ENGN 2810, Fall 2011

Homework 11 Solutions
Problem 2 For convencience, we shift the frame of reference from a shock moving at speed, u
s
, to a stationary shock with
oncoming velocity, u
1
= u
s
. We then apply conservation of mass, momemtum, and energy across the shock and the equation
of state to get the desired relation for the shock speed.
State:
p = RT
Mass:

1
u
1
=
2
u
2
Momentum:
p
1
+u
2
1
= p
2
+
2
u
2
2
Using mass to replace
2
u
2
with
1
u
1
:

p
1
p
2

1
u
1
= u
2
u
1
Energy:
h
1
+
1
2
U
2
1
= h
2
+
1
2
U
2
2
Assuming a calorically perfect gas, we take h = c
p
T.
c
p
T
1
+
1
2
u
2
1
= c
p
T
2
+
1
2
u
2
2
Given the relationship between c
p
, , and R: c
p
=
R
1
we have:
R
1
T
1
+
1
2
u
2
1
=
R
1
T
2
+
1
2
u
2
2
Using the equation of state to replace temerature in favor of density and pressure:

1
p
1

1
+
1
2
u
2
1
=

1
p
2

2
+
1
2
u
2
2
Using the combination of momentum and mass from above, the previous equation can be rewritten as:
p
1

p
2

2
=
1
2
_
2u
1
+
p
1
p
2

1
u
1
__
p
1
p
2

1
u
1
_
Using mass:
p
1

u
2
u
1
p
2
=
1
2
_
2 +
p
1
p
2

1
u
2
1
_
(p
1
p
2
)
Using the momemtum-mass combination to eliminate u
2
:
p
1

_
1 +
p
1
p
2

1
u
2
1
_
p
2
=
1
2
_
2 +
p
1
p
2

1
u
2
1
_
(p
1
p
2
)
Now introducing the denition of the speed of sound: c
2
=
p

:
p
1

_
1 +
p
1
p
2
p1
c
2
1
u
2
1
_
p
2
=
1
2
_
2 +
p
1
p
2
p1
c
2
1
u
2
1
_
(p
1
p
2
)
Forming the Mach number, M =
u
c
and rewriting:
(p
1
p
2
)
_
1
p
2
p
1
M
2
1
_
=
1
2
_
2 +
1
p2
p1
M
2
1
_
(p
1
p
2
)
M
2
1
=
p
2
p
1

1
2
p
2
p
1
+
1
2
Simplifying:
u
2
s
= c
2
1
_
1
2
+
+ 1
2
p
2
p
1
_
u
s
= c
1
_
1
2
+
+ 1
2
p
2
p
1
Calculate the speed if the temperature of the ambient air is 30

C and the pressure ratio, p

2
/p
1
, is 3.0.
c
1
=
_
RT
1
u
s
=
_
(1.4)(280)(303)

1.4 1
2(1.4)
+
1 + 1.4
2(1.4)
(3) = 567.8
m
s
Problem 4 1.) Find the ratio of the exit area to the throat area which is necessary for the supersonic exhaust to be correctly
expanded.
For correctly expanded ow, the ratio of the exit area to the throat area,
A
E
A

, will be given in terms of the exit Mach

number, M
E
.
_
A
E
A

_
2
=
1
M
2
E
_
2
+ 1
_
1 +
1
2
M
2
E
__
+1
1
Assuming isentropic ow, we calculate the exit Mach number based on the properties in the reservoir.
p
0
p
E
=
_
1 +
1
2
M
2
E
_

1
M
2
E
=
2
1
_
_
p
0
p
E
_
1

1
_
M
E
=
_
2
1.4 1
_
(37)
1.41
1.4
1
_
= 3.005
The area ratio is then:
_
A
E
A

_
2
=
1
(3.005)
2
_
2
1.4 + 1
_
1 +
1.4 1
2
(3.005)
2
__
1.4+1
1.4
= 18.097
A
E
A

= 4.254
2.) Find the Mach number of the exit ow under correctly expanded conditions.
From part (1):
M
E
= 3.005
3.) Find the lowest pressure ratio at which the same nozzle would be choked.
Since we are looking at the same nozzle, we x the ratio of the exit area to the throat area. For isentropic ow, a given area
ratio leads to two correctly expanded ows with the ow sonic at the throat: one that is supersonic at the exit and one that
is subsonic at the exit. If the pressure ratio,
p0
p
E
, is lower than that for the subsonic solution, the ow is no longer choked. For
these lower pressure ratios, the ow is subsonic throughout the nozzle and the mass ow rate out of the nozzle varies with
pressure ratio. Thus, the pressure ratio that corresponds to the correctly-expanded subsonic solution demarks the boundary
between choked and unchoked ow. From the isentropic tables with
A
E
A

= 4.254 the exit Mach number is 0.1379. At this

Mach number the pressure ratio would be:
p
0
p
E
=
_
1 +
1.4 1
2
(0.1379)
2
_ 1.4
1.41
= 1.013
4.) Find the pressure ratio at which there would be a normal shock wave at the exit.
As the pressure ratio is increased from the correctly-expanded subsonic to supersonic solution, a shock that forms in the
increasing-area portion of the nozzle moves from the throat (where it is exceedingly weak) to the exit. The shock stands
directly at the exit for the correctly-expanded supersonic solution (M
E
= 3.005). The pressure upstream of the shock is
given from isentropic ow.
p
0
p
1
= 37
The pressure then drops across the shock according to the normal shock relations:
p
2
p
1
= 1 +
2
+ 1
_
M
2
1
1
_
= 1 +
2(1.4)
1.4 + 1
((3.005)
2
1) = 10.367
Noting that the pressure downstream of the shock is equal to the exit pressure (p
2
= p
E
), the pressure ratio at which there
would be a normal shock wave at the exit is:
p
0
p
E
=
p
0
p
1
p
1
p
E
=
37
10.37
= 3.569
----
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