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Chng 1 CC PHNG PHP IU CH C BN

Trong cc b bin i bn dn, cc kho in t lm nhim v ni gia u ra vi u vo trong


nhng khong thi gian nht nh, lp li theo mt chu k nht nh. in p hoc dng in to ra s
bng gi tr trung bnh ca cc gi tr tc thi theo chu k lp li . Yu cu chnh y l chu k lp li
phi nh hn nhiu ln so vi chu k sng hi c bn ca cc i lng cn quan tm, nh m to nn
in p, dng in u ra v u vo c dng nh mong mun. Hnh dng mong mun y c th l
dng hnh sin theo sng hi c bn, nu l mt chiu th c dng p mch vi p mch cho php.
Quy lut ng ct cc phn t bn dn nh vy gi l cc phng php bin iu, hay cc phng php
iu ch rng xung (Pulse Width Modulation PWM).
C nhiu phng php bin iu khc nhau, tu thuc vo s b bin i v cng ph thuc vo
mc tiu t ra. Tuy vy c th k ra ba phng php c bn nht sau y:
- Phng php iu ch nh b so snh c ngng.
- Phng php bin iu b rng xung tuyn tnh.
- Phng php bin iu vect khng gian.
Cc phng php iu ch c p dng trong nhiu loi b bin i khc nhau. Di y, nu
ln nhng c tnh c bn ca cc phng php, ta s a ra cc v d ng dng ch yu cho cc s b
bin i DC-AC ngun p, trn c s cu mt pha, cu ba pha.
1.1. Phng php iu ch nh b so snh c ngng
Theo phng php ny tn hiu cn iu chnh, ly v qua php o, c so snh vi mt tn hiu
t. Tn hiu u ra b so snh s c gi tr, v d l mc lgic 1, nu tn hiu o c ln hn tn hiu
t mt gi tr ngng nht nh, l mc lgic 0 nu tn hiu o nh hn lng t gi tr ngng. Tn
hiu lgic 1 c a n iu khin ng ct cc van trong b bin i tn hiu iu chnh phi gim
i. Tn hiu lgic 0 s lm cho lng iu chnh phi tng ln.
Trn hnh 3.1.a th hin tc ng ca b so snh hai ngng, u ra tn hiu c gi tr (0, 1) vi c
tnh vo ra nh trn hnh 3.1.b. C th s dng nhng b so snh phc tp hn, gm ba ngng, vi u
ra tn hiu c gi tr (-1, 0, 1).
I
+
A
i A
i A
I

A

Hnh 1.1. (a) Tc ng ca b so snh c ngng; (b) c tnh vo ra ca
b so snh.
V d v tc ng ca phng php ny c m t qua s b bin i DC-AC cu mt pha, lm
vic nh mt b nghch lu p ngun p, ti tr cm RL, cho trn hnh 3.2. Gi s ta mun iu chnh
dng u ra pha xoay chiu theo mt lng t hnh sin, theo th biu din trn hnh 3.3.
Trn hnh 3.2, i
ref
l lng t dng hnh sin mong mun. Tn hiu dng xoay chiu u ra nghch lu
o c i
n
c so snh vi lng t qua khu so snh c tr, to nn tn hiu iu khin cho cc van
V1, .., V4. Xt chiu dng in ang dng. Khi V1, V4 m s lm cho dng tng ln, cn V2, V3 m
s lm cho dng gim i.
C
R
L
u
n
i
n
V1
V2
V3
V4
o i
n
V1
V2
V3
V4
i
ref
D1 D3
D2 D4
E
t
i
n

Hnh 1.2. S cu trc h thng iu khin.
I
+
A
I

A
Hnh 1.3. Tc ng ca b iu
chnh dng in c ngng.

Khi V2, V3 m, dng ch chy qua it D2, D3. iu tng t xy ra vi chiu dng in m, khi
vai tr ca cc van i cho nhau.
Nu mun iu chnh in p ra trn ti R, phi dng mch lc LC to ra in p ti c dng gn
sin. Khi in p trn ti u
n
o c s a n b iu chnh in p, u ra b iu chnh in p c
th l tn hiu thay i bin ca lng t dng in.
Qua hnh 3.3 c th thy rng tn s ng ct ca cc van khng c nh. y l nhc im chnh
ca phng php ny. Khi mc ngng nh, tn s ng ct c th rt ln. Nu mc ngng ln, dng
dng in s xu i vi nhiu thnh phn sng hi bc cao.
u im chnh ca phng php ny l n gin, d p dng, c bit l tc ng nhanh rt tt.
C th thy r u im th ba ny qua hnh 3.3, trong lng cn iu chnh chnh l dng in i
n
, c
o mt cch trc tip, do s phn nh mt cch tc thi nhng thay i c th xy ra. Trong s trn
y tn hiu iu khin l tn hiu xoay chiu. Trong cc s b bin i khc th lng t c th c
dng tn hiu mt chiu, v d nh trong cc b bin i xung p DC-DC.
1.2. Phng php bin iu b rng xung (PWM - Pulse Width Modulation).
1.2.1. Nguyn l bin iu b rng xung
Hnh 1.4. th m t
phng php PWM.
Phng php bin iu b rng xung c pht trin trong k thut iu ch sng radio, sau c
p dng cho k thut bin i in nng.
Ni dung ca phng php bin iu b rng xung l so snh mt tn hiu chun, l tn hiu ra mong
mun, vi mt in p rng ca c chu k c nh, T
s
, thng gi l chu k ly mu. u ra ca b so
snh s l dy xung c rng thay i, tu theo gi tr ca tn hiu t, t
x
: 0
x s
t T s s . Trong khong thi
gian t
x
cc kho in t s ni u ra U
o
vi u vo U
i
ca b bin i. Nh vy trong mi chu k ct
mu, gi tr u ra U
o
s c gi tr trung bnh ph thuc gi tr u vo U
i
v thay i theo dng iu ca
tn hiu chun. y cng gi l phng php bin iu c sng mang (Carrier based PWM).
v d, ta s xt mt trng hp n gin, m t qua th trn hnh 3.4. Gi s U
i
= E, khng
i, cn tn hiu t thay i theo hm sin tn s thp, c bin bng U
r,m
:
( )
,
sin
ref r m
u U t e = (3.1)
2 f e t = , f l tn s sng sin chun.
Tn hiu rng ca c dng tuyn tnh, bin bng U
s,m
:
( )
,
, 0,1, 2,...
s s m s
u U t kT k = = (3.2)
Ti chu k th k ca tn hiu rng ca, t
x,k
c xc nh bng:
t
x,k
= t
k
* - kT
s
,
trong :
( ) ( )
,
,
sin
s m
k s r m k
s
U
t kT U t
T
e
- -
= , ngha l t
k
* l thi im tn hiu chun bng tn hiu rng ca
chu k ct mu th k. Do ta c:
( ) ( )
, ,
,
, ,
sin sin ,
r m r m
x k s k s k
s m s m
U U
t T t T t
U U
e e
- -
= = = (3.3)
gi l h s bin iu, 0 1 s s .
+E
-E
0
0
t
t
U
s,m
U
r,m
T/2 T
+E
-E
0
0
t
t
U
s,m
U
r,m
T/2 T
-U
s,m
(a)
(b)
Hnh 1.5. Phng php bin
iu b rng xung PWM. (a) Mt cc tnh; (b) Hai cc tnh.
Vy gi tr trung bnh ca tn hiu ra trong chu k ct mu th k l:
( )
( 1)
,
,
sin
s
s
k T
x k
o k o i i k
s kT
t
U u dt U U t
T
e
+
-
= = =
}
(3.4)
C th thy rng gi tr trung bnh ca tn hiu ra sau mi chu k ct mu bm theo dng ca tn hiu
sin chun mong mun. Biu thc dng (3.4) gi l gi tr trung bnh trt. Nu phn tch ra chui Furie c
th thy rng dng in p trung bnh trt thc s cha thnh phn sng hi c bn nh sng sin chun
v cc sng hi bc cao vi tn s lf
s
+/- f , l = 1, 2, Nu tn s ct mu f
s
ln hn nhiu ln tn s f ca
sng sin ra mong mun th cc tn s sng hi bc cao c th d dng loi b nh cc mch lc n gin
hoc di tc dng ca in cm ti.
Phng php bin iu b rng xung c dng mt cc tnh v dng hai cc tnh. Theo dng p ra
mt cc tnh, trong nhng khong tn hiu chun cao hn tn hiu rng ca, van c m a in p
ra ti, trong nhng khong tn hiu chun thp hn tn hiu rng ca, van kho li in p ra ti bng
khng. in p ra s c to thnh ring cho na chu k dng v na chu k m. Theo dng p ra hai
cc tnh in p ra s l +E khi tn hiu chun cao hn rng ca v l -E khi tn hiu chun thp hn. Hnh
3.5 m t nguyn l hot ng PWM cho hai trng hp trn cho s nghch lu p cu mt pha.
Phng php hai cc tnh c dng tn hiu iu khin ra n gin hn nhng in p ra s c bc
nhy in p ln hn, 2E. Bc nhy in p ln s lm cho dng dng in p mch nhiu hn, ni
cch khc l dng dng in s xu hn so vi phng php iu ch mt cc tnh.
Tn hiu rng ca c th c dng khng i xng, nh trn hnh 3.4, hoc c dng i xng, nh trn
hnh 3.5. Trong dng khng i xng rng li c th c sn i ln, nh trn hnh 3.4, hoc sn i
xung. Dng rng ca i xng l kt hp ca c hai hai dng khng i xng trn. Trong dng rng ca
i xng chu k ct mu c chia lm hai na T
s
/2, v vy trn ng in p ra sng hi bc cao s c
tn s l bi ca 2f
s
, ngha l cht lng in p ra s tt hn.
m bo in p ra c cha t nht thnh phn sng hi bc cao, s phi lm vic trong ch
tuyn tnh, ngha l phi m bo 0 1 s s .

