1

Khi qut v iu p mt chiu

Bm p mt chiu ni tip
Bm p song song
Bm p o chiu
Tch lu nng lng khi bm p
B bm tng p
Chng 2. Bm xung mt chiu
2
2.1 Khi qut v iu p mt chiu
iu p mt chiu c nh ngha l b iu khin
dng in v in p mt chiu khi ngun cp l in
mt chiu
I. Cc phng php iu p mt chiu
C mt s cch iu khin mt chiu nh sau:
iu khin bng cch mc ni tip vi ti mt in
tr
iu khin lin tc bng cch mc ni tip vi ti mt
tranzitor
iu khin bng bm p (xung p)
3
iu khin bng cch mc ni tip vi ti mt
in tr
S
Dng in v in p iu
chnh c tnh
U
1
R
f
U
d
R
d
I
d
d
d f
1
d
d f
1
d
R
R R
U
U
;
R R
U
I
+
=
+
=
Nhc im ca phng php:
Hiu sut thp (AP
f
= I
C
. AU
T
)
Khng iu chnh lin tc khi dng
ti ln
4
iu khin lin tc bng cch mc ni tip vi
ti mt tranzitor
S v nguyn l iu
khin
I
C
= |.I
B
AU
T
= U
1
- I
C
.R
d
Nhc im ca phng
php: tn hao trn tranzitor
ln, pht nht nhiu tran. d
hng.
MK
T
Z
d
c
MK
T
Z
d
b
a
MK
T
R
d
I
B
I
C
=I
d
AU
T
U
1
5
iu khin bng bmp (bm xung)
Bm p mt chiu l b bin i in p mt
chiu thnh xung in p. iu chnh rng
xung in p, iu chnh c tr s trung bnh
in p ti.
Cc b bm p mt chiu c th thc hin theo
s mch ni tip (phn t ng ct mc ni
tip vi ti) hoc theo s mch song song
(phn t ng ct c mc song song vi ti).
6
II. ngun cp trong bmp mt
chiu
1. nh ngha v ngun dng v ngun p
Ngun p: l ngun m dng sng v gi tr in p
ca n khng ph thuc dng in (k c gi tr cng
nh tc bin thin)
c trng c bn ca ngun p l in p khng i
v in tr trong nh st p bn trong ngun nh
Ngun dng: l ngun m dng sng v gi tr dng
in ca n khng ph thuc in p p ca n (k c
gi tr cng nh tc bin thin)
c trng c bn ca ngun dng l dng in khng
i v in tr ln st dng bn trong ngun nh
7
2. Tnh thun nghch ca ngun
Ngun c tnh thun nghch:
in p c th khng o chiu (acquy), hay
o chiu (my pht mt chiu)
Dng in thng c th i chiu
Cng sut p = u.i c th i chiu khi mt
trong hai i lng u, i o chiu.
8
3. Ci thin c tnh cu ngun
Ngun p thng c R
0
, L
0
, khi c dng in c R
0
i,
L(di/dt) lm cho in p trn cc ngun thay i.
ci thin c tnh ca ngun p ngi ta mc song
song vi ngun mt t
Tng t, ngun dng c Z
0
= . Khi c bin thin
du/dt lm cho dng in thay i. ci thin c
tnh ngun dng ngi ta mc ni tip vi ngun mt
in cm.
Chuyn i ngun p thnh ngun dng v ngc li:
9
4. Quy tc ni cc ngun
i vi ngun p:
Khng ni song song cc ngun c in p khc nhau
Khng ngn mch ngun p
Cho php h mch ngun p
i vi ngun dng:
Khng mc ni tip cc ngun dng c dng in
khc nhau
Khng h mch ngun dng
Cho php ngn mch ngun dng
10
2.2. Bm p mt chiu ni tip
1. Nguyn l bm p mt chiu ni tip
U
1
Z
d
U
d
K
Hnh 2.1 Bm p mt chiu ni tip; a. s nguyn l; b. ng
cong in p.
a.
+
_
U
1
t
1
U
t
2
T
CK
U
d
t
b.
0
11
S nguyn l bm p mt chiu ni tip gii thiu
trn hnh 2.1a. Theo phn t chuyn mch to cc
xung in p mc ni tip vi ti. in p mt chiu
c iu khin bng cch iu khin thi gian ng
kho K trong chu k ng ct. Trong khoang 0 t
1
(hnh 2.1b) kho K ng in p ti bng in p
ngun (U
d
= U
1
), trong khong t
1
t
2
kho K m in
p ti bng 0.
12
Tr s trung bnh in p mt chiu c tnh
nu coi th:
U
d
= . U
1
f=1/T
CK
1
ck
1
t
0
1
CK
d
U
T
t
dt . U
T
1
U
1
=
=
}
ck
1
T
t
=
U
1
t
1
U
t
2
T
CK
U
d
t
b.
U
TB
0
13
2. Hot ng ca s vi ti in cm
S in hnh c dng
Dng in c xc nh bi
phng trnh vi phn
Trong :
i dng i n ti ;
R
d
- i n tr ti ;
L
d
- i n cm ti
I
b
- dng i n ban u ca chu kang xt
(m hay ng kho K);
I
XL
dng i n x c l p ca chu kang xt
Khi kho K ng ; Khi kho K m I
XL
= 0
- hng s thi gi an i n t ca m ch
L
d
U
d
K
R
d
dt
di
L i . R U
d d 1
+ =
]
]

