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ti:
MCH iU TN TRC TiP DNG VARICAP
2
Li m u

Trong truyn dn v tuyn , a tn hiu c


tn s thp nh m thanh ting ni i xa cn c
nhng k thut iu ch a ln tn s cao,
ni thu s gii iu ch thu c tn hiu m
tn mong mun,gm iu ch tng t v iu
ch s.Phng php iu ch tng t gm
iu bin (AM) v iu ch gc (PM v FM).Mi
phng php c u , nhc im ring v c
dng ty vo ng dng c th.
3
H thng thu pht i tn c dng rng ri trong
pht thanh radio FM dy tn 88-108Mhz , truyn
hnh audio, ng dng qung b . do u im v
kh nng chng nhiu cao ,hiu qu s dng cng
sut v cht lng thu tt hn AM.Tuy nhin mch
pht , thu FM cng phc tp hn AM v do gi
thnh cng cao hn.
ng dng FM dn dng c dng ph bin trong
cc Micro khng dy.
4

ti mch FM ny ,mch pht mt tn


s trong dy tn radio FM tn dng
my thu radio sn c.

Rt mong nhn c s ng gp kin


ca cc thy c bi bo co c
hon chnh hn.
5
Ni dung bo co:

C s l thuyt FM

Nguyn l mch dao ng

Phn tch mch dao ng

Phn tch thit k mch

M phng bng phn mm Pspice

Thc hin mch in Layout

Bo co kt qu v tng kt

Hng pht trin


6
7
I.1.SO SNH AM V FM:
iu ch bin AM:

Cng sut sng mang khng ti tin ln ,v ch.


Cng sut cao tn ti tin nh ca hai bin nh nhau v ph thuc
h s iu ch mA
Hiu sut km (P1 bin/Ptotal)
Tnh chng nhiu km do thng tin nm bin v nhiu trng
tc ng ln bin

D thc hin AM v my thu gii iu ch n gin ,r tin


AM dng trong pht thanh qung b MW-SW.Pht tn s tng
i thp (vi trm KHz) do tn s cao nhiu cao tn xut hin
nhiu.
BW nh do ch c 2 thnh phn sideband fc fm v fc + fm

Dng c bit ca i tn.


8
I.2.IU CH TN S:
S khi h thng thu pht:
9

iu ch tn s to ra s lng ln sideband 2 pha


ca sng mang cao tn

Tn hiu FM , h s iu ch v bng thng u ph


thuc vo bin v tn s ca tn hiu iu ch m(t).

So snh vi AM , FM c h s iu ch ln hn , BW
ln hn v kh nng loi nhiu tt hn.
10
Biu thc

Gi s tn hiu iu ch

Sng mang c dng
Tn hiu FM c dng:
trong Ec:bin sng mang
wc:tn s sng mang
wm:tn s tn hiu iu ch
mf:h s iu ch
mf = f/fm
( ) ( )
m m
m t .sin w t V
( ) ( )
c c c
v t V .sin w t
( )
FM c c f m
V E .sin w t m .sin w t + 1
]
f f m m m
m k .v / w w / w
11

Pha y :

Tn s tc thi :

Sng mang dng sine c iu ch bi tn hiu iu


ch m(t) dng sine , bin m(t) ti mi thi im
lm thay i tn s tn hiu ng ra so vi sng mang ban
u , trong khi bin khng i.
( ) ( )
c m m
t w t w / w .s i n w t +
( ) ( )
c m
w t d t / d t w w .s i n w t +
12
Tn hiu FM c phn tch hm Bessel:
Cc h s Bessel Jn trong khong 0,0 n +1,0/-1,0 ti mi
tn .Hai di bn l ngc pha nhau , hai di bn chn ng pha.

( ) ( )
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
0
1
2
3
4 c m c m
.{

2 2
3 3
J sin w 4w t sin w 4w t
..}
FM c c
c m c m
c m c m
c m c m
v t E J sin wt
J sin w w t sin w w t
J sin w w t sin w w t
J sin w w t sin w w t
+
+ + 1
]
+ + + 1
]
+ + 1
]
+ + + 1
]

13
14
Bng thng FM:

Cng sut tn hiu FM gii hn cc h s Bessel


chim xp x 98% cng sut FM.Cc vch ph bc cao
hn c bin rt nh c th b qua.
( )
m
f m m
BW 2( f f )
2 m .f f
+
+
15
I.3.DY TN S FM THNG DNG:

ng dng FM :