Hnh 1.6. (a) S xut hin dng m xuyn; (b) Tn hiu iu khin IGBT.
Trong s cc b bin i p dng PWM, in p ra s cha cc thnh phn sng bc cao vi tn
s bng cc bi s ca tn s xung rng ca. Do tn s xung rng ca rt cao so vi tn s sin chun nn
d dng loi b c cc sng hi bc cao ny. y l u im c bn ca phng php bin iu b rng
xung. u im th hai l tc ng nhanh cao nh bn cht ca cc h thng iu khin tng t. Nu
PWM c xy dng trn b x l tn hiu s thng qua qu trnh ri rc ha tn hiu th u im ny
cng mt i. Nhc im ca phng php ny l cc van phi lm vic vi tn s ng ct cao nn tn
hao cng sut do ng ct ln, h thng iu khin cng phc tp hn.
C
V1
V4
D1
D4
Z
t
E
i
d
i
n t t t
V1
V4
t
t
(a)
(b)
Hai van trn cng mt nhnh cu phi p dng phng php chuyn mch c thi gian cht trnh
dng m xuyn. Hnh 3.6 m t s xut hin dng m xuyn v yu cu i vi tn hiu iu khin
trong s nghch lu na cu. Thi gian tr t gia tn hiu m V1 v V4 phi t nht bng thi gian
kho ca van. i vi IGBT gi tr tiu biu 1, 5 2 s t = .
1.2.2. B bin i cu ba pha PWM
B bin i cu ba pha, c s cho trn hnh 2.10.c, cn gi l b bin i hai mc, l mt s
c bn, c s dng rng ri trong cc b bin i DC-AC v AC-DC.
Trc ht ta s xem xt s hot ng ca s cu ba pha trong s mt nghch lu ngun p ba
pha, nh c biu din trn hnh 3.7. Mch lc cu to t 6 van iu khin hon ton V1, V2, , V6 v
6 it ngc D1, D2, , D6. Cc it ngc gip cho qu trnh trao i cng sut phn khng gia ti
vi ngun. u vo mt chiu l mt ngun p vi c trng c t C, gi tr ln. Ph ti 3 pha i
xng, Z
A
= Z
B
= Z
C
, c th u Y hoc .

Hnh 1.7. S nghch lu c lp ngun p ba pha.
Phng php c bn to ra h thng in p xoay chiu ba pha trn ti l iu khin cc van theo
th t nh c k hiu trn s , mi van vo dn cch nhau 60
o
. Khong iu khin dn ca mi van
= 180
o
. Vi cch iu khin nh vy in p dy trn ti s ch c hai mc, hoc l +U
DC
hoc l U
DC
.
V vy y cn gi l b bin i hai mc.
0 60 u s s

60 120 u s s

120 180 u s s


Hnh 1.8. S tng ng mch ti ng vi cc khong dn ca van. (a) V1, V6, V5 dn; (b) V1, V6, V2
dn; (c) V1, V2, V3 dn.
A
S to thnh ca in p u ra trn cc pha c gii thch qua cc s mch ti tng ng
trong cc khong dn ca van nh trn hnh 3.8. Xt cc khong dn ca van trong mi 60
o
na chu k
th nht nh sau:
- Trong khong 0 60 u s <

, V1, V5, V6 dn. S tng ng ca mch ti nh trn hnh 3.8.a.
Vi gi thit ti ba pha i xng tnh c cc gi tr in p pha:
1 2
; .
3 3
A C DC B DC
u u U u U = = =
- 60 120 u s <

, V1, V2, V6 dn, theo hnh 3.8.b tnh c:
2 1
; .
3 3
A DC C B DC
u U u u U = = =
- 120 180 u s <

, V1, V2, V3 dn, theo hnh 3.8.c tnh c:

1 2
; .
3 3
A C DC B DC
u u U u U = = =
0
u
u
u
u
u
u
0
V1
V2
V3
V4
V5
V6
0
0
0
0
0
1/3U
DC
2/3U
DC
0
0
0
0
i
V1
i
V4
i
D1
i
D4
u
u
u
u
u
i
A
u
A
0
i
d
u

60
o
120
o
180
o
240
o
300
o
360
o

Hnh 1.9. Tn hiu iu khin v dng dng in, in p trong s NLL ba pha.
T in p trn cc pha c dng bc thang nh c biu din trn hnh 3.9. Trn hnh 3.9 cng
biu din dng dng ti, dng qua cc van v cc it cho trng hp ti tr cm. xc nh dng mt
chiu u vo nghch lu i
d
, lu rng dng u vo lp li sau mi 60
o
. Trong khong 60 120 u s s

,
dng qua V1 chnh l dng i
d
, t v c dng dng i
d
. Mt cch tng i c th coi gn ng gc
lch pha gia dng in v in p trn ti bng gc khi dng qua 0, suy ra rng nu 60 <

th dng
u vo khng c phn m, ngha l khng c dng i v t C u vo. Vy khi h s gc ca ti
1
cos cos60
2
> =

th nng lng phn khng ca ti ch trao i gia cc pha vi nhau m khng trao
i vi ngun.
1.2.3. Phng php PWM cho nghch lu p ba pha
A
B
C
1
2
DC
U
U
An
U
Bn
U
Cn
U
Zn
Z
t
S1 S3 S5
S6 S4 S2
n
1
2
DC
U
Z

Hnh 1.10. S kha ng ct trong nghch lu p ba pha.
S hnh thnh in p ra dng bc thang nh trn hnh 3.9 khng cho php l gii phng php
PWM, c c s l qu trnh trung bnh trt to ra in p u ra theo biu thc (3.4). Cch l gii s
to thnh in p ra ca s ba pha t ba s na cu, da trn s kha trn hnh 3.10, cho php p
dng trc tip phng php PWM ca s mt pha cho s ba pha.
2
DC
U
2
DC
U

2
DC
U
2
DC
U

3
DC
U
2
DC
U
2
DC
U

0
0
0
0
0
0
u
u
u
u
u
u
t
2t
2
3
DC
U
(a)
(b)
6
DC
U
u
An
u
Bn
u
Cn
u
A
u
B
u
C
u
Zn