\
|
+ =

d d
T
t
XL
T
t
bd
e 1 I e . I i
U,i
t
U
d
i
d
d
d
d
R
L
T =
D
0
W
t
=Li
2
/2
14
nhp nh dng in c tnh:
T biu thc thy rng, bin dao ng dng in ph thuc
vo bn thng s: in p ngun cp (U
1
); rng xung in
p (); in cm ti (L
d
) v chu k chuyn mch kho K (T
CK
).
Cc thng s: in p ngun cp, rng xung in p ph
thuc yu cu iu khin in p ti, in cm ti L
d
l thng
s ca ti. Do ci thin cht lng dng in ti (gim
nh AI) c th tc ng vo T
CK
. Nh vy, nu chu k chuyn
mch cng b (hay tn s chuyn mch cng ln) th bin
p mch dng in cng nh, cht lng dng in mt chiu
cng cao. Do b iu khin ny thng c thit k vi tn
s cao hng chc kHz.
x d
1
d
CK 1
f . L 2
U . ). 1 (
L 2
T . U . ). 1 (
I

=

= A
15
C th minh ho bng gin dng in in p cho
hai tn s khc nhau
U,i
t
U
d
i
d
U,i
t
a)
b)
16
3. Cc s ng lc ca bm p ni tip
Cc s in hnh:
Dng tiristor hnh a
Dng tran. lng cc
hnh b
Dng tran. trng
hinhg f c
Dng IGBT hnh d
a
MK
T
Z
d
b
T
1
U
d
MK
T
Z
d
c
MK
T
Z
d
d
17
4. Bmp o chiu
S nh hnh v
Theo chiu chy thun, iu khin
T
1
, T
3
, dng in ti i
T
c chiu trn
xung nh hnh v, U
AB
>0.
Theo chiu chy ngc, iu khin
T
2
, T
4
, dng in ti i
N
c chiu di
ln nh hnh v, U
AB
<0.
T
1
T
2
U
N
Z
T
T
3
T
4
A
B
i
T
i
N
18
U,i
t
U,i
t
U,i
t
U,i
t
Chi u thu n
Chi u ng c
T
3
T
1
T
2
T
4
19
2.3. Bmp song song
Nguyn l bm p song song
Tn hao cng sut khi bm p song song
Bm p c hon tr nng lng v ngun
20
1. Nguyn l bm p song song
S :
Dng in v in p c
tnh tng ng khi kho K
ng
v kho K h
R
d
U
d
K
-
+
R
hc
i
S
i
T
U
1
t
t
t
T
CK
t
1
i
S
i
T
U
d
0
0t
1
- kho K
t
1
T
CK
- kho Kh
0 U ;
R
U
i
d
hc
1
S
= =
d
d hc
1
d
d hc
1
T
R
R R
U
U ;
R R
U
i
+
=
+
=
21
2. Tn hao cng sut khi bmp song song
Trng hp tng qut
Khi iu chnh, chu k xung in p khng i. Khi
, c tng t
1
th gim t
2
v ngc li. Khi cn gim
in p ti, cn tng t
1
v gim t
2
, cng sut tn hao
trong biu thc trn tng
Do , bm p song song khng thch hp khi ti
nhn nng lng t li.
2 1
2
2
T hc 1
2
S hc
t t
t i R t i R
P
+
+
= A
2 1
2
d hc
2
1
1
hc
2
1
t t
t
R R
U
t
R
U
P
+
+
+
= A
22
3. Bm p c hon tr nng lng v ngun
Trng hp ny ch xt khi ti c sc in ng (v d
cp in mt chiu v ngun ti thun tr)
R
d
U
d
U
1
K
E
d
-
+
D
0
i
S
i
N
i
d
a.
b.
0
t
t
t
T
CK
t
1
i
S
i
N
U
d
0
0t
1
- kho K
t
1
T
CK
- kho Kh
Dng in chy ngc v
ngun ch tn ti khi
E
d
>U
1
23
Xt trng hp khi ti in cm v c sc in ng
(v d ng c lm vic ch h ti)
b.
R
d
U
d
U
1
L
d
K
E
d
-
+
D
0
i
S
i
N
i
d
a.
0
t
t
t
T
CK
t
1
i
S
i
N
U
d
0
0t
1
- kho K
t
1
T
CK
- kho Kh
24
Bm p ni tip, song song kt hp
Trong trng hp ti lm vic
c ch nhn nng lng v
tr nng lng, s phi hp
ni tip v song c s dng.
Khi nhn nng lng t li,
iu khin K
N
.
Khi tr nng lng v li, iu
khin K
S
.
U
d
U
1
K
S
R
d
L
d
E
d
-
+
D
1
i
S
i
N
i
d
K
N
D
2
25
2.4. Bmp tch lu nng l ng
Bm p tch lu in cm
Bm p tch lu in dung
26
1. Bmp tch lu in cm
Khi b bm nm gia ngun p vi ti ngun p, phn
t tch lu nng lng phi l in cm
i
L
U
N
u
T
i
D
u
D
t
t
t
t
t
T T D D
T T
i
D
i
T
i
T
L
Z
d
T
W
t
=Li
2
/2
U
N
i
T
L
T
W
t
=Li
2
/2
Z
d
K
27
Hot ng
Khi T dn: i
N
=i
T
= i
L
, i
R
= i
D
=0, U
D
= -(U+U
R
),
U = L.di/dt, i
L
tng tuyn tnh
Khi D dn: i
N
=i
T
= 0, i
L
= i
R
= i
D
, U
D
= -(U+U
R
),
U
R
= - L.di/dt, i
L
gim tuyn tnh.
Tr s trung bnh dng in ngun: I
N
= I
L
Tr s trung bnh dng ti:I
R
= (1- )I
L
.
B qua tn hao ta c: U
R
.I
R
= U
N
.I
N
hay:

= =
1 I
I
U
U
R
N
N
R
28
2. Bmp tch lu i n dung
Khi b bm lin h gia hai ngun dng, phn t tch
lu nng lng phi l in dung
U
C
u
D
t
t
i
T
t
u
T
t
t
T T D D
T T
U
R
J
N
i
D
U
R
J
N
i
T
i
D
C
C
+
K
1
K
2
R
T D
29
Hot ng
Khi T dn, t cp cho ti vi dng in khng i, u
N
=
0, u
R
= u
C
, i
C
= I
R
, du
C
/dt = -I
R
/C; i
T
=I
N
+I
R
; u
T
=0; i
D
=
0, u
D
= -u
R
Khi diod dn, T kho, ngun np cho t vi dng in
I
N
: u
N
= u
C
, u
R
= 0,I
N
=i
C
, du
C
/dt = i
N
/C; i
T
=0; u
T
= u
C
;
i
D
= I
N
+I
R
, u
D
= 0.
Tr s trung bnh in p ngun: U
N
= (1-)U
C
Tr s trung bnh in p ti:U
R
= U
C
.
B qua tn hao ta c: U
R
.I
R
= U
N
.I
N
hay:

= =
1 I
I
U
U
R
N
N
R
30
2.5. B bm tng p
S v hot ng
Cc biu thc c bn
31
S ng lc
u
T
t
u
N
u
R
i
L
u
D
t
T
D
D
i
T
i
D
i
C
t
t
t
t
T
t
1
t
2
t
3
t
4
U
R
U
N
i
L
i
R
D
L C
T
i
T
i
D
32
Trong khong 0t
1
tranzitor dn c dng in i
T
chy qua cun dy; diod kho v chu mt in p
bng in p ngun.
Trong khong t
1
t
2
tranzitor kho, cun dy x
nng lng qua ti bng dng i
D
. Dng in ny
ng thi np cho t C.
Khi Tran. dn li, t x qua ti duy tr dng
in trn ti. Coi in dung ca t ln, dng in
i
C
qua ti by gii gn nh khng i
33
Cc biu thc c bn
Khi T dn, diod chu mt in p:
U
D
= U
N
+ U
C
= U
N
+ U
Ti
Khi T kho, n cu mt in p
U
T
= U
N
+ U
C
= U
N
+ U
Ti
Cc gi tr dng in
, )
0 d 0 N
0
d
0
2
0 d
2
0
C d
d d N L d N
R I
1
E U
1
E
U
c ta 0 R coi N u
;
1
R I
1
E
U U
. I
1
1
I I I ; I
1
I

=
=

= =

= + =

=
34
2.3. i u khi n m t chi u
2.3.1. Nguyn l i u khi n
2.3.2. S kh i m ch i u khi n
2.3.3. Cc khu c b n
2.3.4. M ch v d
35
2.3.1. Nguyn l i u khi n
M ch i u khi n bm p m t chi u c
nhi m v xc nh th i i m m v kho
van bn d n trong m t chu k chuy n m ch.
Nh bi t trn, chu k ng c t van nn
thi t k c nh. i n p t i khi i u khi n
c tnh
U
T i
= .U
1