Pht thanh qung b phi thng mi 88-90Mhz

Pht thanh thng mi 90-108Mhz

Truyn hnh audio(WFM)

Cc dch v thng tin cng cng (cnh st , cu ha ,)


30-50Mhz,450-470Mhz , 800Mhz(NBFM)

Cc ng dng khc
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II.1.C TNH MCH DAO NG:

Mch dao ng thng dng tn s cao, khng dng


tn s thp. Hu ht u s dng cun dy , do
nu dng tn s thp kch thc cun dy rt ln
khng c tnh kinh t.
18
II.2.CC THNH PHN C BN CA B
DAO NG:
19
iu kin dao ng ti thiu ,tiu chun
Barkhausen:
Tn hiu hi tip ng vo phi c cng pha vi tn hiu
ng vo ban u (hi tip dng ) v phi c bin
nht nh .
20

c tn hiu hi tip n ng vo cng pha vi tn hiu


vo ban u.Mng L-C phi to ra mt lch pha 180
. Bn thn transistor nu ly ng ra t cc C to ra
lch pha 180 so vi tn hiu vo , cn phi to
lch pha 180 t cc C . Mng L-C s lm iu ny v
kt qu l to thnh hi tip dng.
21
II.3.S TRI TN S B DAO NG :

S tri tn s do bn thn Transistor

S tri do mng L-C :


hn ch s dch tn ny ( d rt nh ):

Cn thn trong thit k mch L-C.

Bao bc phn mch dao ng n nh nhit .

iu chnh nhit ca phn dao ng.

B chnh nhit ( c th dng diod, bn dn, ).

Gn cht cc kinh kin ngn s di chuyn ca


linh kin do va chm hay rung ng .
22
II.4.CC DNG MCH DAO NG:

II.4.1.Dao ng ghp bin p :


23
II.4.1.Dao ng ghp bin p :

Transistor to mt dch pha 180 ng ra ,


do yu cu mch hi tip phi to c
dch pha 180 .Trong dng mch ny mch hi
tip c dng l bin p .Cun dy s cp ca
bin p v t C s quyt nh tn s dao ng
ca mch.

Tn hiu hi tip c iu khin bi t s k ca


bin p.
1
2
osc
F
LC

24
II.4.2.Mch dao ng Colpitts:
25
II.4.2.Mch dao ng Colpitts:

Tn hiu hi tip v cc B iu khin bi t s 2


t C1 v C2

nh bin dao ng t c ti im m
mng to ra dch pha 1800 , ti dao ng
xy ra.

Cun cm hay t in c th thay i.T C2


thng c gi tr nh hn C1,v thng l t c
th thay i tr s c.
1
2
osc
equiv
F
LC

26
II.4.3. Mch dao ng Hartley:
L 1
0
C
0
L 2 R L
27
II.4.3. Mch dao ng Hartley:

Tn hiu hi tip v cc B ca transistor iu khin bi


t s L1:L2 .T s ny ,cng vi tr khng vo ca
transistor s xc nh tr khng vo ca mch cng
hng .Bn cnh ,t s tr khng ny v ti quyt
nh li ti thiu cn thit cho dao ng.Thng
thng th L1 nh hn L2 .
1 2
1
2 ( )
osc
F
L L C

+
28
II.4.4.Dao ng thch anh:
Tn s cao , n nh cao

Mch in tng ng thch anh gm nhiu


nhnh.Tng ng t in hay cun dy.C tn s cng
hng ni tip gn bng tn s cng hng song song.

QTA=XLT/rT rt ln c .Gi tr LT,CT ph thuc kch


c,chiu ct thch anh.
5 6
10 ,10
29
II.5. N NH TN S B DAO
NG:
n nh tn s tng i :
C hai loi bt n nh tn s :
Thi gian di : thay i tn s t t do bt n nhit , p sut ,
m , rung c hc , ngun .
Thi gian ngn : thay i tn s trong thi gian ngn - mt hay vi
chu k tn hiu do nhiu nhit , nhiu shot.
bt n thi gian ngn gim khi h s phm cht Q mch cng
hng tng (Q ln bng thng hp , chn lc tn s cao hn).
Tn s dao ng mch cng hng f0 . Di tc ng cc yu t gy
si dng thng s L,C mt lng .
0
0 0
f f
f


30
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III.1.BIU THC TON:
*
*
*
o
v
i
V
A
V

*
*
*
f
o
V
B
V

li khuch i in p khng hi tip:


H s truyn t mch hi tip :
32
Xt hi tip dng:
* * *
o i v
V V A
* * * * * * * * * * * *
0
( ) ( )
v f v v f o
s f s v s
V V A V B V A A V A B V + + +
*
0
s
V
* *
1
v f
A B
c t dao ng th
iu kin
* *
1
v f
A B
cn gi l tiu chun Barkhausen.
* *
1
v f
A B
tc l mch khuch i b c suy hao ca mch hi tip .
* *
1
v f
A B < mch khng dao ng.
33
III.2.CC MCH DAO NG L-C:
Z L
L 1
C 1
C 2
Z L
L 1
C 1
C 2
1 1
0
0 3
0 1 0 2
1
0
1 2
.
3
1 2
L
C C
C C
L
C C



+
Hnh III. 4 Mch dao ng Colpitts dng BJT hay FET
34
III.2.CC MCH DAO NG L-C:
L 1
Z L
C 3
L 2
L 1
Z L
C 3
L 2
Hnh III. 5 Mch dao ng Harley (ba im in cm )
0 1 0 2
0 3
0
3 1 2
1
0
1
.( )
L L
C
C L L

+

+
35
III.2.CC MCH DAO NG L-C:
C 3
L 3
C 1 Z L
C 2
C 3
L 3
C 1 Z L
C 2
Hnh III. 6 Mch dao ng Clapp
0 3
0 3
0
3 3
1
0
1
L
C
LC

0 3
0 1 0 2 0 3
1 1 1
0 L
C C C



3 1 2
C C v C =
36
III.2.CC MCH DAO NG L-C:

So snh gia cc loi mch dao ng th


Clapp cho n nh cao.Do mch dao ng
Clapp ch ph thuc vo 2 phn t ,gim
c nh hng t k sinh tn s cao. Th
n Colpitt ri Harley.

Mch dao ng L-C i hi cc linh kin cn


c cht lng tt, sai s nh ,nhiu thp.
37
III.3.MCH VCO (voltage-controlled
oscillator):
38
39
IV.1.S KHI:

Phng php iu ch tn s trc tip n gin


nht l lm thay i tn s dao ng.C th dng
mt micro in dung thay i theo in p a
vo ,dng diode bin dung , s dng vi mch
VCO,hoc iu tn da trn t in k sinh tip
xc transistor thay i theo in p phn cc..

Phng php iu ch FM y c thc hin


da trn nguyn tc iu ch FM trc tip dng
varicap lm thay i tn s dao ng (tng t
VCO) , v tn s ng ra nm trong dy tn FM
radio.
40
Phn tch s khi:
41
Mt s dng mch iu ch FM
trc tip:

Mch pht FM s dng 2 Transistor

Mch dng Op-amp khuch i m tn

Mch trn iu ch FM bng Varicap

Mch kt hp L-C thch anh cho n


nh cao

iu ch in khng trn c s khuch


i CE lp A
42
IV.2.S NGUYN L:
0
R 2
R 1 0
C 3
C 1 0
0
L 3
Q 2
R 3
R 5
C 1 1
R 9
L 1
B
B
Y
3
1
Q 3
Q 2 S C 1 8 1 5
R 1 2
R 1 5
C 5
Q 1
B C 5 4 7 C
M K 1
M I C R O P H O N E
1
2
L 4
L 5
C 2
C 1
R 6
R 1 1
C 6
0
R 1 4
R 1
R 1 3
V C C
0
C 1 5
R 7
1 0
R 4
L 2
C 8
C 7
43
IV.3.TNH TON TNG DAO NG:
Z e C 1
R e q
C 2 L 1
2 2
1
1 2
1
.
e
eq e
Z
R Z
p
C
C C

_

+
,
C 2 C 5
1 n
V a r i c a p
L 1
V C C
R 2
1 0 k
R 3
1 . 5 k
0
C 3 C 1
Q 1
B C 5 4 7 C
C 4
1 u
R 1
1 0 k
0
Hnh IV.7 Mch dao ng Colpitts
44

R1 = 10k

R2 = 10k

R3 = 1k

VCC = 12V

Transistor Q1: Cc t C1 = 68pF ,C2 = 2nF ,C3 =


47pF

Cho in p phn cc ngc ca varicap l 5V nn


Cv = 8pF

T C4 ng vai tr t lin lc ni vi tn sau c in


dung ln.
45
Ch DC:
1 2
1
1 2
/ / 5
. 6( )
5.12( )
* 6.88( )
1(5.12 ; 6.88 )
bb
bb
bb
CQ
bb
e
CEQ CQ e
R R R k
R
V VCC V
R R
V V
I mA
R
R
hfe
V VCC I R V
Q mA V