Hnh 1.11. Dng in p ra ca nghch lu p ba pha.
Trn hnh 3.10 in p pha mt chiu phn lm hai na, mi na c gi tr 1/2U
DC
. Cp kha trong
mi pha c iu khin ngc nhau, v d pha A, khi S1 c iu khin m th S2 kho v ngc li.
in p u ra cc s na cu so vi im gia ca ngun mt chiu u
An
, u
Bn
, u
Cn
lch pha 120, to
nn h thng in p ba pha, c bin 1/2U
DC
trong mi na chu k 180, khng ph thuc vo ti v
tnh cht ca ti, nh th hin trn hnh 3.11 (a). in p trn tr khng ti ba pha i xng u
A
, u
B
, u
C
c
dng bc thang nh trn hnh 3.11 (b), tng t nh ni n phn 3.2.2. Th ca im trung tnh ti
so vi im gia ca ngun mt chiu u
Zn
c dng xung ch nht vi tn s 3f, bin 1/6U
DC
. Do trong
mch ba pha tr khng vi thnh phn sng bc ba l v cng ln nn sng bc ba khng th lan truyn
trong mch, v vy khng cn phi ni trung tnh ngun vi im gia ca ngun U
DC
.
T y c th thy rng c th p dng PWM cho mi s na cu vi cu trc iu khin cho trn
hnh 3.12. Trn hnh 3.12 tn hiu sin chun v tn hiu rng ca so snh vi nhau qua mch so snh c
ngng tng kh nng chng nhiu ca s . B qua nh hng ca phn to tr chng dng m
xuyn, dng tn hiu iu khin v in p ra cho trn th hnh 3.13.
V d, trn th 3.13, trong khong t
1
, V1, V5 v V6 dn. Pha A, pha C ni ln thanh dn (+), pha
B ni xung thanh dn (-) ca ngun U
DC
, ti tng ng nh s hnh 3.8.a, do u
A
= u
C
= 1/3U
DC
,
u
B
= 2/3U
DC
. T c dng in p ra u
A
, u
B
nh biu din trn th.
Trn hnh 3.13 ch th hin tn hiu iu khin cho ba van V1, V3, V5, ni ln thanh dn (+) ca
ngun mt chiu u vo trong s hnh 3.7. Cc van ni xung thanh dn (-) c iu khin ngc
li. Lu dng ca tn hiu iu khin trong mi chu k xung rng ca T
s
c dng i xng theo mi na
chu k T
s
/2. L do l v u chu k v gia chu k, tn hiu rng ca c bin ln nht nn khng th
ct mt in p sin chun no.
Trong mi na chu k T
s
/2 u c 4 khong thi gian c trng: t
0
, t
1
, t
2
, t
3
. Trong khong t
0
c ba
van V1, V3, V5 u dn, ti ba pha u ra b ni ngn mch ln thanh dn (+) ca ngun mt chiu U
DC
.
in p ra ti c ba pha u bng khng. Trong khong t
3
c ba van V2, V4, V6 u dn, ti ba pha u
ra b ni ngn mch xung thanh dn (-) ca ngun mt chiu U
DC
. in p ra ti c ba pha cng u
bng khng. Qu trnh iu ch ch din ra trong khong t
1
v t
2
. Trong cc khong t
1
, t
2
c th xc nh
c dng in p ra nh cc s tng ng nh trn hnh 3.8. Cu trc iu khin nh trn hnh
3.13 cho dng in p ra khng ph thuc ti v tnh cht ca ti, tc l phng php PWM m bo
NLL ba pha l nghch lu p. Tnh cht th hai quan trng na l mu xung iu khin c tnh i xng
trong mi na chu k xung rng ca T
s
v c tnh ti u v s ln chuyn mch t nht. C th nhn thy
chuyn mch din ra theo trnh t t
0


t
1
t
2
t
3
t
3
t
2
t
1
t
0
, mi ln ch c mt cp van trong
mt pha phi chuyn mch.

Hnh 1.12. S cu trc mch iu khin PWM nghch lu p ba pha.
t
t
t
t
t
t

V1
V3
V5
0
U
s,m
-U
s,m
U
r,m
t
0
t
1
t
2
t
3
T
s
/2
T
s
t
t
t
t
t
t
0
0
0
0
0
2/3U
DC
1/3U
DC
-1/3U
DC
-1/3U
DC
-2/3U
DC
u
B
u
A
T
s T
s

Hnh 1.13. Dng tn hiu iu khin v dng in p ra PWM ba pha.
1.2.4. H s bin iu PWM ln nht
H s bin iu ca PWM c chun ha theo t s gia gi tr thnh phn sng c bn ra ln nht
ca phng php PWM so vi sng in p ra dng bc thang khi cha iu ch.
(1)
(1)
6s
U
m
U
= , (3.5)
trong U
(1)
l bin sng c bn ca phng php PWM,
(1)
6s
U l bin sng c bn ca s cha
iu ch, c in p ra dng bc thang 6 bc. Phn tch Furie dng in p ra trn hnh 3.11 (b) cho thy:
(1)
6
/ 3 2 / 3
0 / 3 2 / 3
1
sin
2 1 2 1
sin sin sin
3 3 3
2
s
DC DC DC
DC
U u d
U d U d U d
U
t
t
t t t
t t
u u
t
u u u u u u
t
t

=
(
= + +
(

=
}
} } }
(3.6)
Ch s bin iu ln nht m
max
chnh lch nhau trong phm vi 25%, ty thuc vo s iu ch
v l ch s quan trng, th hin mc tn dng in p pha mt chiu ca phng php bin iu.
Nu coi tn s ca sng mang rng ca ln hn rt nhiu so vi tn s thp ra mong mun th
dng trung bnh trt ca in p ra u
An
,u
Bn
, u
Cn
rt gn vi dng ca sng in p sin chun, nh th hin
trn hnh 3.13. iu ny ngha l bin in p pha ra ln nht l 1/2U
DC
. H s bin iu ln nht
max1
1 2
/ 0, 785
2 4
m
t
t
| | | |
= = =
| |
\ . \ .
. Theo hnh 3.13 c th thy rng khi bin ca sng c bn in p
dy ch l:

1 3 3
.2. 0,866
2 2 2
DC DC DC
U U U = = .
Gi tr ny thp hn nu lu rng trong mi s na cu in p ra c th c bin U
DC
v kha
c th ng ln 1/2U
DC
v ng xung -1/2U
DC
.
Nu trn vo sng sin chun thnh phn sng hi bc ba th h s bin iu ln nht c th tng
ln. V thnh phn bc ba khng th chy trong mng in ba pha nn thnh phn sng hi ca dng in
trn ti s khng h b nh hng. Trn hnh 3.14 (a), (b), (c) th hin bn dng in p chun trn vi
thnh phn sng bc ba.

Hnh 1.14. Dng in p chun trn thm cc thnh phn sng bc ba. (a) Sng sin chun chun trn vi sng sin
hi bc ba, bin bng 25% sng c bn; (b), (c), (d) Trn vi sng ch nht tn s 3f.
Theo hnh 3.14 (a) tn hiu in p chun trn vi 25% sng sin bc ba, c dng (chun ha theo
U
DC
/2):
( ) ( )
1
sin sin 3
4
u u u
-
= + (3.7)
Biu thc (3.7) trong khong 0 t c gi tr ln nht l 0,89, do bin sng chun c th t
n gi tr ln hn U
DC
/2, l
1
0,56
0,89 2
DC
DC
U
U U
-
= = . Phn tch Furie dng in p (3.7) cho bin
sng c bn bng:
( )
(1)
1
sin
1 1
0,56 sin sin 3 sin
4
0, 56
DC
DC
U u d
U d
U
t
t
t
t
u u
t
u u u u
t
-

