp gm c nhng sn phm chy cha hon ton, cha nhiu bi v cc cht c hi... c ha trn vi khng kh theo nguyn l vng xoy s c a tip vo mt bung t th cp. bung t th cp, cc sn phm chy cha hon ho nh Dioxin v Furan s tip tc c t chy, phn hy nhit cao khong t 1.000-1.200oC vi thi gian lu chy ln t 1,502 giy. Khi t bung t th cp s c a qua h thng x l kh thi kt hp vi trao i nhit s loi tr trit bi, cc kim loi nng v cc kh thi c hi gy nhim mi trng nh NOx, SOx, HCl, HF... H thng Cyclon hp th s lm lnh nhanh cc loi kh thi nhit m 200oC nn c th trnh c s ti sinh, pht sinh cc cht c hi Dioxin; ng thi khng kh tip tc c nung nng 100oC cp cho l gim thiu tiu hao nhin liu. Thng s k thut l t CEETIA-CN150

K hiu l t
Cng sut

CEETIA-CN150
125-150kg/h

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Cng ngh t

t a vng, l t gm bung t s cp t trc tip cht thi rn cng nghip nguy hi nhit 750-8500C, bung t th cp t tip cc kh sinh ra t bung s cp nhit t 95000C-10500C, thi gian lu khi khong 1 giy

Nhin liu t H thng cp gi

Du DO Cp trc tip cho bung s cp v bung th cp. Lu lng gi c iu chnh bng cc van iu khin

Vt liu chu nhit Gch sa mt A, gch cao nhm Trung Quc hay Cu ung,chu nhit n 16500C X l khi thi Ch vn hnh Lp t h thng x l khi t TCVN T ng v bn t ng

Thit k h thng x l khi thi: Ch cp Bung t Bung t th Din tch y Chiu cht thi n v 4-6 ln/h s cp m3 cp m3 0,96 bung t m3 1,2 cao m3 2,23

Cp cht thi 2,68

thit k bung t nhm nghin cu tin hnh lp chng trnh cn bng vt cht v chng trnh cn bng nng lng. Trn c s tin hnh tnh ton nhiu phng n vi cc thnh phn cht thi rn khc nhau chn c kch thc l t CEETIA- CN150 nh bng trn Khi t cht thi rn cng nghip nguy hi khi thi ra cn cha nhiu kh c hi nh: kh CO, SO2, NOx, cc axit, kim loi nng, ixin/furan v.v... v bi. Nhng kh v bi ny gy nh hng n mi trng, sc khe con ngi, nng sut cy trng, vt nui. V
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th l t c lp t h thng x l kh thi ng b. Mc tiu c bn khi thit k, lp t h thng x l khi thi l gim nng bi, mt s kh c hi nh CO, SOx, NOx, cc axit.... ixin/furan xung di TCCP trc khi thi khi ra kh quyn. Cc thng s s dng lm d liu tnh ton thit k cho h thng x l khi thi c chn nh sau: 2.3.2. Quy trnh x l kh thi l t CEETIA-CN150

Bi, m hng, kh c

Kh bi lc kiu t Bi cn li, khi thi, kh SO2,NO2, CO, SOx, NOx,Hi axit, axit Dioxin/Furan Than hot tnh

Kh thi t TCVN 6560-2005 Thuyt minh quy trnh Khi thi ra khi bung t th cp vi nhit khong 6000C c cha nhiu bi, ch yu l m hng v cc kh c hi c dn i qua thit b thu hi nhit trc khi dn vo h thng thit b kh bi kiu t vi hiu qu kh bi khong 70-80%. Lng bi cn li i theo khi thi qua thit b x l cc kh c hi. Thit b ny ngoi chc nng hp th kh SO2, NO2, cc hi axit, cn c kh nng kh bi vi hiu qu khong 70-80%. Do vy
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nng bi cn li trong khi thi nh hn tiu chun cho php.. Dung dch hp th kh SO2 l nc vi hiu qu hp th khong 50%. Thit b kh kh SO2 cn c kh nng hp th mt s cht khc nh cc kh c tnh axit v.v... do vy nng cc kh c hi nh hn TCCP trc khi thi vo kh quyn. Khi thi sau khi i qua thit b kh SO2 c dn qua tm chn nc vi mc ch tch cc ht nc ra khi khi thi tip tc i vo qut khi, sau i qua thit b kh ixin/furan bng than hot tnh v cui cng thi qua ng khi ra ngoi 2.3.3. Kt qu Trung tm k thut mi trng th v khu cng nghip - i hc Xy dng v Trung tm k thut 1 - Tng Cc Tiu chun o lng Cht lng tin hnh kho st o lng khi thi ng khi ca L t v kho st mi trng khng kh xung quanh, o c ting n, ly mu nc v mu tro ca l t vo cc ngy 15/5/2003 v 18/5/2003. Nhn xt kt qu o lng: - Trc khi x l nhiu cht nhim vt tr s TCCP, sau khi i qua h thng x l khi thi nng bi v nng cc kh c hi, kim loi nng trong khi thi u nh hn TCCP. - Nng cc kh CO, NO2, SO2, H2S, bi ti cc im quan trc bn ngoi cui hng gi nh hn TCCP theo TCVN 5937-2005. - Mc n ti cc khu vc trong nh xng, gn qut gi, gn my bm, bn ngoi xng nh hn TCCP theo TCVN 3985-2005.
- Kt qu phn tch tro cho thy hm lng cc kim loi trong mu quan trc hu ht u