46
S tng ng:
25
CQ
hfe
hie
I
= 0.73k
' b e
r hie = 0.73k
47
2
12
1
1 2
C f
f
o C
X V
C
B
V X C C

+
.
o
v m L
f
V
A g Z
V

'
1
m
b e
hfe
g
hib r

H s truyn t mch
hi tip:
=0.033
li khuch i in p
khng hi tip:
vi =0.21

48
=2244.15 (t cng thc tnh tr khng khung cng
hng)
2
1 2
1
( / / ).
eq e
C C
R hib R
C
_ +


,
/ /
L eq o
Z R Z
.( / / )
v m eq o
A g R Z
: . 1
f v
m B A
1
1 2
. .( / / ) 1
m eq o
C
g R Z
C C

+
Vy: mch c th dao ng c cn chn gi
tr tr khng ti ln tha mn iu kin dao
ng.
49
( )
e q o
R / / Z 1 4 4 . 3
. 1.5
v f
A B
216.5
239.5
o
Z
239.5
o
Z
240
o
Z
Chn
R
eq
//Z
o
=
Nh vy : phi c
Chn
50
Tn s hot ng F = 90MHz
Cc t C1 = 68pF ,C2 = 2nF ,C3 = 47pF
Cho in p phn cc ngc ca varicap l 5V nn Cv
= 8pF
Nhn vo pha Z
o
:
o L
Z R
tan
/ /
Cv am
Z Z
tan Cv am
Z Z =
Do nhnh c tr khng ln nht khi
chn Z
amtan
= 4.7k

tan
/ /
Cv am
Z Z
220.8 87.3 ( )
o

=
tan 3
( / / )
Cv am C
Z Z Z + 258.4 87.69 ( )
o

=
tha 240
o
Z
Chn R
L
=500 Ohm
51

Cc thng s yu cu i vi cc tn ghp ni vi
mch dao ng:

Tr khng vo tng khuch i Cng Sut cao tn :


RL=500 Ohm

Tr khng ra tng khuch i m tn : Zamtan = 4.7k


52
IV.4.TNH TON CC PHN T MCH DAO
NG:

Phn tch mch dao ng Colpitts VCO with


varicap
53
S tng ng:
Gi s :
min max v
C C C
in dung tng ng C
a
, C
b
:
1 2
1 2
3
3
/ /
a
v
b
v
a b total a b
C C
C
C C
C C
C
C C
C C C C C

+
+
54
1
2
osc
total
F
LC

o
o o o
f f
f
f f



55
Tnh ton cun dy ng vi tn s dao ng
mong mun :
Q 1
B C 5 4 7 C
V a r i c a p
R 2
1 0 k
1 2 V d c
C 4
C v
0
L 1
0
C 5
1 n
0
C 1
6 8 p
C 2
2 n
0
R 5
1 k
R 1
1 0 k
0
C 3
4 7 p
0
Cc gi tr c:
Cc t C1 = 68pF ,C2 = 2nF ,C3 = 47pF
in p phn cc ngc ca varicap l 5V nn Cv = 8pF
Yu cu thit k ti tn s 90MHz
56
Tnh ton cun dy ng vi tn s dao
ng mong mun :
= 65.76pF
= 6.84pF
= 72.6pF
6
2
1
0.043 10 43
.(2 )
total osc
L H nH
C F


1 2
1 2
a
C C
C
C C

+
3
3
v
b
v
C C
C
C C

+
total a b
C C C +
57
Q 1
B C 5 4 7 C
V a r i c a p
R 2
1 0 k
1 2 V d c
C 4
C v
0
L 1
0 . 0 4 3 u
0
C 5
1 n
0
C 1
6 8 p
C 2
2 n
0
R 5
1 k
R 1
1 0 k
0
C 3
4 7 p
0
58
IV.5.TN KHUCH I M TN:
IV.5.1.Phn tch:
M K 1
M I C R O P H O N E
1
2
V C C
R 1 0
C 1 1
C 1 0
0
R 9
R 1 2
R 1 4
Q 3
Q 2 S C 1 8 1 5
R 1 1 R 1 3
0
in tr R
9
phn cc cho micro
T C
10
l t lin lc
T bypass C
11
Transistor C1815 c hfe = 100,
V
= 0.7V
59
Phn cc DC :
9
8.2 R k
11
47 R k 10
10 R k
13
R
12
12
8.25
2.1
1.09( )
bb
b
b
CQ
b
VCC V
R k
V V
V V
I mA
R
R
hfe