=
(
= +
(

=
}
}
(3.8)
Nh vy h s bin iu ln nht c th t c l
max 2
2
0,56/ 0,882 m
t
| |
= =
|
\ .
.
Bng phn tch tng t c th thy rng dng in p chun nh trn cc hnh 3.14 (b), (c), (d), thu
c bng cch trn vi sng bc ba dng ch nht, c th cho h s bin iu ln nht bng
max3
0,907 m = .
Vn kh khn nht trong thc hin bin iu b rng xung ba pha bng mch tng t l phi c
ba sng sin ch o c bin chnh xc bng nhau v lch pha nhau chnh xc 120
o
trong ton b di tn
s thay i. Tuy nhin cc h thng iu khin bng mch tng t s c tc ng nhanh cao. Ngi
ta ch to cc h thng iu khin PWM bi mch s vi mt b vi x l c bit. Nh dng xung
iu khin ra s tuyt i i xng v khong dn ca mi van s c xc nh chnh xc, k c thi
gian tr gia cc van trong cng mt pha trnh dng m xuyn gia hai van.
1.3. Phng php bin iu vect khng gian SVM
Phng php iu ch PWM, nh ni n trn, c cu trc n gin, tuy nhin khi thc hin rt
kh m bo chnh xc ca qu trnh iu ch. Ngy nay phng php iu ch vect khng gian
(Space Vect Modulation SVM) ang ngy cng c ng dng rng ri hn. SVM l phng php
bin iu hon ton dng k thut s, m bo chnh xc cao, d dng thc hin trn cc b vi x l
hin i.
1.3.1. Khi nim v vect khng gian
Mt h thng in p, dng in ba pha bt k c th biu din nh mt vect gm ba thnh phn X
= (X
A
, X
B
, X
C
). Php bin i Park cho php biu din cc vect ny trn h ta vung gc thng
thng, nh c th ng dng cc php tnh ton mt cch thun tin. Hn na nu cc i lng ba
pha l cn bng, vi iu kin (3.9) sau y tha mn:
0
a b c
X X X + + = , (3.9)
ngha l mt trong ba thnh phn ph thuc vo hai thnh phn kia th php bin i s a vect X v h
ta vung gc trn mt phng.
thun tin khi nh my, t y v sau ta lun k hiu cc vect bi ch ci thng, nt m,
khng nghing.
Theo php bin i Park, mt h thng ba pha i xng, in p hay dng in, c biu din qua
mt vect trn mt phng to vung gc nh (3.10):
( )
2
2
3
u
A B C
u au a u = + + , (3.10)
trong ,
2
3
1 3
2 2
j
a e j
t
= = + ; j: n v s phc o (j
2
= 1).
Biu din trn hai ta , (3.10) tng ng vi (3.11):
0o|
( )
( )
1
2
3
1
3
A B C
B C
u u u u
u u u
o
|

(3.11)
Vit di dng ma trn, (3.11) tr thnh (3.12):
| | | |
1
1 1
1
2 2 2
.
3 3 3
0
2 2
T T
A B C A B C
u
u u u T u u u
u
o
|
(

(
(
( = =
(
(


(

(3.12)
trong T
1
l ma trn bin i.
Nu u
A
, u
B
, u
C
l mt h thng in p ba pha i xng, biu din theo bin thi gian t nh (3.13):
( ) cos
2
cos -
3
2
cos
3
m
A
m
B
m
C
u U t
u U t
u U t
e
t
e
t
e

| |
=
|
\ .

| |
= +
|
\ .
(3.13)
th
( )
u
j t m
U e
e
= .
(3.14)
iu ny ngha l, trn mt phng to 0o|, u l mt vect c di bng bin ca cc in p
pha U
m
, quay quanh gc to vi tc gc bng . Do u gi l vect quay.
Tng t nh (3.10), vect dng in cng c xc nh.
( )
i
j t m
I e
e
= ,
(3.15)
vi l gc lch pha gia dng in v in p.
Vi vect khng gian, mt h thng in p ba pha tng qut c th biu din qua tng ca cc thnh
phn th t thun, th t nghch v th t khng.
p n zer
u=u +u +u , (3.16)
trong :
e
( )
( )
( )
0
1
;
;
1
.
3
p
n
zer
u
u
u
j m
p
j m
n
A B C
U e
U e
u u u
u u
u u
+
+
=
=
= + +
(3.17)
,
m m
p n
U U : bin ca thnh phn th t thun, th t nghch.
t u e = : gc pha;
0 1
, u u : cc gc pha ban u; e: tn s.
u
zer
: thnh phn th t khng, khng biu din c trn mt phng to . Nu cn thit phi dng
thm trc vung gc th ba biu din thnh phn ny.
Nu h thng in p gm cc thnh phn sng hi bc cao, vect in p s l tng ca tt c cc
vect thnh phn. V in p lp li theo chu k T = ( 2t / e) nn c th biu din vect in
p qua chui phc Furie:
0 1
*
pk nk
u u u
jk t jk t
k k
e e
e e

= =
= +

(3.18)
trong :
0
1
, 0,1,...,
pk
u u
T
jk t
e dt k
T
e
= =
}
(3.19)
th hin vect ca thnh phn i xng, th t thun bc k, v
0
1
, 1, 2,...,
nk
u u
T
jk t
e dt k
T
e - +
= =
}
(3.20)
th hin vect ca thnh phn i xng, th t nghch bc k.
Trn mt phng 0o| nu h thng in p ba pha c dng sin tuyt i v cn bng th qu o
ca vect khng gian u l mt vng trn c bn knh bng bin in p pha. Nu in p c dng sin
nhng mt cn bng, ngha l c thm thnh phn th t ngc th qu o vect u v nn ng elip,
ng knh di bng bin thnh phn th t thun
p
u , ng knh ngn bng hiu bin gia thnh
th t thun v th t nghch
p n
u u . Nu in p c dng bt k, v d do nh hng ca cc sng hi
bc cao th qu o vect u c th l mt ng a gic no . V d v cc hnh dng qu o ny cho
trn hnh 3.15.
o
|
p
n
u
-
u
p
u
0
in p ba pha sin, cn bng
in p ba pha sin, mt cn bng
in p ba pha dng bc thang, cn bng

Hnh 1.15. Qu o vect khng gian trn mt phng 0o| vi cc dng in p ba pha khc nhau.
1.3.2. Cng sut tc thi trong h thng in p ba pha
Gi tr tc thi ca cng sut tc dng v cng sut phn khng ca mt h thng ba pha c biu
din nh sau:
( )
( )
3 3
,
2 4
3 3
2 4
* *
*
u i ui +u i
u i ui+u i
p
q
- -
= =
= =
(3.21)
trong du () ch tch v hng cc vect, (*) ch s phc lin hp.
Nu biu din qua cc to vect, biu thc cng sut s c dng:
{ } ( )
{ } ( )
3 3
Re ;
2 2
3 3
Im
2 2
*
*
ui
ui
p u i u i
q u i u i
o o | |
o | | o
= = +
= = +
(3.22)
Cng sut phn khng tc thi biu din qua (3.22) khng mang mt ngha vt l r rng. V
nguyn tc cng sut phn khng th hin qua phn dng in trao i gia ngun v ti nhng khng
tham gia vo qu trnh bin i nng lng, ngha l khng chuyn thnh phn nng lng no khc in.
V vy nu ni n cng sut phn khng tc thi th thc s khng th o c v ch c th nhn bit
dng in c tham gia vo qu trnh no sau mt khong thi gian, ngha l cng sut phn khng ch
c th xc nh qua gi tr trung bnh nh l thuyt c in nh ngha l Q = UI cos, trong l gc
lch pha gia dng in v in p hnh sin. V vy vic tm mt cch biu din cng sut phn khng tc
thi vn l mt vn cn ang c tranh lun.
Biu din mt h thng nhiu pha thng qua vect khng gian em li nhng tin ch ng k so vi
cch biu din qua thi gian nh (3.13). Ta c th s dng cc cng c ca php ton vect trn s phc,
t a ra c cc kt qu mang tnh tng qut hn.
1.3.3. Php bin i h to
Cc php quay h to c ngha quan trng trong qu trnh thit k cc h thng iu chnh. Cc
ng dng c th s c a ra i vi cc s cc phn sau. Di y s ch trnh by hai php quay
h to thng gp.
Gi s trong h to 0o| ta xt mi quan h gia vect in p u v vect dng in i , lch pha
nhau mt gc . Php quay h to ng yn 0o| n h to 0dq, quay ng b vi vect in p u
, sao cho trc d trng vi vect u , tng ng vi tt c cc vect b quay ngc li mt gc , gi
nguyn di (nh biu din trn th vect, hnh 3.16). Quan h gia cc vect trong h to mi
vi cc vect trong h to c tun theo (3.23).
;
dq dq
u u i i
j j
e e
u u
= =
(3.23)

|
o
u
u
o
u
|
i
o
i
|

Hnh 1.16. Php quay h to th nht.
Phn tch ra to ca cc vect, (3.23) tng ng vi (3.24):
u
cos sin cos sin
;
sin cos sin cos
d d
q q
u u u i i i
u u u i i i
o | o |
o | o |
u u u u
u u u u
= + = +


= + = +


(3.24)
Vit di dng ma trn, (3.24) tr thnh:
2
cos sin
.
sin cos
d
q
u u u
T
u u u
o o
| |
u u
u u
( ( ( (
= =
( ( ( (