nh hn ngng an ton cho php theo tiu chun ca cc nc pht trin (nc ta cha c tiu chun). Ch c hm lng Cd vt ngng an ton cho php mt t. 2.3.4. unhc im l t CEETIA-CN150
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u im: - t l qu trnh oxy ha cht thi nhit cao. Cng ngh ny rt ph hp x l CTRCN v CTNH hu c nh cao su, nha, giy, da, cn du, dung mi, thuc bo v thc vt v c bit l cht thi y t trong nhng l t chuyn dng hoc cng nghip nh l nung xi mng - Cng ngh thiu t c nhiu u im nh kh nng tn dng nhit, x l trit khi lng, sch s, khng tn t chn lp nhng cng c mt s hn ch nh chi ph u t, vn hnh, x l kh thi ln, d to ra cc sn phm ph nguy him. Nhc im: L t cht thi cng nghip nguy hi CEETIA - CN150 l loi l t cng sut nh, t chy theo m, bung t s cp c cu to phn st ca cp cht thi khng c ghi, phn cui bung t lp t ghi lt do bi v cc kh thi sinh ra trong bung t ph thuc rt nhiu vo s ln cp cht thi, ch cp khng kh c iu chnh trong mi m t, vo thnh phn cht thi cp vo.... Qu trnh chy trong cc bung t ph thuc vo loi v m ca cht thi rn cng nghip nguy hi a vo t cng nh quy trnh vn hnh l t Qu trnh t chy cht thi rn cng nghip nguy hi xy ra trong bung t rt phc tp v nhit chy cao, thnh phn v m cht thi rn cng nghip nguy hi a vo t khng n nh, p sut khi thi trong bung t thay i... 2.4. Tiu chun so snh u ra ca cht thi nguy hi

QCVN 02:2008/BTNMT QCKT quc gia v kh thi l t cht thi rn y t QCVN 05:2009/BTNMT QCKT quc gia v cht lng khng kh xung quanh TCVN 6560-2005: Ni v gii hn cho php kh thi l t cht thi rn y t

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KT LUN KIN NGH

Hin nay hu ht cc loi l ch thit k t cho mt loi rc nht nh, do khi hng dn vn hnh cng ch cho mt loi rc, nhng ti cc c s, dch v x l cht thi, ngun rc u vo lun thay i nn thnh phn cng thay i theo, do quy trnh cng phi thay i cho ph hp vi tng thnh phn . Do khng p ng c yu cu ny cho nn trong qu trnh kho st thc t thy tnh trng gy nhim mi trng ti cc cng ty x l cht thi vn cn xy ra ( mt s ch tiu vt TCVN, c khi en xut hin, l kt qu ca s vn hnh khng hp l). Xut pht t iu tin hnh nghin cu xy dng mt quy trnh vn hnh l t a nng v x l lng kh thi ra mt cch trit bng cch vn hnh quy trnh thch hp, phi xc nh c thng s, ch tiu theo di kim sot, nhu cu cp kh s khc nhau cho mi loi cht thi khc nhau c bit kim sot nng oxy t do trong l t. Kt qu nghin cu ca ti to ra mt sn phm c th l l t cht thi rn cng nghip nguy hi CEETIA-CN150. L t th nghim CEETIA-150 uc tin hnh t th nghim v o lng nng cc cht nhim trong khi thi, nhit cc bung t, mi trng trong nh l v mi trng xung quanh. Kt qu o lng chng t mi ch tiu ca l t u t tiu chun mi trng. thit lp quy trnh vn hnh hp l bn giao cho C.Ty Mi trng th. L t th nghim CEETIA-150 c khnh thnh vo ngy 5/ 6/2003. Hin a vo vn hnh sn xut thc t t ngy khnh thnh n nay. L t cht thi cng nghip nguy hi ny c kh nng tr thnh mt sn phm thng mi p dng cho nhiu tnh/ thnh khc. C th ni ti nghin cu, thit k, ch to v lp t th nghim l t cht thi rn cng nghip nguy hi mang m hiu CEETIA-CN150 va c ngha khoa hc li va c ngha kinh t - x hi, p ng yu cu qun l cht thi cng nghip nguy hi cp bch hin nay ca nc ta.

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LI CM N
ti x l kh thi l t rc thi nguy hi, c hon thnh l nh vo h tr t rt nhiu pha. Em xin c chn thnh cm n: Vin khoa hc cng ngh v qun l mi trng v gio vin b mn K Thut Mi Trng to iu kin em c c hi hon thnh tiu lun. C Trn Th Ngc Diu tn tm hng dn; ng thi nhit tnh gip v gii p cc thc mc. Cc website, ti liu tham kho ca Vin Mi Trng cho em nhng thng tin b ch. Trong qu trnh thc hin, khng th trnh khi nhng thiu st. Mong c v cc bn ng gp kin b sung, hon thin cc bi tiu lun sau tt hn Trng H Cng Nghip TP H Ch Minh ngy 10 thng 11 nm 2010 SVTH: L Th Ba

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TI LIU THAM KHO

http://www.haiduongdost.gov.vn/index.php http://vea.gov.vn/VN/truyenthong/tapchimt/PHONGSU http://vea.gov.vn/VN/hientrangmoitruong/quantracmt/QTPT

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