+
12 13
*( ) 5
CEQ CQ
V VCC I R R V +
13
5.22 R k
Chn:
lc chn ty vo p ra cc C

(theo yu cu thit k)
60
Ch AC:

S tng ng
25
2.3
CQ
hfe
hie k
I

Gi Ri l ni tr ngun Vi, gi s Ri = 2k
61
Ch AC:
13
1
. . . . 107.46
/ /
o o b bb
v
i b i i bb bb
V V i R
A hfe R
V i V R R hie R hie

+ +
14
/ / 1.8
5.22
i bb
o
Z R hie k
Z R k


Gi s tn hiu t micro a vo c bin Vi = 20mV,
qua mch khuch i s c bin Vo = 2.15V .
in p ny c t ln varicap lm in dung thay i.
62
63

Do ch cn mch thu trong dy tn nghe c


ca tai ngi t 20Hz-20KHz.Phn tch trn
ng cho trng hp tng qut cho .

c c tn s ct nh mong mun cn
thm t C mc vo BC , t bypass C11 c gi tr
gii hn.
64
S nguyn l tr thnh
Transistor C1815 c Cbc = 2pF , hfe=100
hie = rbe = 2.3k
Rbb = 8.25k , Ri = 2k
65
S tng ng tn s thp:
0
( ) .
v vm
p
s
A s A
s

+
vm
A
107.46
0
11
12
1
.
C
hfe R
hfe

12 12
* . R hfe R
11
11
*
C
C
hfe

=120k

66
1
p
ci i
R C

( )
12
/ / / / *
ci i bb
R R R hie R +
=3.78k
11
*
i
C C
2 2
0
2 2 .20
L p

11
* C
11
C


2.1x10
-6
210.31uF
67
S tng ng tn s cao:
68
'
m
b e
hfe
g
r

0.043
13
.
o
m
i
V
K g R
V

-224.46
( )
1 13
1 .
m td
Y g R sC +
' td b c
C C C +
( )
13
1 . .
M m td
C g R C +
1
( ) .
1
o
v vm
p
s
A s A
s

+
1
p
M
RC

69
( )
'
/ / / /
i bb b e
R R R r
0.95k
2
2
1 1 1
2
H p o

_
_




,
,
H P

2 .20000
M
C
td
C
C
8.38nF
37.2pF
35.2pF
70
71
IV.5.2. di tn:
72

ng vi in p phn cc ngc VR=5V CV=8pF

Khi c p xoay chiu bin ~2V in dung bin


thin trong khong 6pF < CV < 10pF

CV = 8pF

Ct = 72.6pF

F = 90MHz

CV = 6pF
Ct = 71.08pF
F = 91.1MHz

CV = 10pF
Ct = 74.01pF
F = 89.2 MHz

di tn :
0.9 f MHz
73
IV.5.3.Mt s loi micro:

Trong s mch trn ,ngun p Vi a vo


mch khuch i.Ngun p l micro chuyn
i tn hiu m thanh dao ng c hc sang tn
hiu in p c bin nh (khong vi chc
mV) v tr khng ra khc nhau ty mi loi
micro.
74
Micro in dung (Condensor, capacitor,
electrostatic microphones):
75
76

MIC in dung hot ng nh mt ci bn trt t in,


dng t in c khong cch 2 bn t thay i c.Dao
ng c lm thay i khong cch gia 2 bn t.

ly tn hiu audio t loi MIC ny, microphone phi


c phn cc DC, t in c Q (in tch) thay i.U l
in p phn cc DC.

in p qua t s thay i vi dao ng ca khng


kh.in dung C t l nghch vi khong cch gia 2 bn
cc.

in p ly ra t R ng vi mch lc thng cao .Trong


khong thi gian in dung thay i thi hng RC ca
mch lc cng thay i .Nh vy in p ng ra thay
i.in p ny c th c a qua tng khuch i
m tng bin .
77
Micro in ng (Dynamic microphones):
78

Mic hot ng theo cun dy in t.Mic di chuyn cun


dy t trong t trng ca nam chm khi c rung ng
ln mng.Theo nguyn tc cm ng in t, mt s di
chuyn nh cun dy trong vng t trng sinh ra dng
thay i trong cun dy thng qua vng dy t trong t
trng. Mic in ng khng cn phn cc ban u, c
nhy cao ,tr khng ra nh nn khng cn phi hp
tr khng trc khi a vo tn khuch i m tn.