(3.25)
Do vect u nm trn trn trc d nn u
q
= 0. Nh vy trong h to 0dq vect in p khng cn l
vect quay v biu hin nh ch c thnh phn mt chiu. Nu h thng in p ba pha c dng sin v cn
bng th vect u c di khng i, bng gi tr bin in p pha, hay u
d
= U
m
. Nu h thng ba pha
mt cn bng hoc c cha cc thnh phn sng hi bc cao th di u
d
s thay i hay cn gi l p
mch. Tng t nh vy vect dng in cng ng yn v to thnh bi hai thnh phn mt chiu i
d
v
i
q
, vung gc vi nhau. iu ny rt thun tin cho vic tin hnh cc tnh ton v xy dng cc b iu
chnh v yu t tn s b n i qua php quay h to .
Kt hp (3.12) vi (3.25) ta c ma trn bin i t h ta abc sang h ta 0dq l ma trn:
2 1
2 2
cos cos cos
3 3 2
.
3 2 2
sin sin sin
3 3
T T
t t
u u u
t t
u u u
( | | | |
+
| | (
\ . \ .
(
=
(
| | | |
+
( | |
\ . \ .
(3.26)
Nu cc i lng X
abc
khng cn bng, ngha l iu kin X
a
+ X
b
+ X
c
= 0 khng tha mn, cn
phi biu din vect X
abc
trn h ta ba trc thc s:
X X jX kX
o |
= + + (3.27)
Ma trn bin i h ta s l ma trn 3x3 T
3
sao cho:
| |
3
T
T
a b c
X X X T X X X
o |
( =

(3.28)
Trong T
3
l ma trn:
3
1 1
1
2 2
2 3 3
0
3 2 2
1 1 1
2 2 2
T
(

(
(
(
=
(
(
(
(

(3.29)
Trong h ta 0dq tng ng s c thm thnh phn X
0
:
0 4
T T
d q
X X X T X X X
o |
( ( =

(3.30)
Ma trn bin i T
4
c dng:
4
2 2
cos cos cos
3 3
2 2 2
sin sin sin
3 3 3
1 1 1
2 2 2
T
t t
u u u
t t
u u u
( | | | |
+
| | (
\ . \ .
(
(
| | | |
= +
( | |
\ . \ .
(
(
(

(3.31)
Ma trn bin i ngc li l:
1
4
cos sin 1
2 2
cos sin 1
3 3
2 2
cos sin 1
3 3
T
u u
t t
u u
t t
u u

(
(

(
(
| | | |
=
( | |
\ . \ .
(
(
| | | |
+ +
(
| |
\ . \ .
(3.32)
Php quay h to th hai cng thng c s dng l dng h to 0dq, quay ng b vi
vect in p u , nhng t chiu ngc ca trc q trng vi vect u (nh biu din trn hnh 3.17).
iu ny tng ng vi gc quay ca h to l
2
t
u
| |
+
|
\ .
. Quan h gia cc vect trong h to
mi vi cc vect trong h to c tun theo (3.33).
2 2
;
dq dq
u u i i
j j
e e
t t
u u
| | | |
+ +
| |
\ . \ .
= =

(3.33)
Phn tch ra to ca cc vect, (3.33) tng ng vi (3.34):
sin cos sin cos
;
cos sin cos sin
d d
q q
u u u i i i
u u u i i i
o | o |
o | o |
u u u u
u u u u
= + = +


= = +


(3.34)
|
o
u
q
u
o
u
|
i
o
i
|
2
t
u +

Hnh 1.17. Php quay h to th hai.
Do vect u nm trn trn trc -q nn u
d
= 0. Cc tin ch ca php quay ny cng tng t nh php
quay trn. Php quay th hai ny c p dng cho cc thnh phn th t ngc trong cc i lng ba
pha.
1.3.4. Thut ton iu ch vect khng gian
Trong s cc b bin i do cc quy tc chuyn mch quy nh, ch c mt s trng thi ng ct
ca cc van l c php. ng vi cc trng thi van c php ny thng thng cc vect khng gian
in p hoc dng in c gi tr c nh, c v hng ln di, gi l cc vect bin chun. Cc vect
ny chia mt phng to thnh cc phn nht nh, gi l cc sect. Khi vect quay v tr bt k trong
mt sect no , c th biu din vect quay nh l tng ca cc vect thnh phn, c hng dc theo
cc vect bin. Phng php iu ch to ra cc vect thnh phn ny nh l gi tr trung bnh ca thi
gian tn ti cc vect bin, thng qua cc trng thi van tng ng, trong mt chu k ct mu. T m
c kh nng tng hp nn vect quay mong mun v tr bt k.
Tm li, thut ton iu ch vect khng gian c thc hin theo cc bc sau y:
- Xc nh cc trng thi van cho php trong s b bin i.
- T cc trng thi cho php, xc nh cc vect bin chun, xc nh cc sect.
Lng t l vect in p ra mong mun, c th cho di dng to cc u
j
o
U e
u
= , hoc di
dng to vung gc
( )
, u u u
o |
= .
- Xc nh v tr ca vect u ang thuc sect no trong cc sect.
- La chn cc vect bin chun ph hp, xc nh qua la chn cc trng thi van cho php.
- Tnh ton cc thi gian s dng cc vect bin hay cn gi l cc h s bin iu.
- Xc nh th t thc hin cc vect chun vi vic dng vect khng ti u ho s ln ng
ct van sao cho s ln ng ct xy ra t nht.
Di y s trnh by cc bc tin hnh trn cho s cu ba pha trong b nghch lu ba pha
ngun p, nh mt trong nhng s c bn nht.
1.3.4.1. Cc trng thi cho php ca van v cc vect bin chun
Bng 1.1. Bng trng thi ca van v cc vect bin chun.
No Van dn u
A
u
B u
C
u
0
U
V2, V4, V6 0 0 0 0
1
U
V6, V1, V2 2/3U
DC
-1/3U
DC
-1/3U
DC

0
2
3
j
DC
U e


2
U
V1, V2, V3 1/3U
DC
1/3U
DC
-2/3U
DC

3
2
3
j
DC
U e
t

3
U
V2, V3, V4 -1/3U
DC
2/3U
DC
-1/3U
DC

2
3
2
3
j
DC
U e
t

4
U
V3, V4, V5 -2/3U
DC
1/3U
DC
1/3U
DC

2
3
j
DC
U e
t

5
U
V4, V5, V6 -1/3U
DC
-1/3U
DC
2/3U
DC

2
3
2
3
j
DC
U e
t


6
U
V5, V6, V1 1/3U
DC
-2/3U
DC
1/3U
DC

3
2
3
j
DC
U e
t


7
U
V1, V3, V5 0 0 0 0
Trong s nghch lu p ba pha, nh trn hnh 3.7, cc van iu khin phi tun theo nhng quy
lut chuyn mch, l khng c ngn mch ngun mt chiu u vo, khng c h mch bt c
pha no u ra. Khng c ngn mch ngun mt chiu u vo v s sinh ra dng ln, ph hu van.
Khi van iu khin khng ni mt pha u ra no vi thanh dn (+) hoc (-) ca ngun mt chiu, nu
ti c tnh cht tr cm dng c th vn phi chy qua cc it ngc, dn n in p ra ph thuc vo
ti, nghch lu khng cn l nghch lu p nh mong mun. Do nhng quy lut trn ch c 8 trng thi
van c php, nh c biu din trong bng 3.1.
Vi mi trng thi van c php, cc in p pha c gi tr tng ng, c tnh ton da theo hnh
3.8. Tnh ton vect khng gian u theo (3.10) hay theo hai ta nh (3.11), c th thy rng cc trng
thi van t 1 n 6 ng vi su vect, c di bng 2/3U
DC
, gc pha c nh v lch nhau mt gc 60,
c biu din trn mt phng 0o|, nh trn hnh 3.18. Cc vect, gi l vect bin chun, k hiu l
, ,...,
1 2 6
U U U , to nn nh ca mt lc gic u, chia mt phng thnh su gc bng nhau, gi l cc
sect. Cc sect c nh s t I n VI. C hai vect c di bng khng, ng vi trng thi van 0 v
7, gi l vect khng, k hiu l ,
0 7
U U .
2
3
DC
U

Hnh 1.18. Vect khng gian v cc vect bin chun.
1.3.4.2. Th t ti u thc hin cc vect bin chun
Nu to c vect khng gian
r
u nh mt vect quay vi di khng i, tc e mong mun,
th tng ng vi ta to c mt h thng in p ba pha hnh sin u ra ca nghch lu trn hnh
3.7. Trn mt phng 0o| c th to ra vect
r
u nh gi tr trung bnh trt ca cc vect in p c
php , ,...,
1 2 6
U U U ca s van. Nhm gim thiu thnh phn sng hi bc cao trn dng sng in p ra
cn s dng php iu ch i xng, trong cc trng thi van s dng lp li trong mi na chu k ct
mu T
s
/2, nh sng hi bc cao do chuyn mch ca cc van bn dn s c tn s l bi ca 2f
s
.
gim tn hao do cc van ng ct cng phi chn trt t ng ct mi ln ch mt nhnh cu trn hnh
3.7 phi chuyn mch.
V d, nu vect
r
u nm trong sect I, c th s dng bn trng thi van ng vi cc vect
, , ,
0 1 2 7
U U U U , theo trt t:
0 1 2 7 2 1 0
U U U U U U U s l trt t tt nht.
Khi
r
u nm trong sect II trt t tt nht s l:

7 2 3 0 3 2 7
U U U U U U U .
Cc sect th t l s chuyn mch ging sect I, cn cc sect th t chn chuyn mch ging
sect II.
1.3.4.3. Tng hp vect khng gian t cc vect bin
Gi thit rng tn s ct mu khng i v ln hn nhiu ln tn s ra mong mun (t nht l 10 ln)
th trong mi na chu k ct mu T
s
/2 vect
r
u c th coi nh khng i v bng gi tr trung bnh trt:
0 1 2 7
0 1 2
2
r 0 1 2 7
u U U U U
n n n n
n n n n
t t t t t t t t
s t t t t t t t
dt dt dt dt
T
+ + + +
+ + +
| |
= + + + |
|
\ .
} } } }
(3.35)
Trong (3.35), t
n
: thi im ct mu th n; t
0
, t
1
, t
2
, t
7
: thi gian s dng cc vect , , ,
0 1 2 7
U U U U .
Vi lu U
0
= U
7
= 0, (3.35) tr thnh:
1 2
2
r 1 2
u U U
s
T
t t = + (3.36)
Biu din qua cc ta ,
2 1 1
, 0 ; ,
3 3 3
1 2
U U
DC DC
U U
| | | |
= =
| |
\ . \ .
, ta c:
1 1
2 2
2 1
3 3
1 2
0
3
s
DC DC I
u t t
T
U U T
u t t
o
|
(
(
( ( (
( = =
( ( (
(

(

(3.37)
Trong (3.37) khi vect
r
u di chuyn sang cc sect khc, ma trn T
I
s thay i tng ng theo ta
ca cc vect bin chun, nh trong bng 3.2. Dng cui ca bng 3.2 ch ra th t s dng cc vect
trong na chu k ct mu T
s
/2 c s ln chuyn mch t nht.
Sect
I II III IV V VI
2 1
3 3
1
0
3
(
(
(
(
(


1 1
3 3
1 1
3 3
(

(
(
(
(


1 2
3 3
1
0
3
(

(
(
(
(


1 2
3 3
1
0
3
(

(
(
(

(


1 1
3 3
1 1
3 3
(

(
(
(

(


1 2
3 3
1
0
3
(
(
(
(

(


U
1
U
2
U
3
U
2
U
3
U
4
U
5
U
4
U
5
U
6
U
6
U
1

Bng 1.2. Ma trn TI trong cc sect v th t thc hin vect.
T (3.37) c th vit c (3.38):
1
2
3 1
3
2 2
2
0 1
s
DC
u t
T
u t U
o
|
(
( (

(
=
( (
(

(

(3.38)
Trong ch iu ch in p ra c dng sin, vect
r
u c dng:
( ) ( ) cos sin
r
u
j t
rm rm
U e U t j t
e
e e = = + (

(3.39)
Biu thc (3.38) tr thnh (3.40).
( )
( )
1
2
3 1
cos
3
2 2
2 sin
0 1
rm
s
DC
t t U
T
t U t
e
e
(
(
(
(
=
(
(
(
(

(

(3.40)
Cc thi gian thnh phn lin h vi nhau theo biu thc (3.41).
0 1 2 7
2
s
T
t t t t + + + = (3.41)
T (3.40), (3.41) c th thy rng trong khi t
1
, t
2
hon ton c xc nh do v tr ca vect
r
u
trong sect th quan h gia t
0
, t
7
li hon ton khng xc nh. y chnh l t do cho php la chn
cc chin lc iu ch khc nhau, a n cc p ng khc nhau ca php iu ch.
1.3.4.4. iu ch in p ra hnh sin trn mi nhnh cu
Qu trnh iu ch vi in p ra hnh sin trn mi nhnh cu thc hin tng t nh phng php
PWM ni n phn 3.2.3. Do tn s ct mu ln hn nhiu so vi tn s ra mong mun gi tr trung
bnh trt ca in p ra trn mi nhnh cu c biu din bi (3.4). Thnh phn sng c bn c bin
0
2
DC
rm
U
U s s .
Trn hnh 3.19 th hin gii hn ca phng php iu ch ny. Xt cc gii hn ti mt thi im
bt k. Khi vect quay mong mun u
r
c bin nh hn U
DC
/2 qu o ca vect khng gian s l hnh
trn, ba in p ra s c dng sin tuyt i. Khi
r
u c di ln hn U
DC
/2 v nh1/ 3
DC
U t nht mt
pha in p pha ra s b gii hn bin bi U
DC
/2. Khi
r
u c di ln hn 1/ 3
DC
U vect khng gian
s vt ra ngoi gii hn ca cc cnh ca hnh lc gic, khi c th c hai pha ca in p ra s b gii
hn. Trong c hai trng hp sau in p ra s c tn s sng c bn e v cc thnh phn sng hi bc
cao, bi s ca e. Trong cc trng hp trn qu o ca vect khng gian b gii hn bi c lc gic
nt t trn hnh 3.19.
|
o
2
3
d
U
1
3
d
U
1
2
d
U

Hnh 1.19. Cc gii hn ca php iu ch in p sin trn mi nhnh cu.
1.3.4.5. Php iu ch vi t
0
= t
7

Cc gii hn ca phng php iu ch in p sin trn mi nhnh cu c th khc phc bng chin
lc iu ch vi thi gian dng cc vect khng, ,
0 7
U U , bng nhau, nh s ch ra sau y.
Xt vect in p ra ang trong sect I, bn vect c s dng theo th t l
0 1 2 7 2 1 0
U U U U U U U . Dng in p ra trn cc pha cho trn hnh 3.19. Do thi gian
dng ,
0 7
U U bng nhau nn phn in p trong hai khong thi gian ny c din tch bng nhau v ngc
du (phn nh gch thng trn hnh 3.19).
( )
0 7 0 1 2
2
s
T
t t T t t = = = + (3.42)
t
0
t
1
t
2
t
7
t
7
t
2
t
1
t
0
u
An
u
Bn
u
Cn
t
U
d
/2
-U
d
/2
T
s
/2 T
s
/2
t
t
t
0
0
0

Hnh 1.20. Dng in p ra vi mu xung iu khin trong sect I (t
0
= t
7
).
T c th xc nh gi tr trung bnh trt ca cc in p u
An
, u
Bn
, u
Cn
nh sau:
( )
( )
( )
1 2
1 2
1 2
2
;
2
2
;
2
2
.
2
DC
An
s
DC
Bn
s
DC
Cn
s
U
U t t
T
U
U t t
T
U
U t t
T
= +
= +
=
(3.43)
Thay t
1
, t
2
xc nh bi (3.40) vo (3.43) tnh c:

3
cos ;
2 6
3
sin ;
2 6
3
cos .
2 6
An rm
Bn rm
Cn An rm
U U t
U U t
U U U t
t
e
t
e
t
e
| |
=
|
\ .
| |
=
|
\ .
| |
= =
|
\ .
(3.44)
Vi gi thit ti ba pha i xng, in p trn cc pha ti c xc nh bng:
;
;
.
A An zn
B Bn zn
C Cn zn
U U U
U U U
U U U
=
=
=
(3.45)
in p gia trung tnh ca ti v im gia ca ngun mt chiu xc nh bi:
( )
1
3
Zn An Bn Cn
U U U U = + + (3.46)
Tnh ton tng t c th xc nh c cc gi tr in p nh cc biu thc (3.44), (3.45), (3.46)
cho tt c cc sect cn li.
Theo chin lc bin iu ny cc gii hn nh trn hnh 3.19 thay i. Vect in p ra ch cn
b hn ch bi hnh lc gic c nh l cc vect bin chun. Vi mi vect in p mong mun
r
u , c
di tha mn iu kin
1
3
rm DC
U U s , in p ra trn cc pha ti lun c dng sin hon ton. iu ny
ngha l bin in p dy t c gi tr ln nht c th l U
DC
. Khi
1
3
rm DC
U U > cc in p ra u
An
,
u
Bn
,u
Cn
s b gii hn bi +/-U
DC
/2 v vect khng gian in p ra b gii hn trong hnh lc gic c nh
l cc vect bin.

Hnh 1.21. Dng in p bin iu u
An
, u
Bn
, u
Cn
, u
Zn
v in p trn cc pha ti u
A
, u
B
, u
C
vi U
DC
= 300 V, U
rm
=
150 V.

Hnh 1.22. Dng in p bin iu u
An
, u
Bn
, u
Cn
, u
Zn
v in p trn cc pha ti u
A
, u
B
, u
C
vi U
DC
= 300 V, U
rm
=
173 V.
Trn hnh 3.21, 3.22, 3.23 minh ha cc dng gi tr trung bnh trt, xc nh bi cc biu thc
(3.44), (3.45), (3.46), ca in p ra ca qu trnh iu ch cho ba trng hp:
1 1
; ;
2 3
rm DC rm DC rm DC
U U U U U U = = > . th th hin qu trnh qua su sect ca mt chu k in p
ra.
Trn hnh 3.21, 3.22 cho thy dng trung bnh trt in p ra trn ti, U
A
, U
B
, U
C
, c dng sin hon
ton.

Hnh 1.23. Dng in p bin iu u
An
, u
Bn
, u
Cn
, u
Zn
v in p trn cc pha ti u
A
, u
B
, u
C
vi U
DC
= 300 V, U
rm

= 200 V.
th trn hnh 3.23 cho thy cc in p u
An
, u
Bn
, u
Cn
u t n gi tr gii hn v in p ra trn
ti khng cn l hnh sin khi
1
3
rm DC
U U > .



Hnh 1.24. Vect khng gian in p ra vi U
DC
= 300 V, U
rm
= 150 V.

Hnh 1.25. Vect khng gian in p ra viU
DC
= 300 V, U
rm
= 173 V .

Hnh 1.26. Vect khng gian in p ra viU
DC
= 300 V, U
rm
= 200 V.
Trn cc hnh 3.24, 3.25, 3.26 th hin dng ca vect khng gian in p ra trn tr khng ti tng
ng vi ba trng hp iu ch trn y. Trn hnh 3.24, 3.25 vect khng gian quay theo mt ng
trn. Hnh 3.26 cho thy vect in p ra t n ht gi tr gii hn l hnh lc gic c nh l cc vect
bin chun.
1.3.4.6. S mch tng ng
S mch in tng ng cho php thit lp nn h phng trnh m t qu trnh in t, t
c th kho st h thng, xy dng cc cu trc iu chnh v xc nh cc tham s ca b iu chnh theo
cc phng php bit.
S thay th tng ng ca nghch lu p ba pha cho trn hnh 3.27. Mi pha in p ra c
thay th bng mt ngun in p c dng xung gia +U
DC
/2 v U
DC
/2, nh u ra ca mt s na cu.
.
U
DC
i
A
i
B
i
C
Z
u
A
u
B
u
C
i
DC
i
DC
u
An
u
Bn
u
An

Hnh 1.27. S mch in tng ng ca nghch lu ba pha.
Phn mt chiu c th hin bng mt ngun p U
DC
. Dng mt chiu i
d
to bi cc mnh ca dng
xoay chiu i
A
, i
B
,i
C
do tc dng ng ct ca cc kha S1, S2, , S6. iu ny c th gii thch qua hm
ng ct ca cc kha.
nh ngha hm ng ct ca mi pha S
A
,S
B
, S
C
nh sau:
S
A
= 1 nu S1 ng; S
A
= -1

nu S2 ng;
S
B
= 1 nu S3 ng; S
B
= -1

nu S4 ng;
S
C
= 1 nu S5 ng; S
C
= -1

nu S6 ng.
Khi c th thy rng:
| | | |
2
DC
A B C A B C
U
u u u S S S = (3.47)
Dng in biu din qua cc hm ng ct nh sau:
| | | | .
T
DC A A B B C C A B C A B C
i S i S i S i S S S i i i = + + = (3.48)
Trong phng php iu ch vect khng gian, ti mi chu k ct mu T
s
php iu ch s la chn
bn trng thi van ng vi cc khong thi gian t
0
, t
1
, t
2
, t
7
to nn vect in p ra. Cc trng thi van
s xc nh hon ton gi tr gi tr ca vect hm ng ct [S
A
S
B
S
C
], t m cc biu thc (3.47),
(3.48) c xc nh.
Bng phng php iu ch vect khng gian, b qua nh hng ca tn s ct mu v cc thnh
phn in cm, t k sinh cng nh qu trnh chuyn mch gia cc van bn dn, gi tr trung bnh trt
ca in p ra c xc nh nh (3.44). in p ra trn cc tr khng ti xc nh bi (3.45). Thay th
cc in p dng xung ca s iu ch hnh 3.26 bng cc gi tr trung bnh trt ca chng, U
Af
, U
Bf
,
U
Cf
, ta thu c m hnh trn gi tr trung bnh. Hnh 3.27 th hin m hnh cho nghch lu p ba pha vi
mch lc LC trn u ra. M hnh cho chnh lu ba pha cho trn hnh 3.28. Cc i lng in p, dng
in k hiu bng ch in ln cho gi tr trung bnh.

Hnh 1.28. M hnh tn hiu trung bnh cho nghch lu p ba pha.


Hnh 1.29.M hnh tn hiu trung bnh cho chnh lu ba pha.
1.3.5. M hnh trn h ta ba pha
1.3.5.1. M hnh nghch lu
S dng m hnh tn hiu trung bnh trn hnh 3.28, gi thit ngun mt chiu U
DC
l l tng, cc
tn hiu in p iu khin U
Af
, U
Bf
, U
Cf
c th biu din di dng:
Af Af
Bf DC Bf
Cf Cf
U d
U U d
U d
( (
( (
=
( (
( (

(3.49)
d
Af
,d
Bf
, d
Cf
l cc h s lp y xung ca tn hiu iu ch pha-trung tnh. So vi (3.47) thy rng
cc h s ny l dng trung bnh ca cc hm ng ct S
A
, S
B
, S
C
. Phng trnh vi phn i vi dng in
qua cc cun cm v in p trn cc t uc vit di dng:
1
Af
A A
DC
B Bf B
C C
Cf
d
I U
U d
I d U
dt L L
I U
d
(
( (
(
( (
=
(
( (
(
( (


(3.50)
1
A A LA
B B LB
C C LC
U I I
d
U I I
dt C
U I I
( ( (
( ( (
=
`
( ( (

( ( (
)
(3.51)
I
LA
, I
LB
, I
LC
: dng ba pha ti. Dng mt chiu biu din di dng:
| |
T
DC Af Bf Cf A B C
I d d d I I I ( =

(3.52)
Cc phng trnh t (3.49) n (3.52) cho thy y l mt h thng nhiu u vo, nhiu u ra. C
su bin trng thi l dng trn cc cun cm v in p trn cc t. C ba u vo iu khin l cc h s
lp y xung d
Af
,d
Bf
, d
Cf
v ba u ra l cc in p trn ti U
A
, U
B
, U
C
.
Trong ch xc lp, in p trn ti l h thng in p ba pha:
cos
2
cos
3
2
cos
3
A
B rm
C
U
U U
U
u
t
u
t
u
(
(
(
(
(
| | (
=
( |
(
\ .
(
(

(
| |
+
(
|
\ .
(3.53)
Thay (3.53) vo (3.50), (3.51), vi iu kin bit c cc thng s ca ti s tnh ton c in p
iu khin t (3.49). C th thy rng tt c cc i lng in p, dng in xoay chiu u c dng sin.