36
Nguyn l
Hnh 2.15. Nguyn l i u khi n i n p m t chi u
t
1
t
2
t
3
t
4
t
5
U
RC
U
k
U
Ti
t
t

U
RC
- i n p t a
U
k
- i n p i u khi n
37
2.3.2. S kh i m ch i u khi n
S kh i
T o t n
s
So snh T o xung
khu ch i
Van
ng l c
Hnh 2.16 S kh i m ch i u khi n i u p m t
chi u.
U
k
38
Khu t o t n s c nhi m v tao i n p
t a rng c a U
rc
v i t n s theo mu n
ng i thi t k . T n s c a cc b i u p
m t chi u th ng ch n kh l n (hng ch c
KHz). T n s ny l n hay b l do kh nng
chu t n s c a van bn d n. N u van ng
l c l Thyristor t n s c a khu t o t n s
kho ng 1-5 KHz. N u van ng l c l
Tranzitor l ng c c, tr ng, IGBT t n s c
th hng ch c KHz.
39
Khu so snh c nhi m v xc nh th i i m
i n p t a b ng i n p i u khi n. T i cc th i
i m i n p t a b ng i n p i u khi n th pht
l nh m ho c kho van bn d n..
Khu t o xung, khu ch i c nhi m v t o xung
ph h p m van bn d n. M t xung c coi l
ph h p m van l xung c cng su t (
dng i n v i n p i u khi n), cch ly gi a
m ch i u khi n v i m ch ng l c khi ngu n
ng l c hng ch c vn tr ln. Hnh d ng xung
i u khi n ph thu c lo i van ng l c c s
d ng.
40
2.3.3. Cc khu c b n
1. Khu t o t n s .
U
t
Hnh 2.17 Cc d ng i n p t a c a m ch i u
khi n i u p m t chi u
a

T
ck
T
ck
T
ck
b
c
U
k
U U
t t
41
T o i n p tam gic b ng dao ng a hi.
+
A
1
t
V
+
V
-
b
V
+
V
-
R
R
1
R
2
C
a
+
A
2
R
3
]
]

\
|
+ =
2
1
R
R . 2
1 l n . C . R . 2 T
R
1
= R
2
= R T = 2.R.C.ln 3 = 2.R.C.1,1 = 2,2. R.C
42
T o i n p t a b ng m ch tch phn
+
-
+
-
R
1
R
2
R
3
C
A
1
A
2
V
+
V
_
t
U
A1
U
A2
a
b
43
M ch tch thot (UJT)
E
R
T
C
R
1
B
1
B
2
R
2
+U
cc
0
a
U
E
U
B2
t
U
B1
U
P
c
t
t
E
R
t
C
R
1
B
1
B
2
R
2
+U
cc
0
R
B2
R
B1
b
B
2 B 1 B
1 B
T
R R
R
1
1
l n C R
1
f
+

=
44
M ch dao ng b ng IC 566
Current
Sources
Schmi tt
Tri gger
1 7
5
6
8
4
3
Hnh 2.22 S cu trc ca I C566
R
C
45
M ch dao ng b ng IC 566
Hz 5000
12
9 12
10 . 01 , 0 . 10 . 10
2
f
6 3
max
= ]

\
|
=

Hz 170
12
9 , 11 12
10 . 01 , 0 . 10 . 10
2
f
6 3
min
=
]

\
|

=

1 7
5
6 8
3
4
+Ucc = 12 V
0
15 K
5 K
100
10 K
0,01MF
46
M ch t o i n p t a b ng 4046
47
Khu so snh
U
rc
U
ss
U
k
t
t
U
_
+
a.
b.
48
Khu khu ch i
a. M ch khuch i cho i u p mt chi u
bng Ti r i stor .
T
1
T
2
D
L
C
+
U
1
Z
d
A
B
+
(+)
49
S m ch
U
k
U
rc
T
1
T
2
Tr
1
Tr
2
Tr
3
Tr
4
R
1
R
2
D
1
BAX1
+15V
D
2
BAX2
D
4
+15V
D
3
U
ss
+
+
R
3
R
4
A
1
A
2
50
S m ch khu ch ai (ti p)
U
k
U
rc
T
1
T
2
Tr
1
Tr
2
Tr
3
Tr
4
R
1
R
2
D
1
BAX1
+15V
D
2
BAX2
D
4
-15V
D
3
U
ss
51
b. M ch khu ch i cho van ng l c l Tranzitor
Tr
1
Tr
2
R
6
D
0
+U
1
R
d
L
d
Tr
1
Tr
2
R
6
D
0
+U
1
R
d
L
d
U
n
U
k
Tr
1
Tr
2
R
6
D
0
+U
1
R
d
L
d
U
n
Dz
Dq
T
q
Dq
Tq
a. b.
c.