Mt mng chn khng p ng tt cho tt c cc thnh


phn tn s m tn.Mt vi micro dng a mng ly
cc thnh phn audio khc nhau.Vic kt hp tn hiu a
mng trc tip rt kh lm cho gi thnh tr nn t
hn.
79
Micro carbon:
80

Micro cabon thng c dng trong cc in thoi


cm tay, l mt khi gm cc tinh th cacbon p gia 2
tm kim loi. Mt in p c t gia 2 tm kim loi
ny gy ra mt dng tri nh qua lp cacbon. Mt trong
2 mng chn (ming kim loi ),dao ng vi sng m
truyn ti, to mt p lc thay i ln lp cacbon. p
sut ny lm bin dng khi cacbon,gy tc dng ln lp
tip xc gia khi cacbon vi mng kim loi thay i v
iu ny lm cho in tr ca khi cacbon thay i.S
thay i in tr lm cho in p gia 2 mng kim loi
thay i, dng tri qua micro cng b thay i, sinh ra tn
hiu in.Micro cacbon dng trong in thoi, chng c
cht lng m thanh thp v rt hn ch v tn s.
81

Dng loa nh l micro

Micro ribbon (bng) ,thch anh hay


gm c bin in p ra nh nhng
tr khng rt ln dng trong thip
nhc,..
82
IV.6.KHUCH I CNG SUT CAO TN:

Lp A : = 180o

Lp B : = 90o

Lp C : < 90o

Lp AB :90o < < 180o

Tn s tng, hiu sut gim, ty iu kin c th


chn cc ch khuch i khc nhau.Trong
my pht thanh FM, thng tin FM thng dng
ch B.
83
Phn tch Fourier:
0 1 1
0 0 0
. cos 2 . cos 2 .2 ....... . cos 2 .
n
c c c c c
i I I f t I f t I nf t + + + +
0
0
0
( ).
sin cos
( )
(1 cos )
m
c c
I I


1
1
1
( ).
sin cos
( )
(1 cos )
m
c c
I I


1
2
( ).
2 sin cos cos sin
( )
( 1)(1 cos )
n m
c c
n
I I
n n
n n



1

]
84
Vi lp B:
=90
o
0
( )
1
( )
= 0.3183
= 0.5
Cng sut ra ti:
1 1 1
1
1
2
1
1 1
. .
2 2
c eq c c
c
eq
c
P I R I V
V
R
I

Cng sut ngun cung cp:


0 0
.
c c cc
P I V
Hiu sut:
1 1
0
1 1
0 0
( ) 1 1
. .
2 2 ( )
c c
c cc
I V
P
P I V




85
IV.6.2. S nguyn l:
V C C
C 8
L 4
R i n
L 3
R 6
V i n
L 2
R 5
Q 2
C 1 5
0
R 7
R 1 5
C 7
1 n
0
86
IV.6.3. Tnh ton phn cc:

Cc thng s ca BJT

f0 = 90Mhz

VCEsat = 0.5V , Cbc=2.6pF

VCEmax = 15V (BFR96 ,2SC9018)

VCC = 12V

hfe=150,R15 = 220
1
max
15 12 3
c
V V
87
Phn cc DC :
5
5 6
. 0.7
cc
bb
V
V R V
R R

+
5
5 6
0.7
12
R
R R

+
V
b
= 0.7V
5
4.7 R k
6
15
75.8
4.42
2.8( )
/
bb
c
bb
R k
R k
V
I mA
R hfe R




+
Chn
88
Yu cu cng sut P1=100mW
1
2
max
1
1
. 45
2
c
eq
V
R
P

eq
R
A
R
Gi s anten c tr khng
R
A
=10
>
nn khung cng hng c dng
89
2
. 1 18.71
0.033
eq
L A
A
R
X R
R
L H


8
24.05
1
73.52
eq
C
eq
A
R
X
R
R
C pF


90
S tng ng
91
'
25 150
1.34
2.8
b e
r k


'
'
'
'
'
0.112( )
(1 . ). (1 0.112 45) 2.6 15.704
/ / / /
/ / 1.02
/ /
. 0.78
/ /
m
M m eq b c
i b b e M
bb b e
bb b e
vm m eq
i bb b e
g s
C g R C pF
Z R r C
R r k
R r
A g R
R R r

+ +



+
92
R7
10
L3
33uH
R5
4.7k
Q2
R6
75k
Rin
5.6k
L2
0.033u
12Vdc
R15
220
0
Vin
0
C15
10u
C8
73.5p
C7
10u
L4
33uH
93
S nguyn l hon chnh:
94
Dng nhiu ng vo