1.3.5.2. M hnh chnh lu tch cc ba pha
Da trn s m hnh tn hiu trung bnh trn hnh 3.29, gi thit rng in p lui u vo chnh
lu U
A
, U
B
, U
C
l ngun in p ba pha l tng, ta c h phng trnh vi phn sau:
1
Af
A A
DC
B Bf B
C C
Cf
d
I U
U d
I d U
dt L L
I U
d
(
( (
(
( (
=
(
( (
(
( (


(3.54)
| |
( )
1 T
DC
Af Bf Cf A B C L
dU
d d d I I I I
dt C
( =

(3.55)
I
L
l dng ti pha mt chiu. M hnh c bn bin trng thi l dng qua cun cm I
A
, I
B
, I
C
v in
p trn t mt chiu U
DC
. Ba bin vo iu khin l d
Af
, d
Bf
, d
Cf
v mt bin ra in p U
DC
.
1.3.6. M hnh trn h ta 0dq
1.3.6.1. M hnh nghch lu
ng dng ma trn bin i T
4
nh trong (3.26):
4
2 2
cos cos cos
3 3
2 2 2
sin sin sin
3 3 3
1 1 1
2 2 2
T
t t
u u u
t t
u u u
( | | | |
+
| | (
\ . \ .
(
(
| | | |
= +
( | |
\ . \ .
(
(
(


cho cc php bin i t h ta 0abc sang 0dq, vi lu cc php o hm c thc hin nh trong
(3.56), (3.57):
1
1 4
4
dq
abc
dq
dX
dX dT
X T
dt dt dt

= + (3.56)
1
4
4
0 0
0 0
0 0 0
dT
T
dt
e
e

(
(
=
(
(

(3.57)
Cc biu thc trong h ta ba pha t (3.49) n (3.52) c bin i thnh tng ng t (3.58)
n (3.62).
4 4
0 0
df Af Af df
qf Bf DC Bf DC qf
f Cf Cf f
U U d d
U T U U T d U d
U U d d
( ( ( (
( ( ( (
= = =
( ( ( (
( ( ( (

(3.58)
0 0 0
0
q
d d d
q DC q q d
I
I d U
d
I U G d G U I
dt
I d U
e
( ( ( (
( ( ( (
= +
( ( ( (
( ( ( (

(3.59)
0 0 0
1
0
q
d d Ld
q d q Lq
L
U
U I I
d
U U I I
dt C
U I I
e
( ( ( (
( ( ( (
= +
`
( ( ( (

( ( ( (
)
(3.60)
1
0 0
1
0 0
0 0 0
L
G
L
(
(
(
(
=
(
(
(
(

(3.61)
Dng mt chiu bng:
0 0
3 3
3
2 2
T
DC d q d q
I d d d I I I
(
( =
(

(3.62)
1
L
1
C
} }
1
L
1
C
} }
I
d
I
Lq
L e
L e
I
q
I
Lq
C e
C e
U
d
U
q
X
X
d
d
U
DC
d
q
-
+
+
+
-
-
+
+
-
+
-
-

Hnh 1.30. M hnh nghch lu trong h ta d 0dq.
M hnh nghch lu trong h ta 0dq, xy dng theo (3.59), (3.60), khng k n thnh phn
khng, cho trn hnh 3.30. Trn m hnh c th thy c bn bin trng thi l I
d
, I
q
, U
d
, U
q
, hai bin iu
khin l cc h s bin iu d
d
, d
q
, hai thnh phn nhiu l cc dng ti I
Ld
, I
Lq
. Hai knh theo hai trc d,q
c lin h cho vi nhau thng qua cc thnh phn in p trn cun cm eLI
d
, eLI
q
, cc thnh phn
dng in eCU
d
, eCU
q
. Cc lin h cho ny ny khng d phn ly to thnh hai knh iu khin c
lp. u vo l in p mt chiu U
DC
, u ra l in p U
d
, U
q
.
Khi cc thnh phn ph ti l i xng, tt c cc thnh phn U
0
, d
0
, I
0
u bng 0, cc biu thc trn
s n gin i ng k.
Trong ch xc lp cc o hm trong (3.59), (3.60) cho bng khng, in p ra s c dng ng
nh tn hiu t mong mun:
| |
0
0 0
T
T
d q rm
U U U U ( =

(3.63)
Dng in ra trn in cm c dng:
0
0
0
0
d Ld
q Lq rm
I I
I I U C
I
e
( (
(
( (
(
= +
( (
(
( (
(


(3.64)
Cc h s bin iu bng:
2
1
1
0
0 0
0 0
Lq
d Ld
rm
q Lq Ld
DC DC DC
I
d I LC
U G d L
d I I
U dt U U
e
e

( ( ( (
( ( ( (
= + +
( ( ( (
( ( ( (

(3.65)
Trong ch xc lp o hm cc thnh phn dng in trong h ta 0dq s bng khng, v vy
cc h s bin iu s bng:
2
1
0
0 0
0
Lq
d
rm
q Ld
DC DC
I
d LC
U L
d I
U U
e
e
( ( (
( ( (
= +
( ( (
( ( (

(3.66)
Tuyn tnh ha quanh im lm vic xc lp bng cch cho cc bin trng thi v cc bin iu khin
nhng bin ng nh nh (3.67).
; ; ; ;
; ;
d d d q q q d d d q q q
d d d q q q
DC DC DC
d d d d d d I I i I I i
U U u U U u
U U u
= + = + = + = +
= + = +
= +

(3.67)
Trong cc k hiu c m ng trn ch cc bin ng nh. Tuyn tnh ha c tin hnh theo
cch thng thng bng cch b qua cc bin ng bc hai, v d vi tch hai bin sau:
( )( )
DC d DC DC d d DC d DC d DC d
U d U u d d U d U d u d = + + ~ + +

(3.68)
p dng cc php gn ng tng t nh (3.68) cho cc phn t trn s hnh 3.30, b qua phn
cn bng gia cc gi tr xc lp, c th thu c m hnh trn cc tn hiu bin ng nh. Nu m phng
s trn SIMULINK qu trnh tuyn tnh ha c th thc hin mt cch t ng.
1.3.6.2. M hnh chnh lu
p dng ma trn bin i T
4
cho cc phng trnh (3.54), (3.55) thu c m hnh cho chnh lu
trong h ta 0dq nh sau:
0 0 0
0
q
d d d
q DC q q d
I
I d U
d
I U G d G U I
dt
I d U
e
( ( ( (
( ( ( (
= + +
( ( ( (
( ( ( (

(3.69)
0 0
1 3 3
3
2 2
T
DC
d q d q L
dU
d d d I I I I
dt C
(
( =
`
(
)
(3.70)
M hnh chnh lu trong h ta 0dq, xy dng theo (3.69), (3.70) , khng k n thnh phn
khng, cho trn hnh 3.30. Trn m hnh c th thy c ba bin trng thi l I
d
, I
q
, U
DC
, hai bin iu khin
l cc h s bin iu d
d
, d
q
, thnh phn nhiu l dng ti I
L
. Hai knh theo hai trc d,q c lin h cho vi
nhau thng qua cc thnh phn in p trn cun cm eLI
d
, eLI
q
. u vo l cc thnh phn in p li
U
d
, U
q
, u ra l in p mt chiu U
DC
.

1
L
}
}
1
L
}
L e
L e
3
2C

Hnh 1.31 M hnh chnh lu trong h ta 0dq.
Gi thit rng s c iu khin cho h s cng sut bng mt. Trong ch xc lp U
d
= U
lm
,
U
q
= 0, U
lm
l gi tr bin in p pha. Dng in c gi tr I
d
= I
lm
, I
q
= 0, vi I
lm
l bin dng in
pha. Cho v phi cc phng trnh (3.66), (3.67) bng khng, c th xc nh cc h s bin iu nh sau:
0
3
2
3
0
d
L
q
M
d
I
d
M
d
(
(
( (
( (
=
( (
( (

(
(

(3.71)
Trong M l h s bin iu, I
L
l dng ti. Thc hin th tc tuyn tnh ha, tng t nh lm
cho m hnh nghch lu, ta s thu c m hnh cho cc tn hiu bin ng nh, lm c s cho vic thit
k cc b iu chnh trong h thng iu khin.

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