Cc ngun nhiu :nhiu nhit,nhiu bn


dn

Nhiu trong khuch i bn dn


95
Cc ngun nhiu
2 2 2
2 1 i i b
E I R
2
1
2 . .
i b
I q I B
Nhiu dng shot do tip xc p-n ng ra a v ng
vo qua in p
2
1
4
i b
E kTBR
Nhiu tip xc p-n ng vo
Nhiu nhit trn tr Rb
Nhiu do dng tip xc p-n gy ra trn in tr Rb
2
02
2 . .
c
I q I B
96
p nhiu do dng shot ng ra gy ra trn ti RL
2 2 2
02 02 L
V I R
2 2 2 2
4 2 2 / 4 / ( . )
i b b b c m m L
E kTBR qI BR qI B g kTB g R + + +
Tng in p nhiu ng vo qua
Tng dng nhiu ng vo cc B
2 2 2 2 2
1
2
1
/ .(2 .(4 2 2 / 4 / ( . ))
i i b b b b b c m m L
b
I E R B qI kTBR qI BR qI B g kTB g R
R
+ + + + +
97
98
V.1.M PHNG TNG KHUCH I M TN:

S nguyn l
R10
10k
R12
1.2k
R11
47k
C11
100u
0
V1
FREQ = 2Khz
VAMPL = 100mV
VOFF = 0v
C10
1u
R13
5.22k
Q3
Q2SC1815
R9
8.2k
0
V2
12Vdc
99
M phng phn cc DC:
V 1
F R E Q = 2 K h z
V A M P L = 1 0 0 m V
V O F F = 0 v
1 . 4 6 3 m A
0
R 9
8 . 2 k
1 . 4 6 3 m A
C 1 1
1 0 0 0 u
R 1 3
5 . 2 2 k
1 . 0 9 2 m A
R 1 2
1 . 2 k
1 . 0 9 9 m A
Q 3
Q 2 S C 1 8 1 5
7 . 1 5 9 u A
1 . 0 9 2 m A
- 1 . 0 9 9 m A
R 1 0
1 0 k
2 0 4 . 6 u A
C 1 0
1 0 0 0 u
V 2
1 2 V d c
2 . 7 6 7 m A
R 1 1
4 7 k
2 1 1 . 8 u A
0
V
100
Kt qu :
L thuyt ( phn
IV.5.1)
M phng
ICQ(mA) 1.09 1.092
VCEQ(V) 5 4.98
101
M phng ch AC:
C 1 1
1 0 0 0 u
R 1 1
4 7 k
R 1 3
5 . 2 2 k R 9
8 . 2 k
0
R 1 2
1 . 2 k
V 1
F R E Q = 2 K h z
V A M P L = 1 0 m V
V O F F = 0 v
Q 3
Q 2 S C 1 8 1 5
V 2
1 2 V d c
C 1 0
1 0 0 0 u
R 1 0
1 0 k
0
V
102
-Tn hiu vo l sng sin ,bin 10mV ,tn s 2KHz
-Quan st dng sng ng ra ti cc C ca transistor
103
L thuyt M phng
Av -107.46 -200
104
Nhn xt:
-Phn cc DC gn ging vi l thuyt
-Tn hiu ng ra ngc pha vi ng vo
- Bin in p ra Vom = 2V
- li in p lch nhiu so vi tnh ton do trong
l thuyt c cho trc tr khng ngun.
105
V.2.M PHNG TNG DAO NG :
Qu trnh pht sinh dao ng l do nhiu trong linh kin bn dn , c hi
tip v ng vo sau mt khong thi gian ngn s t c bin v tn
s dao ng n nh.Tuy nhin cc linh kin trong th vin ca phn mm
Pspice khng c cc c tnh ngu nhin nh cc linh kin thc t v vy
cc iu kin dao ng c khc so vi l thuyt.Do vy khi m phng mch
dao ng , mch nguyn l khc so vi l thuyt.
Do transistor trong m phng khng to c nhiu do mch dao
ng cn phi to gi tr in p ban u cho 2 t C1 ,C2 .T s np x v
hi tip v ng vo v sau khong thi gian ngn s to c dao ng n
nh.
Cn chn t s in dung 2 t C1 , C2 ph hp .in dung mi t phi ln
m bo khng lm mt dao ng.
Dng in p ng ra ngc li vi l thuyt. Ban u rt ln sau gim
dn n mc n nh.Bin in p ng ra cn quyt nh bi ti RL . Tr
khng ti nh qu cng khng dao ng c.
Do in dung t ln nn c tn s dao ng cao th cun dy c in
cm rt nh, kh thi cng trn thc t.Tn s dao ng c iu chnh
bng cch thay i gi tr in cm cun dy.
106
S nguyn l:
107
Tnh ton:
Dng varicap MV2109 c c tuyn in dung theo in
p
-Ti in p 5V , in dung varicap l Cv = 35pF
-Ngun tn hiu vo c bin 10mV.Ng ra tng
khuch i m tn theo nh m phng c li Av =
-200 .Bin l 2 V.
Khi in p a vo phn cc varicap l 3V , CV1 =
40pF
Khi in p a vo phn cc varicap l 7V , CV2 =
30pF
Cc thng s :
C1 = 560p
108
C
2
= 8n
C
3
= 10p
C
V
= 35p (5V)
L
1
= 0.007u
1 2
1 2
3
3
523.6
7.78
/ / 531.14
a
v
b
v
a b total a b
C C
C p
C C
C C
C p
C C
C C C C C p


+
+
1
82.54
2
osc
total
F MHz
LC

109

di tn:
CV1 = 40pF
CV2 = 30pF
1
82.52
2
osc
total
F MHz
LC

1
82.63
2
90
osc
total
F MHz
LC
f KHz



110
M phng:
Min thi gian
111
112
113
114
VI.THC HIN MCH IN LAYOUT:

Transistor Q1 dng cc transistor cao tn c tn


s wT ln m bo bin tn hiu khng b
gim qu nhiu.Mt s loi nh l BC547C ,
BF199 , 2SC9018 , TSDF2020W , BFR95 ,....

Diode varicap 1sv101 , MV2109 , BBY31 ,


BB814 ,
115
S mch in:
116

Thi cng cun dy:


Theo s nguyn l phn IV ( Hnh IV.24 ).
Cun dy L1 = 0.043uH ,v L2 = 0.033uH.

Cng thc tnh cun dy li khng kh n


lp :
2 2
( )
18 40
d n
L H
d l

+
( 0.4 ) l d

l : chiu di cun dy (inch)
n : s vng dy
d : ng knh cun dy (inch)
L : in cm tnh bng
H
Ngoi ra , c th dng phn mm tnh cun dy coilmaestro , Air
Core Inductor Coil Inductance Calculator ,.
kt qu kh chnh xc.
117
VII.BO CO KT QU V NH GI :
VII.1.CC BC TIN HNH:

Tm hiu l thuyt v iu ch tn s.

Nguyn l mch dao ng.


Cc loi mch dao ng v cc thnh phn c bn.
Tnh ton di tn
Thit k cc tng , tr khng vo ra phi hp vi cc
tng khc.

Tm linh kin ph hp vi yu cu .
Thit k mch phi hp tr khng a ra anten.
Tm hiu mt s loi micro thng dng.
M phng mch dao ng.
Thc hin mch in v thc hin cun dy theo tn s dao
ng mong mun.

nh gi kt qu cng nh kinh nghim rt ra c trong


qu trnh thc hin ti.
118
VII.2.NH GI KT QU:

Qu trnh thit k mch nguyn l theo cc yu


cu ra

Tuy nhin khi thc hin mch in khng tm c


linh kin c cht lng nh yu cu

Cun dy khng chnh xc nh yu cu thit k


nn tn s ng ra ca mch dao ng khng
nh tnh ton
119
VII.3.HNG PHT TRIN:

ti mch iu tn dng varicap l mt ti c


in.nh gi li l thuyt iu ch FM .Qua tm hiu
cch thit k mt b dao ng _ phn quan trng trong
cc mch iu ch ,gii iu ch ,i tn ,cch ghp ni
gia cc tn tha mn iu kin dao ng.
120
Ti liu tham kho

L Tin Thng, Mch in T 1,2

Hong nh Chin, Mch in T Thng Tin


V nh Thnh , Nguyn l thng tin tng t - s
James K. Hardy, Electronic Communications Technology , Prentice/Hall
International Inc.
Cc trang web:

http://electronics-diy.com/index.php
http://www.fas.org/man/dod-101/navy/docs/es310/syllabus.htm (iu ch
FM)
http://www.daycounter.com/Calculators/(tnh ton cun dy)
http://www.qsl.net/wa2whv/bta-500r.shtml

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microphone

http://www.datasheetcatalog.